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^`abscess: sore, wound, infection.

^`abdomen  : stomach, stomach area, belly, tummy, abdominal.

^`ability  : skill, are able, can.

^`abolish  : end, do away with, get rid of.

^`abrasion  : cut, scratch, scrape.

^`absenteeism  : missing work or school, how often you miss work or school.

^`absorption  : take in, soak up.

^`accelerate  : hurry, speed up, make worse, make more severe.

^`accessible  : available, on hand, understandable, usable (handicapped)

^`accommodate  : house, let stay with, give shelter, adjust, adapt.

^`accompany  : go with, take with (medicine)

^`accomplish  : do, finish.

^`accumulate  : add up, gather, collect.

^`accurate  : true, right, correct.

^`acellular vaccine  : a vaccine that only contains part of the virus.

^`Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome-AIDS  : a disease that makes it hard for your body to fight diseases.

^`active immunity  : being able to fight off a specific disease once you have had that disease.

^`acute  : sudden start, short term, quick.

^`additional  : extra, added, more.

^`adequate  : enough, the right amount.

^`adhere  : stick, follow.

^`adjacent  : beside, next to, near, touching.

^`adjuvant  : something added to a vaccine to make it work better.

^`administer  : give, manage, take care of.

^`adverse event  : something bad that happens, bad reaction, unexpected or unwanted effects.

^`adverse health effect : bad side effect, bad reaction.

^`adverse  : bad, dangerous, hurtful, harmful.

^`advise  : tell, warn, say.

^`advocacy  : support, fighting on behalf of, arguing for support.

^`advocate  : fight for, support, support person.

^`aerobic exercise  : exercise; slow and steady exercise like walking, running, biking, swimming, etc.; exercise that helps your heart stay healthy and work better; exercise that gets your heart pumping; exercise that makes you breath faster.

^`aerobic  : needs oxygen.

^`aerosol  : spray, mist.

^`agency  : others, other groups, partner.

^`aggravate  : make worse, harm, anger, hurt.

^`aggregate  : taken together, looked at all together, total, sum, combined.

^`aggressive  : pushy, dangerous, gets worse fast, fast growing.

^`airways  : windpipe, breathing, tubes that take air in from the nose and mouth to the lungs, : pathway from nose and mouth to lungs, air tubes.

^`alienate  : push away, put by itself, turn away from, set apart.

^`allergen  : something like pollen that causes the body to react by sneezing or forming a rash; something that causes an allergic reaction.

^`allergic  : the body’s reaction to something, like pollen, resulting in sneezing, sniffling, a rash, etc.

^`allergic reaction  : bad reaction, possibly deadly reaction, allergy, problem.

^`allergist  : allergy doctor.

^`allergy  : reaction, itch, rash, hives, breathing problem.

^`alleviate  : lessen, ease, soften, improve, make better.

^`alopecia  : hair loss, balding, loss of hair.

^`alteration  : change, shift, adjustment.

^`alternate  : take turns, one and then the other, rotate.

^`alternative  : option, another choice, other, different way, another option, different, another way.

^`alveoli  : tiny air sacs in the lungs.

^`amalgam or amalgam fillings: silver-colored fillings, mixture of mercury, silver, tin, copper and sometimes other metals used to fill cavities in teeth.

^`amalgamate  : put together, join, combine, unite.

^`ambulate  : walk, move around.

^`ambulatory  : can walk, mobile, able to move about, walking, able to walk.

^`ameliorate  : make better, improve, lessen, ease.

^`amend  : change, change later on, adjust, fix.

^`amnesia  : forgetfulness, memory loss, not being able to remember.

^`amniocentesis  : test for a baby’s health before it’s born.

^`amniotic fluid  : water, fluid surrounding unborn baby in womb.

^`amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : Lou Gehrig's Disease, motor neuron disease.

^`anaerobic exercise: exercise, fast-burst exercise, muscle-building exercise like weight lifting.

^`anaerobic  : needs lack of oxygen, without oxygen.

^`analgesic  : pain reliever, aspirin, Advil, or Tylenol.

^`anaphylaxis  : shock, a sudden and severe allergic reaction, stop breathing, poisoning, life threatening allergic reaction.

^`anemia  : tired, low iron, a low blood count.

^`anesthesia  : numbing drug, drug that puts you to sleep or puts you under.

^`angina  : chest pain.

^`annual  : yearly, every year, once every year, once a year, each year.

^`annually  : yearly, every year, once every year, once a year, each year.

^`anomaly  : defect, change, difference, unusual, exception.

^`anorexia  : eating disorder, too thin, not hungry.

^`anterior teeth: front teeth.

^`antibiotic  : drug, medicine, drug that fights bacteria, infection-fighting medicine, medicine that fights infection.

^`antibody  : your body’s way to fight off infections, infection-fighting cells, cells that fight infection.

^`antifungal agent  : drug to treat fungus infections.

^`antigen  : germ, bacteria, virus, poison, something in your body that your body tries to fight off, something that helps your body fight disease.

^`anti-inflammatory  : a drug to reduce swelling, something that reduces swelling and pain, aspirin, cortisone, a drug that brings down the swelling; drug that prevents swelling.

^`antiphospholipid  : antibody test a test to see if you’re at risk for blood clots.

^`antiviral  : medicine, drug that fights viruses.

^`anti-virus medicine: medicine, drug that fight viruses like the flu.

^`anxiety  : fear, worry.

^`appellant  : name, name of the person, you, person making an appeal.

^`aphasic  : not able to talk or understand words.

^`: applicant  : your name, name of the person, person who is applying.

^`apply  : use, put on, rub onto, sign up for.

^`appreciate  : thank, be grateful.

^`appropriate  : take, take over, a good fit, proper, right.

^`approximate  : about, guess, around, near, close, estimate, bring together.

^`aptitude  : ability, skill, gift, talent.

^`aqueous  : watery.

^`arguably  : maybe, perhaps, possibly, could be.

^`arrhythmia  : irregular heartbeat, skipped heartbeat, heart problem.

^`arthralgia  : pain, pain in your joints.

^`arthritis  : pain in joints; disease of the joints that causes swelling, pain, heat, and a sense of stiffness.

^`ascertain  : find, find out, learn, make certain.

^`asphyxiate  : choke, smother, suffocate.

^`aspiration  : choke, breathe in a fluid, take out fluid or tissue to test.

^`assess  : review, sum up, evaluate, to determine value, find.

^`assist  : help, aid.

^`association  : group, relation, organization.

^`: asthma  : disease, breathing disease; long term disease of swelling of the airways of the lungs; lung disease where you have trouble breathing; disease of lungs or respiratory system.

^`asymptomatic infection: when you’re sick, but you don’t feel bad, no symptoms.

^`asymptomatic  : someone who is sick but does not feel or look sick.

^`at the present time  : now, right now.

^`ataxic  : not able to coordinate movement.

^`atherosclerosis  : hardening of the arteries, clogged blood vessels.

^`attack  : violent start, suddenly overcome by a disease, begin to harm.

^`attempt  : try, effort: attenuated vaccine : vaccine, vaccine that has a weakened form of the virus in it.

^`attire  : clothes, clothing, to dress, wear.

^`authentic  : original, real, true, actual.

^`authority  : trusted source, trusted person, official, power: authorize  : allow, approve, give the power to, let.

^`autism  : brain disorder, illness that makes it hard for someone to talk to other people.

^`autoimmune disease: disease that makes your body attack itself.

^`autoimmunity  : body fighting itself, rejecting problem with your immune system.

^`autonomous  : free, by itself, independent.

^`avail  : help, aid.

^`available  : on hand, at hand, ready, nearby, handy, ready.

^`avian flu  : bird flu.

^`avoid  : do not, shun.

^`axilla  : armpit.

^`B: bacteria  : germ.

^`become more familiar  : learn more about...

^`benign  : harmless.

^`bereavement  : grief after death, loss, sadness, mourning.

^`beverage  : drink, fluids, liquids.

^`biannual  : twice a year, two times every year.

^`biennial  : lasting two years, happening every other year, every two years.

^`bilateral  : with both sides considered, two-sided, when both sides get a say, even, balanced; on both sides.

^`biological agent  : disease, poison, germs, bacteria, viruses, fungi.

^`biofilms (plaque): sticky film with germs on teeth.

^`biopsy  : take tissue (usually for testing)

^`bioterrorism  : spreading virus or disease to cause fear or hurt.

^`biota  : plants and animals.

^`BMI  : body mass index, a measure of body fat based on height and weight, a measure of body fat.

^`bona fide  : real, true.

^`bone density test  : bone strength test, a test of how solid and how strong your bones are; test for osteoporosis, xray test for brittle bones.

^`bone marrow  : area (or the space) inside your bones where blood cells are made.

^`booster shot  : shot you get months or years after your vaccine shot, shot to keep you safe from disease.

^`brachial neuritis  : swelling of the nerves in your arms.

^`bradycardia  : slow heartbeat.

^`breakthrough infection: getting a disease even though you’ve been protected against it.

^`breastfeeding  : nursing/feeding a baby with milk from the breast.

^`breech birth  : baby born feet or rear-end first.

^`bronchial tubes  : the tubes letting air in and out of the lungs.

^`bronchodilator  : medicine, drug that helps you breathe easier.

^`bruxism  : clinching and/or grinding teeth.

^`buccal  : side of mouth, inside cheek.

^`bursitis  : swollen, painful joints, disease that causes joint pain.

^`by means of  : by, using, with.

^`by which time  : by then; when.

^`calculus: hard crusty deposit on teeth.

^`capacity  : size, amount something holds, ability, space, number open.

^`carcinogen  : cancer-causing.

^`carcinoma  : cancer starting in the skin or organ lining.

^`cardiologist  : heart doctor.

^`cardiology  : medical department that treats heart problems.

^`cardiovascular  : having to do with the heart and blood vessels.

^`caries (dental)  : cavities, tooth decay, holes in teeth.

^`carrier  : someone who is sick and can get other people sick; animal that is sick and can make other animals sick.

^`cartilage  : the smooth covering on the end of bones.

^`case fatality ratio: how many people die from a disease.

^`CAT scan (CT scan): test that shows inside body parts, scan, special x-ray, test.

^`cataracts  : a clouding of the eye that makes it hard for people to see, cloudy eyesight, cloudy vision, eye disease.

^`catheter  : tube.

^`: catastrophe  : disaster, tragedy.

^`causal association: causes, leads to, can cause causes your body to react.

^`cauterize  : burn the skin, burn tissue (to stop bleeding)

^`cease  : end, stop, quit.

^`censure  : blame, punish, limit.

^`Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: CDC.

^`central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.

^`cerebral hemorrhage: stroke, bleeding in the brain.

^`cerebrovascular disease: stroke.

^`cerumen  : earwax.

^`cervix  : lower part of the womb.

^`Cesarean delivery: C-section, baby born through surgery, cut abdomen area to get baby out.

^`cessation  : stopping, quitting, ending.

^`characteristic  : mark, trait, feature.

^`characterize  : tell about, describe, define.

^`chemotherapy  : cancer drug, cancer medicine, cancer treatment.

^`chronic  : constant, never ending, does not go away, long term, lasting a long time, long-lasting.

^`chronic disease  : long-lasting disease, disease that lasts for years.

^`: chronic health condition: constant health problem, something that effects your health for a long period of time.

^`chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: lung disease, such as asthma or emphysema.

^`circulation  : blood flow, flow of blood through the body.

^`circumstance  : event, situation, facts.

^`clade  : group of animals that can all get the same disease.

^`clavicle  : collar bone.

^`cleft lip and/or palate: harelip, birth defect(s) that affect the upper lip and roof of the mouth.

^`client  : you, name of person, customer.

^`clinical: work, studies, a medical setting that involves patients.

^`clinical: medical, work or studies in a medical setting that involve patients.

^`clinical trial  : clinical research study, medical research study.

^`clinically ill: sick, diseased.

^`close proximity: near, near by, close, close to.

^`coagulate: clot, set, clump together.

^`coerce: force, make, press.

^`cognizant: aware, know about, think of, have learned.

^`colic: stomach pain, sick, fussy or upset baby.

^`: collaborate: work together, team up, help each other.

^`colonoscopy: check your colon, check your intestines, look inside your intestine, check for colon : cancer.

^`comatose: in a coma.

^`combination: mix, mixture.

^`combination vaccine: a vaccine that helps stop more than one type of disease.

^`commence: start, begin.

^`communicable: catching, can be spread, can be passed to other people, can make other people sick.

^`communicate: tell, say, call, write, talk to.

^`community immunity: group protection from a disease.

^`comparable: like, similar, almost the same as, equal to.

^`compensate: make up, pay, reward.

^`competent: skillful, able, well trained.

^`complete: finish, fill out, end.

^`completion: end, finish, no more.

^`complimentary: free.

^`comply: do, follow, give in, obey, go along with.

^`component: part, section.

^`: composite or composite filling: tooth-colored filling.

^`comprehensive: complete, covers everything important, thorough, all.

^`compress  : squeeze, press down on.

^`comprise: be made up of, include,

^`compromised: weakened.

^`compulsion: want, urge, desire, drive.

^`conceive: imagine, think up, become pregnant, create.

^`concentration: strength, focus.

^`concerning: about, for, on.

^`conclude: end, finish, judge, deem,

^`conclusive: definite, final, last,

^`concur: agree, feel the same way.

^`condition: a medical problem, a disease, an illness.

^`conditioning: physical training, training your body, fitness.

^`conduct: do, carry on, run, lead.

^`congenital: born with, inborn, there at birth.

^`conjugate vaccine: a specific type of vaccine.

^`: conjunctivitis: eye infection, pink eye, swelling and redness around your eyes.

^`conscientious: careful, thoughtful, alert,

^`consequently: so, which means that, as a result.

^`consistent: stays the same.

^`conspicuous: plain to see, obvious, easy to see.

^`constitute: made of, form, make up.

^`construct: make, build.

^`consult: talk with, ask, talk to, see, meet, opinion, discuss.

^`consume: eat, drink, use up.

^`contact: talk to, call, write, talk with, get in touch with, touch.

^`contagious disease: illness that spreads to others, disease that you can give to other people, disease that : can make other people sick.

^`contagious: catching, spreading, able to make others sick, spreadable, a disease that can be spread from one person to another; someone who is sick and might make you sick too, sick.

^`contain: have, keep together, hold.

^`contaminant: pollutant, poison, harmful ingredient, harmful chemical.

^`contaminate: spoil, infect, dirty, poison, pollute, taint, get dirty.

^`contemplate: think about, consider, ponder.

^`continue to: keep on, still, remain.

^`contraceptive: birth control.

^`contract: arrange, agree, make smaller and shorter.

^`contraindication: dangerous to give, not good for, when a drug or procedure may be harmful, wrong, : opposite.

^`contribute: help, give, volunteer.

^`control: manage, have power over, take care of.

^`contusion: bruise.

^`convenient: easy to use, on hand, handy, useful.

^`convulsion: seizure, spasm, shaking.

^`co-operate: help, work together, assist.

^`COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, emphysema, a lung disease that makes breathing hard.

^`coronary heart disease: heart disease.

^`coronary thrombosis: heart attack, blood clot in a blood vessel in the heart.

^`correspond: agree with, match, write, email, go with.

^`corroborate: confirm, agree with,

^`corticosteroids: asthma drug, asthma medicine.

^`cot death: SIDS, sudden infant death syndrome.

^`cough etiquette: how to cough or sneeze.

^`countermeasures: drugs to help fight sickness; flu shots; vaccines.

^`crib death: SIDS, sudden infant death syndrome.

^`criterion: sign, standard.

^`Crohn’s Disease: digestion disease, problem with bowels.

^`crossbite: upper teeth are biting inside the lower teeth.

^`crown (gold, porcelain or stainless steel): cap that covers tooth (stainless steel most often used on "baby teeth")

^`cure: heal, fix, make better; make completely better.

^`currently: now, at this moment, right now.

^`cushingoid: signs of high doses of medicine, drug.

^`cutaneous: skin related, about the skin, on the surface, skin.

^`cyst: pus under your skin, boil, cancer cells, lump.

^`cystitis: bladder infection, pain when you pee.

^`: D: dander  : flakes of skin, cradle cap.

^`deceased  : dead, passed away, died.

^`deciduous tooth: baby tooth.

^`decompose  : decay, rot, break down.

^`: decontaminate: clean, kill germs, disinfect, purify, sterilize.

^`decrease: take less, cut back, drop, lower, fall, lessen, make less.

^`deficiency: lack, not enough.

^`deficient: lacking, not enough, poor.

^`deformity: a change from the normal shape, not normal, not a normal shape, oddly shaped.

^`degenerative: weaken, worsen, decline, decay, droop.

^`dehydrate: need water, water loss, remove water, remove water.

^`deltoid  : arm muscle, muscle in upper arm.

^`dementia: memory loss that gets worse over time, Alzheimer’s.

^`demonstrate  : prove, show.

^`demyelinating disorder: nerve disease.

^`dental caries  : cavities, tooth decay, holes in teeth.

^`dental implant: fake tooth drilled into jaw bone.

^`dental sealant (pit and fissure sealant): thin layer of plastic painted onto teeth to prevent decay.

^`dentin: main bone-like part of a tooth.

^`deoxygenated: no oxygen, without oxygen.

^`deplete  : empty, take all of, reduce, sap, lessen.

^`dermal: related to the skin, skin related.

^`dermatologist: skin doctor.

^`dermatology  : skin doctor’s office, study of the skin.

^`designate  : call, label, name.

^`detect  : find, discover.

^`deteriorate  : get worse, fall apart, become unusable,

^`determine  : figure out, decide, find out, test.

^`detrimental: bad, harmful, dangerous.

^`develop: create, change, grow.

^`developmental disability  : physical or mental disability, challenged, learning problem.

^`deviate  : stray, change, take a different path.

^`diabetes: diabetes, disease with too much sugar in the blood, problem with making food into energy.

^`diabetic  : person with diabetes.

^`diagnose: test, find out, figure out, learn cause, name.

^`diagnosis: finding out the cause of an illness, condition, disease, medical answer.

^`diarrhea diseases: diarrhea.

^`difficulties: problems, trouble.

^`: dilate: become wider, become larger, become bigger, open.

^`dilator: something used to make something become larger, wider, or bigger.

^`dilute: weaken, make weaker, add liquid,make less strong.

^`dimension: size, width, height or length.

^`diminish: make smaller, become less, take less, ebb.

^`diminutive: small, tiny, very little, petite.

^`diplopia  : double vision.

^`directed to  : told.

^`discharge  : going home, leaving.

^`disclose: show, tell, uncover.

^`discoid  : shaped like a disk, round and flat.

^`discoloration: change in color, not the color it normally is, odd color.

^`discontinue  : stop, end, quit.

^`discuss  : talk about, talk with, talk over.

^`disease  : illness, sickness.

^`disguise: hide.

^`disorder  : condition, illness, medical problem.

^`display  : show.

^`dissemination (disseminate): spread, distribute, send out, make available.

^`distal: back of.

^`distinguish: tell apart, set apart.

^`distribute: hand out, give, spread, mail.

^`DNA: genes.

^`domicile: home, house.

^`donate  : to give.

^`donation: gift, present.

^`don't be alarmed  : don't worry.

^`dose: amount of medicine, chemical, or radiation; amount, size.

^`drowsy  : sleepy.

^`due to the fact that... : because, due to.

^`dust: fine, dry earth, powdery dirt.

^`dwelling: home, house.

^`dysarthria  : slurred speech.

^`dyspepsia: indigestion, heartburn.

^`dysphagia  : swallowing disorder, swallowing problem.

^`: E: early childhood caries (ECC)  : baby bottle tooth decay, tooth decay in infants.

^`economical: cheap, low cost, low priced.

^`edema: swelling.

^`edentulous: no teeth: effect: result, cause.

^`effective: works well, good, strong.

^`efficacy rate: how well something works.

^`EHR (Electronic Health Record)  : synonymous with EMR (Electronic Medical Record) which is a digitally formatted medical record.

^`EKG: heart test, test of your heart.

^`electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG): heart test, EKG.

^`electrolytes: blood salts, a type of necessary salt found in blood.

^`elevate: raise, lift, make higher.

^`eliminate: stop, end, drop, get rid of.

^`emaciated: very thin, starving.

^`embolism: blood clot.

^`embryo: unborn baby (up to 12 weeks)

^`emergency: emergency, urgent, threat, disaster, crisis.

^`emphasize: stress, point out, highlight.

^`emphysema: a lung disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

^`EMR (Electronic Medical Record)  : chart, medical records, computer medical record; medical record in a digital format.

^`enamel: hard covering on outside of tooth.

^`encephalitis: swollen brain, brain swelling, swelling of the brain.

^`encephalopathy: brain dysfunction.

^`encourage  : urge.

^`endeavor  : try, attempt.

^`endocrine: hormone system.

^`endodontic: treatment of root canal for diseased nerve in tooth.

^`enhance: add to, improve.

^`environment: all the things around you in your daily life, at home and at work, world around you, your home.

^`environmental control: removing harmful things from your home and work; doing something to improve the space you live in and the air you breathe.

^`epidemic: disease that most people get, widespread sickness.

^`epidemiology: disease study.

^`epidermis  : skin.

^`episode: event, set amount of time, attack, brief time.

^`epizootic: widespread disease in animals.

^`equilibrium: balance.

^`equivalent of: equal to.

^`erosions: small pits, small holes in teeth or bones.

^`erythematosus: red rash on the face.

^`escalate: worsen, make worse, get worse, increase, grow, rise.

^`ESR: a blood test.

^`estrogen: female hormone, woman’s hormone.

^`etiology: the cause of.

^`evident: plain to see, visible, seen.

^`exacerbate: worsen, make worse.

^`excess rate: how many people become seriously sick during a pandemic.

^`excessive  : too much, more than needed.

^`excise  : cut out, cut off.

^`exert  : work hard, push, struggle, exercise.

^`exertion: effort, work.

^`exhale  : breathe out.

^`exhibit  : show, display.

^`expectorate  : spit, cough, spit out.

^`experience  : feel, have, go through.

^`expertise  : knowledge, skill, know-how, training.

^`exposure  : around, been around, contact, come in contact with.

^`expressive language  : speaking, saying words or sentences.

^`extend  : make longer.

^`extremely  : very.

^`facilitate  : make easier, help.

^`factor: cause, reason.

^`failed to: did not.

^`family history: health information about your close relatives.

^`fallacy: error, myth, not true.

^`fast: go without any food or drink, not eat or drink anything.

^`fatigue: tired, weak feeling of the whole body, feeling tired all over.

^`feasible: possible, doable, workable, can be done, can do.

^`febrile: caused by a fever, feverish.

^`fertility: ability to have a baby.

^`fetus: unborn baby (12 weeks to birth)

^`finalize: complete, end, finish, settle.

^`flare: a period of time when symptoms of a disease are worse, when your disease hurts more : than normal.

^`flexible: moving easily, stretch easily, bend and stretch without hurting; bendable, able to bend.

^`fluctuate: change, rise and fall, go back and forth from high to low, not steady.

^`following  : after.

^`fracture: break.

^`frequently: often, commonly, normally, regularly, many times.

^`fundamental: basic, real.

^`gamete: sex cell, egg or sperm.

^`general anesthesia: put to "sleep"

^`generation time: time needed for disease to spread from one person to another.

^`: genetics: family traits, science or study of family traits, study of blood relatives.

^`genital area: genital area, privates, [name specific reproductive body parts]

^`Genital Herpes Simplex: Herpes (sores) in the genital area.

^`gestation: pregnancy.

^`gingiva: gums.

^`gingivectomy: gum surgery, remove or reshape gums to remove space between teeth and gums.

^`gingivitis: inflammation of the gums.

^`glaucoma: eye disease, increased eye pressure; an eye disease that can lead to blindness.

^`glucose: sugar, energy, blood sugar.

^`gradually: slowly, over time.

^`gravid: pregnant.

^`Guillain-Barre Syndrome: GBS; a disease that makes it hard to move.

^`H5N1: bird flu virus.

^`Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)  : a lung disease.

^`hallucinate: see things that are not there.

^`hand hygiene: hand washing.

^`hazard: hazard, harmful, danger.

^`hazardous: harmful, bad, dangerous, risky.

^`hazardous waste: harmful trash like used needles, bloody tissues, etc.

^`hematocrit (hct): amount of red blood cells in the blood.

^`hematocrit test: blood test, a test that counts your red blood cells.

^`hematological: related to blood, related to the blood and blood forming organs.

^`hematuria: blood in the urine.

^`hemodialysis: use of a machine to clean your blood.

^`hemoglobin A1C: a test to show your blood sugar levels over the last 3 months.

^`hepatic: related to the liver.

^`hepatitis A: disease that you get from drinking bad water or eating bad food, impaired liver.

^`hepatitis B: disease that you get from someone else’s blood or from unsafe sex, impaired liver.

^`hepatitis C: liver disease that you get from someone else’s blood or unsafe sex, impaired liver.

^`hepatitis D: virus that can only be found in your blood if you also have hepatitis B, impaired liver.

^`hepatitis E: disease that you get from drinking bad water or from eating bad food, a disease not found in the United States, impaired liver.

^`herd immunity: group protection from disease, community immunity.

^`herpes simplex: cold sores, virus.

^`herpes zoster: shingles, a disease that causes painful sores on your skin.

^`high risk: dangerous, good chance something will happen.

^`highly: very probably, most likely, will probably happen.

^`hives: rash; red, itchy swellings on your skin.

^`Hodgkin’s disease: lymph node cancer.

^`homologous: similar, like, alike.

^`hormone: chemical, natural or manmade chemical that effects your growth, chemicals that help different parts of your body know how they should work.

^`host: person; animal.

^`HPAI: a dangerous bird flu.

^`HPV: a virus that may cause cervical and/or oral cancer.

^`humidify: to moisten air.

^`hyperglycemia: high blood sugar.

^`hyperlipidemia: high cholesterol.

^`hypertensive heart disease: high blood pressure.

^`hypersensitivity: strong reaction.

^`hypertension: high blood pressure.

^`hypoglycemia: low blood sugar.

^`: hyposensitivity: weak reaction.

^`hypotension: low blood pressure.

^`hysterectomy: surgery to remove the womb.

^`: I: identical: same, exactly the same, similar, alike.

^`illness rate or clinical attack rate: number of sick people; (Use a ratio like “3 in every 10 New Yorkers are sick” or a percentage like “30 percent of all Floridians are sick.”)

^`illustrate: show, draw, picture.

^`immediately: at once, right away, now.

^`immerse: put completely in, completely cover.

^`immune globulin: something in your blood that helps fight disease.

^`immune: protected from, resistant to.

^`immunity: protection from disease, ability to fight off an illness.

^`immunization: getting a vaccine (shot); vaccine, vaccination.

^`immunize: to protect again disease, usually by a shot.

^`immunological: related to the immune system.

^`immunosuppression: when your body can’t fight disease.

^`immunotherapy: medical treatment that helps your body fight off diseases.

^`impaction: teeth pressing together, teeth not visible above sum line.

^`impaired  : not normal/something is wrong.

^`impede: get in the way, slow.

^`imperative: important, pressing, urgent.

^`imperceptible: hard to see, hidden; can't be seen.

^`implement  : start, begin, put into action; carry out;

^`inability  : not able to.

^`in excess of: more than.

^`inevitable  : likely, will happen.

^`insert  : put, put into.

^`institute  : start.

^`instructed  : told, taught.

^`in the absence of: without.

^`in the course of: during, in.

^`in the event of: if.

^`in utero: in the womb, in the uterus.

^`in vitro: out of the body, outside the body, laboratory grown, in a test tube.

^`: in vivo: within the body, inside the body grown inside animal.

^`inaccuracy: error, mistake, chance that there is a mistake.

^`inactive vaccine: a vaccine that uses germs that have been killed.

^`inadvertently: without meaning to.

^`inadvisable: risky, not smart, may be dangerous.

^`inapparent infection: when you are sick but you don’t feel bad.

^`incidence: how many people get sick, number of sick people.

^`incident of national significance: national emergency.

^`incipient: beginning, starting.

^`incise: cut.

^`incision: cut.

^`incisors: front teeth, front “biting” teeth, fangs.

^`inclement: harsh, extreme, dangerous.

^`incorrect: wrong, not true, false.

^`increase: add to, raise.

^`incubation period: the length of time a disease is in someone’s body before they feel or look sick.

^`indicate: suggest, point to, show.

^`indication: sign, signal, symptom.

^`indigenous: local to, comes from, native.

^`individual: person, you, man, woman, one.

^`inexpensive: cheap, low cost, low priced.

^`infant: baby.

^`infect: disease spread by germ or virus, to get sick, to make someone sick, to spread a disease.

^`infection: disease, illness, sickness, virus, bug, illness caused by germs, a sickness you get from germs, control how to stop sickness.

^`infectious agent: virus, germs, something that makes you sick, disease, flu, parasite.

^`infectious: something that can spread disease.

^`infertile: sterile, unable to have a baby, unable to become pregnant.

^`inflame: make hot, red, or swollen; swollen.

^`inflammation: swelling, injury, sore.

^`inflammatory bowel disease: digestive system disease, intestinal problems.

^`influenza: flu, a virus.

^`inform: tell.

^`information: information, to learn more.

^`infusion: put fluids or drugs directly into your blood.

^`ingestion: eating, drinking, swallowing.

^`inhalation: breathing, breathing in.

^`inhale: breathe in, take a breath.

^`inhaler: breathing medicine/drug, asthma medicine, device that helps give medicine into the breathing tubes.

^`inherent: natural, built in, native.

^`inherit: acquire, get, obtain, be left.

^`inheritance: from parents, passing from parent to child.

^`inhibit: check, bar, forbid, stop, slow.

^`initial: first, earliest, basic.

^`inject/injection: shot.

^`injection: shot, to give medicine by needle, booster, dose.

^`innocuous  : safe.

^`inquire: ask.

^`instrument: tool, device.

^`insufficient: not enough, too little, failing, poor.

^`insulin: blood sugar.

^`integrate: combine with, make part of, mix.

^`intention: goal, aim, desire, end, plan, purpose.

^`: internal organs: inside parts of your body (heart, lungs, stomach, kidneys, etc.)

^`interrupt: stop, break.

^`intervention  : care.

^`intrauterine device  : IUD, birth control.

^`intravenous (IV): into your vein; into your blood stream, putting drugs or fluids directly into your blood.

^`investigational vaccine: vaccine still being tested.

^`irrefutable: certain, final, obvious, proven.

^`irritable: sensitive, complaining, grouchy, testy.

^`irritant: bother; pain, pest, problem.

^`isolate: a specific type of virus; a specific type of flu.

^`isolation of ill people: staying away from people who are sick; keeping sick people at home.

^`jaundice: skin and eyes turn yellow.   Hepatitis B.  Affects liver.

^`joint: where bones come together, bone connection.

^`kidney: organ that filters blood.

^`lacerate: ragged cut, tear.

^`laceration: ragged cut, tear.

^`lesion  : cut, injury, wound, sore.

^`ligament: bone connector, joint tissue.

^`lingual  : on the tongue.

^`live vaccine: a vaccine that has a weakened form of the virus in it.

^`local anesthesia: drug that causes numbing only in the area of the body where the drug is put by spreading it or with a shot.

^`localized: in a small area, only in one place.

^`locate: find, place, settle, turn up.

^`location: place, spot.

^`long-term: for a long time, over a long period of time.

^`lower respiratory infection: pneumonia.

^`lung function: measure of how strong your lungs are.

^`lungs: breathing organs.

^`lymphatic: related to the lymph system.

^`lymphocytes: white blood cells, lymph cells.

^`: lymphoma: cancer of lymphatic system.

^`: M: macrophage: disease-fighting cell.

^`macular: a spot on your cornea; eye disease, blindness.

^`magnitude: extent, size, how serious.

^`maintain: take care of, keep, keep up.

^`mammogram: breast health test, breast check.

^`malignant: cancer.

^`malignant tumor: cancer, tumor, mass.

^`malocclusion: crowded teeth, misaligned teeth, crossbite, overbite, underbite, open bite.

^`manage: control, direct, be in charge of, take care of, watch.

^`mandible  : lower jaw.

^`manifest: clear, plain, evident, show.

^`mask  : hide.

^`mastectomy: breast cancer surgery; surgery to remove your breast.

^`maxilla  : upper jaw.

^`maximum: the largest possible, the most.

^`medication: drug, pill, medicine.

^`medicine: drug, medication.

^`melanoma: skin cancer.

^`memory cell: a cell that helps your body quickly fight diseases that you’ve gotten before.

^`menopause: women’s “change of life”, the change, time in a woman's life when her periods stops, no : longer have periods.

^`menstruation: period.

^`mental health condition : mental disorder, mental illness.

^`mentality: frame of mind, mind, outlook, feeling.

^`mesial  : front of.

^`metabolism: process of getting energy from food, converting food into energy.

^`mg: milligram.

^`microbes: very tiny fungi, sometimes viruses, that are too small too see; bacteria, protozoa.

^`might qualify  : might get.

^`migrate: move, travel.

^`migration: moving, transfer, traveling.

^`mild: gentle, not severe, slight, small.

^`mildew: fungus that grow in damp warm areas.

^`minimal: least, small, smallest.

^`minimize: make smaller, make less, lessen, reduce.

^`miniscule: very small, tiny.

^`miscarriage: lose the baby, miscarry.

^`mites: very tiny, spider-like, animals that cause allergies and skin rashes.

^`mitigate: make less harmful, soften, lessen, reduce.

^`mobility  : ability to move.

^`moderate: medium, mild, controllable.

^`modify: change.

^`molars: back teeth, back “grinding” teeth.

^`mold: growth on food and damp surfaces.

^`monitor: watch, check on, watch for changes, device that measures changes.

^`morbidity: diseased, sick, ill.

^`mortality: death.

^`mortality rate: number of deaths.

^`motor vehicle accident: car crash.

^`MRSA: bacteria that resists antibiotics.

^`mucosal (mucus) membranes: soft, moist areas just inside the openings to your body.

^`mucus: phlegm, nose fluid, mouth fluid, throat coating.

^`multiple sclerosis  : central nervous system disease, MS.

^`muscle contraction  : muscle twitch, movement.

^`mutagen: cause.

^`mutation: change over time, change, difference, different.

^`myocardial infarction  : heart attack.

^`: N: narcotic: addictive pain medicine, drug.

^`nebulizer: asthma medicine mister.

^`necessary  : needed.

^`negligent: careless, lax, not careful.

^`neonatal death: infant death, death in the first month of life.

^`neonatal: newborn, baby for first month of life.

^`neonatologist: baby doctor, baby doctor for preemies.

^`nephrology: study of kidney problems.

^`neuraminidase: enzyme on the surface of the virus.

^`: neuritis: swelling of a nerve.

^`neurologic: relating to the nervous system, brain or spinal cord.

^`neurological: related to the brain and nervous system.

^`neurology: study of the nervous system.

^`neuropathy: disease of the nervous system.

^`neutralize: cancel, stop, offset.

^`nominal  : small, not important, token, cheap, not costly.

^`nonpharmaceutical intervention: ways to stop the spread of illness without drugs, such as hand washing, covering sneezes, closing schools, etc.

^`nosocomial: an infection you catch in the hospital.

^`notification: notice.

^`noxious  : dangerous, poisonous.

^`nutrition: food, meal, diet, healthy food.

^`nutritious: wholesome, food that is good for you, healthy eating, healthy food.

^`obesity  : dangerously overweight, too heavy.

^`objective  : goal, end.

^`obscure  : hidden, unclear, blur, confuse.

^`observation  : close look, remark, watching, sighting.

^`observe  : look closely, watch, see, detect, find, notice, see.

^`obstetrician: pregnancy doctor.

^`obstruct: block, stop.

^`obstruction: barrier, block, hurdle.

^`obtain  : get.

^`obvious  : clear, plain, easy to see.

^`occasionally  : sometimes, not often, once in a while.

^`occlusal: chewing or grinding surface of back teeth.

^`occupation  : job, work.

^`occupational therapist: someone who helps people who are sick or injured learn or relearn activities of daily life.

^`occupational therapy: therapy that helps you relearn everyday activities.

^`occur  : happen, take place, result.

^`occurrence  : event.

^`on an empty stomach: do not eat or drink.

^`open bite: upper and lower front teeth do not touch even when mouth is closed and/or back teeth are touching.

^`opportunistic infection: infection you get because you’re already weak.

^`: optic neuritis: eye disease, disease of the eyes.

^`optimal/optimum  : best, best way.

^`option: choice, way.

^`oral: mouth and jaw.

^`oral consent  : you say it is OK for the doctor to do a test or procedure.

^`oral medication  : medication you swallow.

^`oral surgery: mouth operation, mouth surgery, teeth operation.

^`orchitis: side effect of mumps.

^`originate: start, begin, create.

^`orthodontic: braces, teeth straightening.

^`orthopedic surgeon: bone and joint doctor.

^`orthopedic's: bone and joint doctor’s office.

^`orthotic  : support or brace.

^`ossification: bone formation, hard, stiff.

^`osteonecrosis: bone death.

^`osteoporosis: brittle bones.

^`otitis media: middle ear infection.

^`outbreak: beginning, start, onset.

^`outermost  : farthest, top.

^`ova/ovum: egg/eggs, a woman’s egg/eggs.

^`overabundance: too much, excess.

^`overbite: front upper teeth overlap lower teeth, "bucktoothed"

^`: P: palatable: pleasing, tasty, good.

^`: palate: roof of mouth.

^`pandemic flu: deadly flu, fast and wide-spread flu.

^`pandemic vaccine: pandemic flu vaccine.

^`panzootic: a flu pandemic in animals, a deadly flu pandemic in animals, fast and wide-spread flu in : animals.

^`papule: small red dot on your skin, skin rash.

^`paralysis: can’t move.

^`parameter: limit, factor, value.

^`paramount  : most important.

^`parasite: animal or plant living off another animal or plant.

^`participate: take part, join, share.

^`passive immunity: temporary disease protection from mother, disease protection from vaccine.

^`pathogen: germ, virus, disease-causing agent.

^`pathogenic: disease causing.

^`peak flow meter: small tool used to measure how fast you can blow out air.

^`peak flow: the fastest you can blow out air.

^`pediatrician: baby doctor; children’s doctor.

^`pedodontic (pediatric dentistry): children's dentistry.

^`pending: coming, until, waiting on something or someone.

^`perforation: hole.

^`perform  : do, carry out, act.

^`pericarditis: heart inflammation, swelling of the tissue covering the heart.

^`perinatal  : near the time of birth.

^`perinatal death: death around birth, stillborn.

^`perinatologist: high-risk pregnancy doctor, doctor for pregnancy at risk.

^`periodontal disease (periodontitis): gum disease.

^`periodontic: treatment of gum disease and related bone loss.

^`periphery: edge, boundary, outside.

^`: peritoneum: lining of your stomach, belly, tummy.

^`permanent: lasting, long term, forever.

^`permit: allow, let.

^`permutation  : change.

^`persevere: hold on, keep at, last, keep trying, not give up.

^`persistent: there all the time, constant, doesn’t go away, not giving up.

^`personal protective equipment (PPE): gowns, face shields, gloves, face masks, and respirators, hearing protection, protective clothing.

^`personnel: people, staff.

^`perspire: sweat.

^`persuade: convince, talk into, win over, urge.

^`pertinent: fitting, important.

^`petechiae: tiny red or purple spot on your skin,

^`pharmacist: druggist, drug dispenser.

^`photosensitive: sun-sensitive, sensitive to the sun.

^`physical/physically: body, bodily, real.

^`physical activity: of the body, exercise, movement.

^`physical examination: check-up, doctor’s appointment.

^`: physical therapist: someone who treats pain and weakness by exercise.

^`physical therapy: treatment of pain and weakness through exercise.

^`physician: doctor.

^`pica: craving, dirt or clay eating, unusual appetite; eating materials that are not food.

^`pictographs  : symbols (examples below) 

^`PID  : Pelvic inflammatory disease.

^`pigmentation: color.

^`pit and fissure sealant (dental sealant): thin layer of plastic painted onto teeth to prevent decay.

^`placebo: sugar pill, drug with no active ingredient and will cause no effect.

^`placed  : put.

^`placenta: organ that attaches umbilical cord to the inside of the womb.

^`plaque: sticky film with germs on teeth.

^`platelet: blood clotting cell.

^`pleurisy: lung inflammation.

^`pneumonia: lung infection.

^`PO  : taken by mouth, eat or drink.

^`podiatry: treating feet problems, medical care for feet, foot doctor.

^`poliomyelitis: polio; a disease that can make you unable to move.

^`pollute: dirty, poison, taint, spoil.

^`polysaccharide vaccines: sugar vaccines.

^`polyurethane  : plastic.

^`portion  : piece, amount, part, serving.

^`position  : job, rank, class, grade.

^`possess  : have, own.

^`possibility  : chance.

^`posterior teeth: back teeth.

^`post-exposure prophylaxis: drug given to someone who has been near someone sick, prevention drug, drugs to : prevent the spread of disease.

^`post-partum depression: baby blues, overwhelmed, depressed, unexplained sadness after having baby.

^`postpone: put off, wait, delay.

^`potency: strength, force, power, level, dose.

^`precaution: safeguard, caution, guard, care.

^`predicament: problem, bad situation, plight, difficulty.

^`pregnancy: pregnant, expecting a baby.

^`preliminary: early, not final, initial.

^`pre-pandemic vaccine: pandemic flu or deadly flu vaccine; shot.

^`preparedness: readiness, alertness, to be ready, to prepare, be prepared, planned.

^`prepuce  : foreskin.

^`prerogative: right, choice.

^`prescriber: doctor, nurse, any medical person who is licensed to write prescriptions.

^`prescription: doctors orders, medicine, drug order,

^`present: give, send, now, show, here.

^`prevalence: number of sick people, spread, disease spread, number, figure.

^`prevent: stop, keep from happening, forbid, bar, keep.

^`preventive  
(i.e.; preventive services) practices that help keep you well.

^`prevention: stop, bar, not permitted, not allowed, to avoid ill effects.

^`primary teeth: baby teeth, first teeth.

^`principal: main, first, head, chief, most important.

^`prior to  : before.

^`probability: chance, likelihood.

^`proximal  : near to, close, area closer to the center of the body.

^`procedure: steps, method, course of action, how-to, way, test.

^`proceed  : go, move forward.

^`prodromal: signs of disease or attack.

^`proficient: skilled, experienced, able, apt.

^`progression: move forward, go on, get worse, advance.

^`prohibit  : ban, forbid, prevent.

^`projectile: flying object, fast object, thrown object.

^`proliferate: grow, spread, reproduce.

^`prophylactic: pregnancy prevention drug, sickness prevention drug, birth control, condom.

^`prophylaxis: prevention, protection.

^`prophylaxis (dental, oral): basic teeth cleaning.

^`prostate: gland in male body that makes semen.

^`prostatitis: infection of the prostate.

^`prosthodontic: treatment using crowns, bridges, partials and/or dentures.

^`protocol: way of doing things, method, standard, step-by-step process, rules, code.

^`provide: give, offer, send, supply.

^`provider: professional, insurer.

^`provoke: make worse, cause, anger, annoy.

^`proximal  : near to, close, area closer to the center of the body.

^`psoriasis: a dry, scaly, skin rash.

^`psoriatic arthritis: joint swelling disease with skin rash.

^`psychiatrist: mental health doctor, shrink.

^`psychiatry: study of mental health.

^`PSA  : prostate test, prostate check.

^`PTSD: problem with fear after seeing or having a fearful event, flashbacks of negative : experience.

^`: public health: everyone’s health, our health, health of the community as a whole.

^`puff: a short, gentle burst; a small breath.

^`pulmonary: related to the lungs.

^`pulmonary cancer: cancer of lung, trachea, bronchus.

^`pulmonary care unit: lung disease treatment area of hospital.

^`pulmonary fibrosis: lung disease, scarring of lung tissue, shortness of breath.

^`pulmonologist: lung doctor.

^`pulmonology: study of lung disease.

^`pulp  : tooth nerve.

^`pulpectomy : remove nerve from tooth.

^`pulpitis: infection of nerve inside tooth.

^`pulpotomy: take out the nerve from a tooth.

^`purchase: buy.

^`purulent  : pus.

^`pyrexia  : fever.

^`Q: qualified  : suited, capable; has the education to perform, license to perform.

^`: quarantine  : isolate, staying away from other people, staying home by yourself.

^`R: RA: rheumatoid arthritis, disease of joints.

^`radiation: energy, rays, waves, heat.

^`radioisotope  : medicine, special medicine, drug or radioactive tracer.

^`radiologist: a doctor who studies x-rays and other images, x-ray specialist, x-ray doctor.

^`radiology: x-ray department.

^`radionuclide: medicine, special medicine or drug.

^`rampant: unchecked, raging, uncontrolled.

^`rapid diagnostic test: fast result test, quickly check if someone is sick.

^`rationale: reason, thinking, intent, purpose.

^`Raynaud’s syndrome: circulatory disease.

^`reaction: a response.

^`reassortment: change, new type of virus.

^`receive: get, admit, welcome.

^`receptive language  : understanding.

^`recipient: person who gets something.

^`: recognize: accept, know, see, find.

^`recombinant: new gene combination.

^`recommend: advise, suggest, urge, says.

^`recover: get better, feel better, heal.

^`recrudescence: relapse, to get sick again.

^`recuperate: get better, feel better, get well, recover.

^`recur: come back, get again, happen again.

^`reduce: lower, cut, trim, dilute.

^`redundant: extra, not needed, excess, surplus, spare.

^`refills  : number of times one can get more medicine from the drugstore without going back to : the doctor.

^`reflux  : spit up, backward flow of body fluid.

^`regarding: about.

^`regimen: diet, plan, program.

^`register: sign up, sign in: regular: usual, normal, everyday, common.

^`regulate: control, restrict, watch over, govern.

^`regulation: rule, law.

^`: rehabilitate: get better, restore.

^`reimburse: pay back, refund.

^`reinforce: make stronger, brace, support.

^`reiterate: repeat, say again.

^`relief: feel better, ease, not as bad, less painful, more comfortable.

^`relieve: ease, make better, soothe, rest.

^`remission: when a disease is not active.

^`renal: related to the kidney.

^`request: ask for, beg.

^`require: need, ask for.

^`requirements: needs, regulations.

^`rescind: cancel, take away.

^`resemble: look like, take after, match.

^`reside: be in, live in.

^`residence: home, apartment, house.

^`Residual Seizure Disorder: seizures, sudden attack, brain problem.

^`respiration: breathing, taking in oxygen.

^`respiratory therapist: breathing therapist.

^`: respite: rest, relief, quiet time.

^`respond: answer, react to.

^`restoration: filling, fix a tooth, tooth replacement.

^`restrain: hold back, stop.

^`restrict  : limit,stop.

^`restrictions  : limitations, changes.

^`retain: keep.

^`retrieve: get, bring back, get back.

^`return  : go back.

^`reveal: show, tell.

^`review: go over, check;

^`Reye’s Syndrome: brain disease in children.

^`rheumatoid arthritis: disease of joints, joint swelling.

^`rheumatologist: joint, bone, and immune system doctor.

^`rheumatology: study of the immune system, joints, and bones.

^`rigorous  : hard.

^`risk reduction: lowering the chances, making less likely.

^`risk: chance.

^`root canal: remove the nerve from inside the root of a permanent tooth.

^`root planing and scaling: deep tooth cleaning.

^`Rotavirus: germ causing stomach flu.

^`Rubella: German measles.

^`Rubeola: measles.

^`rupture: break, burst, break open.

^`: S: sanitary: clean, germ free, healthful.

^`sanitize: clean, wash, clean up, make germ-free, disinfect.

^`SC  : subcutaneously, shot into fat, injection into fat.

^`scaling and root planing: removal of hard and soft deposits from teeth above and below gums.

^`Scarlatina: scarlet fever.

^`schedule: plan, planning a time to do something.

^`sealant (pit and fissure, dental): thin layer of plastic painted onto teeth to prevent decay.

^`seasonal influenza: common flu; winter flu.

^`second- and third-order effects : things that happen as a result of your actions.

^`: sector: group, community, neighborhood.

^`sedentary  : inactive, sitting a lot, couch potato.

^`segment: part, piece.

^`seizure: fit of uncontrolled movements.

^`sensation: feeling.

^`sensitive: easily hurt, easy to damage, sore.

^`seroconversion: becoming immune, reacting against disease, fighting disease.

^`serology: study of blood strength.

^`serosurvey: test to see how likely you are to get a disease.

^`several  : many.

^`severe: strong, serious, harmful, dangerous, very bad.

^`severity: how bad.

^`shift: change.

^`shortness of breath: difficulty catching breath, difficult breathing.

^`side effect: reaction, reaction to a medicine.

^`significant: big, serious, important.

^`similar: like.

^`situated: placed, located.

^`Sjogren’s syndrome: dry eyes and mouth.

^`: skull: head bones, bones that protect the brain.

^`social distancing: stay at home; keep away from people.

^`socialize: make friends, talk with people, meet people.

^`solicit: ask for.

^`soreness: hurt, pain, ache.

^`spasm: sudden, strong muscle tightening, jerk, painful twist.

^`species: group of plants or animals, same type, alike.

^`spirometer: breathing test, breath strength machine, breath strength indicator.

^`spontaneous: unplanned, sudden.

^`sprain  : muscle injury, muscle tear.

^`stable: okay, no change, constant, even, unchanging.

^`stamina: strength, endurance.

^`state of readiness: ready, now ready, prepared.

^`state: say, tell, condition.

^`status: state, condition.

^`: sterile: unable to have children, clean.

^`steroid: medicine, drug to lessen swelling, illegal sports drugs.

^`stigma: mark, spot, blemish, embarrassment.

^`stimulate: excite, stir up, activate.

^`strain: type of germ, type of animal, type of plant.

^`stress: physical strain, mental strain, pressure, worry.

^`stringent: strict, tight, controlled.

^`subclinical infection: minor illness.

^`submit: give, hand in, send.

^`subsequent: following, next, later.

^`subsequently: after that, later, afterward.

^`substance: chemical, material, matter, stuff.

^`Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)  : crib death; sudden, unexplained death of a baby.

^`suffice: be enough.

^`sufficient: enough, plenty, ample.

^`suffocate: choke, smother, not able to breathe.

^`summon: call for, request.

^`sun protection factor: sunscreen, sun block.

^`superficial: not important, not harmful, slight.

^`supersede: replace, take the place of.

^`supplement: add to, in addition to, additive, vitamins.

^`supply: give, budget, fund, pool, source, kitty.

^`suppress: hold back, stop, slow down.

^`surge capacity: being able to offer more services in an emergency, ability to expand.

^`surgery: operation.

^`surgical mask: face mask, mask.

^`surveillance: keep a close eye on, watch closely, monitor.

^`susceptible: more open to, in danger of getting, likely to get.

^`sutures: stitches.

^`symptom: sign (of disease or sickness), indicator, warning.

^`syndrome: illness, sickness, condition.

^`synthesis: summary, make, take up.

^`synthesize: combine, form, summarize.

^`systematic: planned out, orderly, regular.

^`Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: immune system disease.

^`systemic: throughout your body, in all parts of your body.

^`tallus  : heel.

^`taper  : reduce, slow, lower, shrink, decrease.

^`tartar: crust on teeth, plaque.

^`telework: work from home.

^`temperature: heat, fever.

^`temporal association: when two things happen at the same time but aren’t actually related to each other.

^`temporary: short, brief.

^`teratogenic: something that can hurt your baby before he is born.

^`terminal: deadly, fatal.

^`terminate: stop, end.

^`testosterone: male hormone.

^`tetanus: disease affecting muscles.

^`therapeutic: healing, improving, getting better.

^`therapy: treatment.

^`therefore: so.

^`: thimerosal: drug or vaccine preservative.

^`third molars: wisdom teeth, last teeth to come into mouth.

^`thrombus  : clot.

^`time period: time.

^`titer: blood test.

^`titrate: to change the dose/level of a medicine.

^`topical: on the surface, on the skin, on the body.

^`toxicology: study of harmful materials.

^`toxin: poison, pollution.

^`transform: change, alter.

^`transparent: clear, see-through.

^`transpire: happen, take place.

^`transverse myelitis: of the spine, back disease.

^`traumatic  : shocking, upsetting.

^`treat  : give care, take care of, cure, heal.

^`treatment: action, medicine, therapy.

^`tremor: shaking, trembling.

^`trigger: cause, start, bring on, lead to.

^`trimester: three months, three month’s time.

^`tuberculosis: TB, lung disease.

^`tumor: growth, lump.

^`: U: ulcer: open sore, canker.

^`ulterior: secondary, hidden, alternate, further.

^`ultimate: final, last.

^`umbilicus: belly button, navel.

^`underbite  : lower teeth extend past upper front teeth.

^`understand  : know, to get.

^`unfavorable: bad, harmful, damaging, unwanted.

^`unnecessary: not needed, needless.

^`upper respiratory system: nose, throat, and windpipe.

^`urinate: pee.

^`urticaria: hives, itch, rash on your skin.

^`until such time  : until.

^`: use caution  : be careful.

^`uterus: womb.

^`utilize: use, make use of.

^`UVA: UV light, sunlight.

^`UVB: UV light, sunlight.

^`: V: vaccinate: to protect against disease, usually by a shot.

^`Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System: VAERS, a way for doctors to make sure that vaccines aren’t hurting anyone.

^`Vaccine Safety Datalink Project: VSD, a way for doctors to learn more about vaccines.

^`vaccine: shot, flu shot, medicine, immunization.

^`vague: unclear, not for sure, not certain.

^`validate: prove, test.

^`validity: truth, proof.

^`variant: version, slightly different.

^`Varicella: chicken pox, herpes zoster.

^`variola: smallpox.

^`: vary: change, shift.

^`vehicle: car, truck, bus, automobile.

^`verbatim: exact, word for word.

^`verify: check, find out.

^`vesicular: blisters, small bumps on your skin.

^`viable: able to live, usable, can be used.

^`vicinity: area, location.

^`viral shedding: coughing and sneezing.

^`viremia: viruses in the blood.

^`virulence: strength; harm; how harmful; how dangerous the disease is.

^`virulent: strong, dangerous.

^`virus: germ.

^`vital  : important, imperative, crucial.

^`voluminous: large, bulky.

^`voluntary: your choice; on your own; without being forced.

^`vomit: throw up, upchuck, emesis.


^`waning immunity: not immune any more; more likel to get sick; lost your disease resistance.

^`: warning sign: sign of trouble; problem; alert.

^`waterfowl: water birds; birds that live on water; ducks, geese, and swans.

^`wheeze: breathing problem, difficulty breathing; gasp; gag; pant.

^`whereas: while, but.

^`white spot lesion: white spot on tooth, beginning decay.

^`whooping cough: disease of the lungs that is very easily spread to others.

^`withhold: deny, keep from, hold back, refuse.

^`withstand: take, bear, resist.

^`witness: see, note, observe.

^`X-ray: picture of your bones; picture of your insides.

^`Z: zoonoses: diseases that people can get from animals; diseases that are passed between animals and people.
^`acrochordon: A small, benign skin growth that may have a stalk (peduncle). Acrochordons most commonly appear on the neck, axillary, groin, and inframammary regions. Also called skin tag. 
^`admixture mapping:  A method used to identify genetic variants associated with traits and/or diseases in ethnic groups whose genomes resulted from a recent mixture of two or more geographically distinct ancestral populations. 
^`affected:  Individuals in a pedigree who exhibit the specific phenotype under study. 
^`allele:  One of two or more DNA sequences occurring at a particular gene locus. Typically one allele (“normal” DNA sequence) is common, and other alleles (mutations) are rare. 
^`allelic heterogeneity:  Different mutations in the same gene that cause different phenotypic manifestations or severity of disease. 
^`aneuploidy:  The occurrence of one or more extra or missing chromosomes leading to an unbalanced chromosome complement, or any chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (which is 23). 
^`antioncogene:  A type of gene that regulates cell growth. When an antioncogene is mutated, uncontrolled cell growth may occur. This may contribute to the development of cancer. Also called tumor suppressor gene. 
^`ART:    A term used to describe collectively a number of noncoital methods of conception that are used to treat infertility with donor or nondonor eggs and sperm including in vitro fertilization (IVF), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT). Also called assisted reproductive technology. 
^`Ashkenazi Jews:  One of two major ancestral groups of Jewish individuals, comprised of those whose ancestors lived in Central and Eastern Europe (e.g., Germany, Poland, Russia). The other group is designated Sephardic Jews and includes those whose ancestors lived in North Africa, the Middle East, and Spain. Most Jews living in the United States are of Ashkenazi descent. 
^`assisted reproductive technology:  A term used to describe collectively a number of noncoital methods of conception that are used to treat infertility with donor or nondonor eggs and sperm including in vitro fertilization (IVF), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT). Also called ART. 
^`attributable risk:  Proportion of a disease in exposed individuals that can be attributed to an exposure. In the context of genetic studies, the "exposure" is the frequency of a specific genetic variant. 
^`autosomal:  Refers to any of the chromosomes numbered 1-22 or the genes on chromosomes 1-22. This term excludes the sex-determining chromosomes, X and Y. 
^`autosomal dominant:  Autosomal dominant inheritance refers to genetic conditions that occur when a mutation is present in one copy of a given gene (i.e., the person is heterozygous). 
^`autosomal recessive:  Autosomal recessive inheritance refers to genetic conditions that occur only when mutations are present in both copies of a given gene (i.e., the person is homozygous for a mutation, or carries two different mutations of the same gene, a state referred to as compound heterozygosity). 
^`band:  When chromosomes at a particular stage in cell division are stained using one of several laboratory techniques, a specific pattern of light and dark stripes (bands) appears when the chromosomes are viewed through a microscope; the banding pattern assists in assigning each chromosome its particular number and evaluating its structure. 
^`base pair:  Two nitrogen-containing bases pair together between double-stranded DNA; only specific combinations of these bases (e.g., adenine with thymine; guanine with cytosine) are possible, a fact which facilitates accurate DNA replication; when quantified (e.g., 8 base pairs, or bp), this term refers to the actual number of base pairs in a sequence of nucleotides. 
^`biallelic:  Of or pertaining to both alleles of a single gene (paternal and maternal). For example, biallelic mutation carriers have a mutation (not necessarily the same mutation) in both copies of a particular gene (a paternal and a maternal mutation). 
 

^`carrier:  In classical genetics, an individual who carries one deleterious allele for an autosomal recessive disorder. In clinical discussions, may refer to an individual who carries a deleterious allele that predisposes to disease. 
^`carrier frequency:  The proportion of individuals in a population who have a single copy of a specific recessive gene mutation; also sometimes applied to the prevalence of mutations in dominantly acting genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Also called carrier rate. 
^`carrier rate:  The proportion of individuals in a population who have a single copy of a specific recessive gene mutation; also sometimes applied to the prevalence of mutations in dominantly acting genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Also called carrier frequency. 
^`chromosome:  Discrete physical structures inside a cell nucleus that consist of proteins and DNA organized into genes. 
^`clone:  An identical copy of a DNA sequence or entire gene; one or more cells derived from and identical to a single ancestor cell OR to isolate a gene or specific sequence of DNA. 
^`CNV: Refers to the genetic trait involving the number of copies of a particular gene present in the genome of an individual. Genetic variants, including insertions, deletions, and duplications of segments of DNA, are also collectively referred to as CNVs. CNVs account for a significant proportion of the genetic variation between individuals. Also called copy number variant. 
^`codon:  In DNA or RNA, a sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or signals the termination of gene translation (stop or termination codon). 
^`compound heterozygosity:  The presence of two different mutated alleles at a particular gene locus. 
^`conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis:  A type of mutation testing in which a segment of DNA is screened for mismatched pairing between normal and mutated base pairs. Also called CSGE. 
^`congenital:  A condition or trait present at birth. It may be the result of genetic or non-genetic factors. 
^`consanguinity:  Genetic relatedness between individuals who are descendants of at least one common ancestor. 
^`consent process:  A process of information exchange between a clinician and an individual or their legal proxy designed to facilitate autonomous, informed decision making. The informed consent process for genetic testing should include an explanation of the medical and psychosocial risks, benefits, limitations, and potential implications of genetic analysis, a discussion of privacy, confidentiality, the documentation and handling of genetic test results, as well as options for managing the hereditary disease risk. Also called informed consent. 
^`constitutional DNA:  Constitutional DNA refers to tissue derived from reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that become incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of the offspring. A germline mutation may be passed from parent to offspring. Also called germline DNA. 
^`consultand:  An individual who presents for genetic counseling. Also called counselee. 
^`copy number variant:  Refers to the genetic trait involving the number of copies of a particular gene present in the genome of an individual. Genetic variants, including insertions, deletions, and duplications of segments of DNA, are also collectively referred to as copy number variants. Copy number variants account for a significant proportion of the genetic variation between individuals. Also called CNV. 
^`cosegregation:  The transmission, together, of 2 or more genes on the same chromosome, as a result of their being in very close physical proximity to one another (i.e., linked). 
^`counselee:  An individual who presents for genetic counseling. Also called consultand. 
^`Crohn disease-like reaction:  Discrete aggregates of lymphoid white blood cells, some with germinal centers and surrounding fibrosis, commonly found around some colorectal adenocarcinomas in the absence of a clinical or pathological diagnosis of Crohn disease. Also called Crohn-like reaction. 
^`Crohn-like reaction:  Discrete aggregates of lymphoid white blood cells, some with germinal centers and surrounding fibrosis, commonly found around some colorectal adenocarcinomas in the absence of a clinical or pathological diagnosis of Crohn disease. Also called Crohn disease-like reaction. 
^`CSGE:  A type of mutation testing in which a segment of DNA is screened for mismatched pairing between normal and mutated base pairs. Also called conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis. 
^`cutaneous leiomyoma:  A benign tumor that arises from smooth muscle tissue in a hair follicle, forming a papule. Cutaneous leiomyomas (or leiomyomata) can be painful in the presence of cold or tactile stimuli. 
^`cutaneous lichen amyloidosis:  Itchy papules that are brownish-red in color and typically appear on the shins, thighs, feet, or neck. 
^`cytogenetics:  The study of the structure, function, and abnormalities of human chromosomes. 


^`D’Amico criteria:  A set of clinical criteria that is used to stratify prostate cancers into three risk categories to estimate cancer growth and spread. The criteria include Gleason score, prostate-specific antigen level, and clinical stage at diagnosis. 
^`de novo mutation:  A genetic alteration that is present for the first time in one family member as a result of a variant (or mutation) in a germ cell (egg or sperm) of one of the parents, or a variant that arises in the fertilized egg itself during early embryogenesis. Also called de novo variant, new mutation, and new variant. 
^`de novo variant: A genetic alteration that is present for the first time in one family member as a result of a variant (or mutation) in a germ cell (egg or sperm) of one of the parents, or a variant that arises in the fertilized egg itself during early embryogenesis. Also called de novo mutation, new mutation, and new variant. 
^`deleterious mutation:  A genetic alteration that increases an individual’s susceptibility or predisposition to a certain disease or disorder. When such a variant (or mutation) is inherited, development of symptoms is more likely, but not certain. Also called disease-causing mutation, pathogenic variant, predisposing mutation, and susceptibility gene. 
^`deletion:  A type of genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA. It may be as small as a single base but can vary significantly in size. 
^`deoxyribonucleic acid: The molecular basis of heredity; encodes the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism and allows for transmission of that genetic information from one generation to the next. The DNA molecule is structured as a double-stranded helix held together by weak hydrogen bonds between purine-pyrimidine nucleotide base pairs:  adenine (A) paired with thymine (T), and guanine (G) paired with cytosine (C). Also called DNA. 
^`depth of coverage:  Refers to the number of times a nucleotide is read during sequencing. A greater depth of coverage can increase confidence in the final results. Deep coverage aids in differentiating sequencing errors from single nucleotide polymorphisms. This can be specifically useful when a patient has a mosaicism or when a tumor is heterogeneous for a mutation. 
^`dirty necrosis:  Presence of necrotic cellular debris within the lumen of the neoplastic glands in the colorectal mucosa. 
^`disease-causing mutation:  A genetic alteration that increases an individual’s susceptibility or predisposition to a certain disease or disorder. When such a variant (or mutation) is inherited, development of symptoms is more likely, but not certain. Also called deleterious mutation, pathogenic variant, predisposing mutation, and susceptibility gene. 

^`DNA:  The molecular basis of heredity; encodes the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism and allows for transmission of that genetic information from one generation to the next. The DNA molecule is structured as a double-stranded helix held together by weak hydrogen bonds between purine-pyrimidine nucleotide base pairs:  adenine (A) paired with thymine (T), and guanine (G) paired with cytosine (C). Also called deoxyribonucleic acid. 
^`domain:  A specific physical region or amino acid sequence in a protein which is associated with a particular function or corresponding segment of DNA. 
^`double heterozygosity:  The presence of two different mutated alleles at two separate genetic loci. 


^`epigenetic alteration:  A heritable change that does not affect the DNA sequence but results in a change in gene expression. Examples include promoter methylation and histone modifications. Also called epigenetic variant and epimutation. 
^`epigenetic variant: A heritable change that does not affect the DNA sequence but results in a change in gene expression. Examples include promoter methylation and histone modifications. Also called epigenetic alteration and epimutation. 
^`epigenetics:  The study of heritable changes that do not affect the DNA sequence but influence gene expression. 
^`epimutation:  A heritable change that does not affect the DNA sequence but results in a change in gene expression. Examples include promoter methylation and histone modifications. Also called epigenetic alteration and epigenetic variant. 
^`ER-negative PR-negative HER2/neu-negative breast cancer:  ER-negative PR-negative HER2/neu-negative breast cancer is defined by a lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu). Also called triple-negative breast cancer. 
^`exon:  The sequence of DNA present in mature messenger RNA, some of which encodes the amino acids of a protein. Most genes have multiple exons with introns between them. 


^`facies:  A distinctive facial feature or expression that is characteristic of a specific condition. 
^`false-positive result:  A test result that indicates an individual is affected and/or has a certain gene mutation when he or she is actually unaffected and/or does not have the mutation; i.e., a positive test result in a truly unaffected or mutation-negative individual. 
^`familial:  A phenotype or trait that occurs with greater frequency in a given family than in the general population; familial traits may have a genetic and/or nongenetic etiology. 
^`family history:  The genetic relationships within a family combined with the medical history of individual family members. When represented in diagram form using standardized symbols and terminology, it is usually referred to as a pedigree or family tree. Also called family medical history. 
^`family medical history:  The genetic relationships within a family combined with the medical history of individual family members. When represented in diagram form using standardized symbols and terminology, it is usually referred to as a pedigree or family tree. Also called family history. 
^`FDR:     The parents, siblings, or children of an individual. Also called first-degree relative. 
^`fibrofolliculoma:  A benign tumor of the hair follicle that appears as a small, whitish papule. Fibrofolliculomas are typically found on the face, ears, neck, and upper torso. They are pathognomonic for Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, a hereditary condition associated with the development of kidney cancer. 
^`first-degree relative:  The parents, siblings, or children of an individual. Also called FDR. 
^`FISH:  A technique used to identify the presence of specific chromosomes or chromosomal regions through hybridization (attachment) of fluorescently-labeled DNA probes to denatured chromosomal DNA. Examination through a microscope under fluorescent lighting detects the presence of the colored hybridized signal (and hence presence of the chromosome material) or absence of the hybridized signal (and hence absence of the chromosome material). Also called fluorescence in situ hybridization. 
^`fluorescence in situ hybridization:  A technique used to identify the presence of specific chromosomes or chromosomal regions through hybridization (attachment) of fluorescently-labeled DNA probes to denatured chromosomal DNA. Examination through a microscope under fluorescent lighting detects the presence of the colored hybridized signal (and hence presence of the chromosome material) or absence of the hybridized signal (and hence absence of the chromosome material). Also called FISH. 
^`founder mutation:  A genetic alteration observed with high frequency in a group that is or was geographically or culturally isolated, in which one or more of the ancestors was a carrier of the altered gene. This phenomenon is often called a founder effect. Also called founder variant. 
founder variant.
    (FOWN-der VAYR-ee-unt) 
    A genetic alteration observed with high frequency in a group that is or was geographically or culturally isolated, in which one or more of the ancestors was a carrier of the altered gene. This phenomenon is often called a founder effect. Also called founder mutation. 
^`frameshift mutation:  An insertion or deletion involving a number of base pairs that is not a multiple of three, which consequently disrupts the triplet reading frame of a DNA sequence. Such variants (or mutations) usually lead to the creation of a premature termination (stop) codon, and result in a truncated (shorter-than-normal) protein product. Also called frameshift variant. 
^`frameshift variant: An insertion or deletion involving a number of base pairs that is not a multiple of three, which consequently disrupts the triplet reading frame of a DNA sequence. Such variants (or mutations) usually lead to the creation of a premature termination (stop) codon, and result in a truncated (shorter-than-normal) protein product. Also called frameshift mutation. 


^`gene:  The basic unit of heredity that occupies a specific location on a chromosome. Each consists of nucleotides arranged in a linear manner. Most genes code for a specific protein or segment of protein leading to a particular characteristic or function. 
^`genetic anticipation:  A phenomenon in which the signs and symptoms of some genetic conditions tend to become more severe and/or appear at an earlier age as the disorder is passed from one generation to the next. Huntington disease is an example of a genetic disorder in which the biological mechanism for this phenomenon has been well documented. In other cases, it may be due to factors such as increased surveillance or other nongenetic causes. 
^`genetic counseling:  A communication process that seeks to assist affected or at-risk individuals and families in understanding the natural history, disease risks, and mode of transmission of a genetic disorder; to facilitate informed consent for genetic testing when appropriate; to discuss options for risk management and family planning; and to provide for or refer individuals for psychosocial support as needed. 
^`genetic heterogeneity: The production of the same or similar phenotypes (observed biochemical, physiological, and morphological characteristics of a person determined by his/her genotype) by different genetic mechanisms. There are two types:  (1) allelic heterogeneity – when different alleles at a locus can produce variable expression of a condition; and (2) locus heterogeneity – the term used to describe disease in which mutations at different loci can produce the same disease phenotype. 
^`genetic marker:  An identifiable segment of DNA (e.g., Single Nucleotide Polymorphism [SNP], Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism [RFLP], Variable Number of Tandem Repeats [VNTR], microsatellite) with enough variation between individuals that its inheritance and co-inheritance with alleles of a given gene can be traced; used in linkage analysis. 
^`genetic predisposition:  Increased likelihood or chance of developing a particular disease due to the presence of one or more gene mutations and/or a family history that indicates an increased risk of the disease. Also called genetic susceptibility. 
^`genetic screening:  Genetic testing designed to identify individuals in a given population who are at higher risk of having or developing a particular disorder, or carrying a gene for a particular disorder. 
^`genetic susceptibility:  Increased likelihood or chance of developing a particular disease due to the presence of one or more gene mutations and/or a family history that indicates an increased risk of the disease. Also called genetic predisposition. 
^`genetic variant:  An alteration in the most common DNA nucleotide sequence. The term variant can be used to describe an alteration that may be benign, pathogenic, or of unknown significance. The term variant is increasingly being used in place of the term mutation. 
^`genodermatosis:  An inherited syndrome that includes a dermatological (skin) phenotype. 
^`genome-wide association study:  A genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a way for scientists to identify inherited genetic variants associated with risk of disease or a particular trait. This method surveys the entire genome for genetic polymorphisms, typically single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (pronounced “snips”), that occur more frequently in cases (people with the disease or trait being assessed) than in controls (people without the disease or trait). Also called GWAS. 
^`genomic imprinting:  An epigenetic process resulting in the inactivation of an allele depending on which parent it was inherited from. Genomic imprinting can have clinical relevance because it may affect the expression of a gene mutation (i.e., the phenotype) in the offspring of an affected parent depending on which parent is passing on the mutation. 
^`genotype:  At its broadest level, genotype includes the entire genetic constitution of an individual. It is often applied more narrowly to the set of alleles present at one or more specific loci. 
^`germline:  The cells from which eggs or sperm (i.e., gametes) are derived. 
^`germline DNA:  Germline DNA refers to tissue derived from reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that become incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of the offspring. A germline mutation may be passed from parent to offspring. Also called constitutional DNA. 
^`germline variant:  A gene change in a reproductive cell (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of the offspring. A variant contained within the germline can be passed from parent to offspring, and is, therefore, hereditary. 
^`GWAS:  A GWAS (genome-wide association study) is a way for scientists to identify inherited genetic variants associated with risk of disease or a particular trait. This method surveys the entire genome for genetic polymorphisms, typically single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (pronounced “snips”), that occur more frequently in cases (people with the disease or trait being assessed) than in controls (people without the disease or trait). Also called genome-wide association study. 


^`haploinsufficiency:  The situation that occurs when one copy of a gene is inactivated or deleted and the remaining functional copy of the gene is not adequate to produce the needed gene product to preserve normal function. 
^`haplotype:  A set of closely linked genetic markers present on one chromosome which tend to be inherited together. 
^`hemizygous:  Describes an individual who has only one member of a chromosome pair or chromosome segment rather than the usual two. Hemizygosity is often used to describe X-linked genes in males who have only one X chromosome. This term is sometimes used in somatic cell genetics where cancer cell lines are often hemizygous for certain alleles or chromosomal regions. 
^`heritability:  The proportion of variation in a population trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors. Heritability estimates range from 0 to 1 and are often expressed as a percentage. A number close to 1 may be indicative of a highly heritable trait within a population. It should not be used to estimate risk on an individual basis. 
^`heteroduplex analysis:  A method of detecting sequence differences between normal DNA and the DNA to be tested. It is commonly used as a screening method to detect potential mutations in a gene. 
^`heterogeneity logarithm of the odds score:  A statistical estimate of whether two genetic loci are physically near enough to each other (or “linked”) on a particular chromosome that they are likely to be inherited together. A heterogeneity logarithm of the odds score is calculated in the presence of locus heterogeneity (when the same phenotype can be caused by mutations in genes at different chromosomal loci). Also called HLOD score. 
^`heterozygous genotype:  Occurs when the two alleles at a particular gene locus are different. A heterozygous genotype may include one normal allele and one mutation, or two different mutations. The latter is called a compound heterozygote. 
^`HLOD score:  A statistical estimate of whether two genetic loci are physically near enough to each other (or “linked”) on a particular chromosome that they are likely to be inherited together. An HLOD score is calculated in the presence of locus heterogeneity (when the same phenotype can be caused by mutations in genes at different chromosomal loci). Also called heterogeneity logarithm of the odds score. 
^`homozygous genotype:  Occurs when both alleles at a particular gene locus are the same. A person may be homozygous for the normal allele or for a mutation. 


^`inconclusive:  A negative test result in an individual where a clearly deleterious mutation has not been found in any family members. The genetic risk status of such an individual must be interpreted in the context of his or her personal and family history. Also called indeterminate and uninformative. 
^`indeterminate:  A negative test result in an individual where a clearly deleterious mutation has not been found in any family members. The genetic risk status of such an individual must be interpreted in the context of his or her personal and family history. Also called inconclusive and uninformative. 
^`index case:  A clinically affected individual through whom attention is first drawn to a genetic disorder in a family. 
^`informative:  In genetic testing, a test result that reveals definitively the presence or absence of the germline genetic alteration associated with the hereditary disorder being assessed. In linkage analysis, the ability to distinguish between maternally inherited and paternally inherited DNA markers (polymorphisms) within or near a given gene of interest. 
^`informed consent:  A process of information exchange between a clinician and an individual or their legal proxy designed to facilitate autonomous, informed decision making. The informed consent process for genetic testing should include an explanation of the medical and psychosocial risks, benefits, limitations, and potential implications of genetic analysis, a discussion of privacy, confidentiality, the documentation and handling of genetic test results, as well as options for managing the hereditary disease risk. Also called consent process. 
^`inherited cancer syndrome:  Describes the clinical manifestations associated with a mutation conferring cancer susceptibility. 
^`insertion:  A type of genetic change that involves the addition of a segment of DNA. It may be as small as a single base but can vary significantly in size. 
^`intron:  The sequence of DNA in between exons that is initially copied into RNA but is cut out of the final RNA transcript and therefore does not change the amino acid code. Some intronic sequences are known to affect gene expression. 
^`inversion:  A chromosomal defect in which a segment of the chromosome breaks off and reattaches in the reverse direction. 
^`kindred:  An extended family. 
  
^`late or variable onset:  The state in which a genetic trait is expressed later in life or is expressed at no fixed time in a life history. 
^`LD: Where alleles (DNA markers) occur together more often than can be accounted for by chance because of their physical proximity on a chromosome. Also called linkage disequilibrium. 
^`linkage:  The tendency for genes or segments of DNA closely positioned along a chromosome to segregate together at meiosis, and therefore be inherited together. 
^`linkage analysis:  A gene-hunting technique that traces patterns of disease in high-risk families. It attempts to locate a disease-causing gene by identifying genetic markers of known chromosomal location that are co-inherited with the trait of interest. 
^`linkage disequilibrium:  Where alleles (DNA markers) occur together more often than can be accounted for by chance because of their physical proximity on a chromosome. Also called LD. 
^`locus:  The physical site or location of a specific gene on a chromosome. 
^`locus heterogeneity:  The same phenotype is caused by mutations in genes at different chromosomal loci. 
^`LOD score: A statistical estimate of whether two genetic loci are physically near enough to each other (or "linked") on a particular chromosome that they are likely to be inherited together. A LOD score of 3 or higher is generally understood to mean that two genes are located close to each other on the chromosome. In terms of significance, a LOD score of 3 means the odds are 1,000: 1 that the two genes are linked and therefore inherited together. Also called logarithm of the odds score. 
^`logarithm of the odds score: A statistical estimate of whether two genetic loci are physically near enough to each other (or "linked") on a particular chromosome that they are likely to be inherited together. A logarithm of the odds score of 3 or higher is generally understood to mean that two genes are located close to each other on the chromosome. In terms of significance, a logarithm of the odds score of 3 means the odds are 1,000: 1 that the two genes are linked and therefore inherited together. Also called LOD score. 
^`LOH:  If there is one normal and one abnormal allele at a particular locus, as might be seen in an inherited autosomal dominant cancer susceptibility disorder, loss of the normal allele produces a locus with no normal function. When the loss of heterozygosity involves the normal allele, it creates a cell that is more likely to show malignant growth if the altered gene is a tumor suppressor gene. Also called loss of heterozygosity. 
^`loss of heterozygosity:  If there is one normal and one abnormal allele at a particular locus, as might be seen in an inherited autosomal dominant cancer susceptibility disorder, loss of the normal allele produces a locus with no normal function. When the loss of heterozygosity involves the normal allele, it creates a cell that is more likely to show malignant growth if the altered gene is a tumor suppressor gene. Also called LOH. 


^`massively parallel sequencing:  A high-throughput method used to determine a portion of the nucleotide sequence of an individual’s genome. This technique utilizes DNA sequencing technologies that are capable of processing multiple DNA sequences in parallel. Also called next-generation sequencing and NGS. 
^`microsatellite:  Repetitive segments of DNA scattered throughout the genome in noncoding regions between genes or within genes (introns). They are often used as markers for linkage analysis because of their naturally occurring high variability in repeat number between individuals. These regions are inherently genetically unstable and susceptible to mutations. 
^`microsatellite instability:  A characteristic of cells that contain an abnormality in DNA mismatch repair (see microsatellite). For example, the presence of MSI in colorectal tumor tissue may be used as a marker for germline mutations in one of the DNA mismatch repair genes associated with HNPCC. MSI can also occur sporadically, and in these cases is related to gene hypermethylation. This is an issue in the differential diagnosis of HNPCC. Also called MSI. 
^`missense mutation:  A genetic alteration in which a single base pair substitution alters the genetic code in a way that produces an amino acid that is different from the usual amino acid at that position. Some missense variants (or mutations) will alter the function of the protein. Also called missense variant. 
^`missense variant: A genetic alteration in which a single base pair substitution alters the genetic code in a way that produces an amino acid that is different from the usual amino acid at that position. Some missense variants (or mutations) will alter the function of the protein. Also called missense mutation. 
^`MLPA:     A laboratory method commonly used for the detection of unusual copy number changes (insertions or deletions) of genomic sequences. Also called multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. 
^`mode of inheritance:  The manner in which a genetic trait or disorder is passed from one generation to the next. Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, multifactorial, and mitochondrial inheritance are examples. Each mode of inheritance results in a characteristic pattern of affected and unaffected family members. 
^`mosaicism:  The occurrence of 2 or more cell lines with different genetic or chromosomal make-up, within a single individual or tissue. 
^`MSI:  A characteristic of cells that contain an abnormality in DNA mismatch repair (see microsatellite). For example, the presence of MSI in colorectal tumor tissue may be used as a marker for germline mutations in one of the DNA mismatch repair genes associated with HNPCC. MSI can also occur sporadically, and in these cases is related to gene hypermethylation. This is an issue in the differential diagnosis of HNPCC. Also called microsatellite instability. 
^`multigene test:  Genetic tests that use next-generation sequencing to test multiple genes simultaneously. Also called multiple-gene panel test and multiple-gene test. 
^`multiple-gene panel test:  Genetic tests that use next-generation sequencing to test multiple genes simultaneously. Also called multigene test and multiple-gene test. 
^`multiple-gene test:  Genetic tests that use next-generation sequencing to test multiple genes simultaneously. Also called multigene test and multiple-gene panel test. 
^`multiplex genomic test:  A method for detecting multiple genetic alterations (i.e., gene mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms in a single gene or across the genome) simultaneously. 
^`multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification:  A laboratory method commonly used for the detection of unusual copy number changes (insertions or deletions) of genomic sequences. Also called MLPA. 
^`mutation:  A change in the usual DNA sequence at a particular gene locus. Although the term often has a negative connotation, mutations (including polymorphisms) can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral in their effect on cell function. The term variant is sometimes used as a synonym for the term mutation. 
^`mutation analysis:  A germline genetic testing method targeted to detect a specific variant or mutation (such as a deleterious MSH2 variant previously identified in a family), panel of variants (such as the 3 BRCA pathogenic variants comprising the founder mutation panel for individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry) or type of variant (such as large deletions or insertions in the BRCA1 gene). This type of testing is distinct from complete gene sequencing or variant scanning. The latter are designed to detect most variants in the region being tested. Current usage also applies this term to any genetic test. 
^`negative predictive value:  The likelihood that an individual with a negative test result is truly unaffected and/or does not have the particular gene mutation in question. Also called NPV. 
^`new mutation:  A genetic alteration that is present for the first time in one family member as a result of a variant (or mutation) in a germ cell (egg or sperm) of one of the parents, or a variant that arises in the fertilized egg itself during early embryogenesis. Also called de novo mutation, de novo variant, and new variant. 
^`new variant: A genetic alteration that is present for the first time in one family member as a result of a variant (or mutation) in a germ cell (egg or sperm) of one of the parents, or a variant that arises in the fertilized egg itself during early embryogenesis. Also called de novo mutation, de novo variant, and new mutation. 
^`next-generation sequencing:  A high-throughput method used to determine a portion of the nucleotide sequence of an individual’s genome. This technique utilizes DNA sequencing technologies that are capable of processing multiple DNA sequences in parallel. Also called massively parallel sequencing and NGS. 
^`NGS:  A high-throughput method used to determine a portion of the nucleotide sequence of an individual’s genome. This technique utilizes DNA sequencing technologies that are capable of processing multiple DNA sequences in parallel. Also called massively parallel sequencing and next-generation sequencing. 
^`noncarrier:  An individual who does not carry a mutation previously identified in his or her family. 
^`noninferiority study:  A research study that is designed to determine whether one intervention is not worse than another control intervention by a predetermined margin. An intervention that yields outcomes which are equivalent to or better than the control intervention is considered not inferior to the control intervention. Noninferiority studies are often conducted to examine whether a new, experimental treatment is not worse than an established standard of care. 
^`nonpenetrance:  The state in which a genetic trait, although present in the appropriate genotype, fails to manifest itself in the phenotype (e.g., a woman with a BRCA1 mutation who lives to be elderly and never develops breast or ovarian cancer). 
^`nonsense mutation:  A genetic alteration that causes the premature termination of a protein. The altered protein may be partially or completely inactivated, resulting in a change or loss of protein function. Also called nonsense variant. 
^`nonsense variant: A genetic alteration that causes the premature termination of a protein. The altered protein may be partially or completely inactivated, resulting in a change or loss of protein function. Also called nonsense mutation. 
^`novel mutation:  A newly discovered, distinct genetic alteration; NOT the same as new or de novo variant (or mutation). Also called novel variant. 
^`novel variant: A newly discovered, distinct genetic alteration; NOT the same as new or de novo variant (or mutation). Also called novel mutation. 
^`NPV:   The likelihood that an individual with a negative test result is truly unaffected and/or does not have the particular gene mutation in question. Also called negative predictive value. 
^`nucleotide:  A molecule consisting of a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate group, and a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA; ribose in RNA). DNA and RNA are polymers comprised of many nucleotides, strung together like beads in a necklace. 
^`null allele:  A mutation that results in either no gene product or the absence of function at the phenotypic level. 
^`nutrigenomics:  The study of the interaction of dietary and genetic factors and its effect on metabolism, health status, and risk of disease. 


pathogenic variant.
    (PA-thoh-JEH-nik VAYR-ee-unt) 
    A genetic alteration that increases an individual’s susceptibility or predisposition to a certain disease or disorder. When such a variant (or mutation) is inherited, development of symptoms is more likely, but not certain. Also called deleterious mutation, disease-causing mutation, predisposing mutation, and susceptibility gene. 
^`pathognomonic:  Findings that are distinctive or characteristic of a particular disease or condition and make the diagnosis. 

^`PCR:  A procedure that produces millions of copies of a short segment of DNA through repeated cycles of:  (1) denaturation, (2) annealing, and (3) elongation. PCR is a very common procedure in molecular genetic testing and may be used to generate a sufficient quantity of DNA to perform a test (e.g., allele-specific amplification, trinucleotide repeat quantification). Also called polymerase chain reaction. 
^`pedigree:  A graphic illustration of family history. 
^`penetrance:  A characteristic of a genotype; it refers to the likelihood that a clinical condition will occur when a particular genotype is present. 
^`phenocopy:  A phenotypic trait or disease that resembles the trait expressed by a particular genotype, but in an individual who is not a carrier of that genotype. For example, breast cancer in a hereditary breast/ovarian cancer syndrome family member who does not carry the family’s BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation would be considered a phenocopy. Such an individual does not have the family’s cancer-related mutation and therefore, they do not have the associated cancer risk from that specific mutation. 
^`phenotype:  The observable characteristics in an individual resulting from the expression of genes; the clinical presentation of an individual with a particular genotype. 
^`point mutation:  A genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide. Also called point variant. 
^`point variant: A genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide. Also called point mutation. 
^`polymerase chain reaction: A procedure that produces millions of copies of a short segment of DNA through repeated cycles of:  (1) denaturation, (2) annealing, and (3) elongation. Polymerase chain reaction is a very common procedure in molecular genetic testing and may be used to generate a sufficient quantity of DNA to perform a test (e.g., allele-specific amplification, trinucleotide repeat quantification). Also called PCR. 
^`polymorphism:  A common mutation. “Common” is typically defined as an allele frequency of at least 1%. All genes occur in pairs, except when x and y chromosomes are paired in males; thus a polymorphism with an allele frequency of 1% would be found in about 2% of the population, with most carriers having one copy of the polymorphism and one copy of the normal allele. 
^`population risk:  The proportion of individuals in the general population who are affected with a particular disorder or who carry a certain gene; often discussed in the genetic counseling process as a comparison to the patient’s personal risk given his or her family history or other circumstances. 
^`positive predictive value:  The likelihood that an individual with a positive test result truly has the particular gene and/or disease in question. Also called PPV. 
^`PPV:  The likelihood that an individual with a positive test result truly has the particular gene and/or disease in question. Also called positive predictive value. 
^`predisposing mutation:  A genetic alteration that increases an individual’s susceptibility or predisposition to a certain disease or disorder. When such a variant (or mutation) is inherited, development of symptoms is more likely, but not certain. Also called deleterious mutation, disease-causing mutation, pathogenic variant, and susceptibility gene. 
^`presymptomatic testing:  Genetic analysis of an asymptomatic or unaffected individual who is at risk of a specific genetic disorder. 
^`proband:  The individual through whom a family with a genetic disorder is ascertained. In males this is called a propositus, and in females it is called a proposita. 
^`proposita:  The female individual through whom a family with a genetic disorder is ascertained. In males this is called a propositus. 
^`propositus:  The male individual through whom a family with a genetic disorder is ascertained. In females this is called a proposita. 
^`pseudogene:  A DNA sequence that resembles a gene but has been mutated into an inactive form over the course of evolution. It often lacks introns and other essential DNA sequences necessary for function. Though genetically similar to the original functional gene, pseudogenes do not result in functional proteins, although some may have regulatory effects. 

^`recurrence risk:  In genetics, the likelihood that a hereditary trait or disorder present in one family member will occur again in other family members. This is distinguished from recurrence risk for cancer, which is the chance that a cancer that has been treated will recur. 
^`risk assessment:  The quantitative or qualitative assessment of an individual’s risk of carrying a certain gene mutation, or developing a particular disorder, or of having a child with a certain disorder; sometimes done by using mathematical or statistical models incorporating such factors as personal health history, family medical history and ethnic background. 


^`Sanger sequencing:  A low-throughput method used to determine a portion of the nucleotide sequence of an individual’s genome. This technique uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genetic regions of interest followed by sequencing of PCR products. 
^`screening:  Clinical evaluation of an asymptomatic individual in the general population aimed at identifying abnormalities which might signal the presence of a specific medical condition. The intent is to find diseases at the earliest possible stage in their development in order to improve the chances for cure or reduce morbidity. 
^`SDR : The aunts, uncles, grandparents, grandchildren, nieces, nephews, or half-siblings of an individual. Also called second-degree relative. 
^`second-degree relative:  The aunts, uncles, grandparents, grandchildren, nieces, nephews, or half-siblings of an individual. Also called SDR. 
^`segregation analysis:  The process of fitting formal genetic models to data on expressed disease characteristics (phenotype) in biological family members in order to determine the most likely mode of inheritance for the trait or disease under study. 
^`sensitivity:  The frequency with which a test yields a true positive result among individuals who actually have the disease or the gene mutation in question. A test with high sensitivity has a low false-negative rate and thus does a good job of correctly identifying affected individuals. 
^`simplex case:  A single, isolated occurrence of an inherited condition in a family. Simplex cases can result from certain inheritance patterns or be caused by de novo mutations or reduced penetrance within the family. It can also result from nongenetic causes such as adoption or alternate paternity. 
^`single nucleotide polymorphism:  DNA sequence variations that occur when a single nucleotide (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) in the genome sequence is altered; usually present in at least 1% of the population. Also called SNP. 
^`single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis:  A laboratory test used to separate single-stranded nucleic acids based on subtle differences in their DNA sequence, often a single base pair, which results in a different secondary structure and a measurable difference in mobiity through a gel. Also called SSCP analysis. 
^`single-stranded conformational polymorphism:  A type of mutation scanning; the identification of abnormally-migrating single-stranded DNA segments on gel electrophoresis. Also called SSCP. 
^`skin tag:  A small, benign skin growth that may have a stalk (peduncle). Skin tags most commonly appear on the neck, axillary, groin, and inframammary regions. Also called acrochordon. 
^`SNP:  DNA sequence variations that occur when a single nucleotide (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) in the genome sequence is altered; usually present in at least 1% of the population. Also called single nucleotide polymorphism. 
^`somatic variant:  An alteration in DNA that occurs after conception and is not present within the germline. Somatic variants can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children. Somatic variants can (but do not always) cause cancer or other diseases. 
^`Southern blot:  Electrophoresis-based technique used in genetic testing to detect large deletions in DNA that can be missed by PCR-based genetic testing methods. 
^`specificity:  The frequency with which a test yields a true negative result among individuals who do not have the disease or the gene mutation in question. A test with high specificity has a low false-positive rate and thus does a good job of correctly classifying unaffected individuals. 
^`splice-site mutation:  A genetic alteration in the DNA sequence that occurs at the boundary of an exon and an intron (splice site). This change can disrupt RNA splicing resulting in the loss of exons or the inclusion of introns and an altered protein-coding sequence. Also called splice-site variant. 
^`splice-site variant: A genetic alteration in the DNA sequence that occurs at the boundary of an exon and an intron (splice site). This change can disrupt RNA splicing resulting in the loss of exons or the inclusion of introns and an altered protein-coding sequence. Also called splice-site mutation. 
^`splicing:  The process by which introns, the noncoding regions of genes, are excised out of the primary messenger RNA transcript, and the exons (i.e., coding regions) are joined together to generate mature messenger RNA. The latter serves as the template for synthesis of a specific protein. 
^`sporadic cancer:  This term has two meanings. It is sometimes used to differentiate cancers occurring in people who do not have a germline mutation that confers increased susceptibility to cancer from cancers occurring in people who are known to carry a mutation. Cancer developing in people who do not carry a high-risk mutation is referred to as sporadic cancer. The distinction is not absolute, because genetic background may influence the likelihood of cancer even in the absence of a specific predisposing mutation. Alternatively, sporadic is also sometimes used to describe cancer occurring in individuals without a family history of cancer. 
^`SSCP:   A type of mutation scanning; the identification of abnormally-migrating single-stranded DNA segments on gel electrophoresis. Also called single-stranded conformational polymorphism. 
^`SSCP analysis:  A laboratory test used to separate single-stranded nucleic acids based on subtle differences in their DNA sequence, often a single base pair, which results in a different secondary structure and a measurable difference in mobiity through a gel. Also called single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis. 
^`sumLOD score:  The summation of all positive pedigree LOD scores (statistical estimates of whether two genetic loci are physically near enough to each other on a particular chromosome that they are likely to be inherited together) at each point in the genome. Also called summary logarithm of the odds score. 
^`summary logarithm of the odds score:  The summation of all positive pedigree LOD scores (statistical estimates of whether two genetic loci are physically near enough to each other on a particular chromosome that they are likely to be inherited together) at each point in the genome. Also called sumLOD score. 
^`surveillance:  Periodic clinical evaluation of an individual who is at increased risk of developing a condition (compared with the general population) aimed at detecting new or recurrent disease. In public health, surveillance may also refer to the systematic collection of information regarding the incidence, prevalence, and mortality related to various medical conditions or health-related events. 
^`susceptibility gene:  A genetic alteration that increases an individual’s susceptibility or predisposition to a certain disease or disorder. When such a variant (or mutation) is inherited, development of symptoms is more likely, but not certain. Also called deleterious mutation, disease-causing mutation, pathogenic variant, and predisposing mutation. 


^`tagging SNP:  A single nucleotide polymorphism, or SNP, that is used to “tag” a particular haplotype in a region of the genome. As a subset of all of the SNPs in the genome, tagging SNPs can be extremely useful for testing the association of a marker locus with a qualitative or quantitative trait locus in that it may not be necessary to genotype all of the SNPs. Also called tagSNP. 
^`tagSNP:  A single nucleotide polymorphism, or SNP, that is used to “tag” a particular haplotype in a region of the genome. As a subset of all of the SNPs in the genome, tagSNPs can be extremely useful for testing the association of a marker locus with a qualitative or quantitative trait locus in that it may not be necessary to genotype all of the SNPs. Also called tagging SNP. 
^`throughput:  The quantity of information, people, or materials that is put through a process in a specific period of time. In medicine, it can be used to describe the efficiency of laboratory procedures, such as genetic sequencing, or the number of patients seen in a clinic in a certain period of time. 
^`transcription:  The process of synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA. 
^`translation:  The process of synthesizing an amino acid sequence (protein product) from the messenger RNA code. 
^`translocation:  A type of chromosomal abnormality in which a chromosome breaks and a portion of it reattaches to a different chromosomal location. 
^`trichilemmoma:  A benign tumor arising from the outer cells of the hair follicle. 
^`trinucleotide repeat:  Sequences of 3 nucleotides repeated in tandem on the same contiguous section of chromosome. A certain amount of normal (polymorphic) variation in repeat number with no clinical significance commonly occurs between individuals; however, repeat numbers over a certain threshold can, in some cases, lead to adverse effects on the function of the gene, resulting in genetic disease. 
^`triple-negative breast cancer:  Triple-negative breast cancer is defined by a lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu). Also called ER-negative PR-negative HER2/neu-negative breast cancer. 
^`trisomy:  The presence of an extra chromosome, resulting in a total of three copies of that chromosome instead of the normal 2 copies (e.g., trisomy 21, or Down syndrome). 
^`tumor sequencing:  Sequencing of somatic tissue, such as tumors, refers to looking for variants in DNA that typically occur after conception. Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children. These variants can (but do not always) cause cancer or other diseases. 
^`tumor suppressor gene:  A type of gene that regulates cell growth. When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated, uncontrolled cell growth may occur. This may contribute to the development of cancer. Also called antioncogene. 


^`unaffected:  An individual who does not manifest symptoms of a condition or disease occurring in his or her family. 
^`unclassified variant:  A variation in a genetic sequence whose association with disease risk is unknown. Also called variant of uncertain significance, variant of unknown significance, and VUS. 
^`uninformative:  A negative test result in an individual where a clearly deleterious mutation has not been found in any family members. The genetic risk status of such an individual must be interpreted in the context of his or her personal and family history. Also called inconclusive and indeterminate. 
^`variable expression:  Variation in the manner in which a trait is manifested. When there is variable expressivity, the trait may vary in clinical expression from mild to severe. For example, the condition neurofibromatosis type 1 may be mild, presenting with café-au-lait spots only, or may be severe, presenting with neurofibromas and brain tumors. 
^`variant of uncertain significance:  A variation in a genetic sequence whose association with disease risk is unknown. Also called unclassified variant, variant of unknown significance, and VUS. 
^`variant of unknown significance:  A variation in a genetic sequence whose association with disease risk is unknown. Also called unclassified variant, variant of uncertain significance, and VUS. 
^`VUS:   A variation in a genetic sequence whose association with disease risk is unknown. Also called unclassified variant, variant of uncertain significance, and variant of unknown significance. 
^`whole-exome sequencing:  A laboratory process that is used to determine the nucleotide sequence primarily of the exonic (or protein-coding) regions of an individual’s genome and related sequences, representing approximately 1% of the complete DNA sequence. 
^`whole-genome sequencing:  A laboratory process that is used to determine nearly all of the approximately 3 billion nucleotides of an individual’s complete DNA sequence, including non-coding sequence. 

^`X-linked dominant:  X-linked dominant inheritance refers to genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome. A single copy of the mutation is enough to cause the disease in both males (who have one X chromosome) and females (who have two X chromosomes). In some conditions, the absence of a functional gene results in the death of affected males. 
^`X-linked recessive:  X-linked recessive inheritance refers to genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome. A male carrying such a mutation will be affected, because he carries only one X chromosome. A female carrying a mutation in one gene, with a normal gene on the other X chromosome, is generally unaffected. 
^`Z-score:  A score that indicates how many standard deviations a value is above or below the mean. 
^`(61)Cu-ATSM:  A lipophilic copper(II)bis(thiosemicarbazone) labeled with the positron-emitting isotope (61)Cu with hypoxia-selective and radioisotopic activities. With a high membrane permeability and redox potential, (61)Cu-ATSM easily enters and selectively resides in hypoxic cells. The extent of (61)Cu-ATSM retention in tissue is inversely related to the state of tissue oxygenation allowing the quantitation of tissue hypoxia with positron emission tomography (PET).  
^`[18F]-labeled substance P antagonist receptor quantifier:  A radioconjugate consisting of the positron emitting radioisotope fluorine F 18 conjugated to the substance P antagonist receptor quantifier (SPA-RQ) used in radioimaging. [18F]-labeled substance P antagonist receptor quantifier is an antagonist of the neurokinin 1 (substance P) receptor (NK1R) and can function as a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent for detecting NK1R-expressing cells and tissues. NK1Rs are frequently expressed on the plasma membranes of tumor cells from glioblastoma and breast and pancreatic carcinomas.  
^`[18F]L-FAC:  A deoxycytidine analog and high-affinity substrate for deoxycytidine kinase (DCK), labeled with fluorine F 18, with potential diagnostic activity upon positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. [18F]L-FAC is preferentially taken up by and accumulated in cells with high deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) levels, such as in tumor cells with dysregulated nucleoside metabolism. Upon uptake through the nucleoside transporter, [18F]L-FAC is phosphorylated by DCK and, subsequently, the 18F moiety can be visualized upon PET imaging. As many nucleoside analog prodrugs are chemotherapeutic agents that require DCK for activation, [18F]L-FAC can potentially be used as a marker to predict chemotherapeutic efficacy of these prodrugs. In addition, as DCK is upregulated in certain immune cells, such as activated T-cells, [18F]L-FAC can also be used to measure immune activation in response to immunomodulating agents. DCK, a rate-limiting enzyme in the nucleoside salvage pathway for DNA synthesis, is overexpressed in certain solid tumors, lymphoid and myeloid malignancies and certain immune cells, such as proliferating T-lymphocytes.  
^`[18F]L-FMAC:  A radioconjugate composed of 2′-deoxy-2′-18F-fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosylcytosine ([18F]L-FMAC), a L-deoxycytidine analog and high-affinity substrate for deoxycytidine kinase (DCK), labeled with fluorine F 18, with potential diagnostic activity during positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Upon administration, [18F]L-FMAC is preferentially taken up by and accumulated in cells with high DCK levels, including tumor cells with dysregulated nucleoside metabolism. After phosphorylation by DCK, the 18F moiety can be visualized by PET imaging. As many nucleoside analog prodrugs are chemotherapeutic agents that require DCK for their phosphorylation and activation, [18F]L-FMAC can potentially be used as a marker to measure DCK activity and to predict the chemotherapeutic efficacy of DCK-dependent prodrugs. DCK, a rate-limiting enzyme in the deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway for DNA synthesis, is overexpressed in certain solid tumors, lymphoid and myeloid malignancies and certain immune cells, such as proliferating T-lymphocytes. The L-enantiomer is less susceptible to deamination by cytidine deaminase (CDA) than the D-enantiomer and increases the stability of this radioconjugate.  
^`[18F]-ML-10:  A small molecular-weight, malonic acid-based probe [(2-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-2-methyl-malonic acid or ML-10] labeled with the radioactive isotope fluorine F 18 with potential apoptosis radioimaging use. Upon administration, [F18]-ML-10 binds selectively to apoptotic cells due to apoptotic cell membrane features that differ from those of normal, healthy and necrotic cell membranes. Upon entering the apoptotic cell, this agent accumulates within the cytoplasm where it can be imaged using positron emission tomography (PET). Detection of apoptotic cells using this imaging technology may be useful in monitoring tumor responses to cytotoxic therapies. ML-10 appears to mimic the alkyl-malonic acid motif present in gamma -carboxyglutamic (Gla), an amino acid that plays a crucial role in the binding of clotting factors to negatively-charged phospholipids exposed on the surfaces of apoptotic cells.  
^`[F-18]HX4:  A 2-nitroimidazole labeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope fluorine F 18. HX4, the 2-nitroimidazole moiety of [F-18]HX4, is selectively bioreduced and bound in hypoxic tumor cells, permitting the imaging of hypoxic tumor cells with positron emission tomography (PET).  
^`[F18]VM4-037:  A radiopharmaceutical consisting of a sulfonamide covalently attached to the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18 with CA-IX-binding and radioisotopic activities. Upon administration, the sulfonamide moiety of [F18]VM4-037 binds to the cell-surface tumor-associated antigen (TAA) carbonic anhydrase IX isoenzyme (CA-IX); CA-IX-expressing tumor cells can then be visualized using positron emission tomography (PET). CA-IX has been found to be elevated in a variety of hypoxic tumors; elevated CA-IX has been positively correlated with tumor growth, tumor invasion and poor prognosis.  
^`11C topotecan:  A semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, a cytotoxic, quinoline-based alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminata radiolabeled with carbon 11 (11C) with antineoplastic and radiotracer properties. During the S phase of the cell cycle, topotecan inhibits topoisomerase I activity by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks that inhibit DNA replication and trigger apoptotic cell death. Quantitation of 11C topotecan accumulated in tumor tissues by positron emission tomography (PET) may help predict responses to topotecan therapy.  
^`123-I-MIP-1095:  An iodine 123-radiolabled small molecule that exhibits high affinity for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) with potential use in molecular imaging. 123-I-MIP-1095, a radiolabeled glutamate-urea-lysine analogue, selectively binds PSMA, which allows imaging of PSMA-expressing prostate cancer cells with gamma scintigraph. PSMA is a transmembrane glycoprotein highly expressed by malignant prostate epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells of various solid tumors.  
^`131I-TM-601:  An iodine 131 (I 131) radioconjugate of the synthetic chlorotoxin (CTX) TM-601 with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. CTX is a 36 amino acid neurotoxin found in the venom of the giant yellow scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus that preferentially binds malignant cells of neuroectodermal origin. The recombinant version of this peptide, TM-601, is expressed in and purified from E. coli and then covalently linked to I 131 to produce 131I-TM-601. 131I-TM-601 binds to tumor cells of neuroectodermal origin and is internalized; administered once, it may be used as a radioimaging agent; repeated administration may result in a tumor-specific, cumulative radiocytotoxic dose of I 131. In addition, TM-601 alone, similar to native CTX, may inhibit angiogenesis due to its ability to bind to and inhibit matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), an endopeptidase involved in tissue remodeling processes such as angiogenesis.  
^`14C BMS-275183:  The orally bioavailable C-4 methyl carbonate analogue of paclitaxel, labeled with radioactive carbon 14, with radioisotope and potential antineoplastic activities. 14C BMS-275183 binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule disassembly, which may result in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and inhibition of cell division, and subsequently cell death. This agent may be useful for treating multi-drug resistant (MDR) tumors because it does not appear to be a substrate for P-glycoprotein.  
^`16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2:  A stable derivative of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with potential hematopoietic activity. Administration of 16,16 dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2) appears to lead to increased formation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Even though the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent may stimulate hematopoiesis by activating the Wnt signaling pathway, which increases cellular levels of beta-catenin, a subunit of the cadherin protein complex.  
^`18F-FHBG:  A fluorine-18-labeled acycloguanosine derivative substrate for herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk). 18F-FHBG is used as a reporter probe to image the expression of the herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) gene in gene transfer therapy. HSV1-tk and and HSV1-tk-metabolized 18F-FHBG co-localize, allowing positron emission tomography (PET) localization of HSV1-tk gene-transfected tissue and the assessment of gene transfer efficiency.  
^`18-F-fluoroacetate:  A radioconjugate and an acetate analog labeled with fluorine F 18 ((18)F-FAC), a positron-emitting isotope, with potential prostate tumor tracer property using positron emission tomography (PET). Although the mechanism of action is unclear, fluorine F 18 acetate preferentially accumulates in tumor tissue, serving as a tracer for imaging tumors with PET. Fluorine 18 has a longer radioactive half-life (110 min) vs. the half-life of carbon-11 acetate (20.4 min). Furthermore, (18)F-FAC showed a rapid clearance from liver and extensive excretion to bile and urine in comparison with carbon-11 acetate, therefore this tracer may be a useful alternative to C-11 acetate for the detection of prostate tumors by PET.  
^`18F-fluoroazomycin arabinoside: A radiofluorinated 2-nitroimidazole derivative with hypoxia-specific tracer activity. 18F-fluoroazomycin arabinoside is reduced under hypoxic conditions and is often seen in various malignant tumors, forming highly reactive intermediates. In its reduced form, 18F-fluoroazomycin arabinoside covalently binds to macromolecules, thereby accumulating in hypoxic cells and allowing radioisotopic imaging of these particular cells. Compared to 18F-misonidazole, 18F-fluoroazomycin arabinoside has a lower octanol: water partition coefficient; it therefore has less tendency to accumulate in lipophilic tissues and exhibits a faster renal clearance, leading to an improved imaging ability of hypoxic tissue.  
^`18F-fluoromethylcholine:  A radiotracer consisting of methylcholine labeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope fluorine F 18 (18F-FMCH) with potential imaging use. Upon administration, 18F-fluoromethylcholine incorporates into tumor cells through an active, carrier-mediated transport mechanism for choline and then is phosphorylated intracellularly by choline kinase, an enzyme frequently upregulated in human tumors, yielding phosphoryl 18F-fluoromethylcholine. In turn, phosphoryl 18F-fluoromethylcholine is integrated into phospholipids in the cell membrane as part of phosphatidylcholine. As the proliferation of cancer cells is much higher than normal cells, tumor cells exhibit an increased rate of 18F-FMCH uptake and incorporation, allowing tumor imaging with positron emission tomography (PET).  
^`18F-fluoromisonidazole:  A radiofluorinated 2-nitroimidazole derivate with hypoxia-specific tracer activity. Misonidazole is reduced under hypoxic conditions and in reduced form covalently binds to macromolecules in hypoxic cells. 18F (fluorine-18) radiofluorination of misonidazole to form 18F-fluoromisonidazole allows radioisotopic imaging of reduced misonidazole bound to macromolecules in hypoxic cells.  
^`18F-labeled mini-PEG spacered RGD dimer:  A radiotracer containing a pegylated dimeric Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide (NH2-mini-PEG-E[c(RGDyK)]2 or PRGD2) radiolabeled with fluorine 18F-fluorobenzoate (18F-FB), with potential alphaVbeta3 integrin imaging activity upon positron emission topography (PET). Upon administration, the RGD moiety of 18F-labeled mini-PEG spacered RGD dimer (18F-FPRGD2) binds to alphaVbeta3 integrin. Upon PET, alphaVbeta3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and the degree of tumor angiogenesis can be determined. This agent exhibits increased integrin receptor binding affinity, tumor cell uptake and increased radiolabeling yield as compared to the non-pegylated form (18F-FRGD2). Integrins, transmembrane glycoproteins, may be upregulated on proliferating tumor vessel endothelial cells and various cancer cells; their overexpression has been associated with neovascularization, differentiation, proliferation of tumor cells, metastasis and an overall poor prognosis.  
^`2-0, 3-0 desulfated heparin:  A heparin derivative in which the 2-O and 3-O sulfate groups of heparin are removed and that lacks anticoagulant activity, with potential anti-inflammatory, immodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin (ODSH) binds to both chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). This prevents the interaction of CXCL12 with CXCR4, blocks CXCR4 activation, and may result in decreased proliferation and migration in CXCR4-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, inhibition of CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction may induce mobilization of hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow into the blood.  In addition, ODSH prevents the interaction of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) with its ligands, including advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), Mac-1(CD11b/CD18), the nuclear pro-inflammatory protein high mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB-1), carboxymethyl lysine-bovine serum albumin (CML-BSA) and members of the S100 calgranulin family. In addition, this agent inhibits the enzymes heparanase, cathepsin G, and human leukocyte elastase, which are involved in inflammation and metastasis. ODSH also binds to platelet factor 4 (PF4 or CXCL4) and may prevent PF4's inhibitory effect on platelet production.  Altogether, this may inhibit tumor cell invasiveness and metastasis. ODSH also binds to platelet factor 4 (PF4 or CXCL4) and may prevent PF4's inhibitory effect on platelet production. This may increase platelet production. Unlike heparin, this agent does not induce heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). RAGE, a receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays a key role in inflammation and is overexpressed in a variety of cancers. CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family that plays an important role in chemotaxis, chemoresistance and angiogenesis, and is upregulated in several tumor cell types. The interaction between CXCL12/CXCR4 induces retention of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow.  
^`2'-F-ara-deoxyuridine:  A deoxyuridine prodrug with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon cellular uptake, 2’-F-ara-deoxyuridine (FAU) is phosphorylated by thymidine kinase to FAU monophosphate and subsequently methylated in the 5'-position by thymidylate synthase (TS) to its activated form, 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) 5-methyluracil monophosphate (FMAUMP). FMAUMP is incorporated into DNA leading to an inhibition of DNA synthesis and so cell growth. The catalytic activity of TS is critical to activation of FAU and subsequent incorporation into DNA. FAU may be beneficial in the case of tumors with high TS activity that are resistant to TS inhibitors.  
^`2-fluoropropionyl-labeled pegylated dimeric RGD peptide:  A radiopharmaceutical agent comprised of a pegylated dimeric arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-based peptide labeled with 2-fluoropropionyl, with potential alphaVbeta3 integrin imaging activity upon positron emission topography (PET). The RGD moiety of 2-fluoropropionyl-labeled pegylated dimeric RGD peptide targets and binds to alphaVbeta3 integrin. Upon PET imaging, alphaVbeta3 integrin-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and expression levels can be quantified. Compared to other fluorine F 18 labeled RGD-containing peptides, this agent shows increased affinity to alphaVbeta3 integrin, enhanced tumor uptake as well as improved pharmacokinetics. alphaVbeta3 integrin, overexpressed on certain tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells, plays a key role in angiogenesis, tumor proliferation and survival.  
^`2G-1 TCR retroviral vector-transduced lymphocytes:  A preparation of autologous human T-lymphocytes isolated from renal cell cancer (RCC) patient and transduced with 2G-1 TCR, a retroviral vector encoding the alpha and beta chains of a T-cell receptor that recognizes TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) bound to death receptor 4 (DR4), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. After transduction, expansion in culture, and introduction into the RCC patient, 2G-1 TCR retroviral vector-transduced lymphocytes may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against RCC cells with TRAIL bound to DR4 on their surfaces. TRAIL, a member of the TNF superfamily, is a homotrimeric type II membrane protein that rapidly induces oligomerization of receptor intracellular death domains and apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells when bound to its receptors; DR4 (TRAIL receptor 1), a member of the TNF receptor family, is overexpressed by a variety of malignant cell types.  
^`2-hydroxyflutamide depot:  A depot formulation containing a bioresorbable, controlled-release, calcium sulphate-based paste of the nonsteroidal antiandrogen 2-hydroxyflutamide (2-HOF) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon injection into the tumor site in the prostate, 2-hydroxyflutamide depot slowly releases 2-HOF, which competitively binds to androgen receptors (ARs), blocking the binding of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This may inhibit androgen-dependent DNA and protein synthesis, resulting in tumor cell growth arrest and decreased cellular proliferation. In addition, 2-HOF inhibits nuclear uptake of androgen in androgen-responsive tissues.  
^`2-hydroxyoleic acid:  An orally bioavailable, synthetic analog of the fatty acid oleic acid, with potential antitumor activity. Upon administration, 2-hydroxyoleic acid (2OHOA) activates sphingomyelin synthase (SMS), thereby increasing the concentration of sphingomyelin (SM) and diacylglycerol (DAG) in the tumor cell membrane and decreasing membrane levels of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). This restores the normal, healthy levels and ratios of membrane lipids. By restoring normal membrane lipid structure and composition, this agent inhibits membrane-protein associated signaling and the aberrant activity of signaling pathways in certain tumor cells, including the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/AKt pathways. This inhibits tumor cell proliferation, induces tumor cell differentiation, and eventually can cause cell death.  
^`2-methoxyestradiol:  An orally bioavailable estradiol metabolite with potential antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits angiogenesis by reducing endothelial cell proliferation and inducing endothelial cell apoptosis. This agent also inhibits tumor cell growth by binding to tubulin, resulting in antimitotic activity, and by inducing caspase activation, resulting in cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis.  
^`3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine:  A ring-substituted amphetamine derivative, structurally related to the hallucinogen mescaline, with entactogenic, neurotoxic, and motor-stimulatory activities. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces an acute, rapid enhancement in both the release of serotonin from and the inhibition of serotonin reuptake by serotonergic nerve endings in the brain. Once within the cell, MDMA depletes stores of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) via acute oxidative inactivation; in turn, depleted stores of TPH leave cell terminals open to damage from oxidative stress, possibly a source of MDMA neurotoxicity. This agent also induces norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine release and can act directly on a number of receptors, including alpha 2-adrenergic and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2A receptors. MDMA may suppress the dyskinesia associated with long-term use of L-dopamine (L-DOPA) without affecting the efficacy of L-DOPA treatment.  
^`3'-aminomethyl nicotine-P. aeruginosa r-exoprotein A conjugate vaccine:  A hapten-carrier immunoconjugate composed of the hapten trans-3′-aminomethyl nicotine conjugated to a recombinant P. aeruginosa exoprotein A, rendered nontoxic through amino acid depletion, with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon vaccination with 3'-aminomethyl nicotine-P. aeruginosa r-exoprotein A conjugate vaccine, the immune system may produce anti-nicotine antibodies. Antibody-bound nicotine cannot pass the blood brain barrier (BBB) to activate brain nicotine receptors. Nicotine, a small organic molecule that is not immunogenic, must be haptenized and conjugated to a carrier protein, such as nontoxic recombinant P. aeruginosa exoprotein A, to induce an antibody response. Aluminium hydroxide may be used as an adjuvant for this vaccine.  
^`3'-C-ethynylcytidine:  A synthetic cytidine nucleoside containing a covalently bound ethynyl group with potential antineoplastic and radiosensitizing activities. 3'-C-ethynylcytidine is metabolized in tumor cells to ethynylcytidine triphosphate (ECTP), which inhibits RNA synthesis by competitive inhibition of RNA polymerases I, II and III; subsequently, RNase L is activated, resulting in apoptosis. RNase L is a potent antiviral and antiproliferative endoribonuclease that cleaves singled stranded RNA, causes 28s rRNA fragmentation, and activates Janus Kinase (JAK), a mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis signaling molecule.  
^`3-deazauridine:  A synthetic analogue of nucleoside uridine lacking a ring nitrogen in the 3-position. 3-deazauridine inhibits cytidine synthase, thereby reducing intracellular levels of cytidine and deoxycytidine and disrupting DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent may trigger apoptosis and enhance differentiation of neoplastic cells..  
^`4H11-28z/fIL-12/EGFRt-expressing autologous T lymphocytes:  A preparation of genetically modified autologous T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting the human tumor-associated antigen (TAA) MUC16ecto and encoding the human pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12), fused to the signaling domain of the zeta chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (28z), and a truncated form of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRt), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, 4H11-28z/fIL-12/EGFRt-expressing autologous T-lymphocytes are directed to and induce selective toxicity in MUC16-expressing tumor cells. In addition, the T-cells secrete IL-12 which induces secretion of interferon-gamma, promotes the activation of natural killer cells (NKs), and induces cytotoxic T-cell responses against tumor cells, which may result in immune-mediated tumor cell death and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Devoid of both ligand binding domains and tyrosine kinase activity, the expressed EGFRt both facilitates in vivo detection of the administered, transduced T-cells and can promote elimination of those cells through a cetuximab-induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response. MUC16, a transmembrane protein and glycosylated mucin, is overexpressed on the cell surface of the majority of ovarian cancer cells but not on healthy cells. MUC16ecto is the extracellular portion of MUC-16 and is the part that is retained by cells after cleavage of CA-125.  
^`4'-iodo-4'-deoxydoxorubicin:  An iodinated doxorubicin analogue with antiamyloid activity. 4'-Iodo-4'-deoxydoxorubicin (IDOX) binds with high affinity to five types of natural amyloid fibrils including immunoglobulin light chains, amyloid A, transthyretin (methionine-30 variant), ß-protein (Alzheimer), and ß2-microglobulin. This agent may inhibit fibril growth, increasing the solubility of amyloid tissue deposits and facilitating their clearance. IDOX has also been shown to insulin amyloid fibrillogenesis in vitro.  
^`4-nitroestrone 3-methyl ether:  A synthetic derivative of estradiol. 4-nitroestrone 3-methyl ether inhibits estrogen sulfotransferase (EST), a progesterone-induced secretory endometrial enzyme which affects estrogen receptor levels. This agent has been shown to be an effective growth inhibitor of some chemically induced animal mammary tumors.  
^`4-peptide melanoma vaccine:  An emulsion of 4 melanoma peptides with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon vaccination, 4-peptide melanoma vaccine may stimulate an immune response against 4 different melanoma associated antigens. This may lead to a reduction in tumor cell proliferation of cancer cells expressing these antigens.  
^`4SCAR-GD2-modified T lymphocytes:  Genetically modified autologous T lymphocytes transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding a fourth generation specific chimeric antigen receptor (4SCAR) specific for the disialoganglioside GD2 and which includes the CD3zeta chain and the signaling domains of the co-stimulatory molecules CD28, CD137, and CD27 fused with the suicide gene inducible caspase 9 (iCasp9), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration of 4SCAR-GD2 T cells, these cells target the GD2 antigen on tumor cells to induce selective toxicity against GD2-expressing tumor cells. The tumor-associated antigen (TAA) GD2 is overexpressed on the surface of neuroblastoma cells and by other neuroectoderm-derived neoplasms, while it is minimally expressed on normal cells. iCasp9 consists of a human FK506 drug-binding domain with an F36V mutation (FKBP12-F36V) linked to human caspase 9. If the administered T cells lead to unacceptable side effects, the chemical homodimerizer AP1903 can be administered; this binds to the drug binding FKBP12-F36V domain and activates caspase 9, which results in the apoptosis of the administered T cells and enhances safety of this agent. CD28, CD137 and CD27, T-cell surface-associated co-stimulatory molecules, are required for full T cell activation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`4-thio-2-deoxycytidine:  An orally bioavailable 4-thio modified 2-deoxycytidine analog, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of 4-thio-2-deoxycytidine (TdCyd), this cytidine analog is incorporated into DNA during replication and inhibits the activity of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), which blocks DNA hypermethylation. This results in DNMT1 depletion, hypomethylation of DNA, and the reactivation of tumor suppressor genes that were silenced by hypermethylation; this results in antitumor activity and an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.  
^`5-[18F]fluorouracil:  The fluorine-18 (18F)-radiolabeled pyrimidine analog 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with positron-emitting activity. Upon administration, 5-[18F]fluorouracil distribution in tumor tissue may be measured with positron emission tomography (PET). The degree of 5-[18F]fluorouracil uptake in tumor tissue may help to predict the response to 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy or to determine the response to other therapeutic agents used to treat 5-FU-sensitive tumors.  
^`50% oxygen/50% nitrous oxide premix:  An equimolar gas mixture of oxygen (O2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) with potential analgesic activity. Upon inhalation, 50% oxygen/50% nitrous oxide premix produces rapidly reversible analgesia. The exact mechanism through which nitrous oxide exerts its analgesic effect has yet to be fully elucidated, but it appears to be associated with the neuronal release of endogenous opioid peptides.  
^`5-FITC-labeled colon-heptapeptide:  A radioconjugate consisting of a 7 amino acid peptide sequence, KCCFPAQ, that specifically targets human colon cancer and that is labeled, via the linker, GGGSK, with the fluorescent dye, fluorescein isothiocyanate (5-FITC), with potential imaging activity. Following spray application to the colon wall during colonoscopy in areas that look abnormal, the colon heptapeptide moiety of 5-FITC-labeled colon-heptapeptide specifically targets and binds to a cell surface target overexpressed on pre-cancerous or cancerous colon cells. Upon internalization, the FITC moiety allows for fluorescent imaging and the area of interest for biopsies can then be visualized.  
^`5-FITC-labeled GI-heptapeptide:  A radioconjugate consisting of the 7 amino acid peptide sequence ASYNYDA (GI heptapeptide) and labeled with the fluorescent dye fluorescein isothiocyanate (5-FITC), with potential imaging activity. Upon topical application to the esophageal mucosa using a spray, the heptapeptide moiety of 5-FITC-labeled GI-heptapeptide binds to abnormal cells in the esophagus; the FITC moiety allows for imaging with white light and the area of interest for biopsies can then be visualized.  
^`5-fluoro-2-deoxycytidine:  A fluorinated pyrimidine analogue antimetabolite with potential antineoplastic activity. As a prodrug, 5-fluoro-2-deoxycytidine is converted by intracellular deaminases to the cytotoxic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). 5-FU is subsequently metabolized to active metabolites including 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) and 5-fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP). FdUMP binds to and inhibits thymidylate synthase, thereby reducing the production of thymidine monophosphate, which leads to depletion of thymidine triphosphate and the inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell division. FUTP competes with uridine triphosphate (UTP) for incorporation into the RNA strand, which results in the inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Other fluorouracil metabolites also get incorporated into both DNA and RNA, with further inhibition of cellular growth.  
^`5-fluorouracil/salicylic acid topical solution:  A topical formulation containing 0.5 % of antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 10% of salicylic acid, with potential antimitotic and keratolytic activity. Upon cutaneous application, 5-FU in the 5-fluorouracil/salicylic acid topical solution impedes pyrimidine metabolism thereby inhibiting cell growth, while the salicylic acid induces anti-inflammatory response and results in keratolytic effect. This may result in the breakdown of keratinocytes and prevent proliferation of keratinocytes locally.  
^`6,8-bis(benzylthio)octanoic acid:  A racemic mixture of the enantiomers of a synthetic alpha-lipoic lipoic acid analogue with potential chemopreventive and antineoplastic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, 6,8-bis(benzylthio)octanoic acid has been shown to inhibit metabolic and regulatory processes required for cell growth in solid tumors. Both enantiomers in the racemic mixture exhibit antineoplastic activity.  
^`6-azauridine:  A synthetic triazine analogue of uridine with antimetabolite activity. 6-azauridine inhibits de novo pyrimidine synthesis and DNA synthesis and is converted intracellularly into mono, di-, and triphosphate derivatives, which incorporate into RNA and inhibit protein synthesis.  
^`6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/ fructose-2,6-bisphosphatases isoform 3 inhibitor ACT-PFK-158:  An inhibitor of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatases (PFK-2/FBPase) isoform 3 (PFKFB3) and derivative of 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-[4-pyridinyl]-2-propen-1-one (3PO), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, PFKFB3 inhibitor PFK-158 binds to and inhibits the activity of PFKFB3, which leads to the inhibition of both the glycolytic pathway in and glucose uptake by cancer cells. This prevents the production of macromolecules and energy that causes the enhanced cellular proliferation in cancer cells as compared to that of normal, healthy cells. Depriving cancer cells of nutrients and energy leads to the inhibition of cancer cell growth. PFKFB3, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, is highly expressed and active in human cancer cells; it plays a key role in increasing both glycolytic flux in and proliferation of cancer cells.  
^`7-cyanoquinocarcinol:  A semisynthetic analogue of the Streptomyces melanovinaceus-derived tetracyclic antitumor antibiotic quinocarmycin with potential antineoplastic activity. Quinocarmycin belongs to the naphthyridinomycin/saframycin class of antitumor antibiotics. These antibiotics appear to act through DNA alkylation.  
^`7-hydroxystaurosporine:  A synthetic derivative of staurosporine with antineoplastic activity. 7-hydroxystaurosporine inhibits many phosphokinases, including the serine/threonine kinase AKT, calcium-dependent protein kinase C, and cyclin-dependent kinases. This agent arrests tumor cells in the G1/S of the cell cycle and prevents nucleotide excision repair by inhibiting the G2 checkpoint kinase chk1, resulting in apoptosis.  
^`851B gel:  A topical gel containing a peptide derived from the human papillomavirus (HPV). Application of 851B gel may stimulate the host immune system to trigger a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to cells that express HPV.  
^`852A:  A synthetic imidazoquinoline Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist with immunostimulating and potential antitumor activities. TLR7 agonist 852A binds to and activates TLR7, thereby stimulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) through the TLR7-MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Activation of pDC results in secretion of interferon alpha, the production of proimflammatory cytokines, the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules, and enhanced T and B-cell stimulatory responses.  
^`8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate ointment:  An ointment formulation containing the sulfate salt of 8-hydroxyquinoline in a petrolatum and lanolin base with skin-protecting activity. Upon topical application, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate exhibits antiseptic activity while lanolin moisturizes and softens skin.  
^`abacavir sulfate:  A sulfate salt form of abacavir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor analog of guanosine. This agent decreases HIV viral loads, retards or prevents the damage to the immune system, and reduces the risk of developing AIDS.  
^`abagovomab:  A murine IgG1 monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody, containing a variable antigen-binding region that functionally mimics the three-dimensional structure of a specific epitope on the ovarian cancer tumor-associated antigen CA-125, with potential antineoplastic activity. With a variable antigen-binding region that acts as a surrogate antigen for CA-125, abagovomab may stimulate the host immune system to elicit humoral and cellular immune responses against CA-125-positive tumor cells, resulting in inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.  
^`abarelix:  A synthetic decapeptide and antagonist of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Abarelix directly and competitively binds to and blocks the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor in the anterior pituitary gland, thereby inhibiting the secretion and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In males, the inhibition of LH secretion prevents the release of testosterone. As a result, this may relieve symptoms associated with prostate hypertrophy or prostate cancer, since testosterone is required to sustain prostate growth.  
^`abatacept:  A soluble fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to a modified Fc (hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains) portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with immunosuppressive activity. Abatacept binds CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells (APCs), blocking interaction with CD28 on T lymphocytes, which initiates a co-stimulatory signal required for full activation of T lymphocytes.  
^`ABBV-221:  An intravenously-administered agent capable of modulating the activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity.  
^`Abegrin:  (Other name for~ etaracizumab) 
^`Abelcet:  (Other name for~ liposomal amphotericin B) 
^`abemaciclib:  An orally available cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor that targets the CDK4 (cyclin D1) and CDK6 (cyclin D3) cell cycle pathway, with potential antineoplastic activity. Abemaciclib specifically inhibits CDK4 and 6, thereby inhibiting retinoblastoma (Rb) protein phosphorylation in early G1. Inhibition of Rb phosphorylation prevents CDK-mediated G1-S phase transition, thereby arresting the cell cycle in the G1 phase, suppressing DNA synthesis and inhibiting cancer cell growth. Overexpression of the serine/threonine kinases CDK4/6, as seen in certain types of cancer, causes cell cycle deregulation.  
^`Aberel:  (Other name for~ tretinoin) 
^`abexinostat:  A novel, broad-spectrum hydroxamic acid-based inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) with potential antineoplastic activity. Abexinostat inhibits several isoforms of HDAC, resulting in an accumulation of highly acetylated histones, followed by the induction of chromatin remodeling; the selective transcription of tumor suppressor genes; and the tumor suppressor protein-mediated inhibition of tumor cell division and induction of tumor cell apoptosis. HDAC, upregulated in many tumor types, is an an enzyme that is responsible for the deacetylation of chromatin histone proteins.  
^`abiraterone acetate:  An orally active acetate salt of the steroidal compound abiraterone with antiandrogen activity. Abiraterone inhibits the enzymatic activity of steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase (17alpha-hydrolase/C17,20 lyase complex), a member of the cytochrome p450 family that catalyzes the 17alpha-hydroxylation of steroid intermediates involved in testosterone synthesis. Administration of this agent may suppress testosterone production by both the testes and the adrenals to castrate-range levels.  
^`Abitrexate:  (Other name for~ methotrexate) 
^`Ablavar:  (Other name for~ gadofosveset trisodium) 
^`Abraxane:  (Other name for~ paclitaxel albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation) 
^`absorbable adhesion barrier gel:  An isotonic, sterile, absorbable adhesion barrier gel composed of polyethylene oxide and sodium carboxymethylcellulose, with protective activity. Upon application of a single layer into the uterine cavity at the end of any hysteroscopic surgery, the absorbable adhesion barrier gel may provide a protective barrier which protects the traumatized tissue and allows for healing. This gel may therefore prevent the formation of post-surgical intrauterine adhesions.  
^`absorbable fibrin sealant patch:  A sterile, absorbable surgical sealing patch composed of an equine collagen sponge coated with the coagulation factors human fibrinogen and human thrombin, with potential hemostatic activity. Applied on the wound tissue, the absorbable fibrin sealant patch adheres to the tissue and the solid fibrinogen and thrombin dissolve upon contact with the physiological fluid. In turn, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin monomers by thrombin, and polymerize to form a fibrin clot at the wound surface. This causes the patch to adhere to the wound surface and promotes tissue sealing. This may reduce lymphatic drainage and prevent seroma formation.  
^`absorbable gelatin sponge:  A sterile hemostatic agent composed of purified porcine-derived gelatin. In regional chemotherapy, absorbable gelatin sponge may be used to embolize arteries in the region of a tumor in order to block or retard blood flow; this blockage results in a locally increased concentration of chemotherapeutic agents delivered to the tumor when chemotherapeutic agents are infused into the embolized arterial circulation upstream of the blockage.  
^`absorbable modified polymer hemostatic powder:  A hemostatic powder composed of hydrophilic, absorbable modified polymers (AMPs) derived from plant starch, with potential anti-hemorrhagic activity. Upon local administration of the AMP hemostatic powder directly sprayed over the bleeding surface, this powder adheres to the bleeding area, and the AMPs are able to absorb fluid and therefore soak up blood at the bleeding site. This leads to the formation of a gelled matrix that seals the affected site, and allows platelets, red blood cells and clotting factors in the blood to concentrate at the wound. In turn, this promotes the coagulation cascade, helps to stop or control bleeding, and prevents further blood loss. The AMP particles are naturally degraded by human enzymes over time.  
^`ABT-510:  A synthetic peptide that mimics the anti-angiogenic activity of the endogenous protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). ABT-510 inhibits the actions of several pro-angiogenic growth factors important to tumor neovascularization; these pro-angiogenic growth factors include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and interleukin 8 (IL-8).  
^`ABT-751:  An orally bioavailable antimitotic sulfonamide. ABT-751 binds to the colchicine-binding site on beta-tubulin and inhibits the polymerization of microtubules, thereby preventing tumor cell replication. This agent also disrupts tumor neovascularization, reducing tumor blood flow and so inducing a cytotoxic effect.  
^`ABVD regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine, used alone or in combination with radiation therapy, for the primary treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`ABVE regimen:  A regimen containing doxorubicin hydrochloride, bleomycin sulfate, vincristine sulfate and etoposide used in combination with radiation therapy for the treatment of low-risk, childhood Hodgkin lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`ABVE-PC regimen:  A regimen consisting of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine, etoposide, prednisone and cyclophosphamide, given in combination with radiation therapy and used for the treatment of high-risk, childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`AC regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide used in the adjuvant setting for the primary treatment of breast cancer. This regimen is also used for the treatment of recurrent and metastatic breast cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`acadesine:  A 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) riboside, a purine nucleoside analog, and a nucleotide biosynthesis precursor with B cell pro-apoptotic activity. Following cellular uptake, acadesine is phosphorylated to AICA ribotide (ZMP), which mimics 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Both AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK kinase (AMPKK) are activated by ZMP, which appears to be necessary for the induction of apoptosis. Acadesine-induced apoptosis also appears to require cytochrome c release from mitochondria and caspase activation and is p53-independent. However, the exact mechanism of acadesine-induced apoptosis is unknown. T cells are significantly less susceptible than B cells to acadesine-induced apoptosis. AMPK regulates several cellular systems including the cellular uptake of glucose, the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, protein synthesis, and the biogenesis of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and mitochondria.  
^`acai berry juice:  A juice product obtained from the fruit of the acai palm tree (Euterpe oleracea) with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and potential chemopreventive activities. Besides high amounts of vitamins, minerals and fatty acids, acai berry is rich in phytonutrients such as anthocyanins and flavones which are potent scavengers of reactive oxygen species. The fruit also contains high amounts of the flavone velutin which exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties. Velutin is able to inhibit the degradation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), thereby blocking the activation of NF-kB, as well as inhibiting phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and JNK. Inhibition of these processes results in suppression of the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6.  
^`acalabrutinib:  An orally available inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, acalabrutinib inhibits the activity of BTK and prevents the activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. This prevents both B-cell activation and BTK-mediated activation of downstream survival pathways. This leads to an inhibition of the growth of malignant B cells that overexpress BTK. BTK, a member of the src-related BTK/Tec family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies; it plays an important role in B lymphocyte development, activation, signaling, proliferation and survival.  
^`acarbose:  A pseudotetrasaccharide and inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase and pancreatic alpha-amylase with antihyperglycemic activity. Acarbose binds to and inhibits alpha-glucosidase, an enteric enzyme found in the brush border of the small intestines that hydrolyzes oligosaccharides and disaccharides into glucose and other monosaccharides. This prevents the breakdown of larger carbohydrates into glucose and decreases the rise in postprandial blood glucose levels. In addition, acarbose inhibits pancreatic alpha-amylase which hydrolyzes complex starches to oligosaccharides in the small intestines.  
^`Accutane:  (Other name for~ isotretinoin) 
^`Acelarin:  (Other name for~ gemcitabine-phosphoramidate NUC-1031) 
^`acelullar cadaveric dermal matrix:  A human dermis-derived allograft material. Acellular cadaveric dermal matrix (ACDM) is derived from human cadaveric dermis from which the epidermis, all viable cells and major histocompatibility class (MHC) II antigens have been removed to minimize alloimmunogenicity, while the dermal collagen matrix is preserved. ACDM may placed over wounds to aid as a substitute for skin when necessary such as for surgical reconstruction or for protection against wound exposure and breakdown and wound infection.  
^`acenocoumarol:  A 4-hydroxycoumarin derivative with anticoagulant activity. As a vitamin K antagonist, acenocoumarol inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, thereby inhibiting the reduction of vitamin K and the availability of vitamin KH2. This prevents gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid residues near the N-terminals of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, including factor II, VII, IX, and X and anticoagulant proteins C and S. This prevents their activity and thus thrombin formation. Compared to other coumarin derivatives, acenocoumarol has a short half-life.  
^`Aceon:  (Other name for~ perindopril erbumine) 
^`acetaminophen:  A p-aminophenol derivative with analgesic and antipyretic activities. Although the exact mechanism through which acetaminophen exert its effects has yet to be fully determined, acetaminophen may inhibit the nitric oxide (NO) pathway mediated by a variety of neurotransmitter receptors including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and substance P, resulting in elevation of the pain threshold. The antipyretic activity may result from inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and release in the central nervous system (CNS) and prostaglandin-mediated effects on the heat-regulating center in the anterior hypothalamus.  
^`acetic acid:  A synthetic carboxylic acid with antibacterial and antifungal properties. Although its mechanism of action is not fully known, undissociated acetic acid may enhance lipid solubility allowing increased fatty acid accumulation on the cell membrane or in other cell wall structures. Acetic acid, as a weak acid, can inhibit carbohydrate metabolism resulting in subsequent death of the organism.  
^`acetohexamide:  An intermediate-acting, first-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Acetohexamide is metabolized in the liver to its active metabolite hydroxyhexamide.  
^`acetylcysteine:  A synthetic N-acetyl derivative of the endogenous amino acid L-cysteine, a precursor of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione. Acetylcysteine regenerates liver stores of glutathione. This agent also reduces disulfide bonds in mucoproteins, resulting in liquification of mucus. Some evidence suggests that acetylcysteine may exert an anti-apoptotic effect due to its antioxidant activity, possibly preventing cancer cell development or growth. In addition, acetylcysteine has inhibited viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates, thereby producing antiviral activity in HIV patients.  
^`acetylsalicylic acid:  An orally administered non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent. Acetylsalicylic acid binds to and acetylates serine residues in cyclooxygenases, resulting in decreased synthesis of prostaglandin, platelet aggregation, and inflammation. This agent exhibits analgesic, antipyretic, and anticoagulant properties.  
^`acetylsalicylic acid/simvastatin/atenolol/ramipril/thiazide capsule:  An orally bioavailable combination pill containing aspirin, simvastatin, atenolol, ramipril and thiazide with preventive activity against cardiovascular disease (CVD). Aspirin is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor with antiplatelet, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities; simvastatin is a statin with a cholesterol lowering effect; and the beta-blocker atenolol as well as the ACE inhibitor ramipril and the thiazide diuretic all have blood pressure lowering activity. Upon oral administration of aspirin/simvastatin/atenolol/ramipril/thiazide capsule, the combined effects of the active ingredients in this formulation lower the risk of CVD.  
^`Achromycin:  (Other name for~ tetracycline hydrochloride) 
^`Aciphex:  (Other name for~ rabeprazole sodium) 
^`acitretin:  An orally-active metabolite of the synthetic aromatic retinoic acid agent etretinate with potential antineoplastic, chemopreventive, anti-psoratic, and embryotoxic properties. Acitretin activates nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR), resulting in induction of cell differentiation, inhibition of cell proliferation, and inhibition of tissue infiltration by inflammatory cells. This agent may also inhibit tumor angiogenesis.  
^`acivicin:  A modified amino acid and structural analog of glutamine. Acivicin inhibits glutamine amidotransferases in the purine and pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways, thereby inhibiting tumor growth in cell lines dependent on glutamine metabolism.  
^`aclarubicin:  An oligosaccharide anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces galilaeus. Aclarubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerases I and II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. Aclarubicin is antagonistic to other agents that inhibit topoisomerase II, such as etoposide, teniposide and amsacrine. This agent is less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin and daunorubicin.  
^`Acnestrol:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`ACNU 50:  (Other name for~ nimustine) 
^`acodazole:  A synthetic imidazoquinoline with antineoplastic activity. Acodazole intercalates into DNA, resulting in disruption of DNA replication. Use of this agent has been associated with significant cardiotoxicity.  
^`acoustic coupling fluid:  A brain mimicking fluid with an attenuation coefficient similar to that found in the adult human brain, which can potentially improve the quality of an image acquired during intraoperative ultrasonography. Upon administration into the resection cavity during surgical removal of a brain tumor, the acoustic coupling fluid may both increase the quality of the ultrasound image and improve the visualization of the tumor. This may facilitate the surgical removal of residual tumor while sparing normal, healthy brain tissue.  
^`acridine carboxamide:  A tricyclic acridine-based (or carboxamide-based) drug with dual topoisomerase inhibitor and potential antineoplastic activities. Acridine carboxamide inhibits both topoisomerases I and II and intercalates into DNA, resulting in DNA damage, the disruption of DNA repair and replication, the inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis, and cell death.  
^`AC-T regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of doxorubucin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide, followed by paclitaxel (Taxol), administered on either a dose-dense or sequential schedule and used as an adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`Actemra:  (Other name for~ tocilizumab) 
^`ActHIB:  (Other name for~ Haemophilus influenzae b vaccine) 
^`Actigall:  (Other name for~ ursodiol) 
^`Actimmune:  (Other name for~ recombinant interferon gamma) 
^`Actinex:  (Other name for~ masoprocol) 
^`actinium Ac 225 lintuzumab:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of the humanized monoclonal antibody lintuzumab conjugated to the alpha-emitting radioisotope actinium Ac 225 with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of actinium Ac 225 lintuzumab specifically binds to the cell surface antigen CD33 antigen, delivering a cytotoxic dose of alpha radiation to cells expressing CD33. CD33 is a cell surface antigen expressed on normal non-pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and overexpressed on myeloid leukemia cells.  
^`Actiq:  (Other name for~ fentanyl citrate) 
^`Activase:  (Other name for~ alteplase) 
^`activated marrow infiltrating lymphocytes:  A preparation of cells, which consists of autologous marrow infiltrating lymphocytes (MILs), that are manipulated in vitro, with potential antitumor and immune stimulating activities. MILs are harvested from autologous bone marrow from multiple myeloma patients and, in vitro, are exposed to and activated by anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies covalently attached to super-paramagnetic microbeads. After removal of the beads and expansion of the cells in culture, the activated MILs (aMILs) are re-introduced into the patient. The aMILs possess enhanced myeloma specificity, and are able to infiltrate the tumor microenvironment and initiate tumor cell lysis. CD3 and CD28, co-stimulatory molecules expressed on the surface of T-lymphocytes, play a key role in the activation of T-cells.  
^`Activella:  (Other name for~ estradiol/norethindrone acetate tablet) 
^`ActiVin:  (Other name for~ IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract) 
^`activin type 2B receptor Fc fusion protein STM 434:  A soluble fusion protein containing the extracellular domain of the activin receptor type 2B (ACVR2B or ActRIIB) fused to a human Fc domain, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, STM 434 selectively binds to the growth factor activin A, thereby preventing its binding to and the activation of endogenous ActRIIB. This prevents activin A/ActRIIB-mediated signaling and inhibits the proliferation of activin A-overexpressing tumor cells. Activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and plays a key role in promoting cancer cell proliferation, migration, and survival.  
^`Actonel:  (Other name for~ risedronate sodium) 
^`Actos:  (Other name for~ pioglitazone hydrochloride) 
^`acyclovir:  A synthetic analog of the purine nucleoside, guanosine, with potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus and other viruses. After conversion in vivo to the active metabolite acyclovir triphosphate, acyclovir competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase, incorporates into and terminates the growing viral DNA chain, and inactivates viral DNA polymerase. The greater antiviral activity of acyclovir against HSV compared to VZV is due to its more efficient phosphorylation by the thymidine kinase of HSV.  
^`acyclovir sodium:  The sodium salt form of acyclovir, a synthetic analog of the purine nucleoside, guanosine, with potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus and other viruses. After conversion in vivo to the active metabolite acyclovir triphosphate, acyclovir competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase, incorporates into and terminates the growing viral DNA chain, and inactivates viral DNA polymerase. The greater antiviral activity of acyclovir against HSV compared to VZV is due to its more efficient phosphorylation by the thymidine kinase of HSV.  
^`Aczone Gel:  (Other name for~ dapsone gel, 5%) 
^`Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD:  An RGD-4C–modified, infectivity-enhanced, bicistronic type 5 adenovirus expressing herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene, a therapeutic suicide gene, and the somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) gene with potential antineoplastic activity. Modification with the double cyclic peptide RGD-4C allows the virus to bind to cellular integrins, frequently expressed on the surfaces of ovarian cancer cells, instead of the coxsackie and adenovirus (CAR) receptor, which is often nonfunctional in ovarian cancer cells. Upon intratumoral administration, Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD transfects tumor cells and expresses the HSV-tk gene. After subsequent administration of a synthetic acyclic guanosine analogue prodrug like ganciclovir (GCV), expressed HSV-tk phosphorylates and activates the prodrug, which may result in inhibition of DNA synthesis and apoptosis in HSV-tk-expressing cancer cells. Additionally, as a bystander effect, adjacent non-transfected cells may be killed by the activated antiviral drug. SSTR2 expression allows imaging of gene transfer into tumor cells using a radiolabeled somatostatin analogue.  
^`Ad5-CMV-NIS:  A recombinant type 5 adenovirus (Ad5), encoding the gene for the human sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) linked to the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, with potential gene transfection activity. Upon intratumoral injection, Ad5-CMV-NIS is taken up by tumor cells, resulting in the cellular expression of NIS. Subsequently, orally administered iodine 131 is taken up by NIS-expressing tumor cells, which may result in the selective accumulation of a cytotoxic dose of beta and gamma radiation in non-thyroidal tumor cells, sparing adjacent normal tissue. NIS, an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein, is an ion pump that actively transports iodide into cells which concentrate iodine; in addition to thyroid epithelial cells, it is found in non-thyroidal tissues including the salivary glands, the gastric mucosa, and lactating mammary glands.  
^`Ad5CMV-p53 gene:  A replication-defective adenoviral-CMV vector that encodes a wild-type p53 gene. Ad5CMV-p53 induces tumor cells that have been transfected with the vector to produce wild-type p53, a tumor suppressor gene that is deleted or mutated in a significant number of cancers. In transfected tumor cells, the wild-type p-53 gene product exerts an antitumor effect by blocking cell cycle progression at the G1/S regulation point, activating DNA repair proteins in the presence of DNA damage, and initiating apoptosis when DNA damage is irreparable.  
^`Ad5F35-LMP1/LMP2-transduced autologous dendritic cells:  Autologous dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with the replication-deficient adenoviral vector Ad5F53 encoding the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transmembrane latent membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LMP1/LMP2) with potential immunostimulatory activity. Vaccination with Ad5F35-LMP1/LMP2-transduced autologous dendritic cells may stimulate a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against LMP1- and LMP2-expressing tumor positive cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. LMP1 and LMP2 are expressed in various malignancies including nasopharyngeal cancer and EBV-positive Hodgkin disease.  
^`Ad5-survivin-transduced autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine containing autologous dendritic cells (DCs) that are transduced with a replication-deficient adenovirus type 5 vector (Ad5) encoding a mutated form of the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) survivin, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, Ad5-survivin-transduced autologous DC vaccine may elicit an immune response against cancer cells expressing survivin by activating cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). This leads to an induction of cell death in survivin-positive tumor cells. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins, may be upregulated in certain tumor cell types and plays a key role in tumor cell growth and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Ad5-yCD/mutTK(SR39)rep-ADP:  A second generation, replication-competent adenovirus type 5 containing a yeast cytosine deaminase(yCD)/mutant sr39 herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase fusion (yCD/mutTKsr39) gene and the 11.6 kDa adenovirus death protein (ADP) gene with potential oncolytic activity. Upon intratumoral administration and transduction of Ad5-yCD/mutTK(SR39)rep-ADP into tumor cells and subsequent expression of cytosine deaminase and viral thymidine kinase, administered prodrugs 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and ganciclovir are converted into their respective metabolites 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and ganciclovir-5-monophosphate (ganciclovir-MP); 5-FU is subsequently metabolized to cytotoxic active metabolites 5-fluoroxyuridine monophosphate (F-UMP) and 5-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate (F-dUMP); ganciclovir-TP subsequently is converted by mammalian thymidine kinase to cytotoxic ganciclovir-triphosphate (ganciclovir -TP). Tumor cells adjacent to tumor cells transduced with this agent may be killed through a "bystander effect". ADP may enhance spread and oncolytic activity of replication-competent adenoviruses. In addition to its oncolytic activity, Ad5-yCD/mutTK(SR39)rep-ADP may exhibit radiosensitizing activity.  
^`Ad5-yCD/mutTKSR39rep-hIL12:  A replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus encoding the murine pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene and two suicide fusion genes, a yeast cytosine deaminase (yCD) and a mutant form of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-1 TKSR39), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration of Ad5-yCD/mutTKSR39rep-hIL12, the adenovirus selectively infects and replicates in tumor cells, which results in direct tumor cell lysis. Synergistically, IL-12 expressed by the adenovirus may activate the immune system by promoting the activation of natural killer cells (NKs), inducing secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-g) and inducing cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumor cells, which may result in immune-mediated tumor cell death, inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. In addition, Ad5-yCD/mutTKSR39rep-hIL12-infected cancer cells express yCD and TKSR39; upon administration of the prodrugs 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and valganciclovir (vGCV), the yCD and HSV-1 TKSR39 activate these prodrugs to form 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and ganciclovir, respectively. 5-FU gets converted to 5-fluoro-uridine monophosphate (5-FUMP) and subsequently to 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine monophosphate (5-FdUMP); 5-FdUMP irreversible inhibits thymidylate synthase, inhibits deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) formation and halts DNA synthesis. Once phosphorylated intracellularly, ganciclovir triphosphate competitively inhibits deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) incorporation into DNA and inhibits DNA synthesis.  
^`Adacel:  (Other name for~ diphtheria toxoid/tetanus toxoid/acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed) 
^`Adanon:  (Other name for~ methadone hydrochloride) 
^`Adapin:  (Other name for~ doxepin hydrochloride) 
^`Adcetris:  (Other name for~ brentuximab vedotin) 
^`Adderall:  (Other name for~ dextroamphetamine-amphetamine) 
^`Adderall XR:  (Other name for~ dextroamphetamine-amphetamine) 
^`ADE regimen:  A regimen consisting of cytarabine (Ara-C), daunorubicin and etoposide, that is used as an induction treatment for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`adecatumumab:  A recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) directed against the tumor associated antigen (TAA) epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) with potential antitumor activity. Adecatumumab binds to EpCAM, which may result in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) directed against EpCAM-expressing tumor cells. EpCAM (CD326), a cell surface protein upregulated on many tumor cell types, promotes the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of tumor cells; for some cancers, overexpression has been correlated with decreased survival.  
^`adefovir dipivoxil:  An acyclic nucleotide adenine analogue with potent antiviral activity. Adefovir is activated in vivo to a diphosphate metabolite which is incorporated into viral DNA, leading to viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase inhibition, DNA chain termination and impairment of viral replication. This agent inhibits the reverse transcriptases of hepatitis B, herpes and HIV viruses, induces natural killer cell activity, and stimulates endogenous interferon production. Viral resistance to adefovir develops at a slower rate compared to other antivirals.  
^`adenosine A2A receptor antagonist PBF-509:  An orally bioavailable adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, A2AR antagonist PBF-509 selectively binds to and inhibits A2AR expressed on T lymphocytes. This abrogates the adenosine/A2AR-mediated inhibition of T-lymphocytes and activates a T-cell-mediated immune response against tumor cells, thereby reducing proliferation of susceptible tumor cells. A2AR, a G protein-coupled receptor, is highly expressed on the cell surfaces of T-cells and, upon activation by adenosine, inhibits their proliferation and activation. Adenosine is often produced in excess by cancer cells.  
^`adenosine A3 receptor agonist CF102:  An orally bioavailable, synthetic, highly selective adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) agonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Adenosine A3 receptor agonist CF102 selectively binds to and activates the cell surface-expressed A3AR, deregulating Wnt and NF-kB signal transduction pathways downstream, which may result in apoptosis of A3AR-expressing tumor cells. A3AR, a G protein-coupled receptor, is highly expressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumor cell types, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and plays an important role in cellular proliferation.  
^`adenosine-A2A receptor antagonist CPI-444:  A small molecule immune checkpoint inhibitor of the adenosine A2A receptor (ADORA2A) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, adenosine-A2A receptor antagonist CPI-444 binds to adenosine A2A receptors expressed on the surface of immune cells, including T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). This prevents tumor-released adenosine from interacting with the A2A receptors on these key immune surveillance cells, thereby abrogating adenosine-induced immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. This may stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, resulting in tumor regression.  
^`adenovector encoding MDA7:  A nonreplicating adenoviral vector (adenovector) encoding the melanoma differentiation-associated 7 gene (MDA7) with potential antineoplastic activity. After intratumoral injection and adenovector-mediated gene transfer of MDA7 into tumor cells, the expressed MDA7 transgene may inhibit tumor cell proliferation and induce tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`adenovector-transduced AP1903-inducible MyD88/CD40-expressing autologous PSMA-specific prostate cancer vaccine BPX-201:  A genetically-modified, dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine in which the autologous cells are transduced with an adenoviral vector expressing the tumor antigen prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and a fusion protein composed of synthetic ligand inducible adjuvant iMC composed of a drug-inducible costimulatory CD40 receptor (iCD40) and the adaptor protein MyD88, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. The iCD40 contains a membrane-localized cytoplasmic CD40 domain fused to the FK506 modified drug-binding protein 12 (FKBP12). Upon intradermal administration of BPX-201, these DCs accumulate in local draining lymph nodes. Twenty-four hours after vaccination, the dimerizing agent AP1903 is administered. AP1903 binds to the drug binding domain, leading to iMC oligomerization and activation of iCD40 and MyD88-mediated signaling in iMC-expressing DCs. This signaling pathway activates the DCs and stimulates a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against host tumor cells that express PSMA. PSMA, a glycoprotein secreted by prostatic epithelial and ductal cells, is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells and is used as a tumor marker for both diagnosis and treatment evaluation. MyD88 is involved in interleukin 1 receptor (IL1R) and toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling.  
^`adenoviral vector Ad5-CEA(6D) vaccine:  A replication-defective, E1- and E2b-deleted oncolytic adenoviral serotype 5 (Ad5) encoding an epitope of human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) with potential antineoplastic activity. Adenoviral vector Ad5-CEA(6D) vaccine expresses a highly immunogenic analogue of CEA [CAP1-(6D)]. Upon administration, this vaccine may induce both humoral and cellular immune responses against tumor cells expressing the CEA antigen, thereby resulting in the immune-mediated inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. CEA, a tumor-associated antigen, is overexpressed in various tumor cell types. Deletion of early genes E1 and E2b in Ad5 potentially circumvents pre-existing anti-adenovirus immunity and is capable of inducing strong immune responses.  
^`adenoviral-transduced hIL-12-expressing autologous dendritic cells INXN-3001 plus activator ligand INXN-1001:  Autologous dendritic cells tranduced with a replication incompetent adenovirus encoding human pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) (INXN-3001) in combination with the proprietary orally bioavailable, small molecule activator ligand INXN-1001, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Production of IL-12 is controlled by an inducible DNA element that allows transcription initiation only in the presence of the ligand inducer INXN-1001. Upon intratumoral injection of INXN-3001 and subsequent oral administration of activator ligand, INXN-1001 is able to induce expression of IL-12 in INXN-3001. IL-12 expressed by the adenovirus may activate the immune system by promoting the activation of natural killer cells, inducing the secretion of interferon-gamma and inducing a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against tumor cells, which may result in immune-mediated tumor cell death and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. As INXN-1001 regulates both the timing and the levels of IL-12 expression, IL-12 toxicity can be reduced.  
^`adenovirus 5-human guanylyl cyclase C-PADRE vaccine:  A replication-defective, recombinant adenoviral serotype 5 (Ad5) encoding human guanylyl cyclase C (hGCC) and the synthetic Pan DR epitope (PADRE), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon intramuscular administration, the Ad5-hGCC-PADRE vaccine expresses hGCC, which may induce both humoral and cellular immune responses against tumor cells expressing the hGCC antigen. This results in the immune-mediated inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and leads to tumor death. The hGCC protein is normally restricted to intestinal epithelial cells but is overexpressed by metastatic colorectal tumors. PADRE is a helper T-lymphocyte epitope that is able to augment the magnitude and duration of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response.  
^`adenovirus B7-1:  A gene-viral vector complex comprised of an adenovirus vector and B7-1 gene targeting the CD80 antigen. Adenovirus B7-1 is used as a component in antineoplastic vaccines to elicit a cytotoxic T-cell response.  
^`adenovirus encoding E.coli PNP:  A replication-incompetent adenovirus encoding E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (Ad/PNP) used as a prodrug activating agent. Administered intratumorally, Ad/PNP expresses the enzyme PNP, which may catalyze systematically administrated fludarabine phosphate prodrug into its active form 2-fluoroadenine (F-Ade). F-Ade inhibits DNA polymerase alpha, ribonucleotide reductase and DNA primase, thereby interrupting DNA synthesis and inhibiting tumor cell growth. Localized prodrug activation provides targeted chemotherapy, thereby potentially reducing systemic side effects. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`adenovirus encoding human aquaporin-1:  A replication-deficient, recombinant adenovirus encoding human aquaporin-1 with potential membrane water channel activity. Upon transfection of salivary glands, adenovirus encoding human aquaporin-1 (AdhAQP1) directs human aquaporin-1 (hAQP1) expression in the apical and basolateral plasma membranes of salivary secretory cells, which may result in increased saliva production. hAQP1, a water channel protein, is one of several highly conserved water channel proteins that mediate water permeability in cells of water-transporting tissues.  
^`adenovirus encoding rat Her-2/neu:  A replication-defective oncolytic adenovirus, encoding rat Her-2/neu (ErbB-2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, adenovirus encoding rat HER-2/neu may induce an immune response against tumor cells expressing the HER-2/neu antigen, which may result in the immune-mediated inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. Her-2/neu, a tumor-associated antigen and member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in various tumor cell types.  
^`adenovirus encoding recombinant human endostatin:  A replication-defective, recombinant oncolytic adenovirus encoding human endostatin with potential antineoplastic activity. Endostatin, a 20 kDa C-terminal proteolytic fragment of collagen XVIII, is an important angiogenesis inhibitor. Upon intratumoral administration, the adenovirus infects and replicates in tumor cells. The expressed endostatin may inhibit endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis which may result in a reduction of tumor growth.  
^`adenovirus encoding tyrosinase, MART-1/MAGE-A6-transduced autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with a recombinant adenoviral vector encoding three full-length human melanoma associated antigens (MAAs), tyrosinase, melan-A (MART-1) and the melanoma antigen A6 (MAGEA6), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intradermal administration, adenovirus encoding tyrosinase/MART-1/MAGEA6-transduced autologous DC vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tyrosinase/MART-1/MAGEA6-positive tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell death and decreased tumor growth. Tyrosinase, a melanoma-specific differentiation antigen, catalyzes the first step of melanin synthesis in melanocytes. Vaccination with multi-antigen modified DC may improve the efficacy of the DC immunotherapy.  
^`adenovirus HER2-transduced autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with a replication-deficient adenovirus vector encoding HER-2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, adenovirus HER2-transduced autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against HER-2-positive tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell death and decreased tumor growth. HER-2, a tyrosine kinase receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) (also known as neu and ErbB2), is overexpressed by some breast, ovarian, and gastric cancers.  
^`adenovirus vector:  One of a number of genetically-engineered adenoviruses designed to insert a gene of interest into a eukaryotic cell where the gene of interest is subsequently expressed. Unlike most other vectors, adenovirus vectors have the ability to infect post-mitotic cells. Thus, these agents are especially useful for gene transfer into neuronal cells.  
^`adenovirus/cytomegalovirus/Epstein-Barr virus-specific allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  Allogeneic tri-viral specific, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus (Adv, CMV and EBV or ACE), cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) with potential antiviral activity. Donor-derived T-cells were exposed to dendritic cells nucelofected with DNA plasmids encoding Hexon and Penton (Adv), pp65 and IE1 (CMV), and LMP2, EBNA1 and BZLF1 (EBV), all are critical proteins for the proliferation of these viruses, and subsequently maintained in the presence of interleukins 4 and 7 with a novel culture device to expand and sustain the repertoire of CTLs. After an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), infusion of these CTLs primed towards Adv, CMV and EBV may prevent viral infection by these pathogens. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`adenovirus-mediated human interleukin-12:  A replication-incompetent adenovirus encoding human pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) (Ad.hIL-12), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, the adenovirus selectively infects and replicates in tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell lysis. Synergistically, IL-12 expressed by the adenovirus may activate the immune system by promoting the activation of natural killer cells (NKs), inducing secretion of interferon-gamma and inducing cytotoxic T cell responses against tumor cells, which may result in immune-mediated tumor cell death and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.  
^`adenovirus-mediated human interleukin-12 INXN-2001 plus veledimex:  A replication incompetent adenovirus encoding the human pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) (INXN-2001) in combination with the proprietary activator ligand veledimex, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Production of IL-12 is controlled by an inducible DNA element that allows transcription initiation only in the presence of the ligand inducer. Upon intratumoral administration of INXN-2001 and oral administration of veledimex, veledimex is able to induce expression of IL-12 from INXN-2001. IL-12 expressed by the adenovirus may activate the immune system by promoting the activation of natural killer cells (NKs), inducing secretion of interferon-gamma and inducing cytotoxic T cell responses against tumor cells, which may result in immune-mediated tumor cell death and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`adenovirus-p53 transduced dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with a recombinant adenovirus encoding p53 peptide, with potential immunomodulating activity. Intradermal vaccination with adenoviral-p53 transduced dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing mutant p53, resulting in tumor cell lysis. p53, a tumor suppressor gene, is mutated in many tumor cells, resulting in the loss of apoptosis regulation and abnormal cell proliferation.  
^`adenovirus-PSA prostate cancer vaccine:  A cancer vaccine composed of a genetically engineered, replication-deficient type 5 adenovirus carrying the human prostate-specific antigen (PSA), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous vaccination with the adenovirus-PSA prostate cancer vaccine, the adenovirus infects cells and expresses PSA. In turn, PSA may activate the immune system and may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against PSA-expressing tumor cells. PSA, a tumor associated antigen, is expressed by prostate epithelial cells and is overexpressed in prostate cancer.  
^`AdGMCAIX-transduced autologous dendritic cells:  Autologous dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with a recombinant, replication-defective adenoviral vector expressing the fusion gene granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX or CA9) (GMCA-9), with potential immunomodulating activity. The autologous DCs are transduced ex vivo and express the GMCA-9 fusion protein on the cell surface. Upon intradermal administration of the AdGMCAIX-transduced autologous DCs back into the patient, the DCs activate the immune system to both mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated response against tumor cells positive for the CA9 antigen, and generate memory T cells. This may result in decreased tumor growth. CA9, also known as G250, is a renal cell carcinoma (RCC)-associated antigen and a member of the carbonic anhydrase family that contains a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2.1-restricted epitope; it is found in a majority of renal cell carcinomas while absent in most normal tissues. The cytokine GM-CSF enhances the immunogenicity of CA9-based DC vaccines.  
^`ADH-1:  A small, cyclic pentapeptide vascular-targeting agent with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. ADH-1 selectively and competitively binds to and blocks N-cadherin, which may result in disruption of tumor vasculature, inhibition of tumor cell growth, and the induction of tumor cell and endothelial cell apoptosis. N-cadherin, a cell- surface transmembrane glycoprotein of the cadherin superfamily of proteins involved in calcium-mediated cell-cell adhesion and signaling mechanisms; may be upregulated in some aggressive tumors and the endothelial cells and pericytes of some tumor blood vessels.  
^`Ad-hCMV-Flt3L:  A human serotype 5, replication-defective, first generation adenoviral vector, with the viral E1a and E3 protein encoding regions deleted, which is engineered to express the soluble, immune-mediated stimulatory gene human fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), under the transcriptional control of the CMV promoter, with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon administration, Ad-hCMV-Flt3L is transduced into tumor cells and Flt3L is expressed. Flt3L stimulates both the proliferation of dendritic cells (DCs) and their migration to the tumor site. Upon exposure to the tumor-associated antigens (TAA) released from dying glioma cells, which were killed by thymidine kinase-mediated valacyclovir-induced tumor cell death, the DCs initiate a specific immune response against any remaining TAA-expressing tumor cells. Flt3L is a hematopoietic growth factor and ligand for the Flt3 tyrosine kinase receptor.  
^`Ad-hCMV-TK:  A human serotype 5, replication-defective, first generation adenoviral vector, with the viral E1a and E3 protein encoding regions deleted, which is engineered to express the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene under the transcriptional control of the CMV promoter. This agent, when administered in conjunction with a synthetic acyclic guanosine analogue, possesses potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration into the peritumoral region after tumor resection, adenoviral vector encoding HSV thymidine kinase is transduced into tumor cells, and HSV-tk is expressed. Tumor cells expressing HSV-tk are sensitive to synthetic acyclic guanosine analogues. Subsequent administration of a synthetic acyclic guanosine analogue, such as valacyclovir (VCV) or ganciclovir (GCV), kills the tumor cells expressing HSV-tk. The release of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) by dying tumor cells may then stimulate an antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, directed aganst any remaining tumor cells.  
^`adipose-derived regenerative cells:  A population of cells derived from adipose tissue with stem cell and wound repair activities. Adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRC) consists of several cell types, such as adult stem cells, vascular endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, among others. These cells contribute to wound repair through a variety of mechanisms by promoting blood vessel growth and blocking apoptosis. In addition, ADRC can differentiate into several tissue types, such as bone, cartilage, fat, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.  
^`adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cells:  A population of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells derived from autologous adipose tissue, with potential tissue regenerative activity. SVF cells are obtained through liposuction and contain multiple cell types, including adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), mesenchymal and endothelial progenitor cells, leukocyte subtypes, lymphatic cells, pericytes, and vascular smooth muscle cells. The SVF cells are processed in such a way as to contain a reproducible and consistent composition of heterogeneous cells. Upon processing and administration, the adipose-derived SVF cells can differentiate into different tissue types, support neovascularization, replace cells and repair injured issue.  
^`Ad-ISF35:  A replication-defective adenovirus vector (Ad-ISF35), which encodes a membrane-stabilized, chimeric human-mouse CD40 binding protein (CD40 ligand; CD40L; CD154), with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, Ad-ISF135 preferentially transduces tumor cells and immunoregulatory cells in the tumor microenvironment. This increases the expression of CD154 in tumor cells, activates CD40 and stimulates signaling and immunoactivation, which are both mediated by CD40. This increases the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on these cells, which enhances their ability to function as antigen presenting cells (APCs) and increases their apoptotic potential. This leads to an increase in the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, which promote direct cytotoxicity, enhances the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment, and induces a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the tumor cells. In addition, transduction with Ad-ISF35 induces direct tumor cell death, probably through an anti-viral immune response. Ad-ISF35 also exerts a strong bystander effect in non-transduced cells thereby further inducing tumor cell death. Altogether, this will eradicate tumor cells. CD154, the main ligand for CD40, plays a key role in the activation of APCs, promotes immunoactivation, and increases apoptotic potential. The protein encoded by Ad-ISF35 does not contain the mouse antibody binding domains and does not induce human neutralizing antibodies. The metalloprotease cleavage site is deleted in this chimeric CD154 and thus it resists cleavage; the encoded protein also contains amino acid substitutions within the carboxy-terminal. Both sets of engineered mutations promote cell surface expression.  
^`ado trastuzumab emtansine:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of the recombinant anti-epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) monoclonal antibody trastuzumab conjugated to the maytansinoid DM1 via a nonreducible thioether linkage (MCC) with potential antineoplastic activity. The trastuzumab moiety of this ADC binds to HER2 on tumor cell surface surfaces; upon internalization, the DM1 moiety is released and binds to tubulin, thereby disrupting microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics and inhibiting cell division and the proliferation of cancer cells that overexpress HER2. Linkage of antibody and drug through a nonreducible linker has been reported to contribute to the improved efficacy and reduced toxicity of this ADC compared to similar ADCs constructed with reducible linkers.  
^`adozelesin:  An alkylating agent that bind to the DNA minor groove in a sequence-specific manner and form covalent adducts with adenines, resulting in the inhibition of DNA replication and induction of apoptosis.  
^`Ad-REIC/DKK3 vaccine:  A replication incompetent adenoviral vector encoding the full-length tumor suppressor gene Reduced Expression in Immortalized Cells (REIC or DKK3) (ad-REIC/DKK3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intratumoral injection, tumor cells express REIC/DKK3 protein. This may result in the activation of c-Jun-NH2-kinase (JNK) and ultimately apoptosis via Bcl2 suppression and caspase-3 activation. Expression of REIC/DKK3 is normal in healthy cells but reduced or absent in many cancer cells; Forced overexpression of REIC/DKK3 in cancer cells may lead to an induction of tumor cell apoptosis and reduction of tumor cell growth while sparing normal, healthy cells naturally expressing endogenous REIC/DKK3.  
^`adrenocorticotropic hormone:  A hormone secreted by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland and regulates hormone, primarily cortisol, secreted by the adrenal gland.  
^`AdRTVP-1-transduced prostate cancer cell-based vaccine:  A cell-based vaccine comprised of prostate cancer cells transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding human RTVP-1 (AdRTVP-1), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. RTVP-1, also referred to as glioma pathogenesis-related protein 1 (GLIP1), is down-regulated in prostate tumors. Regulated by tumor suppressor p53, the expression of RTVP-1 functions as a tumor suppressor, and is abundant in normal human prostate epithelial cells as well as in differentiated macrophages. Administration of AdRTVP-1-transduced prostate cancer cell-based vaccine leads to an induction of apoptosis through the expression of RTVP-1, which may result in a reduction in prostate cancer cellular proliferation. In addition, this vaccine may induce a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against prostate specific tumor- associated antigens.  
^`Ad-sig-hMUC-1/ecdCD40L vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a recombinant adenoviral vector encoding the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) human MUC-1 (hMUC-1) linked to the extracellular domain (ecd) of the co-stimulatory molecule CD40 ligand (CD40L) and an adenovirus signal sequence that encodes a secretory signal peptide (Ad-sig) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Due to the presence of the secretory signal peptide expressed by Ad-sig in the vaccine construct, transfected cells may secrete a fusion protein composed of hMUC-1 and the CD40L ecd. The CD40L moiety part of the fusion protein binds to CD40 receptors on dendritic cells (DCs). Subsequently, DCs may be activated and migrate, T-cells may expand, and a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that overexpress hMUC-1 may follow. MUC-1 is a hypoglycosylated TAA overexpressed by epithelial cancer cells.  
^`ADVEXIN:  (Other name for~ Ad5CMV-p53 gene) 
^`AE37 peptide/GM-CSF vaccine:  A vaccine containing HER2/Neu-derived epitope (amino acids 776-790) linked to li-Key peptide (li-Key/HER2/neu hybrid peptide or AE37), and combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential antineoplastic and immunoadjuvant activities. Upon vaccination, AE37 may activate the immune system and stimulate T-helper cells against HER2/Neu expressing cancer cells. GM-CSF may potentiate the immune response against cancer cells expressing the HER2/Neu antigen. The Ii-Key moiety, a 4-amino acid (LRMK) epitope from the MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii protein), increases T-helper cell stimulation against HER2/neu antigen when compared to unmodified class II epitopes. HER2/neu, a tumor associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and is highly immunogenic.  
^`AEE788:  An orally bioavailable multiple-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. AEE788 inhibits phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinases of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGF2), resulting in receptor inhibition, the inhibition of cellular proliferation, and induction of tumor cell and tumor-associated endothelial cell apoptosis.  
^`AEG35156:  A second-generation synthetic antisense oligonucleotide with potential antineoplastic activity. AEG35156 selectively blocks the cellular expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), a pivotal inhibitor of apoptosis that is overexpressed in many tumors. This agent reduces total levels of XIAP in tumor cells, working synergistically with cytotoxic drugs to overcome tumor cell resistance to apoptosis. XIAP interferes with both the intrinsic and extrinsic program-death signaling pathways, which may render tumor cells resistant to apoptosis.  
^`Aeroseb-HC:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`aerosol sargramostim:  An aerosol inhalation formulation containing a yeast-derived glycosylated recombinant form of human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with potential immunostimulating activity. Sargramostim binds to specific cell surface receptors, modulating the proliferation and differentiation of a variety of hematopoietic progenitor cells with some specificity towards stimulation of leukocyte production. This agent also activates neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells and promotes antigen presentation, upregulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin-2-mediated, lymphokine-activated killer cell function. Aerosol inhalation may help achieve high concentrations of sargramostim in the lung.  
^`aerosolized aldesleukin:  An aerosol formulation of aldesleukin, a recombinant form of interleukin-2 (IL-2), with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon IL-2 inhalation, this cytokine activates lymphokine-activated killer cells and natural killer cells, and induces expression of cytotoxic cytokines, such as interferon-gamma and transforming growth factor-beta. This may eventually halt tumor cell growth. Localized administration of IL-2 may decrease toxicity and increase efficacy.  
^`aerosolized liposomal rubitecan:  An aerosolized liposomal preparation of a water-insoluble derivative of camptothecin with potential antineoplastic activity. 9-nitro-20 (S)-camptothecin and its active metabolite 9-aminocamptothecin (9-AC) selectively stabilize topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes during S-phase, thereby inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks and producing potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks when encountered by the DNA replication machinery. This agent is formulated with dilauroylphosphatidylcholine and nebulized in particle sizes of 1.2-1.6 micrometer mass median aerodynamic diameter.  
^`Aerrane:  (Other name for~ isoflurane) 
^`Aezea®:  (Other name for~ cenersen) 
^`afamelanotide:  A synthetic peptide analogue of the naturally occurring alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH) with potential photoprotective activity. Mimicking the action of a-MSH, afamelanotide stimulates melanocytes to increase the production and release of melanin. Increased melanocyte melanin may protect against ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-initiated cellular DNA damage, oxidation of membrane proteins, and alterations in intracellular signaling processes in epidermal cells. Endogenously, a-MSH is released by skin cells in response to UVR exposure, stimulating melanocytes to produce and release melanin.  
^`afatinib dimaleate:  The dimaleate salt form of afatinib, an orally bioavailable anilino-quinazoline derivative and inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB; EGFR) family, with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, afatinib selectively and irreversibly binds to and inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptors 1 (ErbB1; EGFR), 2 (ErbB2; HER2), and 4 (ErbB4; HER4), and certain EGFR mutants, including those caused by EGFR exon 19 deletion mutations or exon 21 (L858R) mutations. This may result in the inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis in tumor cells overexpressing these RTKs. Additionally, afatinib inhibits the EGFR T790M gatekeeper mutation which is resistant to treatment with first-generation EGFR inhibitors. EGFR, HER2 and HER4 are RTKs that belong to the EGFR superfamily; they play major roles in both tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization and are overexpressed in many cancer cell types.  
^`Affinitac:  (Other name for~ ISIS 3521) 
^`Affinitak:  (Other name for~ ISIS 3521) 
^`afimoxifene:  A tamoxifen metabolite with both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects. Afimoxifene has a higher affinity for the estrogen receptor than tamoxifen, and functions as an antagonist in breast cancer cells.  
^`Afinitor:  (Other name for~ everolimus) 
^`Afinitor Disperz:  (Other name for~ everolimus tablets for oral suspension) 
^`Aflodac:  (Other name for~ sulindac) 
^`AFP gene hepatocellular carcinoma vaccine:  A cancer vaccine composed of naked plasmid DNA of the gene for the tumor-associated antigen alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a macromolecule that acts as a specific immunologic target for hepatocellular carcinoma. This agent exerts an antitumor effect by inducing cytotoxic T-lymphocytes to attack AFP-expressing tumor cells.  
^`AFP464:  A synthetic lysyl prodrug of the amino-substituted flavone derivate aminoflavone with antiproliferative and antineoplastic activities. AFP464 is rapidly converted to aminoflavone in plasma. Aminoflavone activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway leading to an increase in cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) expression and, to a lesser extent, an increase in cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) expression. Subsequently, aminoflavone is metabolized to toxic metabolites by the cytochromome P450 enzymes that it induces; these toxic metabolites covalently bind to DNA, resulting in the phosphorylation of p53, the induction of the p53 downstream target p21Waf1/Cip1, and apoptosis. Pulmonary toxicity may be dose-limiting.  
^`afuresertib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B) with potential antineoplastic activity. Afuresertib binds to and inhibits the activity of Akt, which may result in inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis and dysregulated PI3K/Akt signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`AG-024322:  A cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. AG-024322 selectively inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases (particularly CDK1,2 and 4), enzymes that regulate cell cycle progression. Inhibition of CDK may result in cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of DNA replication and tumor cell proliferation.  
^`Agaricus blazei Murill extract:  A dietary supplement containing an extract of the Basidiomycete fungus Agaricus blazei Murill with potential chemopreventive, antineoplastic and immunopotentiating activities. Agaricus blazei Murill extract contains high levels of phytochemicals, especially beta-D-glucans. Beta-D-glucans may promote dendritic cell (DC) maturation; increase interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and immunoglobulin levels; and may enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity, potentially boosting anti-tumor host immune responses.  
^`agatolimod sodium:  The tricosasodium salt of a synthetic 24-mer oligonucleotide containing 3 CpG motifs with potential antineoplastic and immunostimulatory activity. Agatolimod selectively targets Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), thereby activating dendritic and B cells and stimulating cytotoxic T cell and antibody responses against tumor cells bearing tumor antigens.  
^`aglatimagene besadenovec:  An adenoviral vector engineered to express the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene, which, when administered in conjunction with a synthetic acyclic guanosine analogue, possesses potential antineoplastic activity. Aglatimagene besadenovec is transduced into tumor cells, sensitizing tumor cells that overexpress HSV-tk to synthetic acyclic guanosine analogues. Subsequently, a low dose of a synthetic acyclic guanosine analogue such as valacyclovir (VCV) or ganciclovir (GCV) is given, which may preferentially kill tumor cells containing the adenoviral vector and overexpressing HSV-tk. Release of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by dying tumor cells may then stimulate an antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response.  
^`agonistic anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody ADC-1013:  A human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface receptor CD40 with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, agonistic anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody ADC-1013 binds to CD40 on antigen-presenting dendritic cells, which leads to the activation and proliferation of effector and memory T-cells, and enhances the immune response against tumor cells. In addition, this agent binds to the CD40 antigen present on the surfaces of tumor cells, which induces antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). This eventually inhibits the proliferation of CD40-expressing tumor cells. CD40, a stimulatory receptor and a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is expressed on various immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells and various tumor cell types; it plays a key role in the activation of the immune system.  
^`agonistic anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody MEDI6383:  An agonistic monoclonal antibody against receptor OX40 (CD134), with potential immunostimulatory activity. Upon administration, anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody MEDI6383 selectively binds to and activates the OX40 receptor, by mimicking the action of endogenous OX40 ligand (OX40L). OX40 receptor activation induces proliferation of memory and effector T lymphocytes. In the presence of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), this may promote an immune response against the TAA-expressing tumor cells. OX40, a cell surface glycoprotein and member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, is expressed on T-lymphocytes and provides a co-stimulatory signal for the proliferation and survival of activated T cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`agonistic anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody MEDI6469:  An agonistic monoclonal antibody against the co-stimulatory receptor OX40 (CD134), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody MEDI6469 selectively binds to and activates OX40. OX40 activation induces proliferation of effector T-lymphocytes. In the presence of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), this may promote an immune response against the TAA-expressing tumor cells. OX40, a cell surface glycoprotein and member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is expressed on T-lymphocytes and provides a co-stimulatory signal for the proliferation and survival of activated T-cells.  
^`Agriflu:  (Other name for~ trivalent influenza vaccine) 
^`Agrylin:  (Other name for~ anagrelide hydrochloride) 
^`A-Hydrocort:  (Other name for~ hydrocortisone sodium succinate) 
^`AIM2(-1)/HT001(-1)/TAF1B(-1) frameshift peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing the three frame shift peptides (FSP) AIM2(-1), HT001(-1) and TAF1B(-1), with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, the AIM2(-1)/HT001(-1)/TAF1B(-1) FSP vaccine may induce an immune response against microsatellite instability (MSI) colorectal cancer-associated antigens. Frame shift mutations of AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2, an interferon-inducible protein), HT001 (asteroid homolog 1 or ASTE1, with an unknown function) and TAF1B (TATA box-binding protein-associated RNA polymerase I B, a transcription factor) are seen in MSI-positive colorectal cancers and may be associated with malignant transformation, tumor progression and the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. These FSPs all have one-base deletions.  
^`AK 3012:  A proprietary topical formulation. Upon subcutaneous administration, the active ingredient in AK 3012 may inhibit actinic keratosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Aknoten:  (Other name for~ tretinoin) 


^`AKT 1/2 inhibitor BAY1125976:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase AKT (protein kinase B) isoforms 1 and 2 (AKT1/2) with potential antineoplastic activity. AKT1/2 inhibitor BAY1125976 selectively binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation and activity of AKT1/2 in a non-ATP competitive manner, which may result in the inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. This may lead to both the reduction of cell proliferation and the induction of cell apoptosis in AKT-overexpressing tumor cells. The AKT signaling pathway is often deregulated in cancer and is associated with tumor cell proliferation, survival and migration.  
^`Akt antisense oligonucleotide RX-0201:  A 20-mer antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) against the proto-oncogene Akt with potential antineoplastic activity. Akt-1 antisense oligonucleotide RX-0201 binds to Akt-1 mRNA, inhibiting translation of the transcript; suppression of Akt-1 expression may result in the inhibition of cellular proliferation and the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress Akt-1. Akt-1 is a serine-threonine protein kinase that stimulates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of tumor cells.  
^`AKT inhibitor ARQ 092:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase AKT (protein kinase B) with potential antineoplastic activity. AKT inhibitor ARQ 092 binds to and inhibits the activity of AKT in a non-ATP competitive manner, which may result in the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This may lead to the reduction in tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. The AKT signaling pathway is often deregulated in cancer and is associated with tumor cell proliferation, survival and migration.  
^`Akt inhibitor AZD5363:  A novel pyrrolopyrimidine derivative, and an orally available inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase AKT (protein kinase B) with potential antineoplastic activity. AKT inhibitor AZD5363 binds to and inhibits all AKT isoforms. Inhibition of AKT prevents the phosphorylation of AKT substrates that mediate cellular processes, such as cell division, apoptosis, and glucose and fatty acid metabolism. A wide range of solid and hematological malignancies show dysregulated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling due to mutations in multiple signaling components. By targeting AKT, the key node in the PIK3/AKT signaling network, this agent may be used as monotherapy or combination therapy for a variety of human cancers.  
^`Akt inhibitor GSK2141795:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B) with potential antineoplastic activity. Akt inhibitor GSK2141795 binds to and inhibits the activity of Akt, which may result in inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis and dysregulated PI3K/Akt signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`Akt inhibitor LY2780301:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B) with potential antineoplastic activity. Akt inhibitor LY2780301 binds to and inhibits the activity of Akt, which may result in inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thereby leading to inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. Activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis and dysregulated PI3K/Akt signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`Akt inhibitor MK2206:  An orally bioavailable allosteric inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B) with potential antineoplastic activity. Akt inhibitor MK2206 binds to and inhibits the activity of Akt in a non-ATP competitive manner, which may result in the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis and dysregulated PI3K/Akt signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`Akt inhibitor SR13668:  An orally bioavailable indole-3-carbinol (I3C) analogue inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B) with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. Akt inhibitor SR13668 binds to and inhibits the activity of Akt, which may result in inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and tumor cell proliferation, and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis and dysregulated PI3K/Akt signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`Akt/ERK inhibitor ONC201:  A water soluble, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, Akt/ERK inhibitor ONC201 binds to and inhibits the activity of Akt and ERK, which may result in inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signal transduction pathway as well as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK-mediated pathway. This may lead to the induction of tumor cell apoptosis mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/TRAIL death receptor type 5 (DR5) signaling in AKT/ERK-overexpressing tumor cells. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and MAPK/ERK pathway are upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types and play a key role in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation and survival by inhibiting apoptosis. In addition, ONC201 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier.  
^`Akti-1/2 inhibitor treated tumor infiltrating lymphocytes:  Autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) harvested directly from the infiltrate of a patient's tumor and treated with an inhibitor of the serine/threonine kinases Akt-1 and -2 (Akti-1/2) during ex vivo expansion, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon reintroduction into the patient, the Akti-1/2-treated TILs recognize and kill cancer cells. Akt inhibition promotes the immunologic memory of the TILs and enhances their expansion, in vivo long-term persistence and antitumor activity.  
^`Akynzeo:  (Other name for~ netupitant and palonosetron hydrochloride) 
^`albuterol sulfate: The sulfate salt of the short-acting sympathomimetic agent albuterol, a 1: 1 racemic mixture of (R)-albuterol and (S)-albuterol with bronchodilator activity. Albuterol stimulates beta2-adrenergic receptors in the lungs, thereby activating the enzyme adenylate cyclase that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increased cAMP concentrations relax bronchial smooth muscle, relieve bronchospasms, and reduce inflammatory cell mediator release, especially from mast cells. To a lesser extent albuterol stimulates beta1-adrenergic receptors, thereby increasing the force and rate of myocardial contraction.  
^`Aldactone:  (Other name for~ spironolactone) 
^`Aldara:  (Other name for~ imiquimod) 
^`aldesleukin:  A recombinant analog of the endogenous cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) with immunoregulatory and antineoplastic activities. Aldesleukin binds to and activates the IL-2 receptor, followed by heterodimerization of the cytoplasmic domains of the IL-2R beta and gamma(c) chains; activation of the tyrosine kinase Jak3; and phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the IL-2R beta chain, resulting in an activated receptor complex. Various cytoplasmic signaling molecules are recruited to the activated receptor complex and become substrates for regulatory enzymes that are associated with the receptor complex. This agent enhances lymphocyte mitogenesis; stimulates long-term growth of human IL-2 dependent cell lines; enhances lymphocyte cytotoxicity; induces lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell and natural killer (NK) cell activities; and induces expression of interferon-gamma. Aldesleukin may induce T cell-mediated tumor regression in some tumor types.  
^`aldoxorubicin:  A 6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone derivative prodrug of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH) with antineoplastic activity. Following intravenous administration, aldoxorubicin binds selectively to the cysteine-34 position of albumin via its maleimide moiety. Doxorubicin is released from the albumin carrier after cleavage of the acid-sensitive hydrazone linker within the acidic environment of tumors and, once located intracellularly, intercalates DNA, inhibits DNA synthesis, and induces apoptosis. Albumin tends to accumulate in solid tumors as a result of high metabolic turnover, rapid angiogenesis, hyervasculature, and impaired lymphatic drainage. Because of passive accumulation within tumors, this agent may improve the therapeutic effects of doxorubicin while minimizing systemic toxicity.  
^`Alecensa:  (Other name for~ alectinib) 
^`alectinib:  An orally available inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, alectinib binds to and inhibits ALK kinase, ALK fusion proteins as well as the gatekeeper mutation ALKL1196M known as one of the mechanisms of acquired resistance to small-molecule kinase inhibitors. The inhibition leads to disruption of ALK-mediated signaling and eventually inhibits tumor cell growth in ALK-overexpressing tumor cells. ALK belongs to the insulin receptor superfamily and plays an important role in nervous system development. ALK dysregulation and gene rearrangements are associated with a series of tumors.  
^`alefacept:  A recombinant dimeric fusion protein consisting of the extracellular CD2-binding domain of the human leukocyte function-associated antigen 3 (LFA-3; CD58) linked to the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with potential immunosuppressive activity. Alefacept binds to the CD2 receptor expressed on the majority of T lymphocytes, blocking the binding of endogenous LFA-3, located on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), to the CD2 receptor; the activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes in response to LFA-3 binding is thus inhibited. In addition, binding of the IgG1 moiety of this agent to the Fc gamma receptor on the surface of natural killer (NK)cells may bridge NK cells and target T lymphocytes, initiating NK cell-mediated apoptosis of T lymphocytes.  
^`alemtuzumab:  A recombinant DNA-derived humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface glycoprotein CD52. Alemtuzumab is an IgG1 kappa with human variable framework and constant regions, and complementarity-determining regions derived from a rat monoclonal antibody. This agent selectively binds to CD52, thereby triggering a host immune response that results in lysis of CD52 + cells. CD52 is a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of essentially all normal and malignant B and T cells, a majority of monocytes, macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells, a subpopulation of granulocytes, and tissues of the male reproductive system.  
^`alendronate sodium:  The sodium salt of alendronate, a second generation bisphosphonate and synthetic analog of pyrophosphate with bone anti-resorption activity. Alendronate sodium binds to and inhibits the activity of geranyltranstransferase (farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase), an enzyme involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. Inhibition of this enzyme prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids (FPP and GGPP) that are donor substrates of farnesylation and geranylgeranylation during the post-translational modification of small GTPase signalling proteins, which is important in the process of osteoclast turnover. As a result, osteoclast activity is inhibited and bone resorption and turnover are reduced.  
^`Alfenta:  (Other name for~ alfentanil hydrochloride) 
^`alfentanil hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of alfentanil, a synthetic short-acting opioid with analgesic and local anesthesia enhancing activity. Alfentanil hydrochloride primarily binds to mu-opioid receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor, thereby mimicking the actions of morphine, the prototypical mu receptor agonist. This agent induces anti-nociception responses mediated through inhibiting the release of various neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline; in addition, the release of vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin and glucagon are also inhibited.  
^`Alferon:  (Other name for~ recombinant interferon alpha-2a) 
^`Alferon N:  (Other name for~ recombinant interferon alfa) 
^`alfuzosin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of alfuzosin, a quinazoline compound with smooth muscle-relaxing activity. Alfuzosin selectively binds to and antagonizes post-synaptic alpha1-adrenoreceptors in smooth muscle of the prostate, bladder base, bladder neck, prostatic capsule, and prostatic urethra, initiating relaxation of smooth muscle and resulting in improvement of urine flow and the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This agent also blocks alpha1-adrenoreceptors in peripheral vascular smooth muscle, resulting in vasodilatation and a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.  
^`algenpantucel-L:  A cancer vaccine comprised of irradiated allogeneic pancreatic cancer cells transfected to express murine alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase with potential antitumor activity. Vaccination is associated with the expression of murine alpha-1,3-galactosyl (alpha-gal) carbohydrate residues on cell membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids of the vaccine pancreatic cancer cell allograft; murine alpha-gal epitopes, not present on human cells, then induce a hyperacute rejection of the vaccine pancreatic cancer cell allograft. The hyperacute rejection involves the binding of pre-existing human anti-alpha-gal antibodies (which naturally occur against gut flora) to murine alpha-gal epitopes, resulting in the rapid activation of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) towards allograft cells. The host immune system then attacks endogenous pancreatic cancer cells, resulting in ADCC towards endogenous pancreatic cancer cells.  
^`ALIMTA:  (Other name for~ pemetrexed disodium) 
^`Alinia:  (Other name for~ nitazoxanide) 
^`alisertib:  A second-generation, orally bioavailable, highly selective small molecule inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase Aurora A kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. Alisertib binds to and inhibits Aurora A kinase, which may result in disruption of the assembly of the mitotic spindle apparatus, disruption of chromosome segregation, and inhibition of cell proliferation. Aurora A kinase localizes to the spindle poles and to spindle microtubules during mitosis, and is thought to regulate spindle assembly. Aberrant expression of Aurora kinases occurs in a wide variety of cancers, including colon and breast cancers.  
^`alitretinoin:  An orally- and topically-active naturally-occurring retinoic acid with antineoplastic, chemopreventive, teratogenic, and embryotoxic activities. Alitretinoin binds to and activates nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR); these activated receptors act as transcription factors, regulating gene expression that results in the inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of cell differentiation, and apoptosis of both normal cells and tumor cells.  
^`ALK Inhibitor ASP3026:  An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, ASP3026 binds to and inhibits ALK tyrosine kinase, ALK fusion proteins and ALK point mutation variants. Inhibition of ALK leads to the disruption of ALK-mediated signaling and the inhibition of cell growth in ALK-expressing tumor cells. ALK belongs to the insulin receptor superfamily and plays an important role in nervous system development. ALK is not expressed in healthy adult human tissue but ALK dysregulation and gene rearrangements are associated with a series of tumors. Additionally, ALK mutations are associated with acquired resistance to small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors.  
^`ALK inhibitor RO5424802:  An orally available inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ALK inhibitor RO5424802 binds to and inhibits ALK kinase, which leads to a disruption of ALK-mediated signaling and eventually inhibits tumor cell growth in ALK-overexpressing tumor cells. ALK belongs to the insulin receptor superfamily and plays an important role in nervous system development. ALK dysregulation and gene rearrangements are associated with a series of tumors. Additionally, ALK mutations are associated with acquired resistance to small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors.  
^`ALK inhibitor X-396:  An orally available small molecule inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, X-396 binds to and inhibits ALK kinase, ALK fusion proteins and ALK point mutation variants. Inhibition of ALK leads to the disruption of ALK-mediated signaling and eventually inhibits tumor cell growth in ALK-expressing tumor cells. ALK belongs to the insulin receptor superfamily and plays an important role in nervous system development. ALK is not expressed in healthy adult human tissue but ALK dysregulation and gene rearrangements are associated with a series of tumors; ALK mutations are associated with acquired resistance to small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors.  
^`ALK/FAK/Pyk2 inhibitor CT-707:  An orally available inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ALK/FAK/Pyk2 inhibitor CT-707 selectively binds to and inhibits ALK , FAK and Pyk2. The inhibition leads to disruption of ALK- , FAK- and Pyk2-mediated signal transduction pathways and eventually inhibits tumor cell growth in ALK-, FAK- and Pyk2-overexpressing tumor cells. Expression of these tyrosine kinases is dysregulated in various tumor types; they play a key role in tumor cell migration, proliferation, survival, and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`ALK/ROS1 inhibitor PF-06463922:  An orally available, ATP-competitive inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and C-ros oncogene 1 (Ros1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ALK/ROS1 inhibitor PF-06463922 binds to and inhibits both ALK and ROS1 kinases. The kinase inhibition leads to disruption of ALK- and ROS1-mediated signaling and eventually inhibits tumor cell growth in ALK- and ROS1-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, PF-06463922 is able to cross the blood brain barrier. ALK belongs to the insulin receptor superfamily and plays an important role in nervous system development; ALK dysregulation and gene rearrangements are associated with a series of tumors. ROS1, overexpressed in certain cancer cells, plays a key role in cell growth and survival of cancer cells.  
^`ALK/TRK inhibitor TSR-011:  An orally available inhibitor of both the receptor tyrosine kinase anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and the tropomyosin-related kinases (TRK) TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ALK/TRK inhibitor TSR-011 binds to and inhibits both ALK and TRK kinases. The inhibition leads to disruption of ALK- and TRK-mediated signaling and impedes tumor cell growth in ALK/TRK-overexpressing tumor cells. ALK belongs to the insulin receptor superfamily and plays an important role in nervous system development; ALK dysregulation and gene rearrangements are associated with a series of tumors. TRK, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases activated by neurotrophins, is mutated in a variety of cancer cell types and plays an important role in tumor cell growth and survival.  
^`ALK5 inhibitor TEW-7197:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/threonine kinase, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta receptor type 1 (TGFBR1), also known as activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, ALK5 inhibitor TEW-7197 inhibits the activity of TGFBR1 and prevents TGF-beta/TGFBR1-mediated signaling. This suppresses tumor growth in TGFBR1-overexpressing tumor cells. TGFBR1, which is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation. Expression of TGF-beta promotes tumor cell proliferation, enhances the migration of tumor cells and suppresses the response of the host immune system to tumor cells.  
^`Alka Seltzer Gold:  (Other name for~ sodium bicarbonate/potassium bicarbonate/anhydrous citric acid) 
^`Alkagin:  (Other name for~ zinc oxide/aluminum starch octenylsuccinate/glycyrrhetinic phytosome/vitamin E/botanical extracts-based skin protectant paste) 
^`Alkeran:  (Other name for~ melphalan hydrochloride) 
^`Alkeran:  (Other name for~ melphalan) 
^`ALK-FAK inhibitor CEP-37440:  An orally available dual kinase inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ALK-FAK inhibitor CEP-37440 selectively binds to and inhibits ALK kinase and FAK kinase. The inhibition leads to disruption of ALK- and FAK-mediated signal transduction pathways and eventually inhibits tumor cell growth in ALK- and FAK-overexpressing tumor cells. ALK belongs to the insulin receptor superfamily and plays an important role in nervous system development; its dysregulation and gene rearrangements are associated with a variety of tumors. The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase FAK, a signal transducer for integrins, is upregulated and constitutively activated in various tumor types; it plays a key role in tumor cell migration, proliferation, survival, and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`Allegra:  (Other name for~ fexofenadine hydrochloride) 
^`AllerNaze:  (Other name for~ triamcinolone acetonide) 
^`allodepleted haploidentical T cells expressing inducible Caspase 9:  Allodepleted haploidentical T-lymphocytes transduced with the Gal-V pseudotyped retrovirus vector encoding SFG.iCasp9-2A-deltaCD19, with potential immune reconstitution property. SFG.iCasp9-2A-deltaCD19 contains the suicide gene inducible caspase 9 (iCasp9) linked with a 2A-like cleavable peptide to the selectable marker, truncated human CD19 (deltaCD19). iCasp9 consists of a human FK506 drug-binding domain with an F36V mutation (FKBP12-F36V) linked to human caspase 9 using a short linker (SGGGS). Donor T cell therapy may help control transplant-related viral infections following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, even the addition of allodepleted donor T cells can lead to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In the event that GVHD begins to develop, the chemical homodimerizer AP1903 can be administered, which binds to the FKBP12-F36V domain activating caspase 9. This results in the death of T cells causing GVHD while sparing the virus reactive T-cells.  
^`allodepleted T cell immunotherapeutic ATIR101:  A cell-based immunotherapeutic product containing T-lymphocyte-enriched leukocytes that are devoid of alloreactive T-lymphocytes, that can potentially be used to restore lymphocyte levels after stem cell transplantations and are derived from partially matched (haploidentical) family donors for blood cancer patients who do not have a matching stem cell donor available. Host alloreactive T-cells, which can cause graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), are eliminated from the donor lymphocytes ex vivo using photodynamic therapy. After allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), allodepleted T cell immunotherapeutic ATIR101 is administered. This maintains a T-cell-mediated immune response against tumor cells and the donor T-cells can prevent opportunistic infections. ATIR101 does not cause severe, acute GVHD. In addition, administration of ATIR101 eliminates the need for immunosuppressants.  
^`Allodepleted T-cell ImmunotheRapeutics:  (Other name for~ allodepleted T cell immunotherapeutic ATIR101) 
^`AlloDerm:  (Other name for~ acelullar cadaveric dermal matrix) 
^`allogeneic acute myeloid leukemia antigen-expressing dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of allogeneic, immortalized dendritic precursor cells derived from a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon ex vivo stimulation and expansion of the precursor cells into mature, fully functional dendritic cells (DCs) and subsequent administration, the allogeneic AML antigen-expressing DC vaccine may elicit a potent cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) and antibody response against AML antigen-expressing cells, resulting in tumor cell death.  
^`allogeneic adenovirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A population of allogeneic cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) specifically reactive to human adenovirus (Ad) with potential immunomodulating and anti-adenoviral activities. Upon immunoprophylactic adoptive cell therapy, infusion of allogeneic Ad-specific CTLs may help reconstitute Ad-specific CTL responses in patients at risk of developing Ad infections after allogeneic stem cell transplant or in Ad-infected immunocompromised hosts. These allogeneic Ad-specific CTLs are prepared by multiple rounds of stimulation with donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymphoblastoid cell lines that have been transduced with Ad5f35, a recombinant adenoviral vector carrying no transgene.  
^`allogeneic B7.1/HLA-A1 transfected tumor cell vaccine:  An allogeneic whole cell vaccine, derived from irradiated allogenic tumor cells manipulated to express human B7.1 (CD80 antigen) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A1, with potential antitumor activity. Vaccination with allogeneic B7.1/HLA-A1 transfected tumor cell vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against similar host tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor cell proliferation.  
^`allogeneic CD19-specific CAR-modified CD8 positive central memory-derived virus-specific T cells:  A preparation of allogeneic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)- and human cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD8+ central memory-derived T effector-lymphocytes that have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) anti-CD19/CD3 zeta chain fusion protein coupled to the intracellular signal domain of CD28 antigen, with potential immunostimulating, anti-viral and antineoplastic activities. Upon infusion, allogeneic CD19-specific CAR-modified CD8+ central memory-derived virus-specific T cells directs the T-lymphocytes to CD19-expressing tumor cells, stimulating a selective toxicity to tumor cells which may eventually result in tumor cell lysis. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies. The viral specific T-cells exert antiviral immunity.  
^`allogeneic CD4+ memory Th1-like T cells/microparticle-bound anti-CD3/anti-CD28: A preparation consisting of allogeneic, differentiated Th1-like T cells bound to T cell-stimulating monoclonal antibodies with potential antitumor activity. More specifically, allogeneic CD4+ memory Th1-like T cells/microparticle-bound anti-CD3/anti-CD28 are composed of a proprietary preparation of mismatched, allogeneic differentiated CD4+ memory Th1-like T cells bound to paramagnetic, epoxy-covered 4.5 micron microparticles with covalently bound anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies at a 2:1 bead: cell ratio. The CD4+ memory Th1-like T cells are derived from precursors found in the circulation of a normal donor. Stimulated by the microparticle-bound monoclonal antibodies, the infused T cells produce pro-inflammatory, anti-tumor cytokines such as like IFN-gamma, TNF-beta, and IL-2, disabling tumor immune avoidance mechanisms and stimulating the host immune system to both reject the infused T cells and kill tumor cells.  
^`allogeneic CMV/AdV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A population of allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specifically reactive to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and adenovirus (AdV) with potential antiviral activity. Allogeneic CMV/AdV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are prepared by exposing donor-derived CTLs to a lethally irradiated Epstein-Barr virus-positive lymphoblastoid B cell line (EBV-LCL) that has been transduced with a clinical-grade adenoviral vector (Ad5f35CMVpp65) as a source of CMV and AdV antigens. Infusion of these CTLs into stem cell transplant recipients may prevent CMV and AdV viral disease.  
^`allogeneic cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A population of allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specifically reactive to the herpes virus cytomegalovirus (CMV) with potential immunomodulating and antiviral activities. Upon immunoprophylactic adoptive cell therapy infusion with allogeneic cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, these CTLs may help reconstitute CMV-specific CTL responses in CMV-infected immunocompromised hosts after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, thereby potentially preventing the occurrence of CMV viral disease or reducing the amount of antiviral drug therapy.  
^`allogeneic dendritic cell vaccine COMBIG-DC:  A cancer vaccine consisting of allogeneic, immortalized dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with tumor specific antigens and activated, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration of the allogeneic dendritic cell vaccine COMBIG-DC, these activated DCs attract natural killer (NK) cells, induce an anti-inflammatory response leading to the induction of NK-cell-mediated tumor cell death. Upon release of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) from the lysed tumor cells, these antigens are taken up by antigen presenting cells which activate the immune system to elicit a potent cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against the TAAs, resulting in the death of TAAs-expressing tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`allogeneic dendritic cell-myeloma idiotype vaccine:  A cell-based vaccine composed of allogeneic dendritic cells pulsed ex-vivo with an autologous myeloma idiotype with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, allogeneic dendritic cell-myeloma idiotype vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against myeloma cells, resulting in cell lysis.  
^`allogeneic Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A preparation of lymphocytes harvested from a patient with an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive tumor. Ex vivo, the lymphocytes are activated against EBV-specific antigens and then returned to the patient, where they mount a specific immune response against EBV-positive tumor cells.  
^`allogeneic glioblastoma stem-like cell line lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with lysates from an allogeneic glioblastoma (GBM) stem-like cell line, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration allogeneic glioblastoma stem-like cell line lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine exposes the immune system to GBM stem cell antigens, which may result in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against GBM cells. This leads to GBM cell lysis. GBM stem-like cells contain a specific range of antigens that are essential for the neoplastic growth and survival of GBM cells.  
^`allogeneic GM-CSF-secreting breast cancer vaccine:  An allogenic vaccine consisting of irradiated breast cancer cells transfected with the granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene. Upon vaccination, the genetically modified cells secrete GM-CSF, thereby potentiating a tumor-specific T cell response against breast cancer cell-asociated antigens.  
^`allogeneic GM-CSF-secreting lethally irradiated whole melanoma cell vaccine:  An allogeneic cancer vaccine composed of lethally irradiated whole melanoma cancer cells that are genetically modified to secrete the immunostimulatory cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal injections, allogeneic GM-CSF-secreting lethally irradiated whole melanoma cell vaccine secretes GM-CSF. In turn, GM-CSF may stimulate the body's immune system against tumor cells by enhancing the activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and promoting antigen presentation to both B- and T-lymphocytes. In addition, GM-CSF promotes antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin-2-mediated lymphokine-activated killer cell function. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`allogeneic GM-CSF-secreting tumor vaccine PANC 10.05 pcDNA-1/GM-Neo:  An allogeneic cancer vaccine composed of lethally irradiated, whole pancreatic cancer cells transfected with a plasmid carrying the gene for cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Allogeneic GM-CSF–secreting tumor vaccine PANC 10.05 pcDNA-1/GM-Neo secretes GM-CSF thereby activating dendritic cells, promoting antigen presentation to B- and T-cells, and promoting a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response. This may eventually kill tumor cells. The pancreatic tumor cells are derived from the PANC 10.05 tumor cell line.  
^`allogeneic GM-CSF-secreting tumor vaccine PANC 6.03 pcDNA-1/GM-Neo:  An allogeneic cancer vaccine composed of lethally irradiated, whole pancreatic cancer cells transfected with a plasmid carrying the gene for cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Allogeneic GM-CSF–secreting tumor vaccine PANC 6.03 pcDNA-1/GM-Neo secretes GM-CSF thereby activating dendritic cells, promoting antigen presentation to B- and T-cells, and promoting a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response. This may eventually kill tumor cells. The pancreatic tumor cells are derived from the PANC 6.03 tumor cell line.  
^`allogeneic GM-CSF-transfected myeloma cell vaccine:  An allogeneic tumor cell vaccine containing myeloma cancer cells transfected with the granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon vaccination, allogeneic GM-CSF-based myeloma cellular vaccine secretes GM-CSF, which may potentiate a tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against myeloma cancer cell-associated antigens.  
^`allogeneic HLA A2/4-1BB ligand-expressing melanoma vaccine:  An allogeneic melanoma cell vaccine derived from a cell line with high expression of melanoma associated antigens and genetically modified to express both HLA-A2 and 4-1BB ligand, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the 4-1BB ligand of the allogeneic HLA-A2/4-1BB ligand-expressing melanoma vaccine binds to 4-1BB on activated T-lymphocytes, which induces a strong immune response against HLA-A2 positive melanoma cells.  
^`allogeneic IL13-zetakine/HyTK-expressing-glucocorticoid resistant cytotoxic T lymphocytes GRm13Z40-2:  A preparation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) negative, allogeneic cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) expressing a membrane-tethered interleukin 13 (IL13) cytokine chimeric T-cell antigen receptor (zetakine), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon transfection of donor T-lymphocytes with a plasmid encoding a fusion protein of the IL13-zetakine and the selection-suicide expression enzyme HyTK, these modified CTLs are expanded and introduced into a patient with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). This agent specifically targets IL13 receptor alpha2, a glioma-restricted cell-surface epitope; the CTLs exert their cytolytic effect thereby killing IL13Ra2-expressing glioma cells. In addition, IL13-zetakine redirected CTLs induce production of certain cytokines. Furthermore, due to the fact that these CTLs are GR negative, they can be used concomitantly with glucocorticoid therapy. The IL13-zetakine consists of an extracellular IL-13 E13Y mutein-human IgG4 hinge-Fc chimera fused to human cytoplasmic CD3-zeta via the transmembrane domain of human CD4.  
^`allogeneic irradiated melanoma cell vaccine CSF470:  An allogeneic cancer vaccine composed of a mixture of lethally irradiated whole melanoma cancer cells obtained from four different melanoma cell lines, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal injections, allogeneic irradiated melanoma cell vaccine may stimulate the body's immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the melanoma cancer cells.  
^`allogeneic large multivalent immunogen breast cancer vaccine:  A cancer vaccine, containing human-specific large multivalent immunogens (LMIs) isolated from the membrane fraction of cells from a breast cancer cell line, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, allogeneic large multivalent immunogen breast cancer vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against tumor cells that express the breast cancer cell-specific LMIs.  
^`allogeneic large multivalent immunogen melanoma vaccine LP2307:  A cancer vaccine, containing human-specific large multivalent immunogen (LMI) isolated from plasma membrane fractions of the melanoma cell lines MSM-M1 and MSM-M2, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, allogeneic large multivalent immunogen melanoma vaccine LP2307 may stimulate a CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against melanoma tumor cells that express melanoma-specific LMI.  
^`allogeneic LMP1-/LMP2- specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes:  A preparation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL), specifically reactive to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane proteins (LMP) 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are collected from a donor and are exposed ex vivo to dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with a replication-deficient adenovirus encoding EBV LMP1/2 to generate LMP1/2-specific CTL which are subsequently expanded. Administration of allogeneic LMP1-/LMP2- specific CTL to patients with LMP1/2-positive tumors may result in a specific CTL response against tumor cells expressing LMP1 and LMP2, resulting in cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. As tumor associated antigens (TAAs), LMP1 and LMP2 are expressed in various malignancies including nasopharyngeal cancer and EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma.  
^`allogeneic melanoma vaccine AGI-101H: A cancer vaccine derived from two gentically modified human melanoma cell lines with potential antineoplastic activity. Allogeneic melanoma vaccine AGI-101H consists of a 1: 1 mixture of cells from two genetically modified human melanoma cell lines, designated as Mich1H6 and Mich2H6, that have been gamma-irradiated to render the cells non-proliferative. Upon administration, this vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic immune response against melanoma tumor cells.  
^`allogeneic mesothelioma tumor lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with a mixture of lysates from five allogeneic mesothelioma tumor cell lines, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon leukapheresis, DCs are loaded with allogeneic mesothelioma tumor cell lysates. Upon re-administration of the allogeneic mesothelioma tumor lysate-pulsed autologous DC vaccine, the immune system is exposed to an undefined amount of mesothelioma-associated antigens, which stimulates the induction of a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against mesothelioma tumor cells and leads to tumor cell lysis.  
^`allogeneic multipotent adult progenitor cells:  A biologic product that consists of undifferentiated stem cells, obtained from adult bone marrow or other non-embryonic tissue sources, that are expanded in vitro and deposited in master cell banks for "off-the-shelf" use, with potential hematopoiesis-inducing and immunomodulating activities. Allogeneic multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) are non-immunogenic due to the lack of major histocompatibility (MHC) molecule expression, and so elicit no immune response upon administration. In vivo, bone marrow-derived adult stem cells are capable of maturing into a broad range of cell types and may help restore the immune system by producing multiple therapeutic molecules in response to inflammation and tissue damage.  
^`allogeneic multivirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A population of closely human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched, donor-derived cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that are specifically reactive towards five viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), adenovirus (AdV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6), and human polyomavirus type I (BKV), with potential antiviral activity. Infusion of the multivirus-specific CTLs into allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients provides virus-specific cellular immunity and causes specific anti-viral effects against active viral infections. The administered CTLs also prevent EBV, CMV, AdV, HHV6, and BKV reactivation and infection as well as inhibiting viral-associated diseases in immunocompromised patients. The allogeneic multivirus-specific CTLs may also provide cellular immunity towards the human polyomavirus type II (JC virus; JCV), which is highly homologous to BKV.  
^`allogeneic natural killer cell line MG4101:  A population of allogeneic, cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells with potential antitumor activity. Allogeneic natural killer cell line MG4101 is derived from cells of a normal, healthy donor upon leukapheresis and activation.  
^`allogeneic natural killer cell line NK-92:  A proprietary, human cytotoxic cell line composed of allogeneic, activated, interleukin-2 (IL-2) dependent-natural killer cells derived from a 50-year old male patient with rapidly progressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, with potential antineoplastic activity. As NK-92 cells are devoid of killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs; also called killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors), which are negative regulators of NK cell activity, cancer cells are unable to suppress the cancer cell killing ability of the NK-92 cells. Upon infusion of the allogeneic NK cell line NK-92, the NKs recognize and bind to tumor cells. This leads to the secretion and release of perforins, granzymes, cytokines and chemokines, which results in cancer cell lysis and apoptosis. In addition, NK-92 cells express high affinity Fc receptors, which bind to therapeutic antibodies; therefore, this agent can enhance antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of co-administered therapeutic antibodies.  
^`allogeneic renal cell carcinoma vaccine MGN1601: A whole cell vaccine comprised of irradiated allogeneic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Allogeneic renal cell carcinoma vaccine MGN1601 contains two active ingredients:  1) genetically modified allogeneic RCC cells that are transiently transfected with four different MIDGE (Minimalistic Immunogenically Defined Gene Expression) vectors encoding IL-7, GM-CSF, CD80 and CD154 and 2) the synthetic DNA-based immunomodulator dSLIM-30L1, a TLR9 agonist. Vaccination results in expression of IL-7, GM-CSF, CD80 and CD154, which all contribute to the activation or enhancement of immune responses. Furthermore, administration of this RCC vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against similar host tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor growth. TLR9 is a member of the TLR family, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity.  
^`allogeneic T lymphocytes BPX-501:  Allogeneic T lymphocytes with potential immune reconstitution activity. Donor T lymphocytes are transduced with a retroviral vector (BPZ-1001) encoding the inducible suicide gene caspase 9 (iCasp9) and linked to a drug binding domain. Donor T-cell therapy may help control transplant-related infections following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, the addition of donor T cells can lead to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In the event that GVHD begins to develop, the chemical homodimerizer AP1903 can be administered, which binds to the drug binding domain and induces caspase 9 expression. This activates apoptosis in the T cells causing GVHD.  
^`allogeneic tumor cell vaccine:  A vaccine composed of tumor cells isolated from the tumor of one patient, killed and processed, and administered to another patient in order to stimulate cytotoxic immune responses to a similar tumor cell type. The cells found in this type of whole-cell vaccine express many cell-surface tumor-associated antigens. This vaccine is frequently administered with an adjuvant immunostimulant.  
^`allopurinol:  A structural isomer of hypoxanthine. Allopurinol inhibits xanthine oxidase, an enzyme that converts oxypurines to uric acid. By blocking the production of uric acid, this agent decreases serum and urine concentrations of uric acid, thereby providing protection against uric acid-mediated end organ damage in conditions associated with excessive production of uric acid, i.e. the massive cell lysis associated with the treatment of some malignancies.  
^`allosteric Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor ABL001:  An orally bioavailable, allosteric Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Designed to overcome resistance, ABL001 binds to the Abl portion of the Bcr-Abl fusion protein at a location that is distinct from the ATP-binding domain. This binding results in the inhibition of Bcr-Abl-mediated proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) hematological malignancies. The Bcr-Abl fusion protein tyrosine kinase is an abnormal enzyme produced by leukemia cells that contain the Philadelphia chromosome.  
^`almurtide:  A synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP) H8analogue with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activity. As a derivative of the mycobacterial cell wall component MDP, almurtide activates both monocytes and macrophages. This results in the secretion of cytokines and induces the recruitment and activation of other immune cells, which may result in indirect tumoricidal or cytostatic effects.  
^`Alocrest:  (Other name for~ injectable liposomal vinorelbine) 
^`aloe vera gel:  A preparation of leaf pulp from the parenchymal tissue of the plant Aloe vera (Liliaceae). Aloe vera gel contains carbohydrate polymers, such as glucomannans or pectic acid, and various vitamins and essential amino acids, as well as other organic and inorganic compounds. This agent has been used internally or externally for sunburn, skin problems, insect bites, ulcers, arthritis, constipation, and as an immune system enhancer.  
^`aloe/anise/ascorbic acid/clove/glycerin/peppermint/spearmint/thyme-based herbal mouthwash:  A herbal-based mouthrinse containing aloe, anise, ascorbic acid, clove, peppermint, spearmint and thyme, with potential anti-mucositic activity. When aloe/anise/ascorbic acid/clove/peppermint/spearmint/thyme-based mouthwash is used as a rinse, the ingredients in this agent may prevent or decrease inflammation and bacterial infections.This may prevent or inhibit radiotherapy- or chemotherapy-induced mucositis and decreases the pain associated with mucositis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`alogliptin:  A selective, orally bioavailable, pyrimidinedione-based inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. In addition to its effect on glucose levels, alogliptin may inhibit inflammatory responses by preventing the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)-mediated formation of proinflammatory cytokines.  
^`Aloxi:  (Other name for~ palonosetron hydrochloride) 
^`alpelisib:  An orally bioavailable phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Alpelisib specifically inhibits PIK3 in the PI3K/AKT kinase (or protein kinase B) signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the activation of the PI3K signaling pathway. This may result in inhibition of tumor cell growth and survival in susceptible tumor cell populations. Activation of the PI3K signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis. Dysregulated PI3K signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`alpha fetoprotein adenoviral vector vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of a recombinant adenoviral vector encoding alpha fetoprotein. After vaccination, expressed alpha fetoprotein may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that express alpha fetoprotein, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`alpha fetoprotein plasmid DNA vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of plasmid DNA encoding alpha fetoprotein. After vaccination, expressed alpha fetoprotein may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that express alpha fetoprotein, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase-expressing allogeneic lung tumor cell vaccine:  An allogeneic lung cancer vaccine with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Derived from allogeneic lung tumor cells, alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase-expressing allogeneic lung tumor cell vaccine is engineered to express the murine alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT), an enzyme humans lack. GalT catalyzes the expression of foreign alpha-1,3-galactosyl (alpha-gal) carbohydrate epitopes in glycoproteins and in glycolipids on the cell membranes of the allogeneic lung tumor cells present in the vaccine, essentially producing a "xenograft". The hyperacute rejection involves pre-existing human anti-alpha-gal antibodies that bind the foreign alpha-gal epitopes expressed by the vaccine tumor cell “xenograft”, resulting in complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) towards endogenous lung tumor cells with unmodified carbohydrate epitopes.  
^`alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase-expressing allogeneic renal cell carcinoma vaccine:  An allogeneic renal cell cancer (RCC) vaccine composed of cell line-derived RCCs that are genetically engineered to express the murine alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Not naturally occurring in humans, GalT catalyzes the expression of foreign alpha-1,3-galactosyl (alpha-gal) carbohydrate epitopes on the cell membranes of the allogeneic RCCs present in the vaccine. This induces a hyperacute rejection reaction involving pre-existing human anti-alpha-gal antibodies, which bind to the foreign alpha-gal epitopes expressed by the allogeneic RCCs. This results in complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) towards endogenous RCCs with unmodified carbohydrate epitopes.  
^`alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor human:  Human serum-derived alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (alpha-1-antitrypsin or AAT) with immunomodulating and anti-inflammatory activity. Upon administration, AAT reduces the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-32, IL-6, and proteinase 3, and induces the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and the IL-1 receptor antagonist IL-1RN. This agent also downregulates heparan sulfate and reduces the expansion of cytotoxic effector T cells, interferes with the maturation of dendritic cells and increases T regulatory cells. Altogether, AAT may attenuate acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and may facilitate graft acceptance and survival. In addition, AAT enhances levels of cAMP and activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. AAT, a 52kD protein and serine protease inhibitor, belongs to the serpin superfamily.  
^`alpha-fetoprotein peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine comprising autologous dendritic cells pulsed with four alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) peptides, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, AFP peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against AFP-expressing cancer cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. AFP is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells.  
^`alpha-folate receptor-targeting thymidylate synthase inhibitor ONX-0801:  An alpha-folate receptor (aFR)-mediated inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (TS), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous infusion, ONX-0801 selectively targets and binds to aFR-expressing tumor cells. Upon uptake by aFR, this agent binds to and inhibits TS. This reduces thymine nucleotide synthesis, inhibits both DNA synthesis and cell division, and leads to tumor cell apoptosis. TS catalyzes the conversion of deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), an essential precursor for DNA synthesis, and plays a key role in cell growth and division. aFR, a cell-surface receptor glycoprotein, is overexpressed on various tumor cell types, but is minimally expressed by normal, healthy tissue.  
^`alpha-Gal glycosphingolipids:  A preparation of glycosphingolipids (GSL), containing the disaccharide epitope galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-Gal), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intratumoral injection, alpha-Gal glycosphingolipids may stimulate the immune system to mount complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses against alpha-Gal GSL, which may result in tumor cell death; these responses involve natural anti-alpha-Gal immunoglobulins (Igs). As antibodies that occur naturally due to sensitization to alpha-Gal present on symbiotic bacterial flora, anti-alpha-Gal Igs are present in unusually high amounts in human sera. GSL represent a glycolipid subtype containing the amino alcohol sphingosine; tumor-associated GSL antigens contain various oligosaccharide residues.  
^`alpha-galactosylceramide-pulsed autologous dendritic cells:  A cancer vaccine comprised of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with the marine sponge glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) with potential immunostimulatory and antimetastatic activities. Upon administration, alpha-galactosylceramide-pulsed autologous dendritic cells may result in the activation and proliferation of a subset of endogenous natural killer T ( NKT) cells, B cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and the production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-12; these cascade events may result in a T helper-1 cell-biased proinflammatory antitumor immune response. The NKT cell ligand alpha-GalCer was originally isolated from the marine sponge Agelas mauritianusis.  
^`alpha-lipoic acid:  A naturally occurring micronutrient, synthesized in small amounts by plants and animals (including humans), with antioxidant and potential chemopreventive activities. Alpha-lipoic acid acts as a free radical scavenger and assists in repairing oxidative damage and regenerates endogenous antioxidants, including vitamins C and E and glutathione. This agent also promotes glutathione synthesis. In addition, alpha-lipoic acid exerts metal chelating capacities and functions as a cofactor in various mitochondrial enzyme complexes involved in the decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids.  
^`alpha-lipoic acid/vitamin/mineral supplement PolyMVA:  A proprietary water- and lipid-soluble polymer-based nutritional supplement composed of a complex mixture of alpha-lipoic acid bound to palladium (palladium lipoic acid complex (PdLA)) and other minerals, vitamins and amino acids, including vitamins B1, B2 and B12, formylmethionine, acetyl cysteine, and trace amounts of molybdinum, rhodium, and ruthenium, with potential anti-oxidant and cytoprotective activities. Upon oral administration, the alpha-lipoic acid-palladium/vitamin/mineral supplement acts as a free radical scavenger, crosses the cell membrane and is able to transfer electrons from fatty acids to DNA via the electron transport chain in mitochondria, which protects against DNA damage. This could protect non-cancerous cells from the oxidative damage caused by radiation and chemotherapy. In addition, in the hypoxic conditions found within tumors, the excess electrons can generate free radicals within mitochondria and could induce both cytochrome c release and apoptosis.  
^`alpha-tocopherol:  A naturally-occurring form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin with potent antioxidant properties. Considered essential for the stabilization of biological membranes (especially those with high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids), d-alpha-Tocopherol is a potent peroxyl radical scavenger and inhibits noncompetitively cyclooxygenase activity in many tissues, resulting in a decrease in prostaglandin production. Vitamin E also inhibits angiogenesis and tumor dormancy through suppressing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transcription.  
^`alpha-tocopheryloxyacetic acid:  An orally bioavailable vitamin E derivative with potential antineoplastic and immunostimulating activities. Upon administration, alpha-tocopheryloxyacetic acid (alpha-TEA) induces tumor autophagy; the autophagosomes formed, which carry tumor associated antigens (TAAs), allow for increased cross-presentation of TAAs by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This activates a T-cell-mediated T-helper type 1 (TH1) response, generates a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against cancer cells, and reduces the frequency of regulatory T-cell (Treg) differentiation. In addition, alpha-TEA modulates the release of various cytokines and chemokines and induces tumor cell apoptosis. Altogether, this results in decreased tumor cell proliferation.  
^`alpha-type-1 polarized dendritic cells: A population of mature polarized dendritic cells with potent immunostimulating activity. Treating bone marrowed-derived dendritic cells (DCs) with interferon-alpha (IFN-a), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and bacterial CpG-DNA produces mature but not exhausted alpha type-1 polarized DCs (alphaDC1) that are capable of:  1) high responsiveness to other lymphoid chemokines, and 2) producing high levels of interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70), characteristics found in human type-1 polarized dendritic cells. When pulsed with specific tumor associated antigens (TAAs), alphaDC1 may induce a potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against TAA-expressing tumor cells.  
^`alprazolam:  A triazolobenzodiazepine agent with anxiolytic, sedative-hypnotic and anticonvulsant activities. Alprazolam binds to a specific site distinct from the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) binding site on the benzodiazepine-GABA-A-chloride ionophore receptor complex located in the limbic, thalamic and hypothalamic regions of the central nervous system (CNS). This binding causes an allosteric modification of the receptor and enhances the affinity of GABA to the receptor leading to an increase in the frequency of chloride-channel opening events. This leads to an increase in chloride ion conductance, neuronal hyperpolarization, inhibition of the action potential and leads to a decrease in neuronal excitability.  
^`alprostadil:  The naturally occuring prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) which displays a variety of pharmacologic actions. Alprostadil is a potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow, inhibits platelet aggregation, and induces bronchodilation. Used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, this agent produces corporal smooth muscle relaxation by binding to PGE receptors, resulting in the activation of adenylate cyclase and the subsequent accumulation of 3'5'-cAMP.  
^`Altace:  (Other name for~ ramipril) 
^`alteplase:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). tPA is a serine protease which converts plasminogen to plasmin, a fibrinolytic enzyme. Upon administration, alteplase increases plasmin enzymatic activity, resulting in hyperfibrinolysis and potential dissolution of a thrombus or embolism.  
^`Althose:  (Other name for~ methadone hydrochloride) 
^`altiratinib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2), Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinase (TIE2), and tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk), with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, altiratinib selectively binds to c-Met, VEGFR2, Tie2 and Trk tyrosine kinases, which may lead to the inhibition of endothelial cell migration, proliferation and survival. This also results in both an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and increased tumor cell death in c-Met/VEGFR2/Tie2/Trk-expressing cells. These receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), frequently overexpressed or mutated by a variety of tumor cell types, play crucial roles in the regulation of angiogenesis, tumor cell growth and survival.  
^`altretamine:  A synthetic cytotoxic s-triazine derivative similar in structure to alkylating agent triethylenemelamin with antineoplastic activity. Although the precise mechanism by which altretamine exerts its cytotoxic effect is unknown, N-demethylation of altretamine may produce reactive intermediates which covalently bind to DNA, resulting in DNA damage.  
^`alum adjuvant:  An aluminum compound with immune adjuvant activity. This agent adsorbs and preciptates protein antigens in solution; the resulting precipitate improves vaccine immunogenicity by faclitating the slow release of antigen from the vaccine depot formed at the site of inoculation.  
^`ALVAC(2) melanoma multi-antigen therapeutic vaccine:  A therapeutic cancer vaccine, based on a replication-defective recombinant canarypox virus (ALVAC) encoding multiple melanoma antigens, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with ALVAC(2) melanoma multi-antigen therapeutic vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount an immune response against antigen-expressing melanoma cells, resulting in inhibition of tumor growth and/or metastasis.  
^`ALVAC(2)-NY-ESO-1 (M)/TRICOM vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a replication-defective recombinant canarypox virus [ALVAC(2)] encoding the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO and the TRIad of COstimulatory Molecules (B7-1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3; also called TRICOM), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, ALVAC(2)/NY-ESO (M)/TRICOM vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against NY-ESO-expressing cancer cells, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. NY-ESO-1, a tumor associated antigen (TAA), is found in normal testis and on the surface of various tumor cells, including bladder, breast, hepatocellular, melanoma, and prostate tumor cells. TRICOM may enhance antigen presentation and activate cytotoxic T-cells. In addition, ALVAC(2) encodes the vaccinia virus (vv) E3L ad K3L genes, which may potentiate the translation of the NY-ESO and TRICOM genes.  
^`ALVAC-CEA vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of ALVAC, a highly attenuated poxvirus strain derived from the canarypox virus, encoding for the tumor associated antigen (TAA) carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ALVAC-CEA vaccine expresses CEA and may stimulate a host immune response against tumor cells expressing CEA. This may result in the inhibition of tumor growth and/or metastasis. CEA is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`ALVAC-ESO-1 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a replication-defective recombinant canarypox virus (ALVAC) encoding the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, ALVAC-ESO-1 vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against NY-ESO-1-expressing cancer cells, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. NY-ESO-1, a tumor associated antigen (TAA), is found in normal testis and on the surface of various tumor cells.  
^`ALVAC-hB7.1:  A vaccine comprise of a canarypox viral vector that carries the gene for human B7.1 (CD80 antigen) with potential use as an autologous therapeutic cancer vaccine. Tumor cells harvested from a patient are infected with ALVAC-hB7 1, thereby producing an autologous cell line that exhibits increased expression of HLA class I and class II, CD54 (ICAM), and CD80. Increased expression of these proteins by this autologous cell line may activate an antitumor T-cell response when the modified cells are administered to the patient.  
^`ALVAC-MART-1 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing a replication-defective recombinant canarypox virus (ALVAC), encoding an epitope of MART-1 (melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the MART-1 epitope is expressed by the ALVAC vector in ALVAC-MART-1 vaccine; a host cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against MART-1-expressing tumor cells may follow, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor cell proliferation.  
^`alvelestat:  An orally bioavailable, selective and reversible inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase (NE), with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Upon administration, alvelestat binds to and inhibits the activity of human NE. This inhibits NE-mediated inflammatory responses, which may prevent lung inflammation and injury, and may improve lung function associated with NE-induced respiratory diseases. NE, a serine protease released by neutrophils during inflammation, is upregulated in a number of respiratory diseases.  
^`alvespimycin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of alvespimycin, an analogue of the antineoplastic benzoquinone antibiotic geldanamycin. Alvespimycin binds to HSP90, a chaperone protein that aids in the assembly, maturation and folding of proteins. Subsequently, the function of Hsp90 is inhibited, leading to the degradation and depletion of its client proteins such as kinases and transcription factors involved with cell cycle regulation and signal transduction.  
^`alvimopan:  A synthetic trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl) piperidine with peripherally selective opioid mu receptor antagonist activity. Alvimopan is a selective and competitive antagonist at mu-opioid receptors, found in myenteric and submucosal neurons and the immune cells of the lamina propria in the human gut. Upon administration, this agent binds to mu-opioid receptors in the gut, thereby reversing opiod-related disturbances in gut motility. Alvimopan is approximately three to nine times more potent than naloxone.  
^`alvocidib:  A synthetic N-methylpiperidinyl chlorophenyl flavone compound. As an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase, alvocidib induces cell cycle arrest by preventing phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and by down-regulating cyclin D1 and D3 expression, resulting in G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This agent is also a competitive inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate activity.  
^`amantadine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of amantadine, a synthetic tricyclic amine with antiviral, antiparkinsonian, and antihyperalgesic activities. Amantadine appears to exert its antiviral effect against the influenza A virus by interfering with the function of the transmembrane domain of the viral M2 protein, thereby preventing the release of infectious viral nucleic acids into host cells; furthermore, this agent prevents virus assembly during virus replication. Amantadine exerts its antiparkinsonian effects by stimulating the release of dopamine from striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals and inhibiting its pre-synaptic reuptake. This agent may also exert some anticholinergic effect through inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated stimulation of acetylcholine, resulting in antihyperalgesia.  
^`Amaryl:  (Other name for~ glimepiride) 
^`amatuximab:  A humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against human mesothelin with potential antineoplastic activity. Amatuximab binds to mesothelin, triggering an antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediated host immune response against mesothelin-expressing tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell lysis. Mesothelin, a 40kDa cell surface glycoprotein, is overexpressed in several human tumors, including mesothelioma and ovarian and pancreatic adenocarcinomas.  
^`Ambien:  (Other name for~ zolpidem tartrate) 
^`AmBisome:  (Other name for~ liposomal amphotericin B) 
^`Ambochlorin:  (Other name for~ chlorambucil) 
^`Amboclorin:  (Other name for~ chlorambucil) 
^`Amdray:  (Other name for~ valspodar) 
^`American ginseng:  The aromatic root of the perennial herb Panax quinquefolius, native to eastern North America. American ginseng, used in Chinese traditional medicine and available as a nutritional supplement, is classified as an adaptogenic herb with multiple effects, many of which are regulatory in nature. It contains a complex mixture of saponin glycosides, also known as ginsenosides or panaxosides. Although the mechanism of action is unclear, this agent is reported to enhance the immune system and reduce fatigue.  
^`Amevive:  (Other name for~ alefacept) 
^`Amfebutamone:  (Other name for~ bupropion hydrochloride) 
^`Amicar:  (Other name for~ aminocaproic acid) 
^`amifampridine:  An organic compound derived from pyridine with potassium channel inhibition activity. Amifampridine inhibits potassium channel efflux, increasing the duration of the action potential, which results in an increase in the duration of calcium channel opening and enhanced acetylcholine (ACh) release. Increased ACh availability at the motor end plate allows muscles to contract.  
^`amifostine trihydrate:  The trihydrate form of a phosphorylated aminosulfhydryl compound. After dephosphorylation of amifostine by alkaline phosphatase to an active free sulfhydryl (thiol) metabolite, the thiol metabolite binds to and detoxifies cytotoxic platinum-containing metabolites of cisplatin and scavenges free radicals induced by cisplatin and ionizing radiation. The elevated activity of this agent in normal tissues results from both the relative abundance of alkaline phosphatase in normal tissues and the greater vascularity of normal tissues compared to tumor tissues.  
^`amino acid injection:  A concentrated dietary supplement for injection containing the essential amino acids leucine, isoleucine, lysine, valine, phenylalanine, histidine, threonine, methionine and tryptophan as well as the non-essential amino acids alanine, arginine, glycine, proline, serine and tyrosine, with potential anabolic and anti-catabolic activities. Upon dilution and intravenous infusion of the amino acid nutritional supplement, the amino acids serve as protein building blocks, promote protein synthesis in muscle cells and prevent protein breakdown.  
^`aminobenzoate potassium:  The potassium salt form of aminobenzoate, with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activities. Aminobenzoate potassium increases oxygen uptake at the tissue level and may enhance monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, which requires oxygen as a substrate. Enhanced MAO activity maybe accountable for the prevention or regression of fibrosis, which may occur due to too much serotonin or too little MAO activity.  
^`aminocamptothecin:  A water-insoluble camptothecin derivative. Aminocamptothecin binds to the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase I, thereby inhibiting repair of single-strand DNA breakages. Because the terminal lactone ring of aminocamptothecin required for the agent's antitumor activity spontaneously opens under physiological conditions to an inactive carboxy form, the drug must be administered over an extended period of time to achieve effective cytotoxicity.  
^`aminocaproic acid:  A synthetic lysine derivative with antifibrinolytic activity. Aminocaproic acid competitively inhibits activation of plasminogen, thereby reducing conversion of plasminogen to plasmin (fibrinolysin), an enzyme that degrades fibrin clots as well as fibrinogen and other plasma proteins including the procoagulant factors V and VIII. Aminocaproic acid competitively reduces the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by plasminogen activators. It directly inhibits proteolytic activity of plasmin, but higher doses are required than are needed to reduce plasmin formation. Aminocaproic acid is used in the treatment of hemorrhage and prophylactically against hemorrhage, including hyperfibrinolysis-induced hemorrhage and postsurgical hemorrhage.  
^`aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride:  A topically administered metabolic precursor of protoporphyrin IX. After topical administration, aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (ALA HCl) is converted to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) which is a photosensitizer. When the proper wavelength of light activates protoporphyrin IX, singlet oxygen is produced, resulting in a local cytotoxic effect.  
^`aminophylline:  A methylxanthine and derivative of theophylline. Aminophylline relaxes smooth muscles, particularly bronchial muscles. This xanthine most likely exerts its effect by inhibiting cAMP or cGMP phosphodiesterases, thereby increasing levels of the second messenger cAMP or cGMP intracellularly. Other mode of actions include an adenosine antagonistic effect on the activity of CD4 lymphocytes and mediator release from mast cells thereby decreasing lung sensitivity to allergens and other substances that cause inflammation. Aminophylline also acts as a CNS stimulant and exerts a positive chronotropic and inotropic effect on the heart.  
^`aminopterin:  A synthetic derivative of pterins with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive properties. As a folate analogue, aminopterin competes for the folate binding site of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby blocking tetrahydrofolate synthesis, and resulting in depletion of nucleotide precursors and inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.  
^`aminothiadiazole:  A synthetic derivative of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Aminothiadiazole competitively inhibits inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase, thereby disrupting the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in a number of cells. This agent is also a selective human adenosine A3 receptor antagonist.  
^`amiodarone hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of an iodine-rich benzofuran derivative with antiarrhythmic and vasodilatory activities. As a class III antiarrhythmic agent, amiodarone blocks the myocardial calcium, potassium and sodium channels in cardiac tissue, resulting in prolongation of the cardiac action potential and refractory period. In addition, this agent inhibits alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, resulting in a reduction in sympathetic stimulation of the heart, a negative chronotropic effect, and a decrease in myocardial oxygen demands. Amiodarone may cause vasodilation by stimulation of the release of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-dependent relaxing endothelial factors.  
^`Amitiza:  (Other name for~ lubiprostone) 
^`amitriptyline hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of the tricyclic dibenzocycloheptadiene amitriptyline with antidepressant and antinociceptive activities. Amitriptyline inhibits the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin by the presynaptic neuronal membrane in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby increasing the synaptic concentration of norepinephrine and serotonin. Due to constant stimulation to these receptors, amitriptyline may produce a downregulation of adrenergic and serotonin receptors, which may contribute to the antidepressant activity. In the CNS the antinociceptive activity of this agent may involve high affinity binding to and inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and/or the enhancement of the action of serotonin at the spinal terminals of an opioid-mediated intrinsic analgesia system.  
^`AML mRNA plus lysate loaded autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells loaded with separate preparations of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cell lysate and AML-specific messenger RNA (mRNA) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, AML mRNA plus lysate loaded autologous dendritic cell vaccine may elicit a potent cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against AML cells, resulting in tumor cell death. Autologous dendritic cells doubly-loaded with AML cell lysate and AML-specific mRNA may elicit superior primary, recall, and effector lytic immune responses compared to autologous dendritic cells loaded with tumor lysate or tumor mRNA alone.  
^`Ammoidin:  (Other name for~ methoxsalen) 
^`ammonia N-13:  A radiopharmaceutical composed of ammonia labeled with the radioisotope nitrogen N 13 that can be used, during positron emission tomography (PET), as a blood flow imaging agent and potentially as a tumor imaging agent. Upon intravenous administration, ammonia N 13 distributes to various organs in the body, such as the myocardium, liver, kidneys and brain. This agent is taken up by cells and is retained following conversion to glutamine N 13 by glutamine synthetase (GS). Upon PET, organ perfusion and the presence of cancer cells can be assessed. GS, an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and plays a key role in cancer cell proliferation.  
^`ammonium trichlorotellurate:  A synthetic non-toxic tellurium derivative, structurally similar to cisplatin, with immuno-modulating, antiviral, and hair growth-promoting activities. Ammonium trichlorotellurate may inhibit the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) and may induce hematopoietic cells to express interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-2 receptors, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-3, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferons (INFs). This agent is also a potent inducer of IL-1 and IL-6. Accordingly, ammonium trichlorotellurate may protect against chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. In addition, this agent exhibits hair growth-promoting activity by inducing anagen production and inhibiting catagen production, resulting in the promotion of follicular keratinocyte proliferation and interference with follicular keratinocyte terminal differentiation, respectively. Accordingly, ammonium trichlorotellurate may protect against chemotherapy-induced alopecia.  
^`Amnesteem:  (Other name for~ isotretinoin) 
^`AmnioFix:  (Other name for~ dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane) 
^`amnion-derived cellular cytokine solution:  A topical cellular cytokine solution containing a distinct combination of growth factors and cytokines secreted by and released from amnion-derived multipotent progenitor (AMP) cells, with potential immunomodulating and skin healing activities. The amnion-derived cellular cytokine solution (ACCS) contains near physiological levels of transforming growth factor beta, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2, as well as the angiogenesis factors platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenin that are normally found in healing wounds. Upon spraying the solution onto affected areas, the cytokines and growth factors in ACCS appear to increase the migration, proliferation and differentiation of both keratinocytes and fibroblasts; enhance the migration and phagocytosis of macrophages in wounds; and increase epithelialization. Together these processes may accelerate skin healing and tissue repair. Also, ACCS may be beneficial in the treatment of radiation burns of the skin.  
^`Amoban:  (Other name for~ zopiclone) 
^`amonafide dihydrochloride:  The dihydrochloride salt of amonafide, an imide derivative of naphthalic acid. Amonafide intercalates into DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, resulting in protein-associated strand breaks and impaired DNA and RNA synthesis.  
^`amonafide L-malate:  The malate salt of amonafide, an imide derivative of naphthalic acid, with potential antineoplastic activity. Amonafide intercalates into DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, resulting in DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and inhibition of DNA replication and RNA synthesis.  
^`amoxicillin:  A broad-spectrum, semisynthetic aminopenicillin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Amoxicillin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 1A located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This interrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis and results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.  
^`amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium:  A combination of the semisynthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase enzyme inhibitor clavulanate potassium. Clavulanate potassium increases the serum half-life of amoxicillin by inhibiting beta-lactamase-mediated metabolism of amoxicillin. Amoxicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins and inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis, a critical component of bacterial cell walls.  
^`Amoxil:  (Other name for~ amoxicillin) 
^`amphotericin B deoxycholate:  The deoxycholate salt of amphotericin B, a polyene antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus, with antifungal activity. Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol, an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, resulting in depolarization of the membrane; alterations in cell membrane permeability and leakage of important intracellular components; and cell rupture. This agent may also induce oxidative damage in fungal cells and has been reported to stimulate host immune cells.  
^`ampicillin sodium/sulbactam sodium:  A combination formulation of the sodium salts of the antibiotic ampicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam with antibacterial activity. Ampicillin, a broad-spectrum, semisynthetic penicillin, binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall, thereby interfering with the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. As a result, the cell wall is weakened and the cell lyses. The sulbactam component irreversibly binds to bacterial beta-lactamase at or near its active site, thereby interfering with substrate binding and inhibiting bacterial metabolism of penicillin and cephalosporin beta-lactam antibiotics, effectively extending their antibiotic spectrum to include many beta-lactam-resistant bacteria.  
^`Ampligen:  (Other name for~ rintatolimod) 
^`Amplimexon:  (Other name for~ imexon) 
^`amrubicin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a third-generation synthetic 9-amino-anthracycline with antineoplastic activity. Amrubicin intercalates into DNA and inhibits the activity of topoisomerase II, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication, and RNA and protein synthesis, followed by cell growth inhibition and cell death. This agent has demonstrated a higher level of anti-tumor activity than conventional anthracycline drugs without exhibiting any indication of the cumulative cardiac toxicity common to this class of compounds.  
^`Amsa P-D:  (Other name for~ amsacrine) 
^`amsacrine:  An aminoacridine derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Although its mechanism of action is incompletely defined, amsacrine may intercalate into DNA and inhibit topoisomerase II, resulting in DNA double-strand breaks, arrest of the S/G2 phase of the cell cycle, and cell death. This agent's cytotoxicity is maximal during the S phase of the cell cycle when topoisomerase levels are greatest. In addition, amsacrine may induce transcription of tumor promoter p53 protein and block p53 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, resulting in p53-dependent tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`amsilarotene:  A retinobenzoic acid with potential antineoplastic activity. Amsilarotene inhibits retinoblastoma-gene product (RB) phosphorylation and increases the presence of 2 cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, resulting in cell cycle arrest. This agent also causes a cytotoxic decline in cyclin A and thymidylate synthase expression.  
^`amuvatinib:  An orally bioavailable synthetic carbothioamide with potential antineoplastic activity. Amuvatinib binds to mutant forms of the stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit; SCFR), inhibiting clinically relevant mutants of this receptor tyrosine kinase that may be associated with resistance to therapy. In addition, amuvatinib inhibits activities of other receptor tyrosine kinases, such as c-Met, Ret oncoprotein, and mutant forms of Flt3 and PDGFR alpha, which are frequently dysregulated in variety of tumors. This agent also suppresses the induction of DNA repair protein Rad51, thereby potentiating the activities of DNA damage-inducing agents. Mutant forms of c-Kit are often associated with tumor chemoresistance.  
^`anagrelide hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a synthetic quinazoline derivative, anagrelide hydrochloride reduces platelet production through a decrease in megakaryocyte maturation. Anagrelide inhibits cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, as well as ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. At therapeutic doses, it does not influence white cell counts or coagulation parameters. Anagrelide is used for treatment of essential thrombocythemia to reduce elevated platelet counts and the risk of thrombosis.  
^`anagrelide prolonged-release formulation:  A prolonged-release tablet formulation containing the quinazoline anagrelide, with antiplatelet activity. Although the exact mechanism of action through which anagrelide exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent inhibits the maturation of megakaryocytes into platelets, which reduces platelet production. Anagrelide also inhibits cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase III (PDEIII), which prevents PDEIII-mediated platelet aggregation. This may prevent essential thrombocythemia and thrombosis.  
^`anakinra:  A recombinant human nonglycosylated interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Anakinra binds to the IL-1 receptor, thereby blocking the binding of the IL-1 to and activation of its receptor. Blockade of IL-1 activity may inhibit the cascade of downstream pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial cell growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-6, resulting in inhibition of tumor angiogenesis.  
^`anamorelin hydrochloride:  The orally bioavailable hydrochloride salt of a synthetic, small-molecule ghrelin mimetic with appetite-stimulating and anabolic activities. Anamorelin binds to and stimulates the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) centrally, thereby mimicking the appetite-stimulating and growth hormone-releasing effects of grhelin. Stimulation of GHSR may also reduce the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and interleukin-6, which may play a direct role in cancer-related loss of appetite.  
^`anastrozole:  A nonsteroidal inhibitor of estrogen synthesis that resembles paclitaxel in chemical structure. As a third-generation aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole selectively binds to and reversibly inhibits aromatase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme complex found in many tissues including those of the premenopausal ovary, liver, and breast; aromatase catalyzes the aromatization of androstenedione and testosterone into estrone and estradiol, the final step in estrogen biosynthesis. In estrogen-dependent breast cancers, anastrozole may inhibit tumor growth.  
^`anaxirone:  A synthetic triepoxide alkylating agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Anaxirone alkylates DNA via actual or derived epoxide groups, resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis. This agent has been shown to exhibit a broad spectrum of antineoplastic activity against experimental tumors, including those resistant to other alkylating agents.  
^`Ancef:  (Other name for~ cefazolin sodium) 
^`Ancestim:  (Other name for~ recombinant human stem cell factor) 
^`ancitabine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a cytarabine congener prodrug with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ancitabine is slowly hydrolyzed into cytarabine. Subsequently, cytarabine is converted to the triphosphate form within the cell and then competes with cytidine for incorporation into DNA. Because the arabinose sugar sterically hinders the rotation of the molecule within DNA, DNA replication ceases, specifically during the S phase of the cell cycle. Cytarabine agent also inhibits DNA polymerase, resulting in a decrease in DNA replication and repair. Compared to cytarabine, a more prolonged, consistent cytarabine-mediated therapeutic effect may be achieved with ancitabine because of the slow hydrolytic conversion of ancitabine to cytarabine.  
^`Ancobon:  (Other name for~ flucytosine) 
^`AndroGel:  (Other name for~ testosterone gel) 
^`androgen antagonist APC-100:  An orally available, vitamin E derivative and androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with potential anti-oxidant, chemopreventative and antineoplastic activity. APC-100 binds to ARs in target tissues thereby inhibiting androgen-induced receptor activation and facilitating the formation of inactive complexes that cannot be translocated to the nucleus. By inhibiting the formation of the complex between androgen activated AR- and the AP1 transcription factor JunD, the expression of androgen-responsive genes is blocked. One such gene is spermidine/spermine N1-acetyl transferase gene (SSAT) which is responsible for the breakdown of polyamines, which are produced in high levels by prostatic epithelial cells, into reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause cellular damage. APC-100 may ultimately lead to an inhibition of growth in both AR-dependent and AR-independent prostate tumor cells.  
^`androgen receptor antagonist SHR3680:  An orally bioavailable androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, SHR3680 competitively binds to AR in target tissues, which both prevents androgen-induced receptor activation and facilitates the formation of inactive complexes that cannot be translocated to the nucleus. This prevents binding to and transcription of AR-responsive genes, inhibits the expression of genes that regulate prostate cancer cell proliferation, and may lead to an inhibition of cell growth of AR-expressing tumor cells. ARs are overexpressed in prostate cancer and play a key role in prostate cancer cell proliferation.  
^`androgen receptor antisense oligonucleotide AZD5312:  An antisense oligonucleotide targeting the androgen receptor (AR) mRNA, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, AZD5312 hybridizes with AR mRNA, which blocks translation of the AR protein. This both inhibits AR-induced tumor cell growth and promotes apoptosis in AR-overexpressing tumor cells. AR is overexpressed in certain breast and prostate cancers and is involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`androgen receptor antisense oligonucleotide EZN-4176:  A locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based antisense oligonucleotide targeting the androgen receptor (AR) mRNA, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, EZN-4176 is hybridized and releases the complementary sequences of AR mRNA, thereby blocking translation of the AR protein and inhibiting AR-induced tumor cell growth and promoting tumor cell apoptosis in AR-overexpressing tumor cells. AR is overexpressed in certain breast and prostate cancers and is involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival. LNAs contain a methylene bridge linking 2'-oxygen and 4'-carbon of ribose sugar rings, thereby increasing their thermal stability and decreasing degradation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`androgen receptor inhibitor EPI-506:  An orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the androgen receptor (AR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, AR inhibitor EPI-506 specifically binds to the NTD of AR, thereby inhibiting both AR activation and the AR-mediated signaling pathway. This inhibits cell growth in AR-overexpressing tumor cells. AR is overexpressed in prostate cancers and is involved in proliferation, survival and chemoresistance of tumor cells.  
^`androgen receptor ligand-binding domain-encoding plasmid DNA vaccine MVI-118:  A cancer vaccine containing pTVG4 plasmid DNA encoding the human androgen receptor (AR) ligand-binding domain (LBD) (pTVG-AR), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration of AR LBD-encoding plasmid DNA vaccine MVI-118, the plasmid DNA vaccine expresses AR LBD and may stimulate the host immune system to generate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against AR LBD-expressing prostate cancer cells. This reduces proliferation of AR-expressing tumor cells. AR, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed in prostate cancer cells, plays a key role in the development and progression of prostate cancer; its expression is correlated with poor prognosis.  
^`Android-F:  (Other name for~ fluoxymesterone) 
^`androstane steroid HE3235:  An orally bioavailable adrenal steroid analogue with potential antineoplastic activity. Androstane steroid HE3235 appears to bind the androgen receptor (AR), down-regulating anti-apoptotic genes, such as Bcl-2, while increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic genes, such as caspases. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that this agent inhibits androstenediol-dependent LNCaP cell tumor growth. In addition, HE3235 may potentiate chemotherapeutic agents by down-regulating ABCG2, the gene encoding the multi-drug resistant (MDR) protein MDR2.  
^`anetumab ravtansine:  A fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface glycoprotein mesothelin and conjugated to the maytansinoid DM4 with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of anetumab ravtansine targets and binds to the tumor associated antigen mesothelin; upon internalization, the DM4 moiety binds to tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, resulting in inhibition of cell division and cell growth of mesothelin-expressing tumor cells. Mesothelin is overexpressed on all mesotheliomas as well as many ovarian and pancreatic cancers while minimally expressed on normal tissue.  
^`Aneustat:  (Other name for~ multifunctional/multitargeted anticancer agent OMN54) 
^`ANF-Rho:  (Other name for~ pegfilgrastim anti-neutropenic factor) 
^`Ang2/VEGF-binding peptides-antibody fusion protein CVX-241:  A fusion protein containing angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) derived peptides covalently attached, via a proprietary diketone linker, to a proprietary humanized catalytic aldolase monoclonal antibody, with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. The Ang2/VEGF peptide moieties of Ang2/VEGF-binding peptides-antibody fusion protein CVX-241 bind to Ang2 and VEGF receptors, which may inhibit tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. The proprietary humanized catalytic IgG1 monoclonal aldolase antibody contains reactive lysine residues in its binding sites, which react covalently with compounds having a diketone function; the Ang2 and VEGFR peptide moieties are then covalently attached to the diketone linkers via a proprietary spacer. Both VEGF and Ang2 are upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types and play a crucial role in angiogenesis. This agent possesses an enhanced half-life compared to the naked peptides.  
^`Angelica sinensis root extract:  An herbal extract derived from the root of the plant Angelica sinensis with possible antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, vasodilatory, estrogenic, and antitumor activities. Angelica sinensis contains volatile oils, including safrole, isosafrole, and n-butylphthalide; coumarin derivatives, including psoralens, bergapten, osthol, imperatorin, and oxypeucedanin; and ferulic acid. The coumarin derivatives in this agent may vasodilate and relax smooth muscle and may exhibit additive anticoagulant effects. Ferulic acid, a phenolic phytochemical present in plant cell walls, may neutralize free radicals such as reactive oxygen species. In addition, Angelica sinensis extract has been shown to inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis of glioblastoma mutltiforme brain tumor cells through p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways.  
^`Angiocal:  (Other name for~ anti-VEGF anticalin PRS-050-PEG40) 
^`Angiocept:  (Other name for~ pegdinetanib) 
^`angiogenesis inhibitor GT-111:  An adenovirus encoding an endothelial cell-specific, murine pre-proendothelin-1 (PPE-1) promoter and a Fas-based chimeric death receptor with potential anti-angiogenic activity. Endothelial cell-specific transcriptional control of the adenoviral vector is achieved by the use of a modified murine PPE-1 promoter that is specifically activated in PPE-1-expressing angiogenic endothelial cells residing in the tumor microvasculature. Subsequently, the Fas-c (Fas-chimeric) death receptor, containing Fas and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 (TNFR1) moieties, is expressed in angiogenic endothelial cells; endothelial cell-specific Fas-mediated apoptosis is initiated by the binding of TNF-alpha, abundant in the tumor microenvironment, to the TNFR1 moiety of the expressed Fas-c death receptor.  
^`angiogenesis inhibitor JI-101:  An orally active inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRb), and the ephrin B4 receptor B4 (EphB4) with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Angiogenesis inhibitor JI-101 binds to and inhibits VEGFR2, PDGFRb and EphB4, which may inhibit tumor angiogenesis and, so, cellular proliferation in tumor cells overexpressing VEGFR2, PDGFRb and EphB4. The receptor tyrosine kinases VEGFR2, PDGFRb and EphB4 may be overexpressed in a number of different cancer cell types and may play crucial roles in tumor angiogenesis.  
^`angiogenesis/heparanase inhibitor PG545:  A synthetic heparan sulfate mimetic with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activity. PG545 inhibits the cleavage of heparan sulfate from cell surface proteoglycan by heparanase and thus inhibits the neovascularization induced by interaction between heparan sulfate and other extracellular matrix proteins. In this manner, this agent may have the potential to slow the progression of growth of solid tumors.  
^`angiostatin:  Encoded by human PLG Gene (Plasminogen Family) and expressed in the kidney, angiostatin is an angiogenesis inhibitor present in plasma and other extracellular fluids that blocks neovascularization and mediates suppression of metastases. Containing at least three kringles, angiostatin is a 38-kD internal (serine protease) proteolytic fragment of plasminogen.  
^`Angiozyme:  (Other name for~ anti-FLT-1 ribozyme) 
^`anguidine:  A trichothecene mycotoxin and potent teratogen. Anguidine inhibits initiation of protein synthesis, resulting in the death of rapidly proliferating cells. Anguidine also has been shown to both potentiate and protect against the cytotoxic effects of other drugs.  


^`anidulafungin:  A cyclic lipopeptide echinocandin derivative with antifungal activity. Anidulafungin inhibits 1,3 beta-D-glucan synthase, an enzyme involved in fungal cell wall synthesis, resulting in cell lysis and death. This agent is active against Candida species and Aspergillus.  
^`aniline mustard:  An alkylating mustard with antineoplastic activity. Aniline mustard forms covalent linkages with nucleophilic centers, resulting in depurination, base miscoding and strand scission, and crosslinking of DNA strands, all of which contribute to its cytotoxicity.  
^`anlotinib hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of anlotinib, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic activities. Upon administration, anlotininib targets multiple RTKs, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2) and type 3 (VEGFR3). This agent may both inhibit angiogenesis and halt tumor cell growth.  
^`Annonaceous acetogenins: A family of naturally occurring polyketides that consist of C32 or C34 long chain fatty acids and combined with a propan-2-ol unit at C-2 to form a gamma-lactone, which are isolated from various species of the plant family Annonaceae, with potential antineoplastic and antimicrobial activity. Annonaceous acetogenins bind to the ubiquinone catalytic site(s) within the mitochondrial NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), and block the electron transport chain in mitochondria. In addition, the acetogenins bind to and block the activity of ubiquinone-linked NADH oxidase, an enzyme overexpressed in the plasma membranes of cancer cells. This inhibits adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, decreases intracellular ATP levels, and induces tumor cell apoptosis. Compared to normal cells, cancer cells have higher ATP demands. The Annonaceous acetogenins also inhibit microbial glucose dehydrogenase 6.  
^`Ansaid:  (Other name for~ flurbiprofen) 
^`Antabuse:  (Other name for~ disulfiram) 
^`anthocyanin-rich corn extract:  A corn-based, water-soluble extract rich in the polyphenol anthocyanin, with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemoprotective activities. Upon administration of the anthocyanin-rich corn extract, the anthocyanins scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), which protects healthy cells from radiation-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage. In addition, anthocyanins modulate the expression of various genes and proteins involved in inflammation, tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion and differentiation. This agent also chelates metals and induces the expression of enzymes involved in Phase II antioxidant and detoxification pathways, which may further protect cells against oxidative stress induced by toxins and carcinogens.  
^`anthracycline analogue GPX-150:  A synthetic non-cardiotoxic analogue of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin with potential antineoplastic activity. Anthracycline analogue GPX-150 intercalates DNA and impedes the activity of topoisomerase II, inducing single and double-stranded breaks in DNA; inhibiting DNA replication and/or repair, transcription, and protein synthesis; and activating tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`anti c-KIT antibody-drug conjugate LOP628:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of a humanized monoclonal antibody against the stem cell factor receptor c-Kit (SCFR) and conjugated, via a non-cleavable linker, to the cytotoxic agent maytansine, with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of anti c-KIT ADC LOP628 targets and binds to the cell surface antigen c-Kit. After antibody-antigen interaction followed by internalization, the maytansine moiety binds to tubulin, inhibits microtubule assembly, and induces microtubule disassembly. This leads to a disruption of mitosis and the inhibition of cell proliferation in cancer cells expressing c-Kit. c-Kit, a transmembrane protein and receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed in solid tumors and hematological malignancies; it plays a key role in the regulation of cell differentiation and proliferation.  
^`anti-5T4 antibody-drug conjugate PF-06263507:  An antibody-drug conjugate composed of an antibody directed against 5T4 and conjugated, via the stable linker maleimidocaproyl (mc), to the microtubule inhibitor monomethyl auristatin phenylalanine (MMAF), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the antibody moiety of PF-06263507 selectively binds to cells expressing the 5T4 oncofetal antigen. After internalization and enzymatic cleavage of the immunoconjugate within the tumor cell cytosol, free MMAF binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which may result in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. 5T4, a transmembrane glycoprotein, is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types; its expression is correlated with increased invasiveness.  
^`anti-A33 monoclonal antibody KRN330:  A recombinant fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the human A33 antigen, with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activity. Anti-A33 monoclonal antibody KRN330 recognizes and binds to the human A33 antigen, which may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against A33-positive colorectal cancers. A33 antigen, a 43 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is highly and homogenously expressed in 95% of colorectal cancer cancers with only restricted expression in normal colonic mucosa and small bowel epithelia.  
^`anti-A5B1 integrin monoclonal antibody PF-04605412:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the human alpha5beta1 integrin with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Anti-alpha5beta1 integrin monoclonal antibody PF-04605412 selectively binds to alpha5beta1 integrin, preventing the binding of integrin ligands. This may result in the inhibition of endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and integrin-mediated tumor angiogenesis and metastasis in alpha5beta1-expressing tumor cells. Alpha5beta1 integrin, a cell adhesion and signaling receptor, is often overexpressed on the surface of tumor vessel endothelial cells and plays a crucial role in endothelial cell adhesion and migration.  
^`anti-AGS-16 monoclonal antibody AGS-16M18:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the activator of g-proteins signaling (AGS) cell surface protein AGS-16 with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-AGS-16 monoclonal antibody AGS-16M18 selectively binds to AGS-16, triggering complement-dependent cell lysis (CDCL) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in tumor cells expressing AGS-16. While normally expressed at low levels in the proximal tubules of the kidney, AGS-16 has been found to be overexpressed in more than 95% of kidney and 40% of liver neoplasms.  
^`anti-AGS-5 antibody-drug conjugate ASG-5ME:  An antibody drug conjugate (ADC) containing the fully human IgG2k monoclonal antibody targeting an epitope of SLC44A4 (AGS-5) linked, via a valine-citrulline (vc) maleimidocaproyl (mc) linker, to the antimicrotubulin drug monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of ASG-5ME selectively binds to AGS-5. After internalization and proteolytic cleavage, MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which results in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. SLC44A4, potentially a sodium-dependent transmembrane transport protein, is overexpressed on more than 80 percent of samples derived from patients with pancreatic, prostate and gastric cancers.  
^`anti-AGS-8 monoclonal antibody AGS-8M4:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the activator of g-proteins signaling (AGS) cell surface protein AGS-8 with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-AGS-8 monoclonal antibody AGS-8M4 selectively binds to AGS-8, triggering complement-dependent cell lysis and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in tumor cells expressing AGS-8. While normally expressed at low levels in the heart in response to ischemia, AGS-8 has been found to be expressed in more than 70% of ovarian neoplasms.  
^`anti-ALK-1 monoclonal antibody PF-03446962:  A fully human, IgG2 monoclonal antibody directed against activin-like receptor kinase 1 (ALK-1) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-ALK-1 monoclonal antibody PF-03446962 binds to and neutralizes ALK-1. This may disrupt tumor endothelial cell function and inhibit tumor angiogenesis, eventually leading to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. ALK-1, a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b) type I receptor family, is overexpressed on endothelial cells in a variety of tumor cell types and increases endothelial cell proliferation and migration.  
^`anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody NEOD001:  A monoclonal antibody against amyloid with potential use in the treatment of amyloid light chain (AL) and AA amyloidosis. Upon intravenous administration, anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody NEOD001 specifically binds to amyloid fibrils. This prevents the formation of amyloid deposits in certain organs and facilitates their clearance. It also reduces the level of amyloid deposits in organs and prevents organ dysfunction.  
^`anti-ANG2 monoclonal antibody MEDI-3617:  A fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against angiopoietin 2 (ANG2), with potential antiangiogenic activity. Anti-ANG2 monoclonal antibody MEDI-3617 binds to Ang2 and interferes with the interaction between Ang2 and its receptor TEK tyrosine kinase (Tie2), thereby resulting in the disruption of vascular remodeling. This may inhibit angiogenesis and may eventually lead to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.  
^`antiangiogenic drug combination TL-118:  A proprietary, oral suspension containing a combination of agents comprised of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, an alkylating agent, a histamine H2 antagonist and a sulfonamide with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Antiangiogenic drug combination TL-118 is administrated as a specific dosing regimen and may result in a synergistic effect and reduce angiogenesis and inhibit tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-B4 blocked ricin immunotoxin:  An immunotoxin comprised of an anti-B4 (anti-CD19) murine monoclonal antibody linked to the modified plant-derived toxin blocked ricin. The antibody moiety of anti-B4 blocked ricin immunotoxin binds to B lymphocytes that express B4; after internalization of the immunotoxin by the B4-expressing B cell, the ricin moiety cleaves the N-glycosidic bond between the ribose and adenine base at position 4324 in the B lymphocyte 28S ribosomal RNA, resulting in ribosome inactivation, inhibition of protein synthesis, and cell death. "Blocked" ricin is ricin which has been chemically modified such that the lectin binding sites of the B chain (galactose-binding sites) have been blocked by covalent attachment of affinity ligands, leaving the ribosome-inactivating activity of the ricin A chain intact.  
^`anti-B7-H3 antibody DS-5573a:  An antibody directed against the immunoregulatory protein B7-homologue 3 (B7-H3, CD276), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, anti-B7-H3 antibody DS-5573a binds to the cell surface antigen B7-H3, thereby blocking B7-H3-mediated signaling. This abrogates the inhibitory effect on T-cell activation and may activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against B7-H3-expressing tumor cells. B7-H3, a type I transmembrane protein and a member of the B7 co-stimulatory protein superfamily, is overexpressed on certain tumor cell types and on various immune cells. It is a negative regulator of the T-cell activation and and its overexpression plays a key role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis.  
^`anti-BCMA antibody-drug conjugate GSK2857916:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of an afucosylated, humanized monoclonal antibody, directed against the B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), conjugated to the auristatin analogue and microtubule inhibitor monomethyl auristatin phenylalanine (MMAF), with potential antineoplastic activity. The anti-BCMA antibody moiety of anti-BCMA ADC GSK2857916 selectively binds to the BCMA on tumor cell surfaces. Upon internalization, the MMAF moiety binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which results in G2/M phase arrest and induces tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, GSK2857916 induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Altogether, this results in the inhibition of cellular proliferation in tumor cells that overexpress BCMA. BCMA, a receptor for a proliferation-inducing ligand and B-cell activating factor, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily and plays a key role in plasma survival; it is found on the surfaces of plasma cells and overexpressed on malignant plasma cells. Afucosylation of the antibody moiety increases ADCC.  
^`antibiotic SQ109:  An orally available, acid-stable diamine antibiotic, with potential antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria including Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). As an ethambutol analogue with asymmetric structure, SQ109 does not act on the same target as ethambutol. However, this agent interferes with cell wall synthesis, thereby causing weakening of the cell wall and ultimately cell lysis.  
^`antibody-drug conjugate ABBV-085:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a proprietary monoclonal antibody against a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) linked to an as of yet undisclosed cytotoxic agent, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the monoclonal antibody moiety of ABBV-085 targets and binds to the TAA expressed on tumor cells. Upon binding and internalization, the cytotoxic agent is released and kills the TAA-expressing cancer cells, through an as of yet unknown mechanism of action. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`antibody-drug conjugate ADCT-402:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of an anti-CD19 humanized monoclonal antibody conjugated, via a cleavable linker comprised of valine-alanine and maleimide, to a cytotoxic, cross-linking agent pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer, which targets DNA minor grooves, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the monoclonal antibody portion of anti-CD19-PBD conjugate ADCT-402 targets the cell surface antigen CD19 on various cancer cells. Upon antibody/antigen binding and internalization, the cytotoxic PBD moiety is released. The imine groups of the PBD moiety bind to the N2 positions of guanines on opposite strands of DNA. This induces interstrand cross-links in the minor groove of DNA and inhibits DNA replication, which inhibits the proliferation of CD19-overexpressing tumor cells. CD19, a transmembrane receptor and tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is expressed on a number of B-cell-derived cancers.  
^`antibody-drug conjugate BAY79-4620:  A monoclonal antibody (MoAb) directed against the MN protein with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of BAY79-4620, this MoAb may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response and an antibody mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against MN-expressing tumor cells. MN, a transmembrane glycoprotein, is expressed in some human carcinomas and appears to be involved in cancer cell proliferation and transformation.  
^`antibody-drug conjugate DFRF4539A:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a monoclonal antibody directed against a specific myeloma antigen and conjugated to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an auristatin derivative and a potent microtubule inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the monoclonal antibody moiety of DFRF4539A selectively binds to a specific protein expressed on the surface of myeloma cells. Upon internalization and proteolytic cleavage, MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which results in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`antibody-drug conjugate PF-06647020:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a proprietary monoclonal antibody against an unnamed tumor-associated antigen (TAA) linked to an as of yet undisclosed cytotoxic agent, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the monoclonal antibody moiety of PF-06647020 targets and binds to the TAA expressed on tumor cells. Upon binding and internalization, the cytotoxic agent is released and kills the TAA-expressing cancer cells, through an as of yet unknown mechanism of action.  
^`antibody-drug conjugate SC-002:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of an as of yet publicly unknown monoclonal antibody against a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) linked to an as of yet undisclosed cytotoxic agent, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the monoclonal antibody moiety of SC-002 targets and binds to the TAA expressed on tumor cells. Upon binding and internalization, the cytotoxic agent is released and kills the TAA-expressing cancer cells, through an as of yet unknown mechanism of action.  
^`antibody-drug conjugate SC-003:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a proprietary monoclonal antibody against a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) linked to an as of yet undisclosed cytotoxic agent, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the monoclonal antibody moiety of SC-003 targets and binds to the TAA expressed on tumor cells. Upon binding and internalization, the cytotoxic agent is released and kills the TAA-expressing cancer cells, through an as of yet unknown mechanism of action.  
^`anti-C4.4a antibody-drug conjugate BAY1129980:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of an antibody against a structural homolog of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and tumor-associated antigen, C4.4a, and conjugated with a cytotoxic agent, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, anti-C4.4a antibody-drug conjugate BAY1129980 targets and binds to C4.4a-expressing tumor cells. Upon binding and cell entry, the cytotoxic agent kills the tumor cell. C4.4a, a glycolipid-anchored membrane protein and a member of the Ly-6 family, is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types whereas it is minimally expressed on healthy cells.  
^`anti-CA19-9 monoclonal antibody 5B1:  A human monoclonal antibody against the carbohydrate antigen sialyl-Lewis A (carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CA19-9), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, monoclonal antibody 5B1 binds to CA19-9 and kills CA19-9-expressing tumor cells, possibly through the induction of both complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). CA19-9 is overexpressed on a number of different tumor cell types, and plays a key role in tumor cell survival and metastasis.  
^`anti-CA6-DM4 immunoconjugate SAR566658:  An immunoconjugate consisting of a humanized monoclonal antibody against the tumor-associated sialoglycotope CA6 (huDS6) conjugated to the cytotoxic maytansinoid DM4, with potential antineoplastic activity. The anti-CA6 monoclonal antibody moiety of SAR566658 targets and binds to the cell surface antigen CA6. Upon antibody/antigen binding and internalization, the immunoconjugate releases DM4, which binds to tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, resulting in inhibition of cell division and cell growth of CA6-expressing tumor cells. The CA6 epitope is found on a variety of solid tumors, including breast, ovarian, cervical, lung and pancreatic tumors.  
^`anticachexia agent MT-102:  A small molecule with potential anticachexia activity. The anticachexia agent MT-102 may increase protein synthesis and decrease muscle protein breakdown. This may result in improved body weight, muscle mass and may improve weakness and fatigue associated with cancer-related cachexia.  
^`anti-CD123 monoclonal antibody KHK2823:  A fully humanized monoclonal antibody against CD123 (interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-CD123 monoclonal antibody KHK2823 binds to and neutralizes CD123, which is upregulated on leukemic stem cells (LSC) found in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This agent may inhibit IL-3-dependent signaling and proliferation and may prevent the uncontrolled growth and differentiation of mutated LSC.  
^`anti-CD123 x anti-CD3 bispecific antibody XmAb14045:  An anti-CD123/anti-CD3 bispecific monoclonal antibody, in which most of the naturally-occurring Fc domain is maintained, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Anti-CD123/CD3 monoclonal antibody XmAb14045 possesses two antigen-recognition and binding sites, one for the CD3 complex, a group of T-cell surface glycoproteins that complex with the T-cell receptor (TCR), and one for CD123, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed on the surface of certain tumor cells. Upon administration of XmAb14045, this bispecific antibody simultaneously binds to both CD3-expressing T cells and CD123-expressing cancer cells, thereby crosslinking CD123-expressing tumor cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This may result in potent CTL-mediated cell lysis of CD123-expressing tumor cells. CD123, the interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain, is overexpressed in a variety of hematological malignancies; its expression is low or absent in normal hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells. The Fc domain on the antibody prolongs the half-life of the bispecific antibody and enhances T-cell-mediated tumor cell killing through its binding to the Fc receptors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-CD123/CD3 bispecific antibody JNJ-63709178:  A humanized anti-CD123/anti-CD3 bispecific monoclonal antibody, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Anti-CD123/CD3 bispecific antibody JNJ-63709178 possesses two antigen-recognition and binding sites, one for the CD3 complex, a group of T-cell surface glycoproteins that complex with the T-cell receptor (TCR), and one for CD123, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed on the surface of certain tumor cells. Upon administration of JNJ-63709178, this bispecific antibody simultaneously binds to both CD3-expressing T cells and CD123-expressing cancer cells, thereby crosslinking CD123-expressing tumor cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This may result in potent CTL-mediated cell lysis of CD123-expressing tumor cells. CD123, the interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers; its expression is low or absent in normal, healthy cells.  
^`anti-CD123/CD3 monoclonal antibody MGD006:  An anti-CD123/anti-CD3 bispecific humanized monoclonal antibody with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Anti-CD123/CD3 monoclonal antibody MGD006 possesses two antigen-recognition and binding sites, one for the CD3 complex, a group of T-cell surface glycoproteins that complex with the T-cell receptor (TCR), and one for CD123, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed on the surface of certain tumor cells. Upon administration of MGD006, this bispecific antibody simultaneously binds to both CD3-expressing T-cells and CD123-expressing cancer cells, thereby crosslinking CD123-expressing tumor cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). This may result in potent CTL-mediated cell lysis of CD123-expressing tumor cells. CD123, the interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain, is overexpressed in a variety of hematological malignancies; its expression is low or absent in normal hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells.  
^`anti-CD133-CAR vector-transduced allogeneic T lymphocytes:  A preparation of allogeneic peripheral blood T lymphocytes (PBTL) that have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for the chimeric CD (cluster of differentiation) 133 antigen receptor, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-CD133-CAR vector-transduced allogeneic T lymphocytes specifically recognize and kill CD133-expressing tumor cells. CD133, a tumor associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed on a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`anti-CD157 monoclonal antibody MEN1112:  A humanized, Fc-engineered, de-fucosylated monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody directed against the bone marrow stromal cell antigen 1 (BST1/CD157), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous infusion, anti-CD157 monoclonal antibody MEN1112 specifically binds to and induces an antibody-dependent cell cytotoxic (ADCC) response against CD157-expressing tumor cells. CD157, also known as ADP-ribosyl cyclase 2, is a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored transmembrane protein belonging to the ADP-ribosyl-cyclase family and is overexpressed on certain cancer cell types. Fc-optimization of MEN1112, which involves the removal of fucose residues from its Fc domain, allows for enhanced Fc-gamma receptor binding on effector cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, and further enhances tumor cell lysis.  
^`anti-CD19 fully human monoclonal antibody MDX-1342:  A fully human anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody directed against the B-cell-specific membrane protein CD-19 with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody MDX-1342 binds to CD19, depleting and eliminating CD19-expressing B-cells. CD19 is widely expressed during B-cell development, from pro-B-cell to early plasma cell stages.  
^`anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody DI-B4:  A low-fucosylated, humanized, IgG1 isotype, monoclonal antibody directed against the B-cell-specific membrane protein CD19 with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody DI-B4 binds to CD19, which may result in a strong antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) directed at CD19-expressing B-cells but with minimal complement dependent cytotoxicity. DI-B4 contains low levels of fucose, which contributes to its enhanced ADCC activity. CD19 is a B-cell specific membrane antigen that is widely expressed during B-cell development and in all B-cell lineage malignancies.  
^`anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody MEDI-551:  A humanized immunoglobulin IgG1 kappa monoclonal antibody directed against the B-cell-specific membrane protein CD-19 with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody MEDI-551 binds to CD19, which may result in a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to CD19-expressing B-cells. The Fc portion of MEDI-551 does not contain a fucose sugar moiety, which may contribute to its enhanced ADCC activity. CD19 is a membrane antigen that is widely expressed during B-cell development, from pro-B-cell to early plasma cell stages.  
^`anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody XmAb5574:  An Fc engineered, humanized anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody directed against the B-cell-specific membrane protein CD19 with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody XmAb5574 targets and binds to CD19, thereby depleting and eliminating CD19-expressing B-cells. The modified Fc region of XmAb5574 increases binding affinity to Fc-gamma receptors of effector cells and thereby enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP). CD19 is widely expressed during B-cell development, from pro-B-cell to early plasma cell stages.  
^`anti-CD19/CD22 bispecific ligand-directed toxin DT2219ARL:  An immunotoxin consisting of two scFv ligands recognizing human CD19 and CD22 linked to the first 389 amino acids of diphtheria toxin (DT), DT 390, with potential antineoplastic activity. The VH and VL regions of anti-CD22 (sFv) and anti-CD19 are reversed and linked by an aggregration stabilizing linker (ARL) consisting of a 20 amino acid segment of human muscle aldolase (hma) and an Xho1 -compatible restriction site; the CDR3 region of the VH of anti-CD22 sFv is mutated to enhance its affinity. The anti-CD19 and anti CD-22 portions of the immunotoxin specifically bind to CD19 and CD22 receptors on tumor B cells. Upon internalization, DT catalyzes ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2 (EF-2) which may result in the irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death in CD19- and CD22-expressing tumor cells. CD19 and CD22 transmembrane proteins upregulated on malignant B cells.  
^`anti-CD19/CD28/CD3zeta CAR gammaretroviral vector-transduced autologous T lymphocytes KTE-C19:  A preparation of autologous peripheral blood T-lymphocytes (PBTL) that have been transduced with a gammaretroviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-CD19 single chain variable fragment (scFv) coupled to the costimulatory signaling domain CD28 and the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex (CD3 zeta), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous infusion and re-introduction of the anti-CD19/CD28/CD3zeta CAR gammaretroviral vector-transduced autologous T lymphocytes KTE-C19 into the patient, these cells bind to and induce selective toxicity in CD19-expressing tumor cells. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen that is expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies. CD3 zeta is one of several membrane-bound polypeptides found in the TCR/CD3 complex; it regulates both the assembly and cell surface expression of TCR complexes. CD28 is essential for CD4+ T-cell proliferation, interleukin-2 production, and T-helper type-2 (Th2) development.  
^`anti-CD19/CD3 tetravalent antibody AFM11:  An anti-CD19/anti-CD3 bispecific tetravalent antibody with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Anti-CD19/CD3 tetravalent antibody AFM11 possesses two antigen-recognition and binding sites, one for the CD3 complex, a group of T-cell surface glycoproteins that complex with the T-cell receptor (TCR), and one for CD19, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed on the surface of B-cells. Upon bolus infusion of AFM11, this bispecific antibody binds to CD3-expressing T-cells and CD19-expressing cancer cells, thereby crosslinking CD19-expressing tumor B-cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). This may result in a potent CTL-mediated cell lysis of CD19-expressing B-lymphocytes. CD19, a B-cell specific membrane antigen, is expressed during both B-cell development and B-cell malignant growth.  
^`anti-CD19-CAR FMC63-28Z retroviral vector-transduced allogeneic T lymphocytes:  Allogeneic T-lymphocytes derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) transduced with a retroviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of both the light and heavy chain variable regions of anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody FMC63, coupled to the molecule CD28 and the signaling domain of the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR) (FMC63-28Z), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon transfusion, the anti-CD19-CAR FMC63-28Z retroviral vector-transduced allogeneic T lymphocytes specifically recognize and kill CD19-expressing tumor cells. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen, which is expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies and normal B-cells.  
^`anti-CD19-CAR retroviral vector-transduced autologous T cells:  A preparation of autologous peripheral blood T-lymphocytes (PBTL) that have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-CD19 scFv (single chain variable fragment); an extracellular portion of human CD28 and the entire transmembrane and cytoplasmic portion of human CD28; and the cytoplasmic portion of the human TCR-[zeta] molecule with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-CD19-CAR retroviral vector-transduced autologous T cells may stimulate host cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against CD19-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies. CD3 zeta is one of several membrane-bound polypeptides found in the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex and regulates the assembly of complete TCR complexes and their expression on the cell surface. CD28 is essential for CD4+ T-cell proliferation, interleukin-2 production, and T-helper type-2 (Th2) development.  
^`anti-CD19-CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing natural killer cells:  Allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells transduced with an mRNA expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-CD19 scFv (single chain variable fragment) and the zeta chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), coupled to the signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. NK cells from haploidentical donors are expanded in culture and electroporated with the CAR mRNA. Upon transfusion of the transduced cultured cells, CD19CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing allogeneic NK cells bind to and induce selective cytotoxicity in CD19-expressing tumor cells. The 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances activation and signaling after recognition of CD19. Its inclusion may also increase antitumor activity, when compared to the inclusion of the CD3-zeta chain alone. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies.  
^`anti-CD19-DM4 immunoconjugate SAR3419:  An immunoconjugate consisting of an anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody conjugated to the maytansinoid DM4, a derivative of the cytotoxic agent maytansine (DM1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-CD19-DM4 conjugate SAR3419 targets the cell surface antigen CD19, found on a number of B-cell-derived cancers. Upon antibody/antigen binding and internalization, the immunoconjugate releases DM4, which binds to tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, resulting in inhibition of cell division and cell growth of CD19-expressing tumor cells.  
^`anti-CD20 B9E9 scFv-streptavidin fusion protein:  An Escherichia coli periplasm-expressed tetrameric fusion protein composed of four single-chain variable regions (scFv) of the murine immunoglobulin (Ig) G2a anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody B9E9 fused to the streptavidin (SA) gene of Streptomyces avidinii (scFv-SA), with potential use in pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (PRIT). Upon intravenous administration of the anti-CD20 B9E9 scFv-SA fusion protein, this agent targets and binds to CD20-expressing tumor cells. Subsequently, a biotinylated N-acetylgalactosamine-containing clearing agent is administered, which binds to the streptavidin moiety of the unbound fusion protein and promotes its hepatic excretion. In turn, radiolabeled DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid)-biotin is administered and, due to its small size, quickly distributes. The biotin moiety efficiently binds to the SA moiety of the bound fusion protein, which localizes the biotin-conjugated radionuclide to the tumor site. CD20, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed on B-cell malignancies. PRIT increases both tumor uptake and renal elimination of the radionuclide conjugate as compared to conventional radioimmunotherapy (RIT), where the radioisotope is bound to the antibody before administration; this increases the dose of radionuclide delivered to the tumor while limiting radiation exposure for normal, healthy tissues.  
^`anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody SCT400:  A chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against human CD20, with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody SCT400 binds to the B cell-specific cell surface antigen CD20, which triggers an immune response against CD20-positive B-cells, leading to apoptosis. CD20, a non-glycosylated cell surface phosphoprotein, is exclusively expressed on B-cells during most stages of B-cell development and is often overexpressed in B-cell malignancies.  
^`anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody TL011:  A monoclonal antibody directed against human CD20 with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody TL011 specifically binds to the B cell-specific cell surface antigen CD20 antigen (MS4A1; membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 1), thereby potentially triggering an immune response against CD20-positive B cells, leading to B cell apoptosis. CD20 is a non-glycosylated cell surface phosphoprotein that is exclusively expressed on B cells during most stages of B cell development and is often overexpressed in B-cell malignancies.  
^`anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody-interferon alpha fusion protein IGN002:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human B-cell-specific cell surface antigen CD20 and fused to the recombinant cytokine, interferon-alpha (IFN-a), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon administration of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody-interferon alpha fusion protein IGN002, the antibody moiety specifically targets and binds to CD20. In turn, the IFN-a moiety binds to the IFN receptor, and activates IFN-mediated signal transduction, which induces the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products mediate anticancer effects. This results in the induction of both G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in CD20-expressing tumor cells. In addition, IGN002 causes the induction of complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against CD20-expressing B-cells, which leads to B-cell apoptosis and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. CD20, a non-glycosylated cell surface phosphoprotein that is exclusively expressed on B-cells during most stages of B-cell development, is often overexpressed in B-cell malignancies.  
^`anti-CD20/CD3 monoclonal antibody REGN1979: A bispecific, human monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-CD20/CD3 monoclonal antibody REGN1979 contains two antigen-recognition sites:  one for human CD3, a T cell surface antigen, and one for human CD20, a tumor-associated antigen that is exclusively expressed on B-cells during most stages of B-cell development and is often overexpressed in B-cell malignancies. Upon administration, REGN1979 binds to both T-cells and CD20-expressing tumor B-cells, which cross-links the T-cells to tumor cells, and may result in a potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CD20-expressing tumor B-cells.  
^`anti-CD200 monoclonal antibody ALXN6000:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human immunosuppressive molecule CD200 (OX-2) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Anti-CD200 monoclonal antibody ALXN6000 binds to CD200, blocking the binding of CD200 to its receptor, CD200R, present on cells of the macrophage lineage; inhibition of CD200 may augment the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) mediated immune response against CD200-expressing tumor cells. CD200 is a type 1a transmembrane protein, related to the B7 family of co-stimulatory receptors, and is upregulated on the surface of multiple hematologic malignant cells; this transmembrane protein appears to be involved in the downregulation of a Th1 (helper T cell) immune response.  
^`anti-CD20-CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing autologous T lymphocytes:  A preparation of autologous blood T-lymphocytes that have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-CD20 scFv (single chain variable fragment); the cytoplasmic portion of the human TCR-[zeta] molecule; and the co-stimulatory molecule 4-1BB (CD137), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon transfusion, anti-CD20-CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing autologous T-lymphocyte cells direct T-cells to CD20-expressing tumor cells. This results in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against CD20-expressing tumor cells, causing tumor cell lysis. The CD20 antigen, a non-glycosylated cell surface phosphoprotein, is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in B-cell lineage malignancies. CD3 zeta is one of several membrane-bound polypeptides found in the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex and regulates the assembly of complete TCR complexes and their expression on the cell surface. The 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances activation and signaling after recognition of CD20; the inclusion of this signaling domain may increase the antitumor activity compared to the inclusion of the CD3-zeta chain alone. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-CD20-engineered toxin body MT-3724:  An engineered toxin body (ETB) composed of the single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) from an antibody targeting CD20 that is linked to a modified form of the ribosome-inactivating alpha subunit of Shiga-like toxin 1 (Shiga-like Toxin-1 A or SLT-1A), with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the ScFv moiety of anti-CD20-engineered toxin body MT-3724 targets and binds to the CD20 antigen expressed on tumor cells. Upon internalization, the SLT-1A moiety is released and acts as an N-glycosidase, which binds to and cleaves an adenine nucleobase in the 28S RNA component of the 60S subunit of ribosomes and prevents ribosome activity. This inhibits protein synthesis and eventually leads to apoptosis of CD20-expressing tumor cells. CD20, a B-cell specific transmembrane protein and tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is expressed during most stages of B-cell development and is often overexpressed in B-cell malignancies.  
^`anti-CD22 CAR-expressing T lymphocytes:  A preparation of human T lymphocytes transduced with a recombinant viral vector encoding a chimeric T-cell receptor (chimeric antigen receptor or CAR) consisting of one or more binding domains targeting the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) CD22 and fused to one or more co-stimulatory, TCR-signaling domains, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the anti-CD22 CAR-expressing T lymphocytes, express anti-CD22-CAR on their cell surfaces and bind to the CD22 antigen on tumor cell surfaces. Subsequently, CD22-expressing B cells are lysed. CD22, a B-lineage-restricted, transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein, is expressed on malignant B cells.  
^`anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody-MMAE conjugate DCDT2980S:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of MCDT2219A , a humanized IgG1 anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody covalently linked, via a protease-cleavable peptide linker, to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an auristatin derivative and a potent microtubule disrupting agent, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the monoclonal antibody moiety of DCDT2980S binds to B-cell-specific CD22 receptors and is rapidly internalized, thereby delivering MMAE intracellularly. Upon proteolytic cleavage, MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, resulting in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. CD22, a cell surface glycoprotein, is expressed on mature B-cells and on most malignant B-cells.  
^`anti-CD22 scFv TCRz:41BB-CAR lentiviral vector-transduced autologous T lymphocytes: Autologous human T lymphocytes transduced with a recombinant lentiviral vector encoding a chimeric T cell receptor consisting of an anti-CD22 single chain variable fragment (scFv) and the co-stimulatory domain 4-1BB (CD137) coupled to the zeta chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from a patient with CD22-positive cancer are transduced with this lentiviral vector that encodes the CAR gene specific for CD22. After isolation, transduction, expansion in culture and reintroduction into the patient, the anti-CD22 scFv TCRz: 41BB-CAR lentiviral vector-transduced autologous T lymphocytes express anti-CD22-CAR on their cell surfaces and bind to the CD22 antigen on tumor cell surfaces. Subsequently, CD22-expressing tumor cells are lysed. CD22, a B-lineage-restricted, transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein, is expressed on malignant B cells.  
^`anti-CD22-CAR m971-BBz lentiviral vector-transduced autologous T lymphocytes:  Autologous human T-lymphocytes transduced with a recombinant lentiviral vector encoding a chimeric T-cell receptor (chimeric antigen receptor or CAR) consisting of an anti-CD22 single chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from the monoclonal antibody (moAb) 971 (m971), and the co-stimulatory domain 4-1BB (CD137) coupled to the zeta chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from a patient with CD22-positive cancer are transduced with this lentiviral vector that encodes the CAR gene specific for CD22. After expansion in culture and reintroduction into the patient, the anti-CD22-CAR m971-BBz lentiviral vector-transduced autologous T-lymphocytes express anti-CD22-CAR on their cell surfaces and bind to the CD22 antigen on tumor cell surfaces. Subsequently, CD22-expressing tumor cells are lysed. CD22, a B-lineage-restricted, transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein, is expressed on malignant B-cells. m971 binds to a membrane proximal epitope on CD22 and has a higher binding affinity compared to any other anti-CD22 moAb.  
^`anti-CD25-PBD antibody-drug conjugate ADCT-301:  An immunoconjugate consisting of a human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R alpha or CD25) and conjugated, via a cleavable linker, to a synthetic, cross-linking agent pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer that targets DNA minor grooves, with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody portion of the anti-CD25 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) ADCT-301 specifically binds to the cell surface antigen CD25. This causes the internalization of ADCT-301 and the subsequent release of the cytotoxic PBD moiety. The imine groups of the PBD moiety bind to the N2 positions of guanines on opposite strands of DNA. This induces interstrand cross-links in the minor groove of DNA and inhibits DNA replication, which inhibits the proliferation of CD25-overexpressing tumor cells. CD25, a transmembrane receptor and tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is expressed on certain cancer cells.  
^`anti-CD27L antibody-drug conjugate AMG 172:  An immunoconjugate consisting of a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against CD27L conjugated, via a non-cleavable linker, to the cytotoxic agent maytansinoid DM1, with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of this immunoconjugate binds to CD27L on tumor cell surfaces. After internalization, the DM1 moiety binds to tubulin, thereby disrupting microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics and inhibiting both cell division and proliferation of cancer cells that express CD27L. CD27L, a type II transmembrane protein and member of the tumor necrosis factor family, is a co-stimulatory molecule constitutively expressed on a subset of activated T-cells, B-cells, and dendritic cells, which is overexpressed in certain tumor cell types.  
^`anti-CD3 immunotoxin A-dmDT390-bisFv(UCHT1):  A bivalent recombinant fusion protein immunotoxin derived from the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody UCHT1 with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-CD3 immunotoxin A-dmDT390-bisFv(UCHT1) consists of 1-390 amino acid residues of chain A diphtheria toxin (DT) joined via a spacer to the Fv fragment of UCHT1, which is connected to a second UCHT1 Fv fragment via a disulfide bond (hence the "bisFv" designation); the addition of the second Fv fragment overcomes the steric hindrance of immunotoxin binding due to the large N-terminal DT domain. Once inside target T cells, the DT moiety catalyzes the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD to diphthamide, a posttranslationally modified histidine residue found in elongation factor 2 (EF-2); inactivation of EF-2, disruption of polypeptide chain elongation, and cell death ensue. CD3 is a complex of five cell-surface polypeptides associated with the T cell receptor (TCR) complex.  
^`anti-CD3 x anti-CD20 bispecific antibody-armed activated T cells:  Autologous activated T cells that have been coated with bispecific antibodies (BiAb), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. In vitro, T cells are activated through exposure to the anti-CD3 murine monoclonal antibody OKT3 and low-dose interleukin 2 (Il-2) for 6-14 days and then armed with anti-CD3 x anti-CD20 bispecific antibody (CD20Bi). Upon administration, anti-CD3 x anti-CD20 bispecific antibody-armed activated T cells (AATC) attach to CD3-expressing T cells and CD20-expressing tumor cells, selectively cross-linking T cells and tumor cells. This may result in the recruitment and activation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTLs), CTL-mediated specific tumor cell lysis, and the secretion of antitumor cytokines and chemokines. CD20, a cell surface phosphoprotein, is found on normal B cells and most B-cell tumors.  
^`anti-CD3/anti-CD20 trifunctional bispecific monoclonal antibody FBTA05: A trifunctional bispecific monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. FBTA05 contains two antigen-recognition sites:  one for human CD3, a T cell surface antigen; and one for human CD20, a tumor-associated antigen that is exclusively expressed on B cells during most stages of B-cell development and often overexpressed in B-cell malignancies. In addition, the modified Fc portion of this antibody binds Fc receptors on antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). FBTA05 brings T cells, CD20-expressing tumor B-cells and APCs together into tricellular complexes, which may result in a potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CD20-expressing tumor B-cells. Fc-mediated binding of APCs in the tricellular complex potentiates CD20 antigen presentation to T cells and the activation of anti-tumor cytotoxic T cells.  
^`anti-CD3/humanized 3F8 bispecific antibody-activated T lymphocytes:  Autologous activated T cells that have been coated with bispecific antibodies (BiAb) comprised of anti-CD3 murine monoclonal antibody OKT3 heteroconjugated to anti-GD2 humanized monoclonal antibody 3F8 (hu3F8), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. In vitro, T cells are exposed to OKT3, which binds to the T cell receptor-CD3 complex on the T cell surface, crosslinks the CD3 receptors and leads to T cell activation. In turn, the hu3F8 monoclonal antibody is heteroconjugated to OKT3. Upon administration, anti-CD3 x anti-GD2 bispecific antibody-armed activated T cells attach to GD2-expressing tumor cells, thereby selectively cross-linking T cells and tumor cells. This results in selective cytotoxicity towards the GD2-expressing tumor cells. In addition, cytokine and chemokine secretion by the T cells further activates the immune system, which leads to the recruitment and activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and additional CTL-mediated tumor-specific cell lysis. GD2, a disialoganglioside and tumor-associated antigen, is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types. CD3 is part of the functional T cell receptor (TCR) complex, which is necessary for antigen recognition by T cells, and is required for signal transduction.  
^`anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody MDX-1401:  A fully human, second-generation, nonfucosylated monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface receptor CD30 with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody MDX-1401 specifically binds to the CD30 antigen, which may result in a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against CD30-expressing tumor cells. CD30, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is expressed on activated lymphocytes transiently and is constitutively expressed in hematologic malignancies including Hodgkin's disease and some T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Compared to conventional antibodies, deletion of fucose molecules on the antibody backbone, as is done in MDX-1401, may result in an increased affinity for Fc receptors and an enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).  
^`anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody XmAb2513:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface receptor CD30 with potential immunotherapeutic activity. Anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody XmAb2513 specifically binds to the CD30 antigen, which may result in a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against CD30-expressing tumor cells. CD30, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is expressed on activated lymphocytes transiently and is constitutively expressed in hematologic malignancies including Hodgkin's disease and some T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.  
^`anti-CD30/CD16A monoclonal antibody AFM13:  A tetravalent bispecific antibody directed against human CD30 and the human low affinity IgG Fc region receptor (FCGR3A; CD16A), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Anti-CD30/CD16A monoclonal antibody AFM13 binds to the CD16A expressed on natural killer (NK) cells with two of its binding sites and to CD30 on CD30-expressing tumor cells with the other two binding sites, thereby selectively cross-linking tumor and NK cells. This may result in NK cell activation, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and eventually tumor cell lysis. CD30, a cell surface receptor and a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is overexpressed in hematologic malignancies; CD16A is specifically expressed on the surface of NK cells.  
^`anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody BI 836858:  An engineered, fully human, immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody BI 836858 induces an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against CD33-expressing tumor cells, leading to cell death. CD33, a cell surface antigen expressed on normal non-pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, is overexpressed on myeloid leukemia cells.  
^`anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody-DM4 conjugate AVE9633:  An immunoconjugate consisting of the humanized monoclonal antibody huMy9-6 conjugated to the cytotoxic maytansinoid DM4 with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody portion of anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody-DM4 conjugate AVE9633 specifically binds to the cell surface antigen CD33 expressed on myeloid leukemia cells; upon internalization, the DM4 moiety is released, binds tubulin, and disrupts microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, resulting in the inhibition of cell division and cell growth in myeloid leukemia cells that express CD33. CD33 is expressed on normal non-pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells as well as on myeloid leukemia cells.  
^`anti-CD33/CD3 BiTE antibody AMG 330:  A proprietary recombinant bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody composed of two single-chain variable fragments (scFv), one directed against the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) CD33 fused to one that is directed against the CD3 antigen found on T-lymphocytes, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of anti-CD33/CD3 BiTE antibody AMG 330, this bispecific antibody binds to both the CD3 antigen on cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and the CD33 antigen found on CD33-expressing tumor cells. This activates and redirects CTLs to CD33-expressing tumor cells, which results in the CTL-mediated cell death of CD33-expressing tumor cells. CD33, a myeloid differentiation antigen, is expressed on normal non-pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and overexpressed on neoplastic cells in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.  
^`anti-CD37 antibody-drug conjugate IMGN529:  An immunoconjugate that consists of a humanized IgG1 antibody K7153A against the cell-surface antigen CD37 that is covalently linked via the uncleavable, maleimide-derived thioether-based linker SMCC to the maytansinoid DM1, with potential pro-apoptotic and cytotoxic activities. The antibody moiety of IMGN529 binds to CD37 on tumor B cells and induces an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), thereby showing pro-apoptotic activity. In addition, after the internalization of this agent and lysosomal degradation, the DM1 moiety binds to tubulin and inhibits tubulin polymerization and microtubule assembly, resulting in a disruption of microtubule activity and cell division, and eventually causing cell death in CD37-positive B cells. CD37, a transmembrane glycoprotein, is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies. Compared to reducible, cleavable linkers, the non-reducible SMCC linker shows increased stability in plasma. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-CD37 monoclonal antibody BI 836826:  An Fc-engineered, chimeric immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody against the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) CD37, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the anti-CD37 monoclonal antibody BI 836826 both activates the immune system to induce an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against CD37-overexpressing tumor cells and induces apoptosis in these tumor cells. BI 836826 is Fc-engineered to improve ADCC activity and enhance affinity for the receptor Fc-gamma-RIIIa, which is expressed on human natural killer (NK) cells. CD37, a member of the tetraspanin superfamily of cell surface antigens, is overexpressed on a variety of cancer cell types and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation.  
^`anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody MOR03087:  A fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface glycoprotein CD-38 with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody MOR03087 specifically binds to CD38 on CD38-positive tumor cells. This may trigger antitumoral antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and may eventually lead to cell lysis in CD38-expressing tumor cells. CD38, a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, is present on various immune cells and hematologic malignancies, and its expression has been correlated with poor prognosis.  
^`anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody SAR650984:  A humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface glycoprotein CD-38 with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody SAR650984 specifically binds to CD38 on CD38-positive tumor cells. This may trigger antitumoral antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and apoptosis eventually leading to cell lysis in CD38-expressing tumor cells. CD38, a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, is present on various immune cells and hematologic malignancies, and its expression has been correlated with poor prognosis.  
^`anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody Chi Lob 7/4:  An IgG1 chimeric monoclonal antibody agonist of the cell surface receptor CD40 with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody Chi Lob 7/4 binds to CD40 on a variety of immune cell types, triggering the cellular proliferation and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), activating B cells and T cells, and enhancing the immune response; in addition, this agent binds to the CD40 antigen present on the surfaces of some solid tumor cells, resulting in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) eventually resulting in decreased tumor growth. CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is expressed on various immune cells, many B-cell malignancies, and many solid tumors, mediating both indirect tumor cell death through the activation of the immune system and direct tumor cell apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody SEA-CD40:  A proprietary, non-fucosylated monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface receptor CD40 with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody SEA-CD40 binds to CD40 on a variety of immune cell types, triggering both cellular proliferation and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which activates B-cells and T-cells, and enhances the immune response against tumor cells. In addition, this agent binds to the CD40 antigen present on the surfaces of tumor cells, which induces antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC), and eventually inhibits the proliferation of CD40-expressing tumor cells. CD40, a stimulatory receptor and a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is expressed on various immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells and various tumor cell types; it plays a key role in the activation of the immune system. The non-fucosylated antibody shows increased efficacy as compared to its fucosylated counterpart.  
^`anti-CD40L Fc-fusion protein BMS-986004:  A dimeric fusion protein composed of the C-terminus of the domain antibody (dAb) BMS2h-572-633 targeting the CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154) linked to a modified Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), with potential immunomodulatory activity. Upon intravenous administration, the peptide moiety of anti-CD40L antibody BMS-986004 specifically targets and binds to CD40L expressed on T lymphocytes. This prevents the binding of CD40L to its cognate receptor CD40 expressed on B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). This prevents T-cell mediated proliferation and differentiation of B cells, and prevents the production of antibodies. By inhibiting both the production of anti-glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antibodies by B cells and GPIIb/IIIa-dependent T-cell proliferation, BMS-986004 may prevent platelet destruction and may increase platelet counts in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The direct binding of BMS-986004 to CD40L on platelets further prevents CD40L/CD40-mediated destruction by macrophages and DCs in ITP. The modified Fc domain prevents the binding of BMS-986004 to the Fc receptor FcgammaRIIA on platelets, thereby preventing FcgammaRIIA-dependent platelet activation and anti-CD40L-induced thromboembolism. CD40L, a transmembrane protein of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, is primarily expressed on activated T cells, but is also expressed on eosinophils, basophils, natural killer (NK) cells, mast cells, platelets and activated endothelial cells.  
^`anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody RO5429083:  A recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the cancer stem cell (CSC) antigen CD44, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, RO5429083 binds to the constant region of the extracellular domain of CD44, thereby preventing the activation of various CD44-mediated signal transduction pathways. This may lead to a reduction in the proliferation of CD44-expressing tumor stem cells. CD44, a transmembrane glycoprotein and hyaluronic acid receptor, is expressed in healthy tissue and overexpressed in numerous cancer cell types; it plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, migration and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the receptor-like leukocyte cell surface glycoprotein CD45 with leukocyte-depleting activity. Upon administration, anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody binds to leukocyte surface-expressed CD45, which may result in the transient depletion of circulating leukocytes including circulating T cell depletion (TCD). CD45, a receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatase that consists of several isoforms, is present on all differentiated hematopoietic cells except erythrocytes and plasma cells and is essential for T cell development and lymphocyte activation.  
^`anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody AHN-12:  A high affinity IgG1 monoclonal antibody with potential immunotherapeutic activity. Anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody AHN-12 recognizes CD45, a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase that is expressed on the surface of normal and malignant hematopoietic cells.  
^`anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody BC8:  A murine IgG1 anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) with immunotherapeutic activity. CD45 antigen, a receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase essential for T cell development and lymphocyte activation, is expressed on virtually all leukocytes. MoAb BC8 has specificity for hematopoietic tissues and may be used in targeted immunotherapy.  
^`anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody BC8-streptavidin conjugate:  An immunoconjugate containing a monoclonal antibody directed against the CD45 antigen BC8, conjugated to streptavidin, a nonglycosylated homotetrameric protein that has four high affinity binding sites for biotin. Anti-CD45 BC8 antibody-streptavidin conjugate binds to CD45, a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase that is expressed on the surface of normal and malignant hematopoietic cells. Upon administration of a biotin-based radioconjugate, the biotin moiety of the radioconjugate binds to the streptavidin moiety of anti-CD45 BC8 antibody-streptavidin conjugate and, upon cellular internalization, specifically delivers cytotoxic radiation to CD45-expressing tumor cells.  
^`anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody CC-90002:  A monoclonal antibody targeting the human cell surface antigen CD47, with potential phagocytosis-inducing and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody CC-90002 selectively binds to CD47 expressed on tumor cells and blocks the interaction of CD47 with signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa), a protein expressed on phagocytic cells. This prevents CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling and abrogates the CD47/SIRPa-mediated inhibition of phagocytosis. This induces pro-phagocytic signaling mediated by the binding of calreticulin (CRT), which is specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein (LRP), expressed on macrophages. This results in macrophage activation and the specific phagocytosis of tumor cells. In addition, blocking CD47 signaling activates both an anti-tumor T-lymphocyte immune response and T cell-mediated killing of CD47-expressing tumor cells. CD47, also called integrin-associated protein (IAP), is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed on normal, healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Expression of CD47, and its interaction with SIRPa, leads to the inhibition of macrophage activation and protects cancer cells from phagocytosis, which allows cancer cells to proliferate.  
^`anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody Hu5F9-G4:  A humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the human cell surface antigen CD47, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody Hu5F9-G4 selectively binds to CD47 expressed on tumor cells and blocks the interaction of CD47 with its ligand signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa), a protein expressed on phagocytic cells. This prevents CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling, allows the activation of macrophages, through the induction of pro-phagocytic signaling mediated by calreticulin, which is specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, and results in specific tumor cell phagocytosis. In addition, blocking CD47 signaling activates an anti-tumor T-lymphocyte immune response and T-cell mediated cell killing. CD47, a tumor associated antigen expressed on normal, healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), is overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Expression of CD47, and its interaction with SIRP-alpha, leads to inhibition of macrophages and protects cancer cells from phagocytosis thereby allowing cancer cells to proliferate.  
^`anti-CD70 antibody-drug conjugate MDX-1203:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) containing a fully human monoclonal antibody, directed against the extracellular domain of the human CD70 molecule, conjugated to a prodrug of a CC-1065 (rachelmycin) analogue via a stable peptide-based linker, with potential antineoplastic activity. The anti-CD70 antibody moiety of the anti-CD70 antibody-drug conjugate MDX-1203 selectively binds to the extracellular domain of CD70 on tumor cell surfaces. Upon internalization, the prodrug moiety is released and activated and binds to double-stranded B-DNA within the minor groove, thereby alkylating the –3 position of adenine, which may result in the inhibition of cellular proliferation of tumor cells that overexpress CD70. CD70, the ligand for the costimulatory receptor CD27 and a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, is found on the surfaces of various types of cancer cells. The antitumor antibiotic CC-1065, a DNA minor-groove-binding alkylating agent, was originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces zelensis.  
^`anti-CD70 antibody-drug conjugate SGN-CD70A:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) containing an engineered cysteine monoclonal antibody (EC-mAb), directed against the extracellular domain of the human CD70 molecule, conjugated to the synthetic, cytotoxic, DNA minor-groove crosslinking agent, pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer, via a stable, protease-cleavable, peptide-based linker, with potential antineoplastic activity. The anti-CD70 antibody moiety of the anti-CD70 antibody-drug conjugate SGN-CD70A selectively binds to the extracellular domain of CD70 on tumor cell surfaces. Upon internalization, the PBD dimer moiety is released and covalently binds, through its imine moieties, to the N2 positions of guanines on opposite strands of DNA. This induces DNA double strand breaks and inhibits DNA replication, which lead to the inhibition of cell growth of tumor cells that overexpress CD70. CD70, the ligand for the costimulatory receptor CD27 and a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, is found on the surfaces of various types of cancer cells. The cysteine moiety of the EC-mAb allows for the stable conjugation of the PBD to the antibody.  
^`anti-CD70 monoclonal antibody ARGX-110:  A defucosylated, humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the human CD70 molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-CD70 monoclonal antibody ARGX-110 selectively binds to, and neutralizes the activity of CD70, which may also induce an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response against CD70-expressing tumor cells. CD70, the ligand for the costimulatory receptor CD27 and a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, is found on a number of solid and hematological tumors. Its overexpression may play an important role in evasion of immune surveillance. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-CD70 monoclonal antibody MDX-1411:  A glycoengineered, fully humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the human CD70 molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-CD70 fully human monoclonal antibody MDX-1411 selectivity binds to the extracellular domain of CD70, which may induce an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response against CD70-expressing tumor cells. CD70, the ligand for the costimulatory receptor CD27 and a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, is found on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells among other cancer cell types.  
^`anti-CD73 monoclonal antibody MEDI9447:  A monoclonal antibody against the ectoenzyme CD73 (cluster of differentiation 73), also known as 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT; ecto-5'-nucleotidase) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-CD73 monoclonal antibody MEDI9447 targets and binds to CD73, leading to clustering of and internalization of CD73. This prevents CD73-mediated conversion of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine and decreases the amount of free adenosine. This prevents adenosine-mediated lymphocyte suppression and increases the activity of CD8-positive effector cells. This also activates macrophages, and reduces both myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T-lymphocytes. By abrogating the inhibitory effect on the immune system and enhancing the cytotoxic T-cell-mediated immune response against cancer cells, tumor cell growth decreases. In addition, clustering and internalization of CD73 decreases the migration of cancer cells and prevents metastasis. CD73, a plasma membrane protein upregulated on a number of cancer cell types, catalyzes the conversion of extracellular nucleotides, such as AMP, to membrane-permeable nucleosides, such as adenosine; it plays a key role in adenosine-mediated immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment.  
^`anti-CD98 monoclonal antibody IGN523:  A humanized, monoclonal antibody targeting the CD98 (gp125) antigen, with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, IGN523 binds to CD98 expressed on the tumor cell surface and elicits both natural killer (NK)-cell mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity towards CD98-expressing tumor cells. In addition, IGN523 inhibits essential amino acid uptake by rapidly proliferating tumor cells. CD98, a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, is involved in both integrin signaling and amino acid transport processes; it is overexpressed in certain cancer cells and plays a key role in the proliferation, survival, and metastasis of tumor cells.  
^`anti-CEA BiTE monoclonal antibody AMG211:  A recombinant, proprietary bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTE) antibody directed against human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Anti-CEA BiTE monoclonal antibody MEDI-565 possesses two antigen-recognition sites, one for CEA and one for the CD3 complex, a group of T cell surface glycoproteins that complex with the T cell receptor (TCR). This bispecific monoclonal antibody brings CEA-expressing tumor cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T lymphocytes (HTLs) together, which may result in the CTL- and HTL-mediated cell death of CEA-expressing cells. CEA, a tumor associated antigen, is overexpressed in many cancer types, including gastrointestinal, breast, non-small cell lung, and thyroid cancers.  
^`anti-CEA IgCD28TCR-transduced autologous T cells:  A population of autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) transduced with a retroviral vector encoding the chimeric gene IgCD28TCR with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. The chimeric IgCD28TCR gene consists of portions of CD28, the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCRzeta), and a single chain antibody domain (sFv) specific for the tumor-associated antigen CEA. Upon administration, these gene-modified TIL bind to tumor cells expressing CEA, which may result in activation and proliferation of TIL and an enhanced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CEA-expressing tumor cells. CEA may be overexpressed in various gastrointestinal and breast cancers. CD28, a T-cell surface-associated co-stimulatory molecule, is required for full T-cell activation, proliferation, and survival; expression of the CD28 fragment in this chimeric gene construct may impede activation-induced cell death (AICD) of TIL.  
^`anti-CEA TCR retroviral vector-transduced autologous lymphocytes:  Autologous human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), transduced with a retroviral vector encoding both the alpha and beta chains of a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. After transduction, expansion in culture, and reintroduction into the patient, anti-CEA TCR retroviral vector-transduced autologous lymphocytes bind to tumor cells expressing CEA, which may result in cytokine expression, activation and proliferation of T-cells, and a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CEA-expressing tumor cells. The tumor-associated antigen (TAA) CEA is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types, including those of the gastrointestinal tract, lung , and breast.  
^`anti-CEA/anti-DTPA-In (F6-734) bispecific antibody:  A bispecific monoclonal antibody (BsMAb) consisting of the Fab fragment of an anti-CEA monoclonal antibody (F6) coupled to the Fab fragment of an anti-DTPA-In monoclonal antibody (734) with potential radioimmunotherapeutic activity. In a two-step "pretargeted" radioimmunotherapeutic approach, this BsMAb, localizing to CEA-expressing tumor cells via the F6 Fab fragment, is introduced into patient first, followed by injection of indium 131-radiolabeled DTPA, which is recognized by the 734 Fab fragment of the BsMAb. Accordingly, a potentially lethal dose of indium 131 is delivered specifically to CEA-expressing tumor cells while minimizing radiotoxicity to normal tissues. CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) is a tumor antigen overexpressed in many cancer types, including gastrointestinal, breast, non-small cell lung, and thyroid cancers. DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) is a bivalent hapten.  
^`anti-CEA/anti-HSG bispecific monoclonal antibody TF2:  A tri-Fab bispecific monoclonal antibody (BiMoAb) divalent for the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and monovalent for histamine-succinyl-glycine (HSG) peptide-hapten. Anti-CEA/anti-HSG bispecific monoclonal antibody TF2 binds to the tumor associated antigen (TAA) CEA on CEA-expressing tumor cells. Subsequently, an HSG peptide-hapten carrying a radionuclide is administered, binding to the anti-HSG binding fragment on the BiMoAb. Depending on the characteristics of the radionuclide used, CEA-expressing tumor cells may then be radioimaged and/or treated radioimmunotherapeutically.  
^`anti-CEA/CD3 bispecific antibody RO6958688: An anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)/anti-CD3 bispecific monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-CEA/CD3 monoclonal antibody RO6958688 contains two antigen-recognition sites:  one for human CD3, a T-cell surface antigen, and one for human CEA, a tumor-associated antigen that is specifically expressed on certain tumor cells. Upon intravenous administration, RO6958688 binds to both T-cells and CEA-expressing tumor cells, which cross-links the T-cells with the tumor cells. This may result in a potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CEA-expressing tumor cells. CEA is overexpressed in many cancer cell types.  
^`anti-CEACAM1 monoclonal antibody CM-24:  A humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) antibody targeting the anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1; CD66a), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of anti-CEACAM1 monoclonal antibody CM-24, this agent binds to CEACAM1 on cancer cells and certain immune cells. This blocks the binding of CEACAM1-expressing cancer cells to CEACAM1-expressing immune cells and abrogates CEACAM1-mediated immunosuppression. This enhances the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells and increases CTL- and NK-mediated killing of CEACAM1-overexpressing cancer cells. CEACAM1, a member of the CEA family of proteins that plays a key role in cell migration, cell invasion, and cell adhesion, is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types. Its overexpression is correlated with both immunosuppression and poor prognosis.  
^`anti-CEACAM5 antibody-drug conjugate SAR408701:  An immunoconjugate consisting of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) conjugated to a cytotoxic agent, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of anti-CEACAM5 antibody-drug conjugate SAR408701, the antibody moiety targets CEACAM5 on tumor cells. Upon antibody/antigen binding and internalization, the immunoconjugate releases the cytotoxic agent, which results in tumor cell death. CEACAM5, a member of the CEA family of proteins that plays a key role in cell migration, cell invasion, and cell adhesion, is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`anti-CEACAM6 AFAIKL2 antibody fragment/Jack Bean urease immunoconjugate L-DOS47:  A lyophilized formulation of DOS47, an immunoconjugate composed of AFAIKL2, a recombinant camelid single-domain antibody which recognizes carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6), and the enzyme urease derived from the plant Canavalia ensiformis (Jack bean), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the AFAIKL2 antibody fragment moiety of L-DOS47 specifically targets and binds to CEACAM6 expressed on certain tumor cells. In turn, the urease moiety of L-DOS47 catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia, which is further hydrolyzed to produce hydroxyl ions, and causes a locally increased concentration of the toxic waste product ammonia, which under normal conditions is converted into the nontoxic substance urea via the urea cycle. This increases the pH of the tumor microenvironment and alkalinizes the highly acidic environment that is needed for cancer cell survival and proliferation. In addition, the ammonia diffuses into cancer cells and exerts a cytotoxic effect. Altogether, this leads to cell death of CEACAM6-expressing cancer cells. The naturally-occurring enzyme urease catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. CEACAM6, a tumor-associated antigen and CEA family member, is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cells and plays a key role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis and survival.  
^`anti-CEA-CAR autologous T lymphocytes:  Autologous lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for the tumor-associated antigen human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the anti-CEA-CAR autologous T-lymphocytes target and bind to tumor cells expressing CEA, which results in the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cell killing of CEA-expressing tumor cells. CEA is overexpressed in various tumor cell types.  
^`anti-c-fms monoclonal antibody AMG 820:  A fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody against the colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1 or M-CSF) receptor c-fms (or CSFR1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-c-fms monoclonal antibody AMG 820 binds to and blocks c-fms, thereby blocking CSF-1 binding to its receptor and suppressing CSF-1-induced c-fms signaling. This results in the suppression of recruitment and activation of tumor associated macrophages (TAM) within the tumor microenvironment. This eventually leads to a decrease in tumor growth. c-fms, a transmembrane protein belonging to the tyrosine kinase family, is overexpressed in certain tumor cell types and plays an essential role in macrophage differentiation and regulation of cell proliferation. The presence of TAM is correlated with tumor proliferation, invasion and a poor prognosis.  
^`anti-c-KIT monoclonal antibody KTN0158:  A humanized immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody against the stem cell factor receptor c-Kit (SCFR; KIT; CD117), with potential antineoplastic and anti-allergic activities. Upon administration, the anti-c-KIT monoclonal antibody KTN0158 binds to and inhibits the activation of the cell surface antigen c-Kit. This leads to an inhibition of the activation of c-KIT-mediated signal transduction pathways and inhibits cell proliferation in cancer cells expressing c-Kit. In mast cells, inhibition of c-KIT and c-KIT-mediated signaling prevents mast cell activation, degranulation and subsequent cytokine release. c-Kit, a transmembrane protein and receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed in various cell types, including certain cancer cells and mast cells; it plays a key role in the regulation of cell differentiation and proliferation.  
^`anti-CLDN6 monoclonal antibody IMAB027:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface protein claudin 6 (CLDN6), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the anti-CLDN6 monoclonal antibody IMAB027 binds to CLDN-6 and may stimulate the immune system to exert both an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and a complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)-mediated immune response against CLDN-6-expressing tumor cells. This may inhibit tumor cell growth. CLDN-6, a tight-junction protein and embryonic antigen, is expressed on a variety of tumor cells but is not expressed on normal, healthy adult cells.  
^`anti-c-Met monoclonal antibody ABT-700:  A monoclonal antibody directed against human hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR or c-Met), with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-c-Met monoclonal antibody ABT-700 binds to c-Met, thereby preventing c-Met binding to its ligand, HGF and the subsequent activation of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway. This may cause cell death in c-Met-expressing tumor cells. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.  
^`anti-c-Met monoclonal antibody ARGX-111:  A human monoclonal antibody targeting c-Met, with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-c-Met monoclonal antibody ARGX-111 binds to c-Met, and blocks both ligand-dependent and -independent activation of c-Met-mediated signaling pathways. In addition, this agent enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This leads to a reduction in cell proliferation of c-Met-expressing cancer cells. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in certain cancer cell types, is involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis in multiple solid tumors. Compared to other c-Met targeting monoclonal antibodies, ARGX-111 shows increased antibody circulation time, enhanced tissue distribution and increased efficacy. ARGX-111 is obtained through active immunization with C-met antigen in Camelids and utilizes the Camelid V-domains fused with human antibody backbones.  
^`anti-c-MET monoclonal antibody LY2875358:  A humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody directed against human hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR or c-MET) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-c-MET monoclonal antibody LY2875358 binds to c-MET, thereby preventing the binding of HGF to its receptor c-Met and subsequent activation of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway. This may result in cell death in c-Met-expressing tumor cells. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.  
^`anti-C-met monoclonal antibody SAIT301:  A humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the alpha chain of the extracellular domain of human hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR or c-Met), with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-c-Met monoclonal antibody SAIT301 binds to c-Met, thereby preventing both binding of its ligand, HGF, and the subsequent activation of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway. In addition, SAIT301 induces c-Met internalization and subsequent degradation, which further inhibits c-Met-mediated signaling. This leads to a reduction in the proliferation of c-Met-expressing cancer cells. c-Met, a proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in certain cancer cell types, is involved in various tumors.  
^`anti-CSF1R monoclonal antibody FPA008:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the tyrosine kinase receptor colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R; CSF-1R), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) and CD115 (cluster of differentiation 115), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-CSF1R monoclonal antibody FPA008 binds to CSF1R expressed on monocytes, macrophages, and osteoclasts and inhibits the binding of the CSF1R ligands colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34), to CSF1R. This prevents CSF1R activation and CSF1R-mediated signaling in these cells. This blocks the production of inflammatory mediators by macrophages and monocytes and reduces inflammation. By blocking the recruitment to the tumor microenvironment and activity of CSF1R-dependent tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), FPA008 enhances T-cell infiltration and antitumor T-cell immune responses, which inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells. Additionally, FPA008 prevents the activation of osteoclasts and blocks bone destruction. TAMs play key roles in immune suppression and promoting inflammation, tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`anti-CSF-1R monoclonal antibody IMC-CS4:  A monoclonal antibody directed against colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. CSF1R monoclonal antibody IMC-CS4 binds to CSF1R which may trigger antitumoral antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in tumor cells overexpressing CSF1R. CSF1R, also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) and CD115 (cluster of differentiation 115), is a cell-surface receptor for its ligand colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1); this receptor is overexpressed or mutated in certain tumor cell types and plays major roles in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-CTGF monoclonal antibody FG-3019:  A human monoclonal antibody targeting connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) with potential anti-fibrotic and antineoplastic activities. FG-3019 binds to CTGF thereby preventing the binding of the ligand to the receptor and subsequent receptor activation. As CTGF enhances the production of collagen and fibronectin, FG-319 may prevent and reverse fibrosis. In addition, FG-3019 may prevent tumor cell proliferation in CTGF-expressing tumor cells. CTGF, a member of the CCN family (CTGF, CYR61/CEF and NOV), is expressed in a variety of tumor cell types and is involved in processes such as cell proliferation, cell migration, cell adhesion, differentiation and angiogenesis.  
^`anti-CTLA4 mAb RNA/GITRL RNA-transfected autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  An autologous dendritic cell (DC) cancer vaccine with potential immunostimulatory activity. Anti-CTLA4 MoAb RNA/GITRL RNA-transfected DC vaccine is prepared by transfecting DCs with RNAs encoding humanized heavy and light chains of the anti-CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4) monoclonal antibody and tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 18 (TNFSF18 or GlTRL); expression of anti-CTLA4 blocks the inhibitory effect of CTLA4 on the activation of T-lymphocytes, while expression of GlTRL modulates T lymphocyte survival in peripheral tissues. Co-vaccination of this vaccine with melanoma antigen specific vaccine may eliminate the adverse effects associated with systemic administration of immune modulators, while also enhancing vaccine-induced immune responses.  
^`anti-CTLA-4 mAb RNA-transfected autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  An autologous dendritic cell (DC) cancer vaccine with potential immunostimulatory activity. Anti-CTLA4 MoAb RNA-transfected autologous DC vaccine is prepared by transfecting DCs with RNAs encoding humanized heavy and light chains of the anti-CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4); expression of anti-CTLA4 blocks the inhibitory effect of CTLA4 on the activation of T-lymphocytes. Co-vaccination of this vaccine with melanoma antigen specific vaccine may eliminate the adverse effects associated with systemic administration of immune modulators, while also enhancing vaccine-induced immune responses.  
^`anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody AGEN1884:  A recombinant human monoclonal antibody directed against the human T-cell receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody AGEN1884 binds to CTLA4 expressed on T cells and inhibits the CTLA4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation. This leads to a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. CTLA4, an inhibitory receptor and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays a key role in the downregulation of the immune system.  
^`anti-denatured collagen recombinant monoclonal antibody TRC093:  A humanized, affinity-matured IgG1k antibody directed against denatured collagens (I-IV) with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Anti-denatured collagen recombinant monoclonal antibody TRC093 binds to multiple epitopes on denatured collagens, inhibiting proteolytic collagen-mediated signaling in the extracellular matrix (ECM) that is important to tumor angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. The epitopes on denatured collagen bound by this antibody are considered "cryptic" because, in vivo, they are accessible only on the subendothelial basement membrane of tumors or in normal tissues undergoing neovascularization.  
^`anti-DKK1 monoclonal antibody BHQ880:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) with potential anti-osteolytic activity. Anti-DKK1 monoclonal antibody BHQ880 binds to and inhibits DKK1, enhancing signaling through the Wnt pathway, which may result in osteoblast differentiation and activation within the bone matrix and the reversal of tumor-induced osteolytic disease. DKK! is a potent Wnt signaling pathway antagonist.  
^`anti-DKK-1 monoclonal antibody LY2812176:  A human monoclonal antibody directed against the WNT antagonist dickkopf homolog 1 (DKK1), with potential anti-osteolytic activity. Anti-DKK1 monoclonal antibody LY2812176 binds to and inhibits DKK1, thereby restoring signaling through the WNT pathway, which may result in osteoblast differentiation and activation within the bone matrix and the reversal of tumor-induced osteolytic disease. DKK1, overexpressed by myeloma cells, is an inhibitor of the WNT signaling pathway and prevents the mediated formation of bone.  
^`anti-DLL4 monoclonal antibody MEDI0639:  An immunoglobulin G1 lambda monoclonal antibody directed against the Notch ligand delta-like 4 (DLL4) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-DLL4 monoclonal antibody MEDI0639 specifically binds to DLL4 and prevents its interaction with Notch receptors, thereby inhibiting Notch-mediated signaling and gene transcription, which may block tumor angiogenesis and eventually the inhibition of tumor cell growth. Activation of Notch receptors by DLL4 stimulates proteolytic cleavage of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD); after cleavage, NICD is translocated to the nucleus and mediates the transcriptional regulation of a variety of genes involved in vascular development. The expression of DLL4 is highly restricted to the vascular endothelium; DLL4/Notch signaling is required for the development of functional tumor blood vessels.  
^`anti-DLL4 monoclonal antibody REGN421:  A human monoclonal antibody directed against Delta-like ligand-4 (DLL4) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-DLL4 monoclonal antibody REGN421 specifically binds to human DLL4, preventing its binding to Notch receptors and inhibiting Notch signaling, which may result in defective tumor vascularization and, so, the inhibition of tumor cell growth. DLL4 is the only Notch ligand selectively expressed on endothelial cells; DLL4/Notch signaling is required for the development of functional tumor blood vessels.  
^`anti-DLL4/VEGF bispecific monoclonal antibody OMP-305B83:  A bispecific monoclonal antibody directed against both the Notch ligand delta-like 4 (DLL4) and the human tyrosine kinase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activities. The anti-DLL4 moiety of anti-DLL4/VEGF monoclonal antibody OMP-305B83 specifically binds to DLL4, prevents its interaction with Notch receptors, and inhibits Notch-mediated signaling and gene transcription, which may both block tumor angiogenesis and inhibit tumor cell growth. The anti-VEGF moiety binds to VEGF and prevents the binding of VEGF to its receptor, which blocks VEGF-mediated signaling and further inhibits the growth and maintenance of tumor blood vessels. The expression of DLL4 is highly restricted to the vascular endothelium; DLL4/Notch signaling is required for the development of functional tumor blood vessels. The expression of the pro-angiogenic growth factor VEGF is associated with tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation and invasion.  
^`anti-DR5 agonist monoclonal antibody TRA-8:  An agonist mouse monoclonal antibody directed against TRAIL death receptor type 5 (DR5) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-DR5 agonist monoclonal antibody TRA-8 binds DR5, which may induce apoptosis in DR5-expressing tumor cells. DR5 is a tumor cell surface ligand that crosslinks with death receptor type 4 (DR4) when bound by TRAIL [Tumor necrosis (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand], triggering apoptosis via a death receptor signaling pathway. The apoptotic activity of this antibody may not require DR4/DR5 crosslinking.  
^`anti-EGFL7 monoclonal antibody MEGF0444A:  A humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor-like domain multiple 7 (EGFL7) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-EGFL7 monoclonal antibody MEGF0444A binds to EGFL7, thereby preventing the activities of EGFL7 on endothelial cells and inhibiting the survival and migration of endothelial cells during angiogenesis. EGFL7, a vascular-restricted extracellular matrix protein which is upregulated during angiogenesis and which regulates vascular development, may be overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumor cell types.  
^`anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody ABT-806:  A humanized monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with antineoplastic activity. MoAb ABT-806 targets the EGFR deletion variant, de2-7 EGFR as well as wild-type EGFR expressed in cells overexpressing the receptor, thereby preventing the activation and subsequent dimerization of the receptor; the decrease in receptor activation and dimerization result in an inhibition in signal transduction and anti-proliferative effects. This MoAb targets cells expressing aberrant EGFR, hence making it an ideal candidate for generation of radioisotope or toxin conjugates.  
^`anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody GC1118:  A recombinant, human monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, GC1118 binds to and blocks the ligand binding site of EGFR, which prevents receptor dimerization and activation. This may lead to an inhibition of both EGFR-dependent downstream pathways and EGFR-dependent tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase, may be overexpressed on the surfaces of various tumor cell types.  
^`anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody mixture MM-151:  An oligoclonal therapeutic composed of three fully human monoclonal antibodies targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or ErbB1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of MM-151, the three antibodies bind to distinct, non-overlapping epitopes of EGFR, thereby preventing the binding of a full range of both high and low affinity EGFR ligands and inhibiting EGFR-ERK-mediated signaling. This eventually inhibits tumor cell proliferation in EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. Furthermore, multi antibody-antigen bindings cause crosslinking of EGFR and downregulate receptor signalings that are mediated via heterodimerization of EGFR with other members of the EGFR family. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, is a key regulator of cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody mixture sym004:  A mixture of two recombinant IgG1 antibodies directed against different epitopes in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) extracellular domain III, with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody mixture Sym004 binds to the extracellular domain of EGFR, thereby preventing ligand binding. This may prevent activation and subsequent dimerization of the receptor; the decrease in receptor activation may result in an inhibition of downstream ERK and JNK signaling pathways and thus inhibition of EGFR-dependent tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. In addition, binding of Sym004 to EGFRs causes EGFR internalization and degradation. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase, often is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumor cell types.  
^`anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody RO5083945:  A glycoengineered monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody RO5083945 binds to the extracellular domain of EGFR, preventing the activation and subsequent dimerization of the receptor; the decrease in receptor activation and dimerization may result in an inhibition of downstream ERK and JNK signaling pathways and so inhibition of EGFR-dependent tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. EGFR, a member of the epidermal growth factor family of extracellular protein ligands, may be overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumor cell types.  
^`anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody SYN004:  A glyco-engineered monoclonal antibody directed against the receptor tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody SYN004 binds to the extracellular domain of EGFR, which prevents ligand binding and the subsequent activation and dimerization of the receptor. This inhibits the activation of EGFR-mediated signaling pathways and inhibits EGFR-dependent tumor cell proliferation. EGFR, a member of the EGFR receptor tyrosine kinase family, may be overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various tumor cell types.  
^`anti-EGFR TAP antibody-drug conjugate IMGN289:  A targeted antibody payload (TAP)-based immunoconjugate consisting of a human monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) conjugated, via a nonreducible thioether linker (succinimidyl trans-4-(maleimidylmethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate or SMCC), to the cytotoxic agent maytansinoid mertansine (DM1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the monoclonal antibody moiety of immunoconjugate IMGN289 binds to and inhibits EGFR on tumor cell surfaces. Inhibition of EGFR prevents EGFR-mediated signaling and may inhibit tumor cell proliferation. After internalization, the mertansine moiety binds to tubulin and interferes with microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics. This inhibits both cell division and the proliferation of cancer cells that express EGFR. EGFR, overexpressed by a variety of cancers, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival. Linkage of the antibody and drug, through a nonreducible linker, appears to contribute to the improved efficacy and reduced toxicity of this antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) compared to similar ADCs constructed with reducible linkers.  
^`anti-EGFR/c-Met bispecific antibody JNJ-61186372:  A human bispecific antibody targeting both epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR; cMet), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-EGFR/c-Met bispecific antibody JNJ-61186372 simultaneously targets and binds to wild-type or certain mutant forms of both EGFR and cMet expressed on cancer cells, thereby preventing receptor phosphorylation. This prevents the activation of both EGFR- and cMet-mediated signaling pathways. In addition, binding results in receptor degradation, which further inhibits EGFR- and cMet-mediated signaling. JNJ-61186372 also causes antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Altogether, this results in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. EGFR and cMet, both upregulated or mutated in a variety of tumor cell types, play key roles in tumor cell proliferation.  
^`anti-EGFR/HER3 monoclonal antibody MEHD7945A:  An immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody directed against both human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3 or ERBB3) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-EGFR/HER3 Monoclonal Antibody MEHD7945A binds to both EGFR and HER3 and inhibits their activation. This may prevent EGFR/HER3-mediated signaling and inhibit EGFR/HER3-dependent tumor cell proliferation. In addition, MEHD7945A induces antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against EGR/HER3-expressing tumor cells. EGFR and HER3, members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, are frequently overexpressed in tumors; their expression is associated with both poor prognosis and drug resistance.  
^`anti-EGFRvIII antibody drug conjugate AMG 595:  An immunoconjugate consisting of a human monoclonal antibody directed against the deletion-mutant of epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFRvIII, conjugated via a non-cleavable linker to the cytotoxic agent maytansinoid DM1, with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of this immunoconjugate binds to EGFRvIII on tumor cell surfaces. After internalization, the DM1 moiety binds to tubulin, thereby disrupting microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics and inhibiting cell division and the proliferation of cancer cells that express the EGFRvIII mutant. EGFRvIII, a deletion mutation of exons 2-7 in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene, is overexpressed by a variety of cancers, including glioblastoma multiforme, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and breast carcinoma.  
^`anti-EGFRvIII CAR-transduced allogeneic T lymphocytes:  Allogeneic human T lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) variant III (EGFRvIII) mutant chimeric T-cell receptor (chimeric antigen receptor or CAR) gene coupled to the signaling domains from CD8, CD28, 4-1BB (CD137) and CD3 zeta, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the anti-EGFRvIII CAR-transduced allogeneic T lymphocytes bind to the EGFRvIII antigen on tumor cell surfaces; subsequently, EGFRvIII-expressing tumor cells may be lysed. EGFRvIII, an in-frame deletion of exons 2-7 in the EGFR gene, is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types and absent in normal, healthy cells; it plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis and radio- and chemoresistance.  
^`anti-EGFRvIII immunotoxin MR1-1:  A recombinant immunotoxin consisting of single-chain variable domain fragment antibody directed against the tumor-specific antigen EGFRvIII (MR1scFv) fused to domains II and III of the Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE38KDEL), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the antibody moiety of anti-EGFRvIII immunotoxin MR1-1 binds to EGFRvIII; upon internalization, the exotoxin portion inhibits protein synthesis, resulting in a reduction in tumor cell proliferation of EGFRvIII- expressing tumor cells. EGFRvIII, a type III in-frame deletion mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, is expressed by a variety of cancers, including glioblastoma multiforme, non-small lung carcinoma, and breast carcinoma. Compared to intact IgG antibodies, single-chain antibodies such as MR1scFv are smaller and may penetrate tumors better. Pseudomonas exotoxin PE38KDEL was modified to remove the natural cell binding domain.  
^`anti-EGP-2 immunotoxin MOC31-PE:  An immunotoxin consisting of a monoclonal antibody directed against epithelial glycoprotein-2 (EP-2, or epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)) conjugated to the bacterial toxin Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of anti-EGP-2 immunotoxin MOC31-PE, the monoclonal antibody moiety targets and binds to EP-2. Upon internalization, the Pseudomonas exotoxin A moiety then inactivates elongation factor 2 (EF-2) through ADP ribosylation, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis in EP-2-expressing cells. EP-2, a tumor-associated antigen, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`anti-endoglin monoclonal antibody TRC105:  A human/murine chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against endoglin (CD105) with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Anti-endoglin monoclonal antibody TRC105 binds to endoglin, which may result in inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and decreased tumor cell proliferation. The glycoprotein endoglin is a transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF beta-1) accessory receptor that is highly expressed on tumor vessel endothelial cells and appears to be essential for angiogenesis.  
^`anti-endosialin/TEM1 monoclonal antibody MORAb-004:  A humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against human endosialin/TEM1 (tumor endothelial marker;CD248) with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Anti-endosialin/TEM1 monoclonal antibody MORAb-004 binds to and inhibits the activity of cell surface protein endosialin/TEM1, which may result in the inhibition of angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Endosialin/TEM1 plays a key role in angiogenesis and may be overexpressed on tumor stromal cells and endothelial cells.  
^`anti-ENPP3 antibody-drug conjugate AGS-16C3F:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) containing a fully human monoclonal antibody (AGS-16C) directed to the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 3 (ENPP3), conjugated via a non-cleavable linker to monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), an auristatin derivative and a potent microtubule inhibitor, that has potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of ADC AGS-16C3F, the monoclonal antibody moiety of this conjugate selectively binds to ENPP3 then is internalized and undergoes proteolytic cleavage to release MMAF. MMAF binds to and inhibits tubulin polymerization, resulting in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. While normally expressed at low levels in the proximal tubules of the kidney, the type II transmembrane glycoprotein ENPP3 has been found to be overexpressed in renal neoplasms.  
^`anti-EpCAM antibody fragment -Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion protein:  A fusion protein immunotoxin consisting of a humanized, single-chain monoclonal antibody fragment specific for the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) conjugated with a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-EpCAM-Pseudomonas-exotoxin fusion protein binds to Ep-CAM-positive tumor cells, thereby delivering the Pseudomonas exotoxin A moiety specifically; the Pseudomonas exotoxin A moiety then inactivates elongation factor 2 (EF-2) through ADP ribosylation, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis in target cells. EpCAM, a cell surface protein, is expressed by a variety of tumor cells and is frequently found in head and neck cancers.  
^`anti-EphA2 monoclonal antibody DS-8895a:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the ephrin receptor A2 (EphA2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-EphA2 monoclonal antibody DS-8895a selectively binds to cells expressing the EphA2 receptor. This blocks EphA2 activation and EphA2-mediated signaling. In addition, DS-8895a may activate an immune response against EphA2-expressing tumor cells. The cell-surface receptor EphA2, a member of the ephrin family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are involved in mammalian development, is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types and plays an important role in tumor growth.  
^`anti-EphA2 monoclonal antibody-MMAF immunoconjugate MEDI-547:  An auristatin analogue immunoconjugate directed against Eph receptor A2 (EphA2)-positive cancer cells with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-EphA2 monoclonal antibody-MMAF immunoconjugate MEDI-547 is generated by conjugating the fully human IgG1 anti-EphA2 monoclonal antibody (1C1) to the small-molecule microtubule inhibitor monomethyl auristatin phenylalanine (MMAF) via the stable linker maleimidocaproyl (mc) (1C1-mcMMAF). The monoclonal antibody moiety of this agent selectively binds to cells expressing the EphA2 receptor. After internalization and enzymatic cleavage of the immunoconjugate within the tumor cell cytosol, free MMAF binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which may result in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. The cell-surface receptor EphA2, a member of the ephrin family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) involved in mammalian development, is overexpressed by a variety of different cancer cell types.  
^`anti-EphA3 monoclonal antibody KB004:  A non-fucosylated monoclonal antibody directed against the ephrin receptor A3 (EphA3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-EphA3 monoclonal antibody KB004 selectively binds to tumor cells expressing EphA3. This blocks both EphA3 activation and EphA3-mediated signaling, and induces apoptosis in EphA3-expressing tumor cells. In addition, KB004 can stimulate antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against EphA3-expressing tumor cells. This agent also prevents tumor cell proliferation by inhibiting both EphA3 signaling and proliferation of endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature. The cell-surface receptor EphA3, a member of the ephrin family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are involved in mammalian development, is overexpressed by a variety of tumor types but is not expressed in normal healthy adult tissues. It plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation. Non-fucosylation of the antibody enhances its ADCC activity.  
^`anti-epidermal growth factor receptor 2 antibody expressing pluripotent killer T lymphocytes:  A specific population of pluripotent killer (PIK) T cells that have been induced to express high levels of antibodies against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2; HER2), with potential antitumor activity. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action through which PIK-HER2 cells exert their effects has yet to be elucidated, upon infusion, these cells secrete antibodies targeting HER2 expressed on the surface of tumor cells. This may inhibit HER2-dependent signaling, which may lead to inhibition of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, these cells may stimulate the host immune system to mount both a highly-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) directed against HER2-overexpressing tumors, which leads to tumor cell lysis. HER2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases and is frequently overexpressed in solid tumors.  
^`anti-ErbB2/anti-ErbB3 bispecific monoclonal antibody MM-111:  A bispecific monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptors ErbB2 (Her2) and ErbB3 (Her3) with potential antineoplastic activity. The anti-ErB2 targeting arm of anti-ErbB2/anti-ErbB3 bispecific monoclonal antibody MM-111 binds to ErbB2 on tumor cells with high affinity while the anti-Erb3 therapeutic arm binds to ErbB3, which may result in the inhibition of cellular proliferation and differentiation in ErbB2-overexpressing tumor cells via inhibition of ErbB3-dependent signal transduction pathways. ErbB2 and ErB3 are members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases and are frequently overexpressed in solid tumors.  
^`anti-ErbB3 monoclonal antibody AV-203:  A humanized monoclonal antibody (MoAb) directed against the human receptor tyrosine-protein kinase ErbB-3 (HER3) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-ErbB3 MoAb AV-203 binds to and inhibits both ligand neuregulin-1 (NRG-1)-dependent and ligand-independent ErbB3 activation, which may result in inhibition of ErbB3-dependent PI3K/Akt signaling and may lead to inhibition of cellular proliferation and differentiation. ErbB3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is frequently overexpressed in solid tumors and its overexpression generally correlates with poor prognosis and tumor resistance; it has no active kinase domain itself but is activated through heterodimerization with other members of the EGFR receptor family that do.  
^`anti-ErbB3 monoclonal antibody KTN3379:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB3 (Her3) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-ErbB3 monoclonal antibody KTN3379 binds to and prevents ligand binding to ErbB3, which may inhibit ErbB3-dependent phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling and may lead to the inhibition of cellular proliferation and differentiation. ErbB3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is frequently overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors and its overexpression generally correlates with poor prognosis and tumor resistance.  
^`anti-ErbB3 monoclonal antibody REGN1400:  A human monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB3 (Her3) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-ErbB3 receptor monoclonal antibody REGN1400 binds to ErbB3 and prevents neuregulin 1 ligand binding to ErbB3, which may result in an inhibition of ErbB3-dependent phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling. This eventually leads to the inhibition of cellular proliferation and differentiation. ErbB3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is frequently overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors and its overexpression generally correlates with poor prognosis and tumor resistance.  
^`anti-ErbB3/anti-IGF-1R bispecific monoclonal antibody MM-141:  A bispecific monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB3 (Her3) and the human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), with potential antineoplastic activity. The anti-IGF-1R targeting arm of anti-IGF-1R/anti-ErbB3 bispecific monoclonal antibody MM-141 binds to IGF-1R on tumor cells thereby preventing the binding of the natural ligands IGF-1, 2 and heregulin (HRG) to IGF-1R; the anti-ErbB3 therapeutic arm prevents the binding of neuregulin (NRG) to ErbB3. This prevents the activation of the PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathway and may result in both the induction of apoptosis and a decrease in cellular proliferation in IGF-1R and ErbB3-overexpressing tumor cells. IGF-1R, a receptor tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor superfamily, and ErB3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, are frequently overexpressed in solid tumors.  
^`anti-FGF23 IgG1 monoclonal antibody KRN23:  An orally bioavailable recombinant human immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody directed against human fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), that can be used to increase serum phosphate levels. Upon subcutaneous administration, anti-FGF23 IgG1 monoclonal antibody KRN23 binds to and inhibits FGF23, thereby interfering with FGF23 signaling. This increases tubular phosphate reabsorption, decreases excretion of phosphate, and increases serum phosphate levels, resulting in enhanced bone mineralization. FGF23, a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family produced by osteocytes, plays a key role in hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia, such as X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and tumor-induced rickets/osteomalacia. Increased FGF23 levels lead to decreased expression of the sodium-phosphate co-transporters in the proximal tubules, reduced renal phosphate reabsorption, increased excretion by the kidneys, and low serum phosphate concentration.  
^`anti-FGFR2 antibody BAY1179470:  An antibody against the fibroblast growth factor receptor type 2 (FGFR2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the anti-FGFR2 antibody BAY1179470 binds to and inhibits FGFR2, which may result in the inhibition of both FGFR2 phosphorylation and FGFR2-mediated signal transduction pathways. This results in the inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of cell death of FGFR2-expressing tumor cells. FGFR2, upregulated in many tumor cell types, is a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is essential to tumor cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival.  
^`anti-FGFR2 antibody-drug conjugate BAY1187982:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) directed against the fibroblast growth factor receptor type 2 (FGFR2) and conjugated to an as of yet unidentified toxin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the anti-FGFR2 ADC BAY1187982 binds to FGFR2. Upon binding, the toxin selectively induces cell death, through an as of yet undisclosed mechanism of action, in FGFR2-expressing tumor cells. FGFR2, a receptor tyrosine kinase upregulated in many tumor cell types, plays an essential role in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation and survival.  
^`anti-FGFR2 monoclonal antibody FPA144:  A glycoengineered, humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the fibroblast growth factor receptor type 2b (FGFR2b), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the anti-FGFR2 antibody FPA144 specifically binds to and inhibits FGFR2b on tumor cell surfaces, which prevents FGFR2 from binding to its ligands, FGFR2b activation and the activation of FGFR2b-mediated signal transduction pathways. The binding of FPA144 to FGFR2b protein also induces antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against FGFR2b-expressing tumor cells. This results in the inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of cell death of FGFR2-expressing tumor cells. FGFR2b, a specific isoform of the receptor tyrosine kinase FGFR2 upregulated in many tumor cell types, is essential to tumor proliferation, differentiation and survival. Glycoengineering enhances the FPA144-mediated ADCC.  
^`anti-FGFR3 antibody-drug conjugate LY3076226:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a human monoclonal antibody against the fibroblast growth factor receptor type 3 (FGFR3) and conjugated to an as of yet not publicly known cytotoxic agent, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the antibody moiety of anti-FGFR3 ADC LY3076226 binds to FGFR3. Upon internalization, the cytotoxic moiety causes cell death in FGFR3-expressing tumor cells. FGFR3, a receptor tyrosine kinase upregulated or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation.  
^`anti-FGFR3 monoclonal antibody B-701:  A human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against the fibroblast growth factor receptor type 3 (FGFR3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the anti-FGFR3 monoclonal antibody B-701 specifically binds to and inhibits both wild-type and mutated forms of FGFR3. This may result in the inhibition of FGFR3 phosphorylation, thereby preventing its activation and FGFR3-mediated signal transduction pathways. This results in the inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of cell death in FGFR3-expressing tumor cells. FGFR3, a receptor tyrosine kinase upregulated or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation.  
^`anti-FGFR3 monoclonal antibody MFGR1877S:  A human monoclonal antibody against the fibroblast growth factor receptor type 3 (FGFR3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the anti-FGFR3 antibody MFGR1877S binds to and inhibits FGFR3, which may result in the inhibition of both FGFR3 phosphorylation and FGFR3-mediated signal transduction pathways. This results in the inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of cell death in FGFR3-expressing tumor cells. FGFR3, upregulated or mutated in many tumor cell types, is a receptor tyrosine kinase, and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-FGFR4 monoclonal antibody U3-1784:  A human monoclonal antibody against human fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, U3-1784 specifically binds to and blocks FGFR4. This prevents the activation of FGFR4, inhibits FGFR4-mediated signaling and leads to an inhibition of cell proliferation in FGFR4-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR4, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed by certain tumor cell types, is involved in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and survival.  
^`anti-FLT-1 ribozyme:  A nuclease-stabilized synthetic ribozyme (ribonucleic acid enzyme) with potential anti-angiogenesis activity. Ribozyme RPI.4610 specifically recognizes the mRNA for FLT1 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1; VEGFR1), and hydrolyzes the mRNA, thereby preventing VEGFR1 proteins from being made. This may prevent VEGF-stimulated angiogenesis in cancerous tissue and metastasis.  
^`anti-FLT3 monoclonal antibody 4G8-SDIEM:  A human, Fc-optimized, immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against the FLT3 tyrosine kinase receptor (CD135), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon binding to FLT3, anti-FLT3 monoclonal antibody 4G8-SDIEM blocks FLT3 ligand binding to FLT3 and subsequent phosphorylation of FLT3, which may result in the inhibition of FLT3-mediated signal transduction pathways. In addition, this agent may stimulate an anti-FLT3 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against FLT3-expressing tumor cells, which may lead to the inhibition of cellular proliferation and decreased survival in FLT3-expressing cells. FLT3 (FLK2), a class III tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed or mutated in most B lineage and acute myeloid leukemias. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-FLT3 monoclonal antibody IMC-EB10:  A fully human, IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the FLT3 tyrosine kinase receptor (CD135) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon binding to FLT3, anti-FLT3 monoclonal antibody IMC-EB10 blocks FLT3 ligand binding to FLT3 and subsequent FLT3 phosphorylation, which may result in the inhibition of FLT3-mediated signal transduction pathways. In addition, this agent may stimulate an anti-FLT3 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against FLT3-expressing tumor cells, which may result in the inhibition of cellular proliferation and survival in FLT3-expressing cells. FLT3 (FLK2), a class III tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed or mutated in most B lineage and acute myeloid leukemias.  
^`anti-fucosyl-GM1 monoclonal antibody BMS-986012:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the ganglioside fucosyl-GM1, with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon administration, anti-fucosyl-GM1 monoclonal antibody BMS-986012 binds to fucosyl-GM1 on cancer cells and may activate both antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity against the bound tumor cells. This may inhibit the proliferation of GM1-expressing tumor cells. Fucosyl-GM1, a sphingolipid monosialoganglioside and tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed on the surface of many cancer cells while its expression is minimal or non-existent in normal tissues.  
^`antifungal agent F901318:  A systemic antifungal agent that can potentially be used in the treatment of systemic fungal infections.  
^`anti-ganglioside GM2 monoclonal antibody BIW-8962:  A humanized anti-ganglioside GM2 (GM2) monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon administration, anti-ganglioside GM2 monoclonal antibody BIW-8962 may activate an antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against GM2-expressing tumor cells. GM2 is a tumor associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed on the surface of many cancer cells, such as multiple myeloma (MM) cells and neuroblastoma cells.  
^`anti-GCC antibody-drug conjugate MLN0264:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) containing a monoclonal antibody directed against guanylyl cyclase C (GCC or GUCY2C) conjugated to monomethylauristatin E (MMAE), an auristatin derivative and a potent microtubule inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of MLN0264 selectively binds to GCC, a transmembrane receptor normally found on intestinal cells and dopamine neurons in the brain, but is also overexpressed on the surface of gastrointestinal cancers. Upon internalization and proteolytic cleavage, MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, resulting in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis in GCC-expressing tumor cells.  
^`anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody hu14.18K322A:  A monoclonal antibody directed against human glycosphingolipid GD2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon binding to the GD2 antigen, anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody hu14.18K322A triggers a host immune response against GD2-expressing tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell death. GD2, an O-acetylated disialoganglioside with expression in normal tissues restricted primarily to the cerebellum and peripheral nerves, is commonly expressed at high levels on tumors of neuroectodermal origins such as melanomas and neuroblastomas.  
^`anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody MORAb-028:  A human IgM monoclonal antibody directed against disialoganglioside GD2 with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody MORAb-028 may stimulate the immune system to exert a complement-mediated cytotoxic response against GD2-expressing tumor cells. The glycosphingolipid GD2 is a tumor associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed on the surface of many cancer cells.  
^`antigen-targeted personalized breast cancer vaccine:  An individualized, therapeutic cancer vaccine (IVAC) composed of liposomes containing RNA encoding two or three tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) that are specifically expressed in the patient's individual cancer selected from a warehouse (“off the shelf”) and p53 RNA, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the antigen-targeted personalized breast cancer vaccines are translated by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and the expressed protein is presented via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of the APCs. This leads to an induction of both cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and memory T-cell immune responses against the TAAs. The RNAs in the vaccine are specifically selected for an individual patient after RNA profiling of the patient’s tumor.  
^`anti-GITR agonistic monoclonal antibody INCAGN01876:  An anti-human glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 18; TNFRSF18; GITR; CD357) agonistic humanized monoclonal antibody, with potential immune checkpoint modulating activity. Anti-GITR antibody INCAGN01876 binds to and activates GITRs found on multiple types of T cells. This stimulates the immune system, induces both the activation and proliferation of tumor-antigen-specific T-effector cells (Teffs), and suppresses the function of activated T-regulatory cells (Tregs). This leads to tumor cell eradication. GITR, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily and T-cell receptor co-stimulator, is expressed on the surface of multiple immune cell types, including Tregs, Teffs, B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Inappropriately activated Tregs suppress Teffs and suppress T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling.  
^`anti-GITR monoclonal antibody GWN 323:  An anti-human glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 18; TNFRSF18; GITR; CD357) agonistic monoclonal antibody, with potential immune checkpoint modulating activity. Anti-GITR antibody GWN 323 binds to and activates GITRs found on multiple types of T-cells. This stimulates the immune system, induces both the activation and proliferation of tumor-antigen-specific T effector cells (Teff), and suppresses the function of activated T regulatory cells (Tregs). This leads to tumor cell eradication. GITR, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily and T-cell receptor-co-stimulator, is expressed on the surface of multiple immune cell types, including Tregs, Teffs, B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Inappropriately activated Tregs suppress both Teffs and T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling.  
^`anti-GITR monoclonal antibody MK-4166:  An anti-human glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) agonistic monoclonal antibody (MoAb) with potential immunomodulating activity. Anti-GITR monoclonal antibody MK-4166 binds to and activates GITRs found on multiple types of T-cells. This stimulates the immune system and induces both the activation and proliferation of tumor-antigen-specific T effector cells, and suppresses the function of activated T regulatory cells. This leads to tumor cell eradication. Also, this agent is shown to act synergistically with chemotherapeutic drugs in multiple cancer models. GITR, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is expressed on the surface of multiple types of immune cells, including regulatory T-cells, effector T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-GnRH vaccine PEP223:  A peptide vaccine derived from the synthetic peptide pyroEHWSYGLRPG, corresponding to amino acids 22-31 of mouse gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), with potential immunocastration activity. PEP223 is dimerized and contains a D-lysine (k) substitution at position 6 (pyroEHWSYkLRPG) to increase its immunogenicity. Anti-GnRH vaccine PEP223 may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against GnRH, neutralizing its activity. In turn, testosterone production and tumor cell growth may be inhibited in testosterone-sensitive tumors.  
^`anti-gpA33/CD3 monoclonal antibody MGD007:  An anti-glycoprotein A33 (gpA33)/anti-CD3 bispecific humanized monoclonal antibody with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Anti-gpA33/CD3 monoclonal antibody MGD007 possesses two antigen-recognition sites, one for the CD3 complex, a group of T-cell surface glycoproteins that complex with the T-cell receptor (TCR), and one for gpA33, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed on the surface of certain tumor cells. Upon administration of MGD007, this bispecific antibody simultaneously binds to both CD3-expressing T-cells and gpA33-expressing cancer cells, thereby crosslinking cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) to gpA33-expressing tumor cells. This may result in CTL-mediated cell lysis of the crosslinked tumor cells. The gpA33 antigen, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is expressed in certain malignancies, including colon and gastrointestinal cancers.  
^`anti-GPC3 monoclonal antibody GC33:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface oncofetal protein glypican-3 (GPC3) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-GPC3 monoclonal antibody GC33 binds to GPC3 and triggers a host immune response against GPC3-expressing tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell death. GPC3, a heparin sulfate proteoglycan, is frequently upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and mesoderm-derived organs such as the liver, lungs, and kidney.  
^`anti-GPC3-CAR autologous T lymphocytes:  A preparation of autologous T-lymphocytes that have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for glypican-3 (GPC3), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-GPC3-CAR autologous T-lymphocytes specifically target and bind to GPC3-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. GPC3, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan and a member of the glypican family, is overexpressed on certain tumor cell types while minimally expressed in normal, healthy cells; GPC3 plays an important role in cellular proliferation and differentiation.  
^`anti-GRP78 monoclonal antibody PAT-SM6:  A IgM monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78; also called BiP or HSPA5), with potential proapoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration of the anti-GRP78 monoclonal antibody PAT-SM6, the MoAb strongly binds to GRP78, thereby preventing the activation of multiple GRP78-mediated pathways and blocking the GRP78-induced suppression of apoptotic pathways. This eventually leads to the induction of tumor cell apoptosis and a reduction in tumor cell proliferation. GRP78, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone and unfolded protein response (UPR) regulator, is overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cell types; its expression is associated with increased tumor cell survival and proliferation, as well as angiogenesis and resistance to chemotherapy.  
^`anti-HB-EGF monoclonal antibody KHK2866:  A proprietary fucose-free monoclonal antibody directed against human heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-HB-EGF monoclonal antibody KHK2866 binds to HBEGF, thereby blocking its binding to the EGF receptors. This prevents EGF receptor activation and the subsequent induction of cell growth signaling. HBEGF is mitogenic for fibroblasts and smooth muscle and may be involved in macrophage-mediated cellular proliferation. The fucose-free monoclonal antibodies enhance antigen dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increase binding affinity to the Fc receptor to overcome genetic polymorphism.  
^`anti-HBEGF monoclonal antibody U3-1565:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against human heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-HBEGF monoclonal antibody U3-1565 binds to HBEGF and blocks the binding of HBEGF to the EGF receptors. This prevents EGF receptor activation and the subsequent induction of cell growth signaling. HBEGF is mitogenic for fibroblasts and smooth muscle and may be involved in macrophage-mediated cellular proliferation.  
^`anti-HCV E2 monoclonal antibody MBL-HCV1:  A neutralizing, human monoclonal antibody against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 envelope glycoprotein, with potential immunomodulatory and antiviral activities against HCV. Upon administration, anti-HCV E2 monoclonal antibody MBL-HCV1 recognizes and binds to the E2 glycoprotein of HCV. This suppresses HCV load and provides passive immunization against HCV. This may prevent both infection by HCV in immunocompromised patients and hepatitis C-related liver disease. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family.  
^`antihemophilic factor, human recombinant:  The recombinant form of human antihemophilic factor (AH) (Factor VIII) with coagulation promoting activity. Antihemophilic factor binds to factor IXa in the coagulation cascade along with calcium and phospholipid. This complex converts factor X to the activated form, factor Xa. In turn, factor Xa/Va complex activates thrombin, which cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin, eventually resulting in blood clot formation.  
^`anti-HER2 ADC DS-8201a:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a monoclonal antibody targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2; EGFR2; HER2) conjugated to a derivative of the camptothecin analog exatecan (DXd; DX-8951 derivative), a DNA topoisomerase 1 (topoisomerase I; Top1) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of anti-HER2 ADC conjugate DS-8201a, the antibody moiety targets and binds to HER2 on tumor cells. Upon antibody/antigen binding and internalization, the DX-8951 derivative moiety binds to and inhibits Top1-DNA complexes, which results in an inhibition of DNA replication, cell cycle arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. HER2, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed by many cancer cell types. In addition, DS-8201a induces antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and causes a bystander killing effect, thereby killing neighboring HER2-expressing tumor cells.  
^`anti-HER2 antibody-drug conjugate ARX788:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a monoclonal antibody targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (EGFR2; HER2) site-specifically conjugated, via the non-natural amino acid linker para-acetyl-phenylalanine (pAcF), to the auristatin analog and potent microtubule inhibitor monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of anti-HER2 ADC ARX788, the antibody moiety targets and binds to HER2 on tumor cells. Upon antibody/antigen binding and internalization, MMAF binds to and inhibits tubulin polymerization, which results in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. HER2, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed by many cancer cell types. The site-specific conjugation of the cytotoxic agent to the antibody improves the biophysical properties of ARX788, increases payload stability and optimizes its efficacy.  
^`anti-HER2 antibody-drug conjugate MEDI4276:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a bispecific antibody against the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; ERBB2) comprised of the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab, which binds to domain IV of HER2, fused to the heavy chains of the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody 39S, which binds to domain II of HER2, and conjugated, via a cleavable linker, to the cytotoxic anti-microtubule agent tubulysin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of MEDI4276, the anti-HER2 bispecific antibody specifically targets and binds to HER2 on the surface of certain cancer cells. Upon binding, crosslinking and internalization of antibody-HER2 complexes occurs and MEDI4276 is transported to the lysosome where the linker is cleaved, thereby delivering tubulysin inside HER2-expressing cancer cells. Tubulysin binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule polymerization, which blocks cell division. This results in G2/M phase arrest, tumor cell apoptosis, and decreased proliferation of HER2-expressing tumor cells. HER2, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed by many cancer cell types.  
^`anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody CT-P6:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. After binding to HER2 on the tumor cell surface, anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody CT-P6 may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) as well as an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells that overexpress HER2. HER2, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed by many cancer cell types.  
^`anti-HER2-CAR autologous CMV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  Autologous human cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a human anti-HER2 (epidermal growth factor receptor 2) chimeric T cell receptor (CAR) gene with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Autologous CTLs from a patient with HER2- and CMV-positive glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are genetically modified to express CAR gene specific for HER2 on their cell surfaces. After expansion in culture and reintroduction into the patient, the anti-HER2-CAR autologous CMV-specific CTLs bind to HER2 antigen on tumor cell surfaces; subsequently, HER2-positive tumor cells and stem cells may be lysed. HER2 (ErbB2), a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types, plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. CMV is present in the majority of GBM tumors.  
^`anti-Her-2-CAR retroviral vector-transduced autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes:  Autologous human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) transduced with a retroviral vector encoding an anti-Her-2 (epidermal growth factor receptor 2) chimeric T cell receptor (chimeric antigen receptor or CAR) gene with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Autologous PBLs from a patient with Her-2-positive cancer are pulsed with a retroviral vector that encodes the CAR gene specific for Her-2. After expansion in culture and reintroduction into the patient, anti-Her-2-CAR retroviral vector-transduced autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes, expressing anti-Her-2-CAR on their cell surfaces, bind to Her-2 antigen on tumor cell surfaces; subsequently, Her-2-expressing tumor cells may be lysed. Her-2 (ErbB-2), a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types, belongs to the EGFR superfamily and plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody GSK2849330:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3; ERBB3) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody GSK2849330 binds to HER3 and inhibits its activation. This may prevent HER3-mediated signaling and inhibit HER3-dependent tumor cell proliferation and differentiation. HER3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is frequently overexpressed in tumors and is associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance; it has no active kinase domain but is activated through heterodimerization with other members of the EGFR receptor family, such as HER2.  
^`anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody LJM716:  A human monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor HER3 (ErbB3) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody LJM716 possesses a novel mechanism of action; LJM716 binds to and locks HER3 in the inactive conformation and does not interfere with its interaction with neuregulin (NRG). The inactivated form of HER3 blocks the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting cellular proliferation in HER2 or NRG expressing tumor cells. HER3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is frequently overexpressed in tumors; it has no active kinase domain but is activated through heterodimerization with other members of the EGFR receptor family, such as HER2.  
^`anti-HGF monoclonal antibody TAK-701:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-HGF monoclonal antibody TAK-701 binds to the soluble ligand HGF, preventing HGF binding to and activation of the HGF receptor c-Met and so the activation of the c-Met signaling pathway; this may result in the induction of cell death in c-Met-expressing tumor cells. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in a variety of tumor cell types, plays a key role in cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.  
^`anti-HIF-1alpha LNA antisense oligonucleotide EZN-2968:  A synthetic antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS ODN) targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-HIF-1alpha LNA antisense oligonucleotide EZN-2968 hybridizes with HIF-1alpha mRNA and blocks t HIF-1 alpha protein expression, which may result in the inhibition of angiogenesis, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and apoptosis. HIF-1alpha, normally activated in response to hypoxia-induced stress, is a key transcription regulator of a large number of genes important in cellular adaptation to low-oxygen conditions, including angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell invasion.  
^`anti-HLA-A2/NY-ESO-1 TCR-transduced autologous T lymphocytes:  Autologous human peripheral blood T lymphocytes transduced with a lentiviral or retroviral vector encoding a human leukocyte antigen A2 (HLA-A2)-restricted anti-cancer-testis antigen 1 (NY-ESO-1) T-cell receptor (TCR) gene, with potential antineoplastic activity. Following leukapheresis, isolation of lymphocytes, expansion ex vivo, transduction, and re-introduction into the patient, the anti-HLA-A2/NY-ESO-1 TCR-transduced autologous T lymphocytes recognize and bind to NY-ESO-1/HLA-A2-positive tumor cells. This results in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated elimination of NY-ESO-1-positive cancer cells. NY-ESO-1, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is found in normal testis and on the surface of various tumor cell types.  
^`anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibody IMMU-114:  A humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody that targets the human leukocyte antigen HLA-DR, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibody IMMU-114 binds to HLA-DR on HLA-DR-expressing tumor cells and, although the exact mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated, appears to induce hyperactivation of ERK- and JNK-dependent mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways. This may lead to mitochondrial membrane depolarization and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This eventually leads to an induction of tumor cell apoptosis and a reduction in tumor cell proliferation. IMMU-14 may be beneficial in the treatment of graft versus host disease (GVHD) as it appears to suppress T-lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer (NK) cell activation. As the Fc region of the orgnial IgG1 MoAb was replaced with the IgG4 isotype, IMMU-114 does not induce a complement cytotoxicity (CDC) or an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) . HLA-DR, a MHC class II molecule, is found on various B-cell hematologic malignancies and in autoimmune diseases as well as on normal cells.  
^`anti-human chorionic gonadotropin vaccine:  A peptide vaccine consisting of the whole or partial beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone (hCG), linked to an adjuvant carrier of bacterial or viral origin, with anti-fertility activity. Anti-human chorionic gonadotropin vaccine blocks the activity of hCG which is naturally produced by the trophectoderm of the pre-implantation embryo within a few days of fertilization. hCG is required for the maintenance of the corpus luteum in the ovary thus ensuring its continued production of progesterone, which is required for the successful completion of implantation of the blastocyst. Without progesterone, the corpus luteum regresses, and menstruation is initiated.  
^`anti-human GITR monoclonal antibody TRX518:  A humanized, Fc disabled anti-human glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) monoclonal antibody (MoAb) with immunomodulating activity. Anti-human GITR MoAb TRX518 blocks the interaction of GITR, found on multiple types of T cells, with its ligand, thereby inducing both the activation of tumor-antigen-specific T effector cells, as well as abrogating the suppression induced by inappropriately activated T regulatory cells. This agent is shown to act synergistically with chemotherapeutic drugs in multiple cancer models.  
^`anti-human integrin alpha v subunit monoclonal antibody EMD 525797:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human alpha v integrin subunit with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Anti-human integrin alpha v subunit monoclonal antibody EMD 525797, a chimeric antibody which includes the antigen binding sites of the anti-integrin mouse antibody 17E6, binds to and inhibits the activity of alphavbeta3 integrin (vitronectin receptor); this may result in the inhibition of endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and integrin-mediated tumor angiogenesis and metastasis in alphavbeta3-expressing tumor cells. Alphavbeta3 integrin, a cell adhesion and signaling receptor, is expressed on the surface of tumor vessel endothelial cells and plays a crucial role in endothelial cell adhesion and migration.  
^`anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody BI-505:  A fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1 or CD54), with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody BI-505 selectively binds to the adhesion protein ICAM-1, which may result in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), hyper-cross-linking-induced apoptosis, and a decrease in cellular proliferation of ICAM-1-expressing tumor cells. ICAM-1, normally expressed on leukocytes and endothelial cells, may be overexpressed in a variety of cancers.  
^`anti-ICOS agonist antibody GSK3359609:  An agonistic antibody for the inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS; CD278), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-ICOS agonist antibody GSK3359609 targets and binds to ICOS expressed on tumor infiltrating CD4-positive T cells. This stimulates ICOS-positive T-cell proliferation, enhances cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) survival and increases CTL-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. ICOS, a T-cell specific, CD28-superfamily costimulatory molecule and immune checkpoint protein, is normally expressed on certain activated T cells and plays a key role in the proliferation and activation of T cells.  
^`anti-ICOS monoclonal antibody MEDI-570:  An Fc-optimized humanized immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) directed against the inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS, CD278), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-ICOS MoAb MEDI-570 targets and binds to ICOS expressed on tumor infiltrating CD4-positive T-cells. This prevents the interaction between ICOS-positive T-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which express the ICOS ligand (ICOSL). Blocking ICOS activation prevents the pDC-induced proliferation and accumulation of regulatory ICOS-positive T-cells (ICOS+ Tregs) and inhibits interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion by CD4+ infiltrating T-cells. This may abrogate Treg-mediated immune suppression and may enhance cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. Fc optimization enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). ICOS, a T-cell specific, CD28-superfamily costimulatory molecule and immune checkpoint protein, plays a key role in the proliferation and activation of T-cells. It is normally expressed on both activated CD4+ T-cells, which is a subset of memory T-cells (Tm), and follicular helper T-cells (Tfh). ICOS is highly expressed on Tregs infiltrating various tumors and its expression is associated with a poor prognosis; ICOS-positive Tregs play a key role in immune suppression and tumor immune evasion.  


^`anti-IGF1/2 monoclonal antibody MEDI-573:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1/2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-IGF1/2 monoclonal antibody MEDI-573 inhibits IGF1- and IGF2-stimulated activation of membrane-bound IGF receptors and the subsequent triggering of proliferation and survival signaling pathways. This may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. IGF1/2 ligands stimulate cell proliferation, enable oncogenic transformation, and suppress apoptosis; IGF1/2 signaling has been highly implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis.  
^`anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibody AVE1642:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R/CD221) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibody AVE1642 specifically binds to and blocks membrane-bound IGF-1R, preventing the binding of the natural ligand IGF-1 and the subsequent activation of PI3K/AKT signal transduction, which may result in the induction of apoptosis and a decrease in cellular proliferation. Activation of IGF-1R , a receptor tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor superfamily overexpressed by various cancer cell types, stimulates cell proliferation, promotes angiogenesis, enables oncogenic transformation, and suppresses apoptosis.  
^`anti-IGF-1R recombinant monoclonal antibody BIIB022:  A recombinant, human monoclonal antibody directed against the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-IGF-1R recombinant monoclonal antibody BIIB022 binds to membrane-bound IGF-1R, preventing binding of the ligand IGF-1 and the subsequent triggering of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; inhibition of this survival signaling pathway may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. The activation of IGF-1R, a tyrosine kinase and a member of the insulin receptor family, stimulates cell proliferation, enables oncogenic transformation, and suppresses apoptosis; IGF-1R signaling has been highly implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis.  
^`anti-IL-1 alpha monoclonal antibody CA-18C3:  A "true human" (cloned from human B lymphocytes) monoclonal antibody directed against interleukin-1 alpha (IL1a) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-IL-1 alpha monoclonal antibody CA-18C3 binds to IL1a and may block the activity of IL1a. IL1a, an inflammatory mediator, plays a key role in interleukin-mediated tumor cell activity such as angiogenesis, tissue matrix remodeling, metastasis and tumor cell invasion.  
^`anti-IL-13 humanized monoclonal antibody TNX-650:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against interleukin-13 (IL-13) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-IL-13 humanized monoclonal antibody TNX-650 binds to and blocks the activity of IL-13, which may result in the inhibition of Hodkin lympoma cell proliferation. IL-13 cytokine, an important mediator in allergic inflammation, may be an autocrine growth factor for Hodgkin lymphoma cells.  
^`anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody AMG 714:  A human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against the human pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15), with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody AMG 714 binds to and neutralizes IL-15, thereby preventing IL-15-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling. By inhibiting IL-15-mediated immune responses, AMG 714 decreases natural killer (NK) cell activation and proliferation, reduces T-cell infiltration, increases T-cell apoptosis, and may prevent the growth of IL-15-driven cancer cells. IL-15 plays a key role in inflammation and is associated with a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders as well as with cell proliferation in certain cancer types, such as T-cell lymphomas. IL-15 is required for the proliferation of certain T-cells and NK cells.  
^`anti-IL-4/IL-13 combination agent QBX258:  A combination agent composed of the two human monoclonal antibodies VAK694 (VAK296), targeting interleukin-4 (IL-4), and dectrekumab, targeting IL-13, that can potentially be used to block signaling mediated by IL-4 and IL-13. Upon intravenous administration of the anti-IL-4/IL-13 combination agent QBX258, the two antibodies VAK694 and dectrekumab target and block the activity of the two cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, respectively, which prevents IL-4/IL-13-mediated signaling. In patients with breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL), this agent may prevent lymphedema-associated effects, such as fibrosis, hyperkeratosis, the deposition of fibroadipose tissue, fluid accumulation, limb swelling, reduction of skin elasticity, and pain. By reducing the excess volume, QBX258 may improve lymphatic and arm functions. The development of lymphedema after lymphatic injury is associated with tissue inflammation, the infiltration of CD4-positive cells and their differentiation to the type 2 helper T-cell (Th2) phenotype. Th2 cells produce IL-4 and IL-13 that play a key role in the development of lymphedema-associated symptoms as well as other Th2-mediated diseases.  
^`anti-IL-8 monoclonal antibody HuMax-IL8:  A human monoclonal antibody against the pro-inflammatory mediator interleukin-8 (IL-8; CXCL8), with potential antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, HuMax-IL8 directly binds to IL-8, thereby inhibiting the binding of IL-8 to its receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. This inhibits activation of IL-8-mediated signaling transduction pathways, which decreases proliferation of susceptible tumor cells. Also, HuMax-IL8 effectively blocks binding of IL-8 to neutrophils and inhibits neutrophil activation and recruitment towards sites of inflammation, which reduces inflammation. IL-8, a member of the CXC chemokine family, is upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types and inflammatory diseases; it plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, endothelial cell proliferation, and cancer stem cell (CSC) renewal.  
^`anti-inflammatory antibody ALXN1007:  A proprietary antibody that targets the complement inflammatory pathway with potential immunomodulating and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon intravenous administration, anti-inflammatory antibody ALXN1007 modulates the complement inflammatory pathway through binding to an as of yet undisclosed target. This may help in the treatment of certain inflammatory-mediated disorders, such as antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). This agent may also influence the progression of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD).  
^`anti-integrin monoclonal antibody-DM4 immunoconjugate IMGN388:  An immunoconjugate consisting of an anti-integrin monoclonal antibody covalently attached to the maytansinoid DM4, a derivative of the cytotoxic agent maytansine (DM1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-integrin monoclonal antibody-DM4 immunoconjugate IMGN388 binds to tumor cell surface integrins; upon internalization, the DM4 moiety is released from the immunoconjugate, binding to tubulin and disrupting microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, which may result in inhibition of cell division and cell growth of integrin-expressing tumor cells. Integrins, a class of transmembrane cell surface receptors, link the extracellular matrix (ECM) to intracellular signaling pathways that control cell proliferation and differentiation.  
^`anti-interferon gamma monoclonal antibody NI-0501:  A human monoclonal antibody against the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma; IFNg), with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, the anti-IFNg monoclonal antibody NI-0501 binds to and neutralizes IFNg. This inhibits IFNg-mediated signaling pathways and suppresses the activation of the immune system. IFNg, a cell-signaling protein, plays a key role in the regulation and activation of the immune system; its upregulation is associated with certain auto-immune and auto-inflammatory diseases in which the immune system is abnormally activated.  
^`anti-interleukin 6 monoclonal antibody ALD518:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (Il-6) with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, anti-interleukin 6 monoclonal antibody ALD518 binds to and blocks the activity of IL-6, which may mitigate the catabolic effects of IL-6.  
^`anti-interleukin-1 alpha monoclonal antibody MABp1:  A human IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeting the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 alpha (IL1a) with potential antineoplastic, anti-cachectic and anti-angiogenic activities. Anti-IL1a monoclonal antibody MABp1 targets and binds to IL1a and prevents IL1a activity. This prevents IL1a-mediated tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. In addition, MABp1 abrogates IL1a-mediated cachexia. IL1a, an inflammatory mediator expressed on monocytes, platelets and overexpressed by certain tumors, plays a key role in the promotion of tumor cell growth, metastasis and invasion. In addition, IL1a stimulates metabolic activity in the central nervous system.  
^`anti-KIR monoclonal antibody IHP 2101:  A human monoclonal antibody directed against the human inhibitory killer IgG-like receptor (KIR) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Anti-KIR monoclonal antibody IPH 2101 binds to the KIR receptor expressed on human natural killer (NK) cells, which may prevent KIR-mediated inhibition of NK cells and permit NK cell-mediated anti-tumor cytotoxicity. KIRs are surface glycoproteins that bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I subtypes on target cells; binding of KIRs inhibits NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity.  
^`anti-KIR3DL2 monoclonal antibody IPH4102:  A humanized monoclonal antibody against the immune receptor human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, three domains, long cytoplasmic tail, 2 (KIR3DL2), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the anti-KIR3DL2 monoclonal antibody IPH4102 binds to KIR3DL2 expressed on certain tumor cells. This recruits natural killer (NK) cells and leads to lysis of KIR3DL2-expressing tumor cells. In addition, IPH4102 induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), thereby further eliminating tumor cells. KIR3DL2, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and inhibitory receptor of the KIR family, is specifically expressed in most subtypes of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) and expressed only on a fraction of normal NK cells.  
^`anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody BMS-986016:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the inhibitor receptor lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody BMS-986016 binds to LAG-3 on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). This may activate antigen-specific T-lymphocytes and enhance cytotoxic T cell-mediated tumor cell lysis, which leads to a reduction in tumor growth. LAG-3 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) and binds to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. LAG-3 expression on TILs is associated with tumor-mediated immune suppression.  
^`anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody LAG525:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the inhibitory receptor lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody LAG525 binds to LAG-3 expressed on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and blocks its binding with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules expressed on tumor cells. This activates antigen-specific T-lymphocytes and enhances cytotoxic T-cell-mediated tumor cell lysis, which leads to a reduction in tumor growth. LAG-3, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) and expressed on various immune cells, negatively regulates cellular proliferation and activation of T-cells. Its expression on TILs is associated with tumor-mediated immune suppression.  
^`anti-LAMP1 antibody-drug conjugate SAR428926:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of a monoclonal antibody against lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) conjugated, via the disulfide-containing cleavable linker N-succinimidyl-4-(2-pyridyldithio)butyrate (SPDB), to the cytotoxic maytansinoid DM4, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of anti-LAMP1 ADC SAR428926, the anti-LAMP1 monoclonal antibody moiety targets and binds to the cell surface antigen LAMP1. After antibody-antigen interaction and internalization, the SPDB linker is selectively cleaved by proteases in the cytosol and the DM4 moiety is released. DM4 binds to tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, thereby inhibiting both cell division and cell growth of LAMP1-expressing tumor cells. LAMP1, overexpressed on a variety of cancer cells, plays a key role in cell-cell adhesion and migration. The SPDB linker is resistant to cleavage in the bloodstream, which may increase stability and reduce toxicity.  
^`anti-LGR5 monoclonal antibody BNC101:  A humanized monoclonal antibody targeting leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the anti-LGR5 humanized monoclonal antibody BNC101 targets and binds to LGR5, thereby inhibiting LGR5-mediated signal transduction pathways. This prevents proliferation of LGR5-expressing tumor cells. LGR5, a member of the Wnt signaling pathway, is a cancer stem cell (CSC) receptor overexpressed on certain cancer cells; it plays a key role in CSC proliferation and survival.  
^`anti-LIV-1 monoclonal antibody-MMAE conjugate SGN-LIV1A:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the anti-solute carrier family 39 zinc transporter member 6 (SLC39A6; LIV-1; ZIP6) protein that is conjugated, via a protease-cleavable linker, to the cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration and internalization by LIV-1-positive tumor cells, anti-LIV-1 antibody-drug conjugate SGN-LIV1A undergoes enzymatic cleavage to release MMAE into the cytosol. In turn, MMAE binds to and inhibits tubulin polymerization, which may result in G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in LIV-1-expressing tumor cells. LIV-1, a member of the zinc transporter family, is expressed in several types of solid tumors and plays a key role in tumor cell progression and metastasis. The linkage system in SGN-LIV1A is highly stable in plasma, resulting in cytotoxic specificity against LIV-1-positive cells.  
^`anti-LOXL2 monoclonal antibody GS-6634:  A humanized monoclonal antibody against lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-LOXL2 monoclonal antibody AB0024 targets and specifically binds to the scavenger receptor cysteine rich domain 4 (SRCR-4) on LOXL2, thereby preventing the crosslinking of collagen and inhibiting the recruitment and activation of fibroblasts. Inhibiting fibroblast activation and the subsequent production of growth factors and chemokines may lead to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. LOXL2, a member of the lysyl oxidase (LO) gene family, is an extracellular, copper-dependent enzyme overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types, and contributes to tumor cell invasion and metastasis.  
^`anti-Ly6E antibody-drug conjugate DLYE5953A:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of an antibody against the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus E (Ly6E) and linked to an as of yet undisclosed cytotoxic agent, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the antibody moiety of DLYE5953A targets and binds to Ly6E expressed on tumor cells. Upon binding and internalization, the cytotoxic agent is released and kills, through an as of yet unknown mechanism of action, the Ly6E-expressing cancer cells. Ly6E, an interferon (IFN)-inducible glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked cell membrane protein, is expressed on a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`anti-MASP-2 monoclonal antibody OMS721:  A monoclonal antibody against mannan-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2), with potential anti-thrombotic and immunomodulating activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, OMS721 binds to and inhibits MASP-2. This prevents the activation of MASP-2, the cleavage of certain complement components, and the activation of the complement lectin pathway. This inhibits complement deposition and complement-induced thrombus formation. MASP-2, a pro-inflammatory protein, plays a key role in the activation of the lectin complement pathway, which is a key component in the immune system, and is associated with complement-mediated diseases, such as thrombotic microangiopathies (TMAs), which includes hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT)-related TMA, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).  
^`Anti-M-CSF monoclonal antibody MCS110:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) with potential anti-osteolytic activity. Anti-M-CSF monoclonal antibody MCS110 binds to M-CSF and blocks M-CSF-mediated signaling through the M-CSF receptor CD116 expressed on osteoclasts, which may result in inhibition of M-CSF-induced osteoclast differentiation and so osteoclastic bone resorption. Osteoclasts are derived through the fusion of cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Osteoblasts and stromal cells may react to bone metastases by producing M-CSF and its osteoclastogenic cofactor RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand).  
^`anti-mesothelin antibody-drug conjugate BMS-986148:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface glycoprotein mesothelin and conjugated to an as of yet undisclosed cytotoxic drug, with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of anti-mesothelin ADC BMS-986148 targets and binds to the tumor-associated antigen mesothelin. Upon internalization, the cytotoxic agent kills or prevents cellular proliferation of mesothelin-expressing tumor cells through an as of yet undescribed mechanism of action. Mesothelin is overexpressed by all mesotheliomas and a variety of other cancers, while it is minimally expressed in normal tissue.  
^`anti-mesothelin CAR vector-transduced autologous T lymphocytes:  Genetically modified, autologous T lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-human tumor-associated antigen (TAA) mesothelin single chain variable fragment (scFv), the intracellular CD3 zeta T-cell receptor domain and the 4-1BB (cd137) costimulatory domain, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. After isolation, transduction, expansion in culture, and reintroduction into the patient, the anti-mesothelin CAR vector-transduced autologous T lymphocytes specifically target and kill mesothelin-expressing tumor cells. Mesothelin, a cell surface glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`anti-mesothelin cytolytic fusion protein LMB-100:  An anti-mesothelin (MSLN) recombinant cytolytic fusion protein (cFP) composed of a humanized Fab fragment of anti-MSLN monoclonal antibody SS1 linked to a truncated and de-immunized 24 kDa fragment of the Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) (PE24), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of anti-MSLN-PE24 cFP LMB-100, the anti-MSLN moiety targets and binds to MSLN-expressing tumor cells. Upon binding and internalization through endocytosis, the toxin moiety ADP-ribosylates and inactivates eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), preventing the elongation step of protein synthesis and leading to both an inhibition of protein synthesis and an induction of MSLN-expressing tumor cell apoptosis. MSLN, a tumor-associated antigen overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and migration. The engineered PE24 portion of LMB-100 does contain the targeting domain and furin cleavage site, which are needed for cytotoxicity, but most of the translocation domain II is deleted and the catalytic domain III contains point mutations, which result in the deletion and silencing of most T- and B-cell epitopes; therefore, the immunogenicity and toxicity is reduced compared to non-engineered PE toxin, which allows for the administration of larger doses of LMB-100.  
^`anti-mesothelin iCasp9M28z CAR-transduced autologous T lymphocytes:  Genetically modified, autologous T lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for mesothelin linked to the signaling domains for the co-stimulatory molecules CD28 and CD3 zeta, as well as the suicide gene inducible caspase 9 (iCasp9 or iC9), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, anti-mesothelin iCasp9M28z CAR-transduced autologous T lymphocytes specifically target and kill mesothelin-expressing tumor cells. iCasp9 consists of a human FK506 drug-binding domain with an F36V mutation (FKBP12-F36V) linked to human caspase 9. If administration of the T cells lead to unacceptable side effects, a dimerizing agent can be administered which binds to the FKBP12-F36V drug-binding domain and activates caspase 9, resulting in the apoptosis of the administered T-cells. Mesothelin, a tumor-associated antigen, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`anti-mesothelin-CAR mRNA-transduced autologous T lymphocytes:  Autologous chimeric immune receptor (CIR) T cells transfected with anti-mesothelin chimeric T cell receptor mRNA, with potential antineoplastic activity. The anti-mesothelin mRNA encodes a single chain antibody variable fragment (ScFv), the intracellular CD 3 zeta T cell receptor domain and the 4-1BB (cd137) costimulatory domain. Upon intravenous administration, the anti-mesothelin-CAR mRNA-transduced autologous T lymphocytes may attach to cancer cells expressing mesothelin. This may stimulate the secretion of multiple cytokines and may result in cell lysis of mesothelin-expressing cancer cells. Mesothelin is a cell surface glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion and is overexpressed in many epithelial-derived cancers.  
^`anti-Met monoclonal antibody mixture Sym015:  A mixture of two humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibodies, Hu9006 and Hu9338, which recognize non-overlapping epitopes in the extracellular domain of the human hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET; HGFR; c-Met), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-MET monoclonal antibody mixture Sym015 targets and binds to the extracellular domain of MET, thereby preventing the binding of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). This may prevent activation of the receptor and MET-mediated signal transduction pathways. This inhibits MET-dependent tumor cell proliferation. MET, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumor cell types; it plays a key role in cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.  
^`anti-Met/EGFR monoclonal antibody LY3164530:  A monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR or c-Met), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-Met/EGFR MoAb LY3164530 targets and prevents the activation of EGFR and c-Met. This leads to a downstream inhibition of EGFR/c-Met-mediated signal transduction pathways, and prevents cellular proliferation in tumor cells overexpressing EGFR and c-Met. EGFR, a member of the epidermal growth factor family of extracellular protein ligands, may be overexpressed on the cell surface of various solid tumor cell types. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.  
^`antimetabolite FF-10502:  An antimetabolite with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, FF-10502 is able to enter the nucleus where it inhibits DNA polymerases, thereby preventing DNA synthesis and halting tumor cell proliferation.  
^`anti-MMP-9 monoclonal antibody GS-5745:  A humanized monoclonal antibody against matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-MMP-9 monoclonal antibody GS-5745 binds to MMP-9 and inhibits its enzymatic activity. This results in an inhibition of extracellular matrix protein degradation and, potentially, the inhibition of angiogenesis, tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. MMP-9, a protein belonging to the MMP family, plays a key role in the degradation of collagens and proteoglycans; increased activity of MMP-9 has been associated with increased invasion and metastasis of cancer.  
^`anti-MUC1 CAR-transduced autologous T lymphocytes:  Autologous T lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of a single chain variable fragment (scFv) against the human tumor-associated epithelial antigen mucin 1 (MUC1), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Autologous PBLs from a patient with MUC1-positive cancer are transduced with a retroviral vector that encodes the CAR gene specific for MUC1. After expansion in culture and reintroduction into the patient, anti-MUC1 CAR-transduced autologous T lymphocytes target and induce selective toxicity in MUC1-expressing tumor cells. MUC-1 is a human, hypoglycosylated tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed by epithelial cancer cells.  
^`anti-myeloma monoclonal antibody-DM4 immunoconjugate BT-062:  An immunoconjugate consisting of a monoclonal antibody directed against a highly-expressed myleoma cell surface antigen covalently attached to the maytansinoid DM4, a derivative of the cytotoxic agent maytansine (DM1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-myeloma monoclonal antibody-DM4 immunoconjugate BT-062 binds to an unspecified cell surface antigen highly expressed on myeloma cells; upon internaliization the DM4 moiety is released, binding to tubulin and disrupting microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, which may result in the inhibition of cell division and cell growth of myeloma tumor cells.  
^`anti-myostatin monoclonal antibody LY2495655:  A monoclonal antibody against myostatin (MSTN) with potential anti-cachexia activity. Upon administration, anti-myostatin monoclonal antibody LY2495655 binds to and neutralizes the MSTN protein, thereby blocking the MSTN signalling pathway. This may help decrease muscle protein breakdown and muscle weakness and may attenuate cancer cachexia. MSTN, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, is a negative regulator of muscle growth and development. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-NaPi2b/MMAE antibody-drug conjugate DNIB0600A:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a monoclonal antibody directed against the sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 2B (NaPi2b), and covalently linked to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an auristatin derivative and a potent microtubule disrupting agent, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the monoclonal antibody moiety of DNIB0600A binds to NaPi2b-expressing tumor cells and is internalized, thereby delivering MMAE intracellularly. Proteolytic cleavage releases MMAE, which then binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, resulting in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. NaPi2b, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, plays a key role in transport of inorganic phosphate and the maintenance of phosphate homeostasis.  
^`anti-nectin 4 antibody-drug conjugate ASG-22CE:  An antibody drug conjugate (ADC) containing a human monoclonal antibody AGS-22 targeting the cell adhesion molecule nectin-4 and conjugated to the cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), via a proprietary enzyme-cleavable linker (AGS-22CE), with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of AGS-22CE selectively binds to nectin-4. After internalization and proteolytic cleavage, MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which results in G2/M phase arrest and induces apoptosis in nectin-4 overexpressing tumor cells. Nectin-4, a tumor associated antigen belonging to the nectin family, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including breast, bladder, lung and pancreatic cancer.  
^`anti-Nectin-4 monoclonal antibody-drug conjugate AGS-22M6E:  An antibody drug conjugate (ADC) containing a fully human monoclonal antibody AGS-22 targeting the cell adhesion molecule nectin-4 and conjugated, via a proprietary enzyme-cleavable linker, to the cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) (AGS-22M6E), with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of AGS-22M6E selectively binds to nectin-4. After internalization and proteolytic cleavage, MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which results in G2/M phase arrest and induces apoptosis in nectin-4 overexpressing tumor cells. Nectin-4, a tumor associated antigen belonging to the nectin family, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including breast, bladder, lung and pancreatic cancer.  
^`antineoplastic agent combination SM-88:  An orally bioavailable, proprietary combination of four agents with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the four agents and their exact mechanisms of action are not publicly known, the components of SM-88 appear, upon oral administration, to work synergistically to increase the amount of free radicals in cancer cells, thereby inducing oxidative stress and selective killing of the cancer cells.  
^`antineoplastic agent TRX-818:  An orally bioavailable agent with potential antineoplastic and anti-vasculogenic mimicry (VM) activities. Although the exact multiple mechanisms of action through which this agent exerts its effects have yet to be fully elucidated, TRX-818, upon oral administration appears to induce cancer cell apoptosis and inhibits cancer cell proliferation. This agent also prevents tumor cell VM by blocking the formation of vasculogenic-like tubular structures through an as of yet undetermined mechanism of action.  
^`antineoplaston A10:  A piperidinedione antineoplaston with potential antineoplastic activity. Antineoplaston A10 was originally isolated from human urine but is now synthetically derived. This agent intercalates into DNA, resulting in cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, reduction of mitosis, and decreased protein synthesis. Antineoplaston A10 may also inhibit ras-oncogene expression and activate tumor suppressor gene p53, leading to cell differentiation and apoptosis.  
^`antineoplaston AS2-1: A 4: 1 mixture of phenylacetate and phenylacetylgluatmine, degradation products of the antineoplaston agent A10. Antineoplaston AS2-1 inhibits the incorporation of L-glutamine into tumor-cell proteins, leading to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and inhibition of mitosis. This agent may also inhibit RAS oncogene expression and activate tumor suppressor gene p53, resulting in cell differentiation and apoptosis.  
^`anti-neuropilin-1 monoclonal antibody MNRP1685A:  A human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against neuropilin-1 (NRP1), with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, MNRP1685A specifically targets and binds to NRP1; the antibody-NRP1 complex prevents the subsequent coupling of NRP1 to VEGFR2, thereby potentially inhibiting VEGF-mediated signaling and potentially preventing angiogenesis. In combination with other anti-VEGF therapies, MNRP1685A may enhance their anti-angiogenic effect. NRP1 is a membrane-bound co-receptor normally expressed by endothelial cells and overexpressed by certain tumor cells, and plays a role in angiogenesis, cell survival, migration, and invasion.  
^`anti-nf-P2X7 antibody ointment BIL-010t:  An ointment formulation composed of a purified sheep immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against the non-functional form of the purinergic P2X7 receptor (nf-P2X7), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon topical application of the anti-nf-P2X7 antibody ointment BIL-010t, the antibody binds to nf-P2X7 and inhibits its antiapoptotic activity. This may induce apoptosis and inhibit the growth of nf-P2X7-overexpressing cancer cells. P2X7, an ATP-gated cation-selective channel, plays a role in the induction of apoptosis; nf-P2X7, is upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types while not expressed on normal, healthy cells and is unable to form a large transmembrane, apoptotic pore upon exposure to ATP and prevents apoptosis.  
^`anti-nucleolin aptamer AS1411:  A 26-base guanine-rich oligodeoxynucleotide aptamer with potential apoptotic induction activity. Upon administration, anti-nucleolin aptamer AS1411 targets and binds to nucleolin, a nucleolar phosphoprotein which is overexpressed on the surface of certain cancer cells. Via binding to cell surface nucleolin, AS1411 is internalized and may prevent nucleolin from binding to and stabilizing mRNA of the anti-apoptotic BCL2, thereby destabilizing BCL2 mRNA, leading to a reduction in BCL2 protein synthesis. This may lead to the induction of apoptosis.  
^`anti-NY-ESO1 TCR-transduced autologous CD62L+-derived T lymphocytes:  Human autologous CD62L-positive T lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, with potential antineoplastic activity. Following leukapheresis, isolation of lymphocytes, expansion ex vivo, transduction, and reintroduction into the patient, the anti-NY-ESO1 TCR-transduced autologous CD62L+-derived T lymphocytes bind to NY-ESO-1-overexpressing tumor cells. This may result in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated elimination of NY-ESO-1-positive cancer cells. NY-ESO-1, a tumor associated antigen (TAA), is found in normal testis and on the surface of various tumor cell types. CD62L, also called L-selectin, is a lymphoid homing receptor and differentiation marker and is expressed on a subset of CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; it is involved in the migration of T-lymphocytes to lymph nodes and may improve the efficacy for ex vivo-expanded T-cells following adoptive cell therapy.  
^`anti-OX40 antibody BMS 986178:  An agonistic monoclonal antibody against the co-stimulatory receptor OX40 (CD134; TNFRSF4), with potential immunostimulatory activity. Upon administration, anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody BMS 986178 selectively binds to and activates the OX40 receptor, by mimicking the action of the endogenous OX40 ligand (OX40L). OX40 receptor activation induces proliferation of memory and effector T-lymphocytes. In the presence of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), this may promote an immune response against the TAA-expressing tumor cells. OX40, a cell surface glycoprotein and member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family (TNFRSF), is expressed on T-lymphocytes and provides a co-stimulatory signal for the proliferation and survival of activated T-cells.  
^`anti-OX40 antibody PF-04518600:  An agonistic antibody that recognizes the co-stimulatory receptor OX40 (CD134;TNFRSF4), with potential immunostimulatory activity. Upon administration, anti-OX40 antibody PF-04518600 selectively binds to and activates OX40; which induces proliferation of memory and effector T-lymphocytes. In the presence of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), this may promote a T-cell-mediated immune response against TAA-expressing tumor cells. OX40, a cell surface glycoprotein and member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), is expressed on T-lymphocytes and plays an essential role in T-cell activation.  
^`anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody:  An agonistic monoclonal antibody against receptor OX40 (CD134), with potential immunostimulatory activity. Mimicking the natural OX4 ligand (OX40L), anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody selectively binds to and activates the OX40 receptor. Receptor activation induces proliferation of memory and effector T lymphocytes. In the presence of tumor associated antigens (TAAs), this may promote an immune response against the TAA-expressing tumor cells. OX40, a cell surface glycoprotein and member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, is expressed by CD4 T cells and provides a costimulatory signal for T cell activation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody MEDI0562:  An agonistic, humanized monoclonal antibody against receptor OX40 (CD134), with potential immunostimulatory activity. Upon administration, anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody MEDI0562 selectively binds to and activates the OX40 receptor. OX40 receptor activation induces proliferation of memory and effector T-lymphocytes. In the presence of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), this agent may promote an immune response against TAAs-expressing tumor cells. OX40, a cell surface glycoprotein and member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, is expressed on T-lymphocytes and provides a co-stimulatory signal for the proliferation and survival of activated T-cells.  
^`anti-p53 T-cell receptor-transduced peripheral blood lymphocytes:  Human autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) transduced with an anti-p53 T cell receptor gene with potential antineoplastic activity. PBLs are harvested from a patient and pulsed with a retroviral vector that encodes the T-cell receptor gene specific for a mutated form of p53. The transduced PBLs are then expanded in culture. When reintroduced to the patient, these modified PBLs express the anti-p53 T cell receptor which binds to mutant p53-overexpressing tumor cells; PBL-mediated tumor growth inhibition may follow. Many tumor cell types overexpress mutant p53 proteins, which are associated with the loss of apoptosis regulation and abnormal cell proliferation.  
^`anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor PF-06801591:  An inhibitor of the human inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1; PDCD1), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor PF-06801591 targets and binds to PD-1 and blocks the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-1 ligand 2 (PD-L2). This prevents the activation of PD-1 and its downstream signaling pathways. This may restore immune function through the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) against tumor cells. PD-1, an inhibitory receptor belonging to the B7-receptor family, is expressed on activated T-lymphocytes, B-cells and NK cells; it functions as an immune checkpoint that negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function when activated by its ligands, and plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity.  
^`anti-PD-1 fusion protein AMP-224:  A recombinant B7-DC Fc-fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of the PD-1 ligand programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2, B7-DC) and the Fc region of human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1, with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Anti-PD-1 fusion protein AMP-224 specifically binds to PD-1 on chronically stimulated T-cells and reduces their proliferation. This may restore immune function and may result in the activation of cytotoxic T-cells and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. PD-1, a transmembrane protein of Ig superfamily and inhibitor receptor expressed on activated T-cells, negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function when activated by its ligands, and plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity. AMP-224 does not bind normal activated T-cells.  
^`anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody BGB-A317:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody BGB-A317 binds to PD-1 and inhibits the binding of PD-1 to the PD-1 ligands programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), and PD-1 ligand 2 (PD-L2). This prevents the activation of PD-1 and its downstream signaling pathways. This may restore immune function through the activation of both T-cells and T-cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. PD-1, a transmembrane protein in the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily expressed on activated T-cells, negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function when activated by its ligands; it plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity.  
^`anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody MEDI0680:  A humanized immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody MEDI0680 binds to and inhibits PD-1 and its downstream signaling pathways. This may restore immune function through the activation of T-cells and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. PD-1, a transmembrane protein in the Ig superfamily expressed on T cells, functions as an immune checkpoint that negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function when activated by its ligands programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) or 2 (PD-L2); it plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity.  
^`anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody PDR001:  A fully humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1, PCD-1), with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody PDR001 binds to PD-1 expressed on activated T-cells and blocks the interaction with its ligands, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1, PD-1L1) and PD-1 ligand 2 (PD-L2, PD-1L2). The inhibition of ligand binding prevents PD-1-mediated signaling and results in both T-cell activation and the induction of T-cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. PD-1, an immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily transmembrane protein and inhibitory receptor, negatively regulates T-cell activation.  
^`anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody REGN2810:  A human monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1, PCD-1) protein, with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody REGN2810 binds to PD-1, inhibits its binding to the PD-1 ligand programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), and prevents the activation of its downstream signaling pathways. This may restore immune function through the activation of cytotoxic T-cells. PD-1, a transmembrane protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed on activated T-cells, negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function when activated by its ligand; it plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity.  
^`anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody SHR-1210:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1, PCD-1,) with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody SHR-1210 binds to and blocks the binding of PD-1, expressed on activated T-lymphocytes, B-cells and natural killer (NK) cells, to its ligands programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), overexpressed on certain cancer cells, and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2), which is primarily expressed on antigen presenting cells (APCs). This prevents the activation of PD-1 and its downstream signaling pathways. This restores immune function through the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells or pathogens. Activated PD-1 negatively regulates T-cell activation and plays a key role in tumor evasion from host immunity.  
^`anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody TSR-042:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1; programmed death-1), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody TSR-042 binds to and inhibits PD-1 and its downstream signaling pathways. This may restore immune function through the activation of T cells. PD-1, a transmembrane protein in the Ig superfamily expressed on T cells, functions as an immune checkpoint protein that negatively regulates T-cell activation and T-cell-mediated immune responses when activated by its ligands programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) or 2 (PD-L2); it plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity.  
^`anti-PDGFR alpha monoclonal antibody MEDI-575:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) alpha with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-PDGFR alpha monoclonal antibody MEDI-575 inhibits activation of the cell-surface tyrosine kinase PDGFR alpha subunit and subsequent triggering of mitogenic signaling pathways, including the JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, and MAP kinase pathways. PDGFR alpha acts as a mitogenic signaling receptor for cells of mesenchymal origin and inhibition of receptor activity may inhibit tumor cell proliferation.  
^`anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody MDX-1105:  A fully human monoclonal antibody directed against programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) with immune checkpoint inhibitory and potential antineoplastic activities. Anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody MDX-1105 binds to PD-L1, blocking its binding to and activation of its receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1), which may enhance the T-cell-mediated immune response to neoplasms and reverse T-cell inactivation. PD-L1 is overexpressed by many human cancer cell types. PD-L1 binding to PD-1 on T-cells suppresses the immune system and results in immune evasion. PD-1, a transmembrane protein expressed on activated T-cells, is a negative regulator of the immune system that limits the expansion and survival of CD8+ T cells.  
^`antiperspirant cream F511:  A cream formulation containing aluminum chlorohydrate with astringent and antiperspirant activities. Upon topical application of F511 cream, aluminium chlorohydrate forms a gel matrix in the sweat gland which subsequently reduces, then stops the flow of water. In addition, this agent exerts an astringent effect, thereby further preventing sweat formation. Hyperhidrosis appears to play a role in the development of certain mucocutaneous reactions, such as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE), upon administration of chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and capecitabine.  
^`anti-PGF monoclonal antibody RO5323441:  A humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the placenta growth factor (PGF), with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Anti-PGF monoclonal antibody RO5323441 binds to both PGF-1 and -2, thereby inhibiting the binding of PGF-1 and -2 to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) and subsequent VEGFR-1 phosphorylation. This may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. PGF, a member of the VEGF sub-family and a key molecule in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, is upregulated in many cancers.  
^`anti-PKN3 siRNA Atu027:  A lipoplexed formulation consisting of short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against protein kinase N3 (PKN3) encapsulated in catiogenic and fusiogenic lipids with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, catiogenic and fusiogenic lipids promote anti-PKN3 siRNA Atu02 uptake by tumor cells; the siRNAs moieties are subsequently released once inside the cell. The siRNAs bind to PKN3 mRNAs, which may result in the inhibition of translation and expression of the PKN3 protein and, so, growth inhibition of tumor cells that overexpress PKN3. The protein kinase C-related molecule PKN3, downstream in the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, is upregulated in many tumor cells and plays an important role in invasive cell growth and metastasis.  
^`anti-PLGF monoclonal antibody TB-403:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against placental growth factor (PLGF) with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic acivities. Anti-PLGF monoclonal antibody TB-403 binds to PLGF, inhibiting the binding of PLGF to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. PLGF is a protein that belongs to the family of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs).  
^`anti-PR1/HLA-A2 monoclonal antibody Hu8F4:  A T-cell receptor (TCR)-like monoclonal antibody against PR1, a 9 amino-acid (VLQELNVTV) human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted leukemia-associated antigen (LAA) derived from the myeloid leukemia-associated antigens proteinase 3 (P3) and neutrophil elastase (NE), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-PR1/HLA-A2 monoclonal antibody Hu8F4 selectively binds to a combined epitope of the PR1/HLA-A2 complex expressed on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts and leukemic stem cells (LSC), and prevents PR1/HLA-A2-mediated signaling. This induces complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), to a lesser extent, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and CDC/ADCC-independent cytolysis of myeloid leukemia cells. This results in a reduction of cellular proliferation in PR1/HLA-A2-overexpressing leukemic cells. PR1 in combination with the HLA-A2 molecule is highly expressed on AML blasts and LSCs.  
^`anti-programmed cell death protein 1 antibody expressing pluripotent killer T lymphocytes:  A specific population of pluripotent killer (PIK) T cells that have been induced to express high levels of antibodies against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; PDCD1; CD279), with potential antitumor activity. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action through which PIK-PD-1 cells exert their effects has yet to be elucidated, upon infusion, these cells secrete antibodies that target PD-1 expressed on the surface of activated T cells and tumor cells. This may block the interaction of PD-1 with its ligands, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1, PD-1L1; CD274) and PD-1 ligand 2 (PD-L2, PD-1L2; CD273). The inhibition of ligand binding prevents PD-1-mediated signaling and results in both T-cell activation and the induction of T-cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. PD-1, an immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily transmembrane protein and inhibitory receptor, negatively regulates T-cell activation; PD-L1 is overexpressed on certain cancer cells, and PD-L2 is primarily expressed on antigen presenting cells (APCs).  
^`anti-prolactin receptor antibody LFA102:  A neutralizing antibody against the prolactin receptor (PRLR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, anti-prolactin receptor antibody LFA102 binds to PRLR and prevents the binding of the peptide hormone prolactin (PRL) to its receptor. This binding induces an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and may eventually prevent tumor cell proliferation in PRLR-positive cancer cells. PRLR/PRL signaling pathway is frequently overexpressed in breast and prostate cancer. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-PSCA fully human monoclonal antibody AGS-1C4D4:  An IgG1k fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the human prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-PSCA fully human monoclonal antibody AGS-1C4D4 selectively targets and binds to PSCA, triggering complement-dependent cell lysis and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in tumor cells expressing PSCA. PSCA is a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked cell surface antigen found in cancers of the bladder, pancreas, and prostate.  
^`anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody MDX1201-A488:  A recombinant, human monoclonal antibody targeting an extracellular epitope of human prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) that is conjugated with a fluorescent dye A488, with potential imaging activity. Upon intravenous administration, the MDX1201 moiety of anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody MDX1201-A488 targets PSMA expressed on cancer cells. Subsequently, the A488 moiety can then be visualized by fluorescence-based imaging and the amount of PSMA-expressing tumor cells can be assessed. A488 is a photostable fluorescent dye with a high quantum yield. PSMA, a tumor-associated antigen and type II transmembrane protein, is expressed on the membrane of prostatic epithelial cells and overexpressed on prostate tumor cells.  
^`anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody-MMAE conjugate:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) containing a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), conjugated via a stable, enzyme-cleavable linker to monomethylauristatin E (MMAE), an auristatin derivative and a potent microtubule inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of this conjugate selectively binds to PSMA, a protein which is abundantly expressed on the surface of metastatic and hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells. Upon internalization and proteolytic cleavage, MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, resulting in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`anti-PSMA/CD3 BiTE monoclonal antibody MT112:  A recombinant T-cell engaging bispecific monoclonal antibody (BiTE) directed against human prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and the CD3 epsilon subunit of the T cell receptor complex, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Anti-PSMA/CD3 BiTE monoclonal antibody MT112 possesses two antigen-recognition sites, one for PSMA, and one for the CD3 complex, a group of T cell surface glycoproteins that complex with the T cell receptor (TCR). This bispecific monoclonal antibody brings PSMA-expressing tumor cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) together, which may result in the CTL-mediated cell death of PSMA-expressing cells. PSMA, a tumor associated antigen, is overexpressed on the surface of metastatic and hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells.  
^`anti-PSMA/CD3 monoclonal antibody MOR209/ES414:  An anti-prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)/anti-CD3 bispecific humanized monoclonal antibody, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Anti-PSMA/CD3 monoclonal antibody MOR209/ES414 possesses two antigen-recognition sites, one for the CD3 complex, a group of T-cell surface glycoproteins that complex with the T-cell receptor (TCR), and one for PSMA, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed on the surface of prostate tumor cells. Upon intravenous administration of MOR209/ES414, this bispecific antibody simultaneously binds to both CD3-expressing T-cells and PSMA-expressing cancer cells, thereby crosslinking PSMA-expressing tumor cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). This results in CTL-mediated cancer cell lysis of prostate cancer cells expressing PSMA.  
^`anti-RSPO3 monoclonal antibody OMP-131R10:  An immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 humanized monoclonal antibody targeting human R-spondin 3 (RSPO3), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, the anti-RSPO3 monoclonal antibody OMP-131R10 targets and binds to RSPO3 expressed on tumor cells. This prevents the activation of RSPO3, and inhibits both the binding of RSPO3 to leucine-rich repeat-containing G-coupled receptors (LGRs) and the activation of the RSPO-LGR pathway. This may result in an inhibition of both cancer stem cell (CSC) survival and the proliferation of cancer cells in which this pathway is overactivated. The RSPO-LGR pathway is a CSC pathway activated in a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`anti-sCLU monoclonal antibody AB-16B5:  A humanized, immunoglobulin (Ig) G2 monoclonal antibody against the secreted form of human clusterin (sCLU) expressed by tumor cells, with potential antineoplastic and anti-metastatic activities. Upon administration, anti-sCLU monoclonal antibody AB-16B5 specifically binds to tumor-associated sCLU and inhibits its activity. This inhibits both the sCLU-mediated signal transduction pathways and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which leads to the inhibition of tumor cell migration and invasion. In addition, AB-16B5 enhances chemo-sensitivity. sCLU, a heterodimeric disulfide-linked glycoprotein overexpressed by various types of cancer cells, contributes to proliferation and survival of cancer cells, and stimulates tumor cell EMT.  
^`anti-SEMA4D monoclonal antibody VX15/2503:  A humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody against the semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D; CD100) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-SEMA4D monoclonal antibody VX15/2503 binds to and neutralizes SEMA4D, thereby preventing binding of SEMA4D to its receptor plexin-B1 (PLXNB1). By blocking the interaction of SEMA4D and PLXNB1, VX15/2503 may cause an inhibition of endothelial cell activation and migration, eventually leading to an inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. Semaphorin 4D, a large cell surface antigen found on the resting T-cell and overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types, plays an important role in vascular growth, tumor progression, invasion and immune cell regulation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-SLITRK6 monoclonal antibody-MMAE conjugate AGS15E:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a monoclonal antibody directed against SLIT and NTRK-like protein 6 (SLITRK6), covalently linked to the cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an auristatin derivative and a potent inhibitor of microtubule polymerization, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the monoclonal antibody moiety of AGS15E binds to SLITRK6 expressed on tumor cells, which facilitates both AGS15E internalization and the intracellular delivery of MMAE. Upon cleavage, MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which results in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. SLITRK6, a member of the Slitrk family of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) neuronal transmembrane proteins, is minimally expressed in normal tissue but overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including bladder cancer, some forms of lung cancer, breast cancer and glioblastoma.  
^`anti-TA-MUC1 monoclonal antibody PankoMab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody recognizing the tumor-specific epitope of mucin-1 (TA-MUC1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-TA-MUC1 monoclonal antibody PankoMab targets and binds to the TA-MUC1 epitopes expressed on the cell surface of tumor cells, thereby potentially activating the immune system to induce an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the TA-MUC1-expressing tumor cells. TA-MUC1 is designated to MUC1 epitopes with O-glycosylated carbohydrate-induced conformational structures that are tumor-specific, thereby enabling PankoMab to differentiate between tumor MUC1 and non-tumor MUC1 epitopes.  
^`anti-TF monoclonal antibody ALT-836:  A recombinant human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody against human tissue factor (TF), with potential antiangiogenic, anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon administration, anti-TF monoclonal antibody ALT-836 binds to TF or the TF-Factor VIIa (FVIIa) complex preventing binding and activation of Factor X (FX) and Factor IX (FIX). This may prevent thrombin formation and cancer-associated venous thromboembolism, and may inhibit angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. TF, a transmembrane protein and procoagulant, is overexpressed in many tumor cell types, and is correlated with metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor growth and tumor-associated thrombosis.  
^`anti-TF monoclonal antibody-MMAE conjugate:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprised of a monoclonal antibody against human tissue factor (TF) covalently coupled, via a protease-cleavable peptide linker, to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an auristatin derivative and potent microtubule disrupting agent, with potential antiangiogenic, anticoagulant and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-TF monoclonal antibody-MMAE conjugate binds to cell surface TF and is internalized. The antibody moiety prevents binding of TF to factor VIIa (FVIIa) and interferes with the activation of factor X (FX) into FXa. This may prevent thrombin formation and cancer-associated venous thromboembolism, and may inhibit angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. After internalization of the agent, the MMAE moiety is released by proteolytic cleavage. It then binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which results in G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. TF, a transmembrane protein and initiator of the coagulation cascade, is overexpressed in many tumor cells and tumor-resident endothelial cells. Expression of TF is correlated with metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor cell growth and tumor-associated thrombosis.  
^`anti-TGF-beta RII monoclonal antibody IMC-TR1:  A monoclonal antibody directed against transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II (TGF-beta RII) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-TGF-beta RII monoclonal antibody IMC-TR1 specifically targets and binds to TGF-beta R11, thereby preventing the activation of TGF-beta RII-mediated signaling pathways. TGF-beta RII is mutated in a number of cancer cell types and is involved in cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression.  
^`anti-thymocyte globulin:  A purified gamma immunoglobulin (IgG) with immunosuppressive activity. Obtained from rabbits that have been immunized with human thymocytes, antithymocyte globulin specifically recognizes and destroys T lymphocytes. Although the exact mechanism of action is not completely understood, it appears to involve T lymphocyte clearance from the circulation and modulation of T lymphocyte activity. Administering antithymocyte globulin with chemotherapy prior to stem cell transplantation may reduce the risk of graft-versus-host disease.  
^`anti-thyroglobulin mTCR-transduced autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes:  Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) transduced with a gene encoding for a thyroglobulin (TG)-specific murine T-cell receptor (mTCR), with potential antineoplastic activity. PBLs are harvested from a thyroid cancer patient, and transfected with a retroviral vector that encodes the mTCR gene specific for the human TG antigen. The transduced PBLs are then expanded in culture. When reintroduced to the patient, these anti-TG mTCR-expressing PBLs target and bind to TG-overexpressing tumor cells, which results in both cytokine secretion and tumor cell lysis. TG is a thyroid-specific protein.  
^`anti-TIM-3 monoclonal antibody TSR-022:  A monoclonal antibody against the inhibitory T-cell receptor, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3; TIM3; hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2; HAVCR2), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the anti-TIM-3 monoclonal antibody TSR-022 binds to TIM-3 expressed on certain T cells, including tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). This abrogates T-cell inhibition, activates antigen-specific T lymphocytes and enhances cytotoxic T-cell-mediated tumor cell lysis, which results in a reduction in tumor growth. TIM-3, a transmembrane protein and immune checkpoint receptor, is associated with tumor-mediated immune suppression.  
^`anti-tissue factor monoclonal antibody MORAb-066:  A humanized monoclonal antibody against human tissue factor (TF), with potential antiangiogenic, anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon administration, anti-TF monoclonal antibody MORAb-066 binds to TF and prevents Factor VIIa (FVIIa) from binding, thereby interfering with the activation of Factor X (FX) into FXa. This may prevent thrombin formation and cancer-associated venous thromboembolism, and may inhibit angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. TF, a transmembrane protein and initiator of the coagulation cascade, is overexpressed in many tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells; its expression is correlated with metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor cell growth and tumor-associated thrombosis.  
^`anti-TLR2 monoclonal antibody OPN-305:  A humanized immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 monoclonal antibody directed against toll-like receptor type 2 (TLR2), with potential anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, OPN-305 binds to the ligand-binding site on the TLR2 receptor and blocks the activation of TLR2-mediated innate immunity signaling. This prevents the TLR2-mediated production of pro-inflammatory mediators and prevents inflammation. TLR2, a member of the TLR family primarily found on leukocytes, plays a key role in the activation of innate immunity; it is overexpressed in various inflammatory diseases and in certain types of cancer.  
^`anti-transthyretin siRNA ALN-TTR02:  A lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based formulation consisting of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against transthyretin (TTR)-encapsulated in lipids, which has potential use in the treatment of TTR-mediated amyloidosis (ATTR). Upon intravenous administration of ALN-TTR02, the lipid formulation promotes the uptake by cells. The siRNAs bind to TTR mRNAs, which may result in the inhibition of both the translation and expression of the TTR protein. ATTR is caused by mutations in the TTR gene and results in the formation of abnormal amyloid proteins that accumulate in and cause damage to various body organs and tissues.  
^`anti-TWEAK monoclonal antibody RO5458640:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the apoptotic ligand TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-TWEAK monoclonal antibody RO5458640 binds to TWEAK and prevents the binding of TWEAK to its receptor, FGF-inducible molecule 14 (Fn14), thereby blocking the TWEAK/Fn14 signaling. This may prevent tumor cell proliferation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis. TWEAK has pleiotropic effects, mediating proinflammatory and pro-angiogenic activity as well as stimulation of invasion, migration, and survival mediated via its receptor Fn14; Fn14 is expressed at relatively low levels in normal tissues, but is elevated in tumor cells and locally in injured and diseased tissues.  
^`anti-VEGF anticalin PRS-050-PEG40:  A pegylated, proprietary lipocalin that targets human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), with potential antineoplastic activity. Pegylated anti-VEGF anticalin PRS-050 specifically targets and binds to VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2 or KDR), thereby preventing its activity. This may inhibit angiogenesis and eventually reduce tumor cell growth.  
^`anti-VEGF/ANG2 nanobody BI 836880:  A nanobody directed against angiopoietin-2 (Ang2; ANGPT2)- and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-derived peptides, with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Anti-VEGF/ANG2 nanobody BI 836880 binds to Ang2 and VEGF and inhibits receptor binding; this prevents Ang2- and VEGF-mediated signaling and inhibits both tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. Both VEGF and Ang2 are upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types and each plays a crucial role in angiogenesis. The nanobody is based on functional fragments of single-chain antibodies.  
^`anti-VEGF-C monoclonal antibody VGX-100:  A fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the human vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC or Flt4 ligand) with potential antiangiogenic activity. Anti-VEGFC monoclonal antibody VGX-100 specifically binds to and inhibits VEGFC protein, thereby preventing its binding to VEGFR3 (FLT4) or VEGFR2 (KDR or FLK1). This may prevent VEGFC-mediated signaling and may lead to the inhibition of vascular and lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation. The inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis may eventually decrease tumor cell proliferation and prevent metastasis. VEGFC is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells, and is associated with increased invasiveness and decreased survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`anti-VEGFR2-CAR retroviral vector-transduced autologous T lymphocytes:  Autologous human CD8-positive T-lymphocytes transduced with a recombinant retroviral vector encoding a chimeric T cell receptor (chimeric antigen receptor or CAR) consisting of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2) scFv (single chain variable fragment), linked to the transmembrane domain of human CD8alpha and coupled to the costimulatory signaling domains of both CD28 and 4-1BB (CD137), and the CD3 zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from a patient with VEGFR2-positive cancer are pulsed with a retroviral vector that encodes the CAR gene specific for VEGFR2. After expansion in culture and reintroduction into the patient, the anti-VEGFR2 CAR-gene engineered CD8+ lymphocytes express anti-VEGFR2-CAR on their cell surfaces and bind to the VEGFR2 antigen on tumor cell surfaces. Subsequently, VEGFR2-expressing tumor cells are lysed. VEGFR2, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types, belongs to the VEGFR superfamily and plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion and tumor angiogenesis. The co-stimulatory molecules are required for optimal T-cell activation.  
^`anti-VEGFR3 monoclonal antibody IMC-3C5:  A fully-human monoclonal antibody directed against human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3; Flt-4) with antiangiogenic activity. Anti-VEGFR-3 monoclonal antibody IMC-3C5 specifically binds to and inhibits VEGFR-3, which may result in inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and a decrease in tumor nutrient supply. VEGFR-3 plays a critical role in the embryonic vascular system development but is restricted postnatally to endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels and found to be expressed in many solid and hematologic malignancies.  
^`antiviral agent CSJ148:  An antiviral agent that can potentially be used to prevent replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV).  
^`anti-VISTA monoclonal antibody JNJ 61610588:  A human monoclonal antibody against the protein V-domain immunoglobulin (Ig) suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA; programmed death 1 homolog; PD1H; PD-1H), with potential negative checkpoint regulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, JNJ 61610588 targets and binds to VISTA. This inhibits VISTA signaling, abrogates the VISTA-induced suppression of T-lymphocyte-mediated immune responses, enhances cytotoxic T-cell responses against tumor cells and inhibits tumor cell growth. VISTA, mainly expressed on hematopoietic cells, plays a key role in immunosuppression.  
^`anti-von Willebrand factor nanobody:  A humanized, bivalent anti-von Willebrand factor (VWF) nanobody with potential anti-platelet activity. Anti-von Willebrand factor nanobody specifically binds to the A1 domain of the VWF molecule, thereby inhibiting and neutralizing VWF activity. This prevents the interaction of VWF with the platelet glycoprotein (Gp)Ib-IX-V receptor and prevents VWF-mediated platelet aggregation. VWF is a glycoprotein and plays a key role in blood coagulation. Increased VWF, which is seen in a number of diseases, is associated with an increased risk in thrombosis. The nanobody formulation allows for rapid distribution, onset of action and clearance. The nanobody is based on the smallest functional fragments of single-chain antibodies that naturally occur in the Camelidae family.  
^`Antrin:  (Other name for~ motexafin lutetium) 
^`Antrodia cinnamomea supplement:  A dietary supplement containing extract from the medicinal fungus Antrodia cinnamomea with potential antiangiogenic, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. The components in Antrodia cinnamomea supplement are rather complex, however, rich in triterpenoids, polysaccharides, nucleosides (adenosine) nucleic acids, superoxide dismutase, other small molecular weight proteins and steroid like compounds. Neutral sugars in this supplement show inhibitory activity on endothelial tube formation, while maleimide and maleic anhydride derivative components in the extract, such as antrodin B and antrodin C and their metabolites, exhibit significant cytotoxic effects on tumor cells and hepatitis C virus.  
^`Anzemet:  (Other name for~ dolasetron mesylate) 
^`apalutamide:  A small molecule and androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Apalutamide binds to AR in target tissues thereby preventing androgen-induced receptor activation and facilitating the formation of inactive complexes that cannot be translocated to the nucleus. This prevents binding to and transcription of AR-responsive genes. This ultimately inhibits the expression of genes that regulate prostate cancer cell proliferation and may lead to an inhibition of cell growth in AR-expressing tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`apatinib:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Apatinib selectively binds to and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, which may inhibit VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell migration and proliferation and decrease tumor microvessel density. In addition, this agent mildly inhibits c-Kit and c-SRC tyrosine kinases.  
^`apatorsen:  A second-generation antisense oligonucleotide targeting heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) with potential antitumor and chemosensitizing activities. Apatorsen suppresses tumor cell expression of Hsp27, which may induce tumor cell apoptosis and enhance tumor cell sensitivity to cytotoxic agents. Hsp27, a chaperone belonging to the small heat shock protein (sHsp) group of proteins, is a cytoprotective protein that supports cell survival under conditions of stress; it has been found to be over-expressed in a variety of human cancers.  
^`apaziquone: An indolequinone bioreductive prodrug and analog of mitomycin C with potential antineoplastic and radiosensitization activities. Apaziquone is converted to active metabolites in hypoxic cells by intracellular reductases, which are present in greater amounts in hypoxic tumor cells. The active metabolites alkylate DNA, resulting in apoptotic cell death. This agent displays activity towards both hypoxic solid tumors, which exhibits higher expression of cytochrome P450 reductase, and well-oxygenated malignant cells that overexpress the bioreductive enzyme NQO1 (NAD(P)H:  quinone oxidoreductase). Apaziquone may selectively sensitize hypoxic tumor cells to radiocytotoxicity.  
^`APC8015F:  A cell-based vaccine composed of previously frozen autologous antigen-presenting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (enriched for a dendritic cell fraction) that have been exposed to a recombinant protein consisting of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) fused to prostatic-acid phosphatase (PAP), a protein expressed by prostate cancer cells. Upon administration, the vaccine may stimulate an antitumor T-cell response against tumor cells expressing PAP.  
^`APF530:  A controlled-release formulation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) antagonist granisetron, in which granisteron is encapsulated in a biodegradable poly(ortho ester) polymer, with antiemetic activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, APF530 slowly erodes and releases the active ingredient granisetron over a period of approximately 5 days. As a selective serotonin receptor antagonist, granisetron competitively blocks the action of serotonin at 5-HT3 receptors, resulting in the suppression of nausea and vomiting.  
^`apilimod dimesylate capsule:  A capsule containing the dimesylate salt form of apilimod, an inhibitor of the class III PI kinase phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase (PIKfyve), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulatory activities. Upon oral administration of apilimod dimesylate capsule, apilimod selectively binds to and inhibits PIKfyve. The inhibition leads to disruption of PIKfyve-mediated signal transduction pathways and eventually inhibits tumor cell growth in PIKfyve-overexpressing tumor cells. Also, PIKfyve inhibition by apilimod inhibits the toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced production of various cytokines, including interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23, thereby preventing IL-12/IL-23-mediated immune responses. PIKfyve, a lipid kinase dysregulated in various tumor types, plays a key role in TLR signaling and tumor cell migration, proliferation and survival.  
^`apixaban:  An orally active inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa with anticoagulant activity. Apixaban directly inhibits factor Xa, thereby interfering with the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and preventing formation of cross-linked fibrin clots.  
^`Aplidin:  (Other name for~ plitidepsin) 
^`apolizumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against 1D10, a polymorphic determinant on the HLA-DR beta chain that is expressed on normal and neoplastic B cells. Apolizumab induces complement-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and apoptosis of 1D10 antigen-positive B cells in vitro.  
^`apomab:  A fully human monoclonal antibody directed against human death receptor 5 (DR5; TRAIL-R2; TNFRSF10B) with potential proapoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Mimicking the natural ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand), apomab binds to DR5, which may directly activate the extrinsic apoptosis pathway and indirectly induce the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in tumor cells. DR5 is a cell surface receptor of the TNF-receptor superfamily and is expressed in a broad range of cancers.  
^`apoptosis inducer BZL101:  An orally active aqueuous extract derived from the plant Scutellaria barbata with potential antineoplastic activity. Sparing normal cells, apoptosis inducer BZL101 specifically facilitates translocation of the protein apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondrial membrane into the nucleus in tumor cells, thereby causing tumor cell-specific chromatin condensation and DNA degradation followed by the induction of caspase-independent apoptosis. AIF is both a mitochondrial intermembrane flavoprotein with oxidoreductase activity and a caspase-independent death effector that, similar to cytochrome c, is released from mitochondria early in the apoptotic process.  
^`apoptosis inducer GCS-100:  A galectin-binding polysaccharide derived from citrus pectin with potential antineoplastic activity. Apoptosis inducer GCS-100 binds to the carbohydrate-binding domain of the lectin galectin-3, which may result in apoptosis mediated through mitochondria/caspase activation cascades; this agent may overcome tumor growth mediated through anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, heat shock protein-27 (Hsp-27), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB). Galectin-3, a chimeric molecule consisting of both carbohydrate recognition and collagen-like domains, interacts with a variety of carbohydrate and protein ligands to form pentamers with unique crosslinking abilities; this lectin also exhibits anti-apoptotic properties, perhaps, in part, through the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways.  
^`apoptosis inducer MPC-2130:  A broad-acting, apoptosis-inducing, small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, apoptosis inducer MPC-2130 exhibits proapoptotic activities in tumor cells, including membrane phosphatidylserine externalization, release of cytochrome C from mitochondria, caspase activation, cell condensation, and DNA fragmentation. In addition, because this agent is not a substrate for several types of multidrug resistance (MDR) ABC superfamily transporters, such as P-glycoprotein 1 (MDR-1), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), and breast cancer resistance protein 1 (BCRP1/ABCG2), it may be useful in treating MDR tumors that express these particular MDR efflux pumps.  
^`apoptotic autologous tumor cells-pulsed alpha-type-1 polarized dendritic cells: A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of mature polarized dendritic cells (DCs) and pulsed with apoptotic autologous tumor cells that has potential immunostimulating and antineoplatic activities. Dendritic cells (DCs) were treated with interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon-alpha (IFN-a), IFN-gamma and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (p-I: C) to produce mature alpha type-1 polarized DCs (alphaDC1) that are capable of producing high levels of interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70). The alphaDC1 are subsequently pulsed with apoptotic autologous tumor cells. Upon administration, these DCs are able to induce a potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor associated antigens (TAAs), resulting in tumor cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell growth. Apoptotic tumor cells contain an array of TAAs.  
^`APOTONE:  (Other name for~ androstane steroid HE3235) 
^`aprepitant:  A small molecule, high-affinity substance P antagonist (SPA) with antiemetic activity. Crossing the blood brain barrier, aprepitant binds selectively to the human substance P/neurokinin 1 receptor in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby inhibiting receptor binding of endogenous substance P and substance P-induced emesis. This agent has little or no affinity for serotonin type 3 (5-HT3), dopamine, and corticosteroid receptors.  
^`apricoxib:  An orally bioavailable nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Apricoxib binds to and inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), thereby inhibiting the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Apricoxib-mediated inhibition of COX-2 may induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. COX-related metabolic pathways may represent crucial regulators of cellular proliferation and angiogenesis.  
^`Apriso:  (Other name for~ mesalamine) 
^`aprotinin bovine:  A single chain polypeptide isolated from bovine lung with antifibrinolytic and anti-inflammatory activities. As a broad-spectrum serine protease inhibitor, aprotinin bovine competitively and reversibly inhibits the activity of a number of different esterases and proteases, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, kallikrein, plasmin, tissue plasminogen activator, and tissue and leukocytic proteinases, resulting in attenuation of the systemic inflammatory response (SIR), fibrinolysis, and thrombin generation. This agent also inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine release and maintains glycoprotein homeostasis.  
^`Aptosyn:  (Other name for~ exisulind) 
^`Aquacel AG with Hydrofiber:  (Other name for~ ionic silver-impregnated sodium carboxymethyl cellulose antimicrobial dressing) 
^`Aquacel Dressing:  (Other name for~ sodium carboxymethylcellulose dressing) 
^`Aquadiol:  (Other name for~ therapeutic estradiol) 
^`Aquaphor:  (Other name for~ petrolatum-mineral oil-lanolin-ceresin ointment) 
^`Aquasol A:  (Other name for~ retinol) 
^`AR antagonist BMS-641988:  A nonsteroidal androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with anti-androgenic and potential antineoplastic activities. AR antagonist BMS-641988 binds to ARs in target tissues and prevents AR activation, which may result in the inhibition of AR-mediated transcriptional activity and tumor cell death in susceptible tumor cell populations. Global gene expression analysis has shown that exposure to this agent may result in a phenotype that is closer to a castration phenotype than is achievable with other antiandrogens such as bicalutamide.  
^`AR antagonist ODM-201:  A formulation containing an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. AR antagonist ODM-201 binds to ARs in target tissues; subsequently, inhibiting androgen-induced receptor activation and facilitating the formation of inactive complexes that cannot translocate to the nucleus. This prevents binding to and transcription of AR-responsive genes that regulate prostate cancer cell proliferation. This ultimately leads to an inhibition of growth in AR-expressing prostate cancer cells.  
^`Aralast:  (Other name for~ alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor human) 
^`Aranelle:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) 
^`Aranesp:  (Other name for~ darbepoetin alfa) 
^`Arava:  (Other name for~ leflunomide) 
^`Archexin:  (Other name for~ Akt antisense oligonucleotide RX-0201) 
^`arcitumomab:  A murine IgG monoclonal Fab fragment antibody labeled with technetium-99m directed against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a protein that is overexpressed by many tumor cell types. For tumors that overexpress CEA, arcitumomab may be used as an adjunct diagnostic imaging tool to obtain prognostic information following resection and to monitor for recurrent disease.  
^`Arcoxia:  (Other name for~ etoricoxib) 
^`Aredia:  (Other name for~ pamidronate disodium) 
^`arginine butyrate:  The butyric acid salt of the amino acid arginine. In EBV-related lymphomas, arginine butyrate induces EBV thymidine kinase transcription and may act synergistically with the antiviral agent ganciclovir to inhibit cell proliferation and decrease cell viability. In addition, the butyrate moiety inhibits histone deacetylase, which results in hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4. Acetylated histones have a reduced affinity for chromatin; this reduced histone-chromatin affinity may allow chromosomal unfolding, potentially enhancing the expression of genes related to tumor cell growth arrest and apoptosis.  
^`arginine/omega-3 fatty acids/nucleotides oral supplement:  An oral nutritional supplement, containing substantial amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, arginine, and nucleotides, with potential immunostimulating activity. Omega-3 fatty acids/arginine/nucleotides oral supplement may enhance activities of key components of the immune system, including lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells (APCs), and various cytokines.  
^`ArginMax:  (Other name for~ L-arginine/Korean ginseng/ Gingko biloba/damiana-based supplement) 
^`Aricept:  (Other name for~ donepezil hydrochloride) 
^`Arimidex:  (Other name for~ anastrozole) 
^`Aristocort:  (Other name for~ triamcinolone) 
^`Aristocort A:  (Other name for~ triamcinolone acetonide) 
^`Arixtra:  (Other name for~ fondaparinux sodium) 
^`armodafinil:  The R-enantiomer of the racemic synthetic agent modafinil with central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and wakefulness-promoting activities. Although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, armodafinil appears to inhibit the reuptake of dopamine by binding to the dopamine-reuptake pump, which leads to an increase in extracellular dopamine levels in some brain regions. This agent does not bind to or inhibit several receptors and enzymes that may be involved in sleep/wake regulation and is not a direct- or indirect-acting dopamine receptor agonist. Armodafinil has a longer half-life than modafinil.  
^`Arnebia Indigo Jade Pearl topical cream:  A proprietary multiherbal topical cream based on Chinese herbal medicine with potential antineoplastic, antiviral, antibacterial and immunostimulatory activities. Arnebia Indigo Jade Pearl topical cream contains 12 ingredients including 9 herbs infused in sesame oil, with an additional three powdered ingredients and beeswax added to the infused oil to create the salve. The purported mechanism(s) of action is unclear due to the complexity of the herbal mixture.  
^`Aromasin:  (Other name for~ exemestane) 
^`Aroplatin:  (Other name for~ liposomal oxaliplatin) 
^`Aroplatin:  (Other name for~ liposomal NDDP) 
^`Arranon:  (Other name for~ nelarabine) 
^`arsenic trioxide:  A small-molecule arsenic compound with antineoplastic activity. The mechanism of action of arsenic trioxide is not completely understood. This agent causes damage to or degradation of the promyelocytic leukemia protein/retinoic acid receptor-alpha (PML/RARa) fusion protein; induces apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells and in many other tumor cell types; promotes cell differentiation and suppresses cell proliferation in many different tumor cell types; and is pro-angiogenic.  
^`artemether sublingual spray:  A sublingual spray containing artemether, a semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin, an endoperoxide extracted from the Chinese herb qinghaosu (Artemisia annua or annual wormwood), with antiparasitic and potential antineoplastic activity. Upon sublingual application of the spray, artemether exerts its antineoplastic activity through as of yet not fully elucidated mechanism(s) of action. This agent binds to heme molecules inside cells, thereby inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated damage which selectively kills cancer cells. In addition, artemether appears to target and modulate the expression of various proteins involved in cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Also, this agent depletes T regulatory cells, and modulates the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma. Altogether, this inhibits tumor cell proliferation. The sublingual spray allows faster absorption of a higher percentage of the artemether dose, when compared to the oral form, as it avoids first pass metabolism; this results in an increased efficacy.  
^`Artemisia vulgaris:  An herbal remedy containing the leaves and/or flowering tops of a species of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) with potential anticachexia activity. Upon oral consumption, Artemisia absinthium may decrease production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha. As increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines is correlated with decreased appetite and weight loss, Artemisia absinthium may increase appetite and improve weight gain.  
^`artesunate:  A water-soluble, semi-synthetic derivative of the sesquiterpine lactone artemisinin with anti-malarial, anti-shistosomiasis, antiviral, and potential anti-neoplastic activities. Upon hydrolysis of artesunate’s active endoperoxide bridge moiety by liberated heme in parasite-infected red blood cells, reactive oxygen species and carbon-centered radicals form, which have been shown to damage and kill parasitic organisms. Additionally, in vitro studies demonstrate that this agent induces DNA breakage in a dose-dependent manner. Artesunate has also been shown to stimulate cell differentiation, arrest the cell cycle in the G1 and G2/M phases, inhibit cell proliferation, and induce apoptosis through mitochondrial and caspase signaling pathways. Artemisinin is isolated form the plant Artemisia annua.  
^`artichoke whole phytocomplex concentrate:  A whole phytocomplex concentrate (W.P.C.) composed of a standardized extract of the Cynara scolymus (artichoke) leaf with potential antioxidant, protective and chemopreventive activities. Artichoke W.P.C. is high in flavonoids and polyphenols, such as caffeoylquinic acids, which are mainly responsible for the pharmacological effects of the extract. Artichoke W.P.C. also contains protein, fiber, vitamins, minerals, numerous enzymes, volatile oils, phytosterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids.  
^`Arzerra:  (Other name for~ ofatumumab) 
^`arzoxifene hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of arzoxifene, a synthetic aromatic derivative with anti-estrogenic properties. Arzoxifene binds to estrogen receptors as a mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist. In comparison to other selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), arzoxifene exhibits greater bioavailability and higher anti-estrogenic potency in the breast than raloxifene; it exhibits reduced estrogenicity in the uterus compared with either tamoxifen or raloxifene. This agent may have beneficial effects on bone and the cardiovascular system.  
^`AS03-adjuvanted H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine:  A split-virus, inactivated influenza A (H1N1) vaccine containing H1N1 immunizing antigen combined with the adjuvant AS03, with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon intramuscular vaccination, AS03-adjuvanted H1N1 influenza vaccine may elicit an immune response against the H1N1 virus and the production of anti-H1N1 antibodies. AS03 is a stabilized oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant containing DL-alpha-tocopherol, squalene and polysorbate 80 that non-specifically stimulates cell-mediated immune antigen responses.  
^`Asacol:  (Other name for~ mesalamine) 
^`asaley:  An L-leucine derivative of melphalan with antineoplastic activity. Asaley alkylates and crosslinks DNA, resulting in disruption of DNA synthesis.  
^`ascorbic acid:  A natural water-soluble vitamin (Vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing and antioxidant agent that functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue, teeth, bones, connective tissue, skin, and capillaries. Found in citrus and other fruits, and in vegetables, vitamin C cannot be produced or stored by humans and must be obtained in the diet.  
^`ashwagandha root powder extract:  A dietary supplement containing an extract powder derived from the root of the ashwagandha shrub with potential antineoplastic, antioxidant, immunostimulating and anti-angiogenic activities. Ashwagandha root powder extract contains numerous alkaloids, including withanine as the primary alkaloid, and steroidal lactone withanolides. The withanolides in this agent may suppress nuclear factor-kappaB activation and nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated gene expression, potentiating apoptosis and inhibiting tumor cell invasion. Cultivated in India and North America, ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal or Indian ginseng) belongs to the Solanaceae (nightshade) family.  
^`Asian ginseng:  The aromatic root of perennial herbs of Panax ginseng. Ginseng, used in traditional Chinese medicine and available as a nutritional supplement, is classified as an adaptogenic herb with multiple effects, many of them are regulatory in nature. It contains a complex mixture of saponins, ginsenosides and panaxosides. Although the mechanism of action is unclear, ginseng is reported to enhance the immune system and reduce fatigue.  
^`ASK1 inhibitor GS-4997:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), with potential anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and anti-fibrotic activities. Upon oral administration, ASK1 inhibitor GS-4997 targets and binds to the catalytic kinase domain of ASK1 in an ATP-competitive manner, thereby preventing its phosphorylation and activation. This prevents the phosphorylation of downstream kinases, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). By preventing the activation of ASK1-dependent signal transduction pathways, GS-4997 prevents the production of inflammatory cytokines, down-regulates the expression of genes involved in fibrosis, suppresses excessive apoptosis and inhibits cellular proliferation. ASK1, also called mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (MAP3K5), is activated in response to oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, calcium influx and infection. It plays a key role in the development of certain cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, as well as certain types of cancer.  
^`ASONEP:  (Other name for~ sonepcizumab) 
^`Asorbicap:  (Other name for~ ascorbic acid) 
^`ASP4132:  A molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, ASP4132 affects oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of metabolically-active tumor cells, which reduces both energy production and tumor cell proliferation. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is hyperactivated in tumor cells and plays a key role in the promotion of tumor cell proliferation.  
^`ASP9853:  An orally bioavailable small molecule, with potential antineoplastic activity.  
^`asparaginase:  An enzyme isolated from the bacterium Escherichia coli or the bacterium Erwinia carotovora with antileukemic activity. Asparaginase hydrolyzes L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia in leukemic cells, resulting in the depletion of asparagine, inhibition of protein synthesis, cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, and apoptosis in susceptible leukemic cell populations. Asparagine is critical to protein synthesis in leukemic cells; some leukemic cells cannot synthesize this amino acid de novo due to the absent or deficient expression of the enzyme asparagine synthase. The E. carotovora-derived form of asparaginase is typically reserved for cases of asparaginase hypersensitivity.  
^`asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi:  An enzyme isolated from the bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi (E. carotovora). Asparagine is critical to protein synthesis in leukemic cells, which cannot synthesize this amino acid due to the absence of the enzyme asparagine synthase. Asparaginase hydrolyzes L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia, thereby depleting leukemic cells of asparagine and blocking protein synthesis and tumor cell proliferation, especially in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. This agent also induces apoptosis in tumor cells. The Erwinia-derived product is often used for those patients who have experienced a hypersensitivity reaction to the E. Coli formulation.  
^`Aspergum:  (Other name for~ acetylsalicylic acid) 
^`Astragalus-based formulation Qing Shu Yi Qi Tang:  An herbal remedy containing Astragalus membranaceus, Panax ginseng, Atractylodes chinensis Koidz, Cimicifuga foetida, A. macrocephala Koidz, Alisma orientale Juzep, and Citrus reticulata Blanco, with potential immunomodulating, anti-oxidant and anticachexia activities. Upon oral consumption, the ingredients in this herbal supplement may modulate the activity of the immune system through a decrease in both the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and he production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (Il-1b), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are correlated with decreased appetite and weight loss; thus, this herbal remedy may improve immune function, appetite and weight gain, which could prevent cachexia.  
^`Astugenal:  (Other name for~ antineoplaston AS2-1) 
^`astuprotimut-R:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a recombinant form of human melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3) combined with a proprietary adjuvant with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, astuprotimut-R may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the MAGE-A3 antigen, resulting in tumor cell death. MAGE-A3, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) originally discovered in melanoma cells, is expressed by various tumor types. The proprietary immunostimulating adjuvant in this agent is composed of a specific combination of immunostimulating compounds selected to increase the anti-tumor immune response to MAGE-A3.  
^`asulacrine isethionate:  The isethionate salt of an amsacrine analogue with antineoplastic properties. Asulacrine inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase ll, thereby blocking DNA replication and RNA and protein synthesis.  
^`asunaprevir:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the nonstructural protein 3 (NS3), with potential activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV). Upon administration, asunaprevir binds to the active center of the HCV NS3 and prevents NS3 protease-mediated polyprotein maturation. This disrupts the processing of viral proteins required for HCV replication. NS3, a serine protease, is essential for the proteolytic cleavages within the HCV polyprotein and plays a key role during HCV viral RNA replication. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family.  
^`Atacand:  (Other name for~ candesartan cilexetil) 
^`atamestane:  A synthetic steroidal substance with antineoplastic activity. Atamestane binds irreversibly to and inhibits the enzyme aromatase, thereby blocking the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone and the peripheral aromatization of androgenic precursors into estrogens.  
^`Atengenal:  (Other name for~ antineoplaston A10) 
^`atenolol:  A synthetic isopropylamino-propanol derivative used as an antihypertensive, hypotensive and antiarrhythmic. Atenolol acts as a peripheral, cardioselective beta blocker specific for beta-1 adrenergic receptors, without intrinsic sympathomimetic effects. It reduces exercise heart rates and delays atrioventricular conduction, with overall decreasing oxygen requirements.  
^`atezolizumab:  A human, Fc optimized, monoclonal antibody directed against the protein ligand PD-L1 (programmed cell death-1 ligand 1), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Atezolizumab binds to PD-L1, blocking its binding to and activation of its receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) expressed on activated T-cells, which may enhance the T-cell-mediated immune response to neoplasms and reverse T-cell inactivation. In addition, by binding to PD-L1, atezolizumab also prevents binding of this ligand to B7.1 expressed on activated T cells, which further enhances the T-cell-mediated immune response. PD-L1 is overexpressed on many human cancer cell types and on various tumor-infiltrating immune cells. PD-L1 binding to PD-1 on T-cells suppresses the immune system and results in increased immune evasion. PD-1, a transmembrane protein, is a negative regulator of the immune system that limits the expansion and survival of CD8+ T cells. The Fc region of atezolizumab is modified in such a way that it does not induce either antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).  
^`ATGAM:  (Other name for~ anti-thymocyte globulin) 
^`Athrombin-K:  (Other name for~ warfarin) 
^`atiprimod:  An orally bioavailable small molecule belonging to the azaspirane class of cationic amphiphilic agents with anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, and antiangiogenic properties. Atiprimod inhibits the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), blocking the signalling pathways of interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and downregulating the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Mcl-1, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest, and inducing apoptosis.  
^`Ativan:  (Other name for~ lorazepam) 
^`ATM kinase inhibitor AZD0156:  An orally bioavailable ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase inhibitor, with potential chemo-/radio-sensitizing and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, AZD0156 targets and binds to ATM, thereby inhibiting the kinase activity of ATM and ATM-mediated signaling. This prevents DNA damage checkpoint activation, disrupts DNA damage repair, induces tumor cell apoptosis, and leads to cell death of ATM-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, AZD0156 sensitizes tumor cells to chemo- and radiotherapy. ATM, a serine/threonine protein kinase, is upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types; it is activated in response to DNA damage and plays a key role in DNA-strand repair.  
^`ATN-161:  A small peptide antagonist of integrin alpha5beta1 with potential antineoplastic activity. ATN-161 selectively binds to and blocks the receptor for integrin alpha5beta1, thereby preventing integrin alpha5beta1 binding. This receptor blockade may result in inhibition of endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, angiogenesis, and tumor progression. Integrin alpha5beta1 is expressed on endothelial cells and plays a crucial role in endothelial cell adhesion and migration.  
^`atomoxetine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine, a phenoxy-3-propylamine derivative and selective non-stimulant, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with cognitive-enhancing activity. Although its precise mechanism of action is unknown, atomoxetine appears to selectively inhibit the pre-synaptic norepinephrine transporter, resulting in inhibition of the presynaptic reabsorption of norepinephrine and prolongation of norepinephrine activity in the synaptic cleft; the effect on cognitive brain function may result in improved attention and decreased impulsivity and activity levels.  
^`atorvastatin calcium:  The calcium salt of atorvastatin, a synthetic lipid-lowering agent. Atorvastatin competitively inhibits hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a key step in cholesterol synthesis. This agent increases the number of LDL receptors on hepatic cell surfaces, enhancing the uptake and catabolism of LDL and reducing LDL production and the number of LDL particles, and lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels. Like other statins, atorvastatin may also display direct antineoplastic activity, possibly by inhibiting farnesylation and geranylgeranylation of proteins such as small GTP-binding proteins, which may result in the arrest of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. This agent may also sensitize tumor cells to cyctostatic drugs, possibly through the mTOR-dependent inhibition of Akt phosphorylation.  
^`ATR kinase inhibitor AZD6738:  An orally available morpholino-pyrimidine-based inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia and rad3 related (ATR) kinase, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, ATR kinase inhibitor AZD6738 selectively inhibits ATR activity by blocking the downstream phosphorylation of the serine/threonine protein kinase CHK1. This prevents ATR-mediated signaling, and results in the inhibition of DNA damage checkpoint activation, disruption of DNA damage repair, and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, AZD6738 sensitizes tumor cells to chemo- and radiotherapy. ATR, a serine/threonine protein kinase upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types, plays a key role in DNA repair, cell cycle progression, and survival; it is activated by DNA damage caused during DNA replication-associated stress.  
^`ATR kinase inhibitor VX-970:  An inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia and rad3-related (ATR) kinase, a DNA damage response kinase, with potential antineoplastic activity. ATR kinase inhibitor VX-970 selectively inhibits ATR kinase activity and prevents ATR-mediated signaling in the ATR-checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) signaling pathway. This prevents DNA damage checkpoint activation, disrupts DNA damage repair, and induces tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, VX-970 sensitizes tumor cells to chemo- and radiotherapy. ATR, a serine/threonine protein kinase upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types, plays a key role in DNA repair, cell cycle progression, and survival; it is activated by DNA damage caused during DNA replication-associated stress.  
^`ATR-101:  An orally bioavailable agent that is selective towards adrenal cortex cells with potential antitumor activity. Upon administration, ATR-101 selectively kills adrenal and adrenal cancer cells, through an unknown mechanism.  
^`Atragen:  (Other name for~ liposomal tretinoin) 
^`atrasentan hydrochloride:  The orally available hydrochloride salt of pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid with potential antineoplastic activity. As a selective antagonist of the endothelin-A (ETA) receptor, atrasentan binds selectively to the ETA receptor, which may result in inhibition of endothelin-induced angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation.  
^`Atromid-S:  (Other name for~ clofibrate) 
^`atropine sulfate:  The sulfate salt of atropine, a naturally-occurring alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles.  
^`attenuated chimpanzee adenovirus 5T4 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant, attenuated, replication-defective simian adenovirus vector (ChAdOx1) encoding the human 5T4 fetal oncoprotein (ChAdOx1.5T4), with potential immuno-activating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the recombinant attenuated chimpanzee adenovirus 5T4 vaccine, the viral vector expresses 5T4 and stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing 5T4, which results in tumor cell lysis. 5T4, a transmembrane glycoprotein, is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types; its expression is correlated with increased invasiveness.  
^`attenuated Listeria monocytogenes CRS-100:  A live-attenuated strain of the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, attenuated Listeria monocytogenes CRS-100 may accumulate in and infect liver cells where it may activate a potent innate immune response and an adaptive immune response involving the by recruitment and activation of T lymphocytes. This agent may potentiate the immune response to vaccines against various liver neoplasms.  
^`Augmentin:  (Other name for~ amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium) 
^`auranofin:  An orally available, lipophilic, organogold compound, used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, with anti-inflammatory and potential antineoplastic activities. Auranofin interacts with selenocysteine residue within the redox-active domain of mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), thereby blocking the activity of TrxR. As a result, this agent induces mitochondrial oxidative stress leading to the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, this agent strongly inhibits the JAK1/STAT3 signal transduction pathway, thereby suppressing expression of immune factors involved in inflammation. TrxR, overexpressed in many cancer cell types, inhibits apoptosis, promotes cell growth and survival and plays a role in resistance to chemotherapy; TrxR catalyzes the reduction of oxidized thioredoxin (Trx) and plays a central role in regulating cellular redox homeostasis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 


^`Aurimmune:  (Other name for~ colloidal gold-bound tumor necrosis factor) 
^`Aurolate:  (Other name for~ gold sodium thiomalate) 
^`Aurora A kinase inhibitor TAS-119:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase aurora A, with potential antimitotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, aurora A kinase inhibitor TAS-119 binds to and inhibits aurora A kinase, which may result in disruption of the assembly of the mitotic spindle apparatus, disruption of chromosome segregation, inhibition of cell division and the induction of apoptosis in cells overexpressing aurora A kinase. Aurora A kinase localizes to the spindle poles and to spindle microtubules during mitosis; it plays an essential role in the regulation of spindle assembly. Aurora kinase A is overexpressed in a wide variety of cancers.  
^`Aurora A kinase/tyrosine kinase inhibitor ENMD-2076:  An orally bioavailable synthetic small molecule with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Aurora A kinase/tyrosine kinase inhibitor ENMD-2076 selectively binds to and inhibits non-specified tyrosine kinases and Aurora kinases (AKs). The inhibition of AKs may result in the inhibition of cell division and proliferation and may induce apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress AKs; antiangiogenic activity is related to the inhibition of angiogenic tyrosine kinases. AKs are serine-threonine kinases that play an essential role in mitotic checkpoint control during mitosis and are important regulators of cell division and proliferation.  
^`Aurora B kinase inhibitor TAK-901:  A small-molecule inhibitor of the serine-threonine kinase Aurora B with potential antineoplastic activity. Aurora B kinase inhibitor TAK-901 binds to and inhibits the activity of Aurora B, which may result in a decrease in the proliferation of tumor cells that overexpress Aurora B. Aurora B is a positive regulator of mitosis that functions in the attachment of the mitotic spindle to the centromere; the segregation of sister chromatids to each daughter cell; and the separation of daughter cells during cytokinesis. This serine/threonine kinase may be amplified and overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`Aurora B/C kinase inhibitor GSK1070916A:  An ATP-competitive inhibitor of the serine/threonine kinases Aurora B and C with potential antineoplastic activity. Aurora B/C kinase inhibitor GSK1070916A binds to and inhibits the activity of Aurora kinases B and C, which may result in inhibition of cellular division and a decrease in the proliferation of tumor cells that overexpress the Aurora kinases B and C. Aurora kinases play essential roles in mitotic checkpoint control during mitosis, and are overexpressed by a wide variety of cancer cell types.  
^`Aurora kinase inhibitor AMG 900:  A small-molecule inhibitor of Aurora kinases A, B and C with potential antineoplastic activity. Aurora kinase inhibitor AMG 900 selectively binds to and inhibits the activities of Aurora kinases A, B and C, which may result in inhibition of cellular division and proliferation in tumor cells that overexpress these kinases. Aurora kinases are serine-threonine kinases that play essential roles in mitotic checkpoint control during mitosis and are overexpressed by a wide variety of cancer cell types.  
^`Aurora kinase inhibitor BI 811283:  A small molecule inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase Aurora kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. Aurora kinase inhibitor BI 811283 binds to and inhibits Aurora kinases, resulting in disruption of the assembly of the mitotic spindle apparatus, disruption of chromosome segregation, and inhibition of cell proliferation.  
^`Aurora kinase inhibitor MLN8054:  An orally bioavailable, highly selective small molecule inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase Aurora A kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. Auora kinase inhibitor MLN8054 binds to and inhibits Aurora kinase A, resulting in disruption of the assembly of the mitotic spindle apparatus, disruption of chromosome segregration, and inhibition of cell proliferation. Aurora A localizes in mitosis to the spindle poles and to spindle microtubules and is thought to regulate spindle assembly. Aberrant expression of Aurora kinases occurs in a wide variety of cancers, including colon and breast cancers.  
^`Aurora kinase inhibitor PF-03814735:  An orally bioavailable, ATP-competitive, reversible small-molecule Aurora kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Aurora kinase inhibitor PF-03814735 binds to and inhibits Aurora kinases A and B, which may result in the inhibition of cellular division and proliferation in tumor cells that overexpress these kinases. Aurora kinases are serine-threonine kinases that play essential roles in mitotic checkpoint control during mitosis.  
^`Aurora kinase inhibitor SNS-314:  A synthetic small molecule Aurora kinase (AK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Aurora kinase inhibitor SNS-314 selectively binds to and inhibits AKs A and B, which may result in the inhibition of cellular division and proliferation in tumor cells that overexpress AKs. AKs are serine-threonine kinases that play essential roles in mitotic checkpoint control during mitosis.  
^`Aurora kinase inhibitor TTP607:  A small-molecule pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Aurora kinase inhibitor TTP607 selectively binds to and inhibits Aurora kinases A, B and C, which may result in the disruption of the assembly of the mitotic spindle apparatus, disruption of chromosome segregation, and inhibition of cellular division and proliferation in Aurora kinase-overexpressing tumor cells. Aurora kinases A, B and C, are serine/threonine kinases that play essential roles in mitotic checkpoint control and are overexpressed by a wide variety of tumor cell types.  
^`Aurora kinase/VEGFR2 inhibitor CYC116:  An orally bioavailable small molecule multi-kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. Aurora kinase/VEGFR 2 inhibitor CYC116 inhibits Aurora kinases A and B and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), resulting in disruption of the cell cycle, rapid cell death, and the inhibition of angiogenesis. Aurora kinases are serine/threonine protein kinases that are only expressed in actively dividing cells and are critical in division or mitosis. VEGFR2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that appears to account for most of the mitogenic and chemotactic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on adult endothelial cells.  
^`autologous Ad-CD154-transduced CLL B cells:  An autologous tumor cell vaccine containing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells transduced with an adenoviral vector carrying chimeric CD154 (ad-CD154) with potential antineoplastic activity. Administration of autologous ad-CD154 transduced CLL B cells may result in increases in the numbers of leukemia-specific CD4+ T cells and high serum-levels of IL-12 and IFN-gamma. Due to ligation of CD154 to CD40 on CLL cells, this agent may induce CLL cells to express the proapoptotic molecule Bid and death receptors CD95 (Fas) and DR5, rendering CLL B cells first resistant and then sensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis. In addition, autologous ad-CD154 transduced CLL B cells may induce MHC class I-dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against autologous leukemia cells. CD154 is a type II membrane glycoprotein and ligand for CD40; both molecules are important in cognate co-stimulatory cell-cell interactions.  
^`autologous anti-CD123 CAR TCR/4-1BB-expressing T lymphocytes:  Autologous, genetically engineered T lymphocytes that have been electroporated with a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-human interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain (IL3RA; CD123) single chain variable fragment (scFv) coupled to the co-stimulatory signaling domains of 4-1BB (CD137) and the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR) CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon transfusion, the mRNA-electroporated autologous anti-CD123 CAR TCR/4-1BB expressing T lymphocytes attach to cancer cells expressing CD123. This induces selective toxicity in and causes lysis of CD123-expressing tumor cells. The 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances T cell activation and signaling after recognition of CD123. CD123 is normally expressed on committed blood progenitor cells in the bone marrow; its overexpression is associated with both increased leukemic cell proliferation and aggressiveness.  
^`autologous anti-CD19 CAR-expressing T lymphocytes:  A preparation of autologous T lymphocytes that have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that targets the human tumor associated antigen (TAA) CD19, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, autologous anti-CD19 CAR-expressing T lymphocytes bind to and induce selective toxicity against CD19-expressing tumor cells. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies.  
^`autologous anti-CD19CAR-4-1BB-CD3zeta-EGFRt-expressing CD4+/CD8+ central memory T lymphocytes JCAR014:  A defined preparation of CD4+ and CD8+ central memory (CM) autologous T lymphocytes transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) containing an anti-CD19 single chain variable fragment (scFv) fused to the signaling domains of CD28, 4-1BB (CD137), the zeta chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), and a truncated form of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRt), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, autologous anti-CD19CAR-4-1BB-CD3zeta-EGFRt-expressing CD4+/CD8+CM T lymphocytes JCAR014 are directed to and induce selective toxicity in CD19-expressing tumor cells. CD19 antigen is a B-cell-specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies. Devoid of both ligand binding domains and tyrosine kinase activity, the expressed EGFRt both facilitates in vivo detection of the administered, transduced T cells and can promote elimination of those cells through a cetuximab-induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response. The 4-1BB costimulatory signaling domain enhances both proliferation of T cells and antitumor activity.  
^`autologous anti-CD19CAR-4-1BB-CD3zeta-EGFRt-expressing CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes JCAR017:  A preparation of a defined ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ autologous T lymphocytes transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) containing an anti-CD19 single chain variable fragment (scFv) fused to the signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137), the zeta chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), and a truncated form of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRt), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, autologous anti-CD19CAR-4-1BB-CD3zeta-EGFRt-expressing CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes JCAR017 are directed to and induce selective toxicity in CD19-expressing tumor cells. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies. Devoid of both ligand binding domains and tyrosine kinase activity, the expressed EGFRt both facilitates in vivo detection of the administered, transduced T cells and can promote elimination of those cells through a cetuximab-induced antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response. The 4-1BB costimulatory signaling domain enhances both proliferation of T cells and antitumor activity.  
^`autologous anti-CD19CAR-4-1BB-CD3zeta-EGFRt-expressing T lymphocytes: A preparation of genetically modified CD8+ central memory (Tcm) and CD4+ autologous T-lymphocytes (1: 1) transduced with a replication incompetent, self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) containing an anti-CD19 single chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from the murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) FMC63, fused to the signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137), the zeta chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), and a truncated form of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRt), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, autologous anti-CD19CAR-4-1BB-CD3zeta-EGFRt-expressing T lymphocytes are directed to and induce selective toxicity in CD19-expressing tumor cells. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies. Devoid of both ligand binding domains and tyrosine kinase activity, the expressed EGFRt both facilitates in vivo detection of the administered, transduced T-cells and can promote elimination of those cells through a cetuximab-induced antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity response. The 4-1BB costimulatory signaling domain enhances both proliferation of T-cells and antitumor activity.  
^`autologous anti-gp100:154-162 T-cell receptor gene-engineered peripheral blood lymphocytes:  Human autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) transduced with a glycoprotein 100 (gp100) epitope-determined T cell receptor (TCR) gene, with potential antineoplastic activity. PBLs are isolated from a melanoma patient and pulsed with a viral vector encoding the TCR specific for amino acid residues 154-162 of gp100 (KTWGQYWQV). After expansion ex vivo, the transduced autologous PBLs, expressing this specific TCR, are reintroduced into the patient and bind to melanoma cells expressing the gp100 protein, which may result in specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) killing of gp100-expressing melanoma cells. gp100 is a melanocyte lineage-specific antigen overexpressed in melanomas.  
^`autologous anti-MART-1 F5 T-cell receptor gene-engineered peripheral blood lymphocytes:  Human autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) transduced with a melanoma antigen MART-1 epitope-determined T cell receptor (TCR) gene, with potential antineoplastic activity. PBLs are isolated from a melanoma patient and pulsed with a viral vector that encodes the TCR specific for an epitope of MART-1 (F5 TCR). After expansion ex vivo, the transduced autologous PBLs, expressing this specific TCR, are reintroduced into the patient, and bind to melanoma cells expressing the MART-1 antigen, which may result in specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) killing of MART-1-expressing melanoma cells. MART-1 (melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1), also known as Melan-A, is a melanocyte lineage-specific transmembrane protein.  
^`autologous anti-PSMA gene-modified T-cells:  Autologous prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) gene-modified T lymphocytes with potential antineoplastic activity. Human autologous T-lymphocytes are isolated and transduced ex vivo with a retrovirus encoding a chimeric immune receptor (CIR) consisting of an antibody fragment against PSMA fused with signaling domains of the T cell. Upon reintroduction into the patient, autologous anti-PSMA gene-modified T-cells bind to PSMA-expressing prostate cancer cells, which may result in specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) tumor cell killing.  
^`autologous beta-A(T87Q)-globin gene-transduced CD34-positive cells:  A preparation of autologous, CD34-positive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) transduced ex vivo with the BB305 recombinant replication-defective, self-inactivating lentiviral vector encoding for an engineered form of human beta-globin (hemoglobin-beta, HBB) gene, beta-A-T87Q (b-A-T87Q) where the threonine at position 87 has been substituted with glutamine, with potential to restore beta-globin expression and function. Autologous CD34-positive stem cells are isolated from the patient's own bone marrow and the cells are transduced with the lentiviral vector. Upon re-infusion of the b-A-T87Q-globin gene transduced CD34-positive cells back into the patient, these cells express b-A-T87Q-globin, thereby allowing the body to make normal hemoglobin and thus normal, healthy red blood cells. Beta-globin, the beta-chain of the most common form of hemoglobin, is encoded by the HBB gene; mutations in this gene prevent normal beta-globin production and are associated with beta-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. The b-A-T87Q form of beta-globin has increased antisickling activity compared to the wild type protein.  
^`autologous bone marrow-derived CD34/CXCR4-positive stem cells AMR-001:  A cell-based product containing autologous bone marrow derived CD34 positive and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) positive stem cells with potential antiapoptotic and proangiogenic activities. Upon intracoronary infusion after a myocardial infarction (MI), autologous bone marrow-derived CD34/CXCR4-positive stem cells may preserve cardiac muscle cells and prevent apoptosis; thus improving myocardial perfusion. CD34/CXCR4-positive stem cells are naturally mobilized upon cell injury through signaling by hypoxia inducing factor (HIF), which is secreted in response to hypoxia. In turn, HIF induces the synthesis of stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which mobilize CD34/CXCR4 positive stem cells; CXCR4 is the receptor for stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1).  
^`autologous CD123CAR-CD28-CD3zeta-EGFRt-expressing T lymphocytes:  A preparation of genetically modified autologous T-cells transduced with a replication-incompetent, self-inactivating lentiviral vector expressing a hinge-optimized, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), containing a CD28 co-stimulatory signaling domain fused to CD3 zeta, the single-chain variable fragment of CD123 (interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain or IL3RA) antigen, and a truncated form of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRt), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, autologous CD123CAR-CD28-CD3zeta-EGFRt-expressing T lymphocytes are directed to and induce selective toxicity in CD123-expressing tumor cells. CD123 is normally expressed on committed blood progenitor cells in the bone marrow; its overexpression is associated with increased leukemic cell proliferation and aggressiveness. Devoid of both ligand binding domains and tyrosine kinase activity, EGFRt both facilitates detection of the administered T-cells in vivo and can promote elimination of those cells following a cetuximab-induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity response. The costimulatory signaling domain enhances both proliferation of T-cells and antitumor activity. Hinge optimization prevents recognition of the CAR by Fc receptors (FcRs).  
^`autologous CD133-positive BTSC mRNA-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with CD133-positive autologous brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) –derived mRNA with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration, autologous CD133-positive BTSC mRNA-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the CD133-positive BTSCs from which the autologous tumor mRNA is derived. CD133, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and neural stem cell marker, has been found on a specific subset of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) stem cells; its presence has been correlated with resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy.  
^`autologous CD171-specific CAR-CD28 zeta-4-1-BB-EGFRt-expressing T lymphocytes:  A preparation of genetically modified autologous human T-lymphocytes transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for the L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1-CAM/CD171) antigen, and the co-stimulatory signaling domains CD28, 4-1BB (CD137) and CD3 zeta, and a truncated form of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRt), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon re-infusion into the patient, the autologous L1-CAM-specific CAR-CD28 zeta-4-1-BB-EGFRt-expressing T-lymphocytes are directed to and induce selective toxicity in L1-CAM-expressing tumor cells. L1-CAM, a neuronal cell adhesion molecule and member of the L1 protein family, plays a key role in the development of the nervous system; it is overexpressed in various tumor cell types and is associated with increased chemoresistance, tumor progression, migration and metastasis. Devoid of both ligand-binding domains and tyrosine kinase activity, EGFRt facilitates both the detection of the administered T-cells in vivo and the elimination of the modified T-cells following a cetuximab-induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response. The co-stimulatory signaling domains enhance both proliferation of T-cells and antitumor activity.  
^`autologous CD19-28z chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T lymphocytes:  Genetically modified autologous T-lymphocytes transduced with a replication-incompetent retroviral vector expressing a chimeric T-cell antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-CD19 scFv (single chain variable fragment), fused to the extracellular, transmembrane and intracellular signaling domains of the T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28 and the cytoplasmic signaling domain of the zeta chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta) (CAR19-28z), with potential antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, autologous CD19-28z CAR-expressing T-lymphocytes are directed to CD19-expressing tumor cells, which induces selective toxicity in CD19-expressing tumor cells. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies. The CD28 co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances activation and signaling after recognition of CD19. The inclusion of the CD28 signaling domain may increase proliferation of T-cells and antitumor activity compared to the inclusion of the CD3-zeta chain alone.  
^`autologous CD19CAR-CD28-CD3zeta-EGFRt-expressing Tcm-enriched T cells:  A preparation of genetically modified autologous central memory (Tcm) enriched T-cells transduced with a replication incompetent lentiviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), containing a CD28 signaling domain fused to both CD3 zeta, which targets the CD19 antigen, and a truncated form of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRt), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, autologous CD19CAR-CD28-CD3zeta-EGFRt-expressing Tcm-enriched T cells are directed to CD19-expressing tumor cells, thereby inducing a selective toxicity in CD19-expressing tumor cells. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies. Devoid of both ligand binding domains and tyrosine kinase activity, EGFRt both facilitates in vivo detection of the administered T-cells and can promote elimination of those cells upon a cetuximab-induced antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity response. The costimulatory signaling domain enhances proliferation of T cells and antitumor activity.  
^`autologous CD34-positive hematopoietic progenitor cells:  A population of autologous CD34-positive hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) that can be used for autotransplantation. CD34+ HPCs are isolated from human blood stem cells upon apheresis. Upon transplantation with the CD34+ HPCs, these cells can differentiate into a variety of cell types including fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, adipocytes, and endothelial cells.  
^`autologous CD8+ melanoma-specific T cells:  Autologous CD8 T lymphocytes against melanoma-associated antigens, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Following leukapheresis and the ex vivo expansion of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, the autologous CD8+ melanoma-specific T cells are re-introduced into the melanoma patient. These cytotoxic T-cells recognize and kill the patient's own melanoma cells.  
^`autologous CD8-positive PBL sensitized to Drosophila cell-presented melanoma peptides:  A preparation of autologous CD8+ (cytotoxic) human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) sensitized to Drosophila cell-presented melanoma peptides, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Autologous CD8+ T-lymphocytes, isolated from a melanoma patient, are exposed in vitro to melanoma peptide-pulsed HLA-A2-expressing Drosophila cells, expanded, and reintroduced into the patient; these tumor-reactive T-cells may stimulate a host immune response against tumor cells expressing the melanoma antigens, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Drosophila cells, which do not express any native MHC molecules, have been shown to potently stimulate tumor-reactivity in vitro from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) when stably transfected with human MHC molecules and appropriate adhesion and costimulatory molecules.  
^`autologous CEA-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes:  Autologous cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) specifically reactive to the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), with potential antineoplastic activity. Dendritic cells (DCs) isolated from the patient’s blood are infected with recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing the CEA gene. Exposure of T-lymphocytes to DCs creates CEA-specific CTLs which are expanded. Upon reintroduction of these CTLs into the patient, these cells recognize and kill CEA-expressing tumor cells. CEA, a tumor-associated antigen and a member of the CEA family of proteins, plays a key role in cell migration, cell invasion, and cell adhesion and is overexpressed by a variety of cancer types.  
^`autologous colon cancer cell vaccine:  A personalized, proprietary cancer vaccine composed of sterile, irradiated, non-dividing, live colon cancer cells obtained from an individual after tumor resection, with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration, the autologous colon cancer cell vaccine activates the immune system and elicits a cytotoxic T-lymphocytic (CTL) response against the residual colon cancer cells, which results in tumor cell death. This may prevent cancer recurrence. According to the vaccination schedule, the first two out of the four doses are co-administered with the immunoadjuvant bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), which is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that non-specifically enhances the immune response.  
^`autologous colorectal tumor antigen-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine:  A dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous DCs pulsed with tumor cell lysates from a colorectal cancer patient containing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, autologous colorectal tumor antigen-pulsed DC vaccine exposes the immune system to colorectal tumor cell antigens, which may result in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune responses against the colorectal cancer cells. This leads to cancer cell lysis. The tumor cell lysate contains a range of antigens that are essential for the neoplastic growth and survival of the cancer cells.  
^`autologous CT7/MAGE-A3/WT1 mRNA-electroporated Langerhans-type dendritic cells:  An autologous tumor cell vaccine containing CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC)-derived Langerhans-type dendritic cells (LCs) electroporated with mRNA encoding the full-length cancer-testis antigens, CT7 and melanoma-associated antigen 3 (MAGE-A3), and the self-differentiation tumor antigen, Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. The autologous CT7/MAGE-A3/WT1 mRNA-electroporated Langerhans-type dendritic cells are prepared by drawing a blood sample containing the CD34+ HPCs from a cancer patient. The CD34+ HPCs are treated with a combination of cytokines which specifically support LC development, and the LC population is enriched and expanded ex vivo. The cultured LCs are allowed to mature for one day and then electroporated separately with CT7, MAGE-A3 or WT1 mRNA before final maturation. Upon intradermal administration into the patient, the mature LCs may activate cell-mediated immunity and induce both cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and CD4+ helper T cells against cancer cells expressing CT7, MAGE-A3 and WT1 tumor antigens. This may result in the immune-mediated inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, leading to tumor cell death. CT7 and MAGE-A3 are tumor-specific proteins overexpressed in a number of cancers but not in healthy tissues other than testis and placenta. WT1 is a transcription factor important in development and cancer pathogenesis, which is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including multiple myeloma, leukemia, ovarian cancer, malignant mesothelioma, neural tumors and renal carcinoma.  
^`autologous cultured acute myeloid leukemia-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A preparation of cytotoxic, autologous acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)-reactive T lymphocytes (CTL), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. The autologous cultured AML-specific CTLs are prepared using a specific AML-CTL culture method. Autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes are taken from an AML patient and the autologous AML blasts are treated with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL-4), both of which promote ex vivo differentiation of AML blasts into dendritic cells (DCs). In the same culture, T cells are treated and activated by low-dose interleukin 2 (IL-2), and expanded using anti-CD3. This results in cultured AML-reactive CTLs which are administered back into the patient after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT). The autologous cultured AML-specific CTLs may eradicate residual AML cells.  
^`autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced with MUC1 gene-transfected dendritic cells:  A preparation of autologous cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL), specifically reactive to the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) mucin-1 (MUC1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are collected from the patient with MUC1-positive tumors and are exposed ex vivo to dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with a replication-deficient adenovirus encoding MUC1 to generate MUC1-specific CTLs, which are subsequently expanded in vitro. Upon re-infusion of autologous CTLs induced with MUC1 gene-transfected DCs to the patient, the CTLs target and lyse the MUC1-expressing tumor cells. This inhibits tumor cell proliferation. MUC1 is expressed by a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced with MUC1 peptide-transfected dendritic cells:  A preparation of autologous cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL), specifically reactive to the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) mucin-1 (MUC1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are collected from the patient with MUC1-positive tumors and are exposed ex vivo to dendritic cells (DCs) that are pulsed with a MUC1 peptide to generate MUC1-specific CTLs, which are subsequently expanded in vitro. Upon re-infusion of autologous CTLs induced with MUC1 peptide-pulsed DCs to the patient, the CTLs target and lyse the MUC1-expressing tumor cells. This inhibits tumor cell proliferation. MUC1 is expressed by a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`autologous dendritic cell vaccine ACT2001:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous, immature dendritic cells (DCs), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon leukapheresis, immature DCs are isolated and re-administered intra-tumorally. The immature DCs internalize and process the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), migrate to the lymphatic system, and then expose the immune system to the TAAs. This induces a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the cancer cells leading to tumor cell lysis.  
^`autologous dendritic cell-adenovirus CCL21 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) that have been transduced ex vivo with an adenoviral vector containing the CCL21 gene with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, autologous dendritic cell-adenovirus CCL21 vaccine expresses the chemokine CCL21, which may induce an antitumoral cytotoxic immune response in the tumor microenvironment. CCL21 [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21] has been shown to attract antigen presenting cells (APCs), like leukocytes and DCs, and natural killer (NK) cells and their T-cell effectors to induce a cytotoxic immune response.  
^`autologous dendritic cell-adenovirus p53 vaccine:  An autologous vaccine composed of dendritic cells (DC) that have been transduced with a p53 tumor suppressor gene-modified virus. When the autologous dendritic cell-adenovirus p53 vaccine is administered, the host cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are directed against p53-positive tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell death and decreased tumor growth.  
^`autologous dendritic cell-allogeneic melanoma tumor cell lysate vaccine:  A cell-based vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with lysates from heat-treated allogeneic melanoma tumor cells. Upon administration, this vaccine may stimulate anti-tumoral cytotoxic T-cell and antibody responses to melanoma cells bearing shared melanoma antigens such as MelanA/MART-1, gp100, MAGE3, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`autologous dendritic cell-autologous tumor mRNA-human CD40L vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells transfected with autologous tumor mRNA and the human CD40 ligand (CD40L) gene with immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Vaccination with autologous dendritic cell-autologous tumor mRNA-human CD40L vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells from which the autologous tumor mRNA was derived. When expressed by dendritic cells, tumor antigens and the co-stimulatory molecule CD40L, which binds to CD40 receptors on antigen presenting cells (APC), facilitate both humoral and cellular immune responses against tumor cells.  
^`autologous dendritic cell-based immunotherapeutic AV0113:  A therapeutic interleukin-12 (IL-12)-expressing dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine composed of autologous monocyte-derived DCs loaded with autologous tumor cell lysate and exposed to the microbial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. The monocyte-derived immature DCs are loaded with autologous tumor cell lysates and are subsequently exposed to LPS and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Upon administration of autologous DC-based immunotherapeutic AV0113, the mature DCs migrate into the lymph nodes, express the immune stimulatory cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) and activate the immune system by promoting the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against tumor cells, which may result in immune-mediated tumor cell death and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Exposure to LPS and IFN-gamma allows the maturation of DCs and optimizes the presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by DCs to T-lymphocytes.  
^`autologous dendritic cell-tumor fusion vaccine:  A therapeutic cancer vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) fused with autologous tumor cells with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Autologous dendritic cell-tumor fusion vaccine is generated in vitro by mixing DCs and irradiated tumor cells harvested from individual patients and treating them with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to produce DC-tumor cell fusion hybrid cells. Upon administration, autologous dendritic cell-tumor fusion vaccine may elicit antitumor humoral and cellular immune responses.  
^`autologous dinitrophenyl-modified ovarian cancer vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of autologous ovarian cancer cell peptide antigens conjugated to the hapten 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Administration of autologous dinitrophenyl-modified ovarian cancer vaccine may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against ovarian cancer cells. DNP conjugation may enhance the immunogenicity of weakly immunogenic antigens.  
^`autologous EBV-CTL CD19CAR zeta:  Autologous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) that have been genetically modified to express a T-cell chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting the CD19 antigen, with potential immunotherapeutic activity. The CAR consists of a single chain Fv of anti-CD19 IgG1 coupled with an intracellular signaling region of the zeta-chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (CD3 zeta). Autologous EBV-CTL CD19CAR zeta directs the T-lymphocytes to CD19-expressing tumor cells, stimulating a selective toxicity to tumor cells. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies.  
^`autologous EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid-tumor fusion cell vaccine:  A cell-based vaccine composed of autologous tumor cells fused with Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cells. Upon administration, this vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`autologous Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A preparation of lymphocytes harvested from a patient with an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive tumor. Ex vivo, the lymphocytes are activated against EBV-specific antigens and then returned to the patient, where they mount a specific immune response against EBV-positive tumor cells.  
^`autologous Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell vaccine:  A cell-based vaccine composed of autologous lymphoblastoid B cells activated against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in vitro with potential immunoprotective activity. Upon prophylactic administration, this vaccine may stimulate specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against EBV-transformed B cells, thereby preventing an EBV-induced post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder.  
^`autologous expanded mesenchymal stem cells OTI-010:  Multipotent self-renewing adherent non-hematopoietic stromal cells harvested from a patient's bone marrow and grown in vitro. When injected back into the patient, autologous expanded mesenchymal stem cells OTI-010 may differentiate into various mesenchyme-derived cell types and, in some instances, may augment bone marrow engraftment after whole-body irradiation.  
^`autologous glioma cell lysate:  A cell lysate derived from glioma cells with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration, the autologous glioma cell lysate exposes the immune system to an undefined amount of glioma-type tumor associated antigens (TAA), which may result in the induction of both specific anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and antibody-dependent responses against the glioma TAA-expressing cells, resulting in glioma cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`autologous GM-CSF-secreting breast cancer vaccine:  An autologous tumor cell vaccine containing irradiated breast cancer cells transfected with the granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene with potential antineoplastic activity. Autologous breast cancer cells are transduced ex vivo with an adenovirus vector encoding the GM-CSF gene and irradiated and then reintroduced into the patient. Upon repeated subcutaneous administration of the vaccine, autologous GM-CSF-secreting breast cancer cells secrete GM-CSF, which may stimulate a tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response.  
^`autologous GM-CSF-secreting lethally irradiated colorectal cancer cell vaccine:  A lethally irradiated, autologous colorectal cancer vaccine consisting of patient-specific colorectal cancer cells genetically modified to secrete the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon vaccination, the autologous GM-CSF-secreting lethally irradiated colorectal cancer cell vaccine releases GM-CSF. In turn, GM-CSF may increase the body's immune response against tumor cells by promoting the maturation and activation of dendritic cells (DCs), and enhancing tumor-specific antigen presentation to both B- and T-cells, which leads to better recognition of tumors by the immune system. In addition, GM-CSF promotes antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin-2-mediated lymphokine-activated killer cell function.  
^`autologous HBV-specific TCR-redirected T lymphocytes:  A preparation of human autologous T-lymphocytes transduced with a viral vector encoding for a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for a human hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg), with potential antineoplastic activity. Following administration, the autologous HBV antigen specific TCR-redirected autologous T lymphocytes recognize and bind to the HBV antigen-positive cells, which induces cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated elimination of HBV antigen-positive cancer cells. HBV antigens are found on HBV-positive cells and HPV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).  
^`autologous heat-shock protein 70 peptide vaccine AG-858:  A recombinant cancer vaccine made with tumor-derived heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) peptide complexes. HSP70 associates with antigenic peptides, transporting them into antigen presenting cells (APC) for processing. Tumor-derived HSP70-peptide complexes used in vaccine preparations have been shown to prime tumor immunity and tumor-specific T cells in animal models.  
^`autologous HER2 chimeric receptor/TGFbeta dominant negative receptor-expressing EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A preparation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-resistant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) directed to EBV through their native receptor and HER2 through a retrovirally transduced HER2 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Autologous EBV-specific CTLs are produced by exposing autologous CTLs to "stimulator" autologous EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (EBV-LCLs). Subsequently, autologous EBV-specific CTLs are transduced with retroviral vectors expressing the mutant type II TGF-beta dominant-negative receptor (DNR), which blocks signaling by all three TGF-beta isoforms, and the HER2 CAR. After transduction, transgenic EBV-CTLs are expanded on EBV-LCLs. Upon administration, autologous HER2 chimeric receptor/TGFbeta dominant negative receptor-expressing EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes may bind to HER2-expressing tumors cells, which may result in CTL-mediated cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Tumor-expressed TGF-beta inhibits T lymphocyte activation and expansion.  
^`autologous HNSCC DNA-transfected semi-allogeneic fibroblasts MRC-5 vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of lethally irradiated human fetal lung fibroblasts (Medical Research Council 5 or MRC-5) transfected with autologous tumor DNA derived from a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration, the autologous HNSCC DNA-transfected semi-allogeneic fibroblasts MRC-5 vaccine expresses HNSCC tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), which may activate the immune system to induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against HNSCC cells. The MRC-5 cell line, established in 1966, is a human diploid lung fibroblast cell line derived from the human lung tissue of a 14-week-old male fetus.  
^`autologous HPV-16/18 E6/E7-specific TGF-beta-resistant T lymphocytes:  A preparation of autologous transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-resistant cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) reactive to human papilloma virus (HPV) types 16 and 18 E6/E7 antigens, with potential antineoplastic activity. Autologous T-lymphocytes from a HPV-positive cancer patient are exposed to and stimulated with dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with the HPV-16/18 proteins E6 and E7. In turn, the HPV-16/18 E6/E7-specific T-lymphocytes are transduced with a retroviral vector expressing a dominant-negative mutant of type II transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta receptor, which blocks signaling mediated by all three TGF-beta isoforms. Following re-administration to patients with HPV-positive tumors, the HPV-16/18 E6/E7-specific TGF-beta-resistant T-lymphocytes target HPV16/18 E6/E7-positive cells, which may result in a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response, followed by cell lysis and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Tumors expressing TGF-beta inhibit T-lymphocyte activation and expansion.  
^`autologous iC9-GD2-CAR-expressing VZV-specific T lymphocytes:  Genetically modified, autologous varicella zoster virus (VZV)-specific T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for the disialoganglioside GD2, which contains the signaling domains for the co-stimulatory molecules CD28 and CD134 (OX-40), and the suicide gene, inducible caspase 9 (iCasp9 or iC9), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, iC9-GD2-CD28-OX40-expressing T lymphocytes target the GD2 antigen on tumor cells for selective toxicity against GD2-expressing tumor cells. iCasp9 consists of a full-length caspase 9, including its caspase recruitment domain, linked to a human FK506 drug-binding domain with an F36V mutation (FKBP12-F36V). If the administered T cells lead to unacceptable side effects, the chemical homodimerizer AP1903 can be administered, which binds to the FKBP12-F36V drug binding domain, activates caspase 9, and results in apoptosis of the administered T-cells. Expression of the iCasp9 gene in T cells for adoptive transfer increases safety and broadens the scope for their clinical applications. The tumor-associated antigen GD2 is overexpressed on the surface of almost all tumors of neuroectodermal origin. OX40 and CD28, both T-cell surface-associated co-stimulatory molecules, are required for full T-cell activation. An additional VZV vaccine can be administered to increase T-cell activity.  
^`autologous IL-21-modulated CD8+ MART1-specific T cells:  A preparation of interleukin 21 (IL-21) stimulated, CD8+ T-lymphocytes sensitized to MART-1 (melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells) antigen with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. CD8+ T-lymphocytes are exposed ex vivo to autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with MART-1 antigen peptide and grown in the presence of IL-21. These tumor-reactive T-cells may stimulate a host immune response against tumor cells expressing the MART-1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. MART-1 is expressed by certain types of melanoma cells. IL-21, a cytokine involved in the regulation of cellular immune responses, may play a key role during priming of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and may enhance proliferation of the CTLs.  
^`autologous immunoglobulin idiotype-KLH conjugate vaccine:  A cancer vaccine composed of tumor-specific idiotype determinants derived from an individual's tumor cells which are conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, an immunostimulant carrier protein. When injected into the individual from whom the tumor cells were isolated, this vaccine may stimulate an antitumoral cytotoxic T-lymphocytic immune response.  
^`autologous interferon-producing killer dendritic cells:  A preparation of autologous dendritic cells (DC) with a molecular expression profile similar to both natural killer (NK) cells and DCs, with potential antineoplastic activity. Autologous interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs) are characterized by double-negative expression of CD3 and CD19; these cells also express low levels of CD11 and are positive for B220. They are distinguished from plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) by the absence of lymphocyte antigen 6C (Ly6C, Gr-1) expression. IKDCs produce interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin (IL) -12, and are able to kill typical NK target cells using NK receptors while retaining DC-like antigen-presenting activity. Upon administration of the autologous IKDCs, these cells secrete high levels of IFN-gamma and, when in contact with tumor cells, mediate TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-dependent direct lysis of tumor cells. The resulting apoptotic tumor antigens may be presented by the IKDCs, thus activating the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to further eliminate tumor cells.  
^`autologous LMP1-/LMP2- specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes:  A preparation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL), specifically reactive to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane proteins (LMP) 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Autologous dendritic cells and EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) from patients with EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are transduced with an LMP1/LMP2-expressing adenoviral vector, are irradiated, and then are used to stimulate and expand autologous CTL to produce autologous LMP1-/LMP2-specific CTL ex vivo. Administration of autologous LMP1-/LMP2- specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes may result in a specific CTL response against tumor cells expressing LMP1 and LMP2, resulting in cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in vivo. Among a limited set of viral antigens expressed by NPC cells, LMP1 and LMP2 are weak immunogens which, nevertheless, are capable of inducing a T-lymphocyte response.  
^`autologous lymphoid effector cells specific against tumor cells:  A preparation of cytotoxic, autologous lymphoid effector cells specifically targeted towards tumor cells, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. The autologous lymphoid effector cells are prepared by drawing a blood sample containing the required precursors for CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells from a cancer patient. The precursor cells are activated, selected and expanded to generate mature autologous lymphoid effector cells with the potential for enhanced tumor recognition. Upon readministration into the patient, the autologous lymphoid effector cells may induce both humoral and cellular immune responses against tumor cells. This may result in the immune-mediated inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, leading to tumor cell death.  
^`autologous lymphoma cell lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with lysate from autologous lymphoma cells with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intranodal administration, autologous lymphoma cell lysate-pulsed autologous DC vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against lymphoma cells, which may result in lymphoma cell lysis.  
^`autologous lymphoma cell/allogeneic dendritic cell electrofusion hybrid vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine consisting of hybrid cells created by electrofusing autologous dendritic cells (DCs) and allogeneic lymphoma cells with potential immunostimulating and antitumor activities. Upon administration, autologous lymphoma cell/allogeneic dendritic cell electrofusion hybrid vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against specific autologous lymphoma-associated antigens, resulting in lymphoma cell apoptosis.  
^`autologous lymphoma cell/autologous dendritic cell electrofusion hybrid vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine consisting of hybrid cells created by electrofusing autologous dendritic cells (DCs) and autologous lymphoma cells with potential immunostimulating and antitumor activities. Upon administration, autologous lymphoma cell/autologous dendritic cell electrofusion hybrid vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against specific autologous lymphoma-associated antigens, resulting in lymphoma cell apoptosis.  
^`autologous lymphoma immunoglobulin-derived scFV-chemokine DNA vaccine:  A plasmid DNA vaccine encoding an autologous lymphoma-derived idiotype-targeting immunoglobulin (Ig)-derived single chain variable fragment (scFv) fused to the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 3 alpha (MIP3a), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular vaccination, the autologous lymphoma immunoglobulin-derived scFv-chemokine DNA vaccine is taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and stimulates the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the idiotype expressed on the surface of B lymphoma cells. MIP3a, also called chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20), is a chemotactic cytokine able to enhance the immune response through binding to chemokine receptors expressed on APCs.  
^`autologous MAGE-A3-specific, HLA-A*01-restricted T cell receptor gene engineered lymphocytes:  Human autologous T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*01-restricted, human melanoma-associated antigen A3 (MAGE-A3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are isolated from a patient, transduced with an anti-MAGE-A3-HLA-A*01 restricted TCR, expanded ex vivo, and reintroduced into the HLA-A*01-positive patient. Then, the autologous MAGE-A3-specific, HLA-A*01-restricted TCR gene engineered lymphocytes bind to tumor cells expressing the MAGE-A3 antigen, which may increase cell death and halt the growth of MAGE-A3-expressing cancer cells. The tumor-associated antigen MAGE-A3 is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`autologous melanoma lysate/KLH-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with lysate from autologous melanoma cells containing tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and conjugated to the immunostimulant Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, autologous melanoma lysate/KLH-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against melanoma cells, which may result in melanoma cell lysis. KLH is an immunogenic carrier and serves as an immunostimulant to improve antigenic immune recognition and T-cell responses and can be used to evaluate vaccine efficacy.  
^`autologous melanoma lysate/NY-ESO-1-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with both a lysate from autologous melanoma cells containing tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and a synthetic peptide derived from the tumor associated antigen human cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, autologous melanoma lysate/NY-ESO-1-pulsed autologous DC vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody-mediated immune responses against melanoma cells, which may result in melanoma cell lysis. NY-ESO-1 is expressed in normal testes and on the surfaces of various tumor cells, and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`autologous melanoma lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with lysate from autologous melanoma cells containing tumor associated antigens (TAAs) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, autologous melanoma lysate-pulsed autologous DC vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against melanoma cells, which may result in melanoma cell lysis.  
^`autologous mesenchymal stem cells apceth_101:  Human autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) harvested from the bone marrow of a patient and genetically modified with a self-inactivating retroviral vector expressing the suicide gene herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK), that can be used to activate synthetic acyclic guanosine analogues when co-administered. Upon intravenous administration of autologous mesenchymal stem cells apceth_101, the cells are actively recruited to the tumor stroma, differentiate into more mature mesenchymal cells, and become part of the tumor microenvironment. When a synthetic acyclic guanosine analogue, such as ganciclovir, is co-administered, the HSV-TK within the HSV-TK-transduced MSCs will monophosphorylate this prodrug. Subsequently the monophosphate form is further converted to the diphosphate form and then to its active triphosphate form by cellular kinases. The active form of ganciclovir kills the HSV-TK-transduced MSCs and leads to a bystander effect, which eliminates neighboring cancer cells. Therefore, synthetic acyclic guanosine analogues are activated only at the tumor site, which increases their local efficacy and reduces systemic toxicity.  
^`autologous MUC1-mannan fusion protein pulsed dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing autologous dendritic cells pulsed with a fusion product of an epitope of human tumor-associated epithelial mucin 1 (MUC1) antigen and the vaccine adjuvant mannan (oxidized mannose), with potential antineoplastic activity. When the modified dendritic cells are returned to the patient, they may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells positive for the MUC1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Addition of manna in this vaccine, enhances immune recognition. MUC1 antigen, a high-molecular-weight transmembrane glycoprotein, is overexpressed on many tumor cells.  
^`autologous neuroblastoma lysate/KLH-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with a cell lysate from an autologous neuroblastoma containing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), which are conjugated to the immunostimulant keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, autologous neuroblastoma lysate/KLH-pulsed DC vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount an anti-tumoral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against neuroblastoma cells, which may result in tumor cell lysis. KLH is an immunogenic carrier and serves as an immunostimulant to improve antigenic immune recognition and T-cell responses.  
^`autologous NSCLC DNA-transfected semi-allogeneic fibroblasts MRC-5 vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of irradiated human fetal lung fibroblasts (Medical Research Council 5 or MRC-5) transfected with autologous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-derived DNA with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, autologous NSCLC DNA-transfected semi-allogeneic fibroblasts MRC-5 vaccine expresses NSCLC tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in addition to MHC class I-determinants and the co-stimulatory molecule B7.1, which may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against NSCLC cells. The MRC-5 cell line, established in 1966, is a human diploid lung fibroblast cell line that is permissive for infection by a wide range of human viruses including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and coxsackie B viruses.  
^`autologous NSCLC peptide-specific dendritic cell vaccine:  A personalized cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with immunogenic peptides derived from autologous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. During leukapheresis, mature DCs are loaded with autologous NSCLC-derived peptides. Upon re-administration of the NSCLC peptide-specific DC vaccine, the immune system is exposed to NSCLC-associated antigens. This results in the induction of a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against NSCLC cells and tumor cell lysis.  
^`autologous NY-ESO-1-melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells:  A preparation of autologous CD8+ (cytotoxic) T-lymphocytes sensitized to cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 antigen with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Autologous CD8+ T-lymphocytes, isolated from a melanoma patient, are exposed to an NY-ESO-1 peptide ex vivo, expanded, and reintroduced into the patient; these tumor-reactive T-cells may stimulate a host immune response against tumor cells expressing the NY-ESO-1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. NY-ESO-1, an antigen found in normal testis, may be upregulated in various cancers, including bladder, breast, hepatocellular, melanoma, and prostate cancers.  
^`autologous OFA-iLRP RNA-transfected dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of autologous, mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with oncofetal antigen immature laminin receptor protein (OFA-iLRP) RNA, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, DCs in the OFA-iLRP RNA-transfected autologous dendritic cell vaccine express, process, and present OFA-iLRP to the host immune system, which may mount a potent cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against OFA-iLRP-expressing tumor cells. As a highly conserved protein, OFA-iLRP is preferentially expressed in fetal tissues and in many types of cancer, including hematopoietic malignancies, but is not detectable in normal differentiated adult cells.  
^`autologous ovarian tumor cell lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous, irradiated dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with ovarian tumor cell lysate containing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, autologous ovarian tumor cell lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate an anti-tumoral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against ovarian tumor cells expressing the patients ovarian tumor cell-specific TAAs, which may result in ovarian tumor cell lysis.  
^`autologous oxidized ovarian tumor cell lysate vaccine:  An autologous cancer vaccine composed of oxidized ovarian tumor cell lysate, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the autologous oxidized ovarian tumor cell lysate vaccine exposes the immune system to an undefined amount of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), which may result in the induction of both anti-tumor cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and antibody-dependent responses against TAA-expressing cells, leading to tumor cell lysis. Compared to non-oxidized tumor cell lysate vaccines, oxidized tumor cell lysate vaccines induce necrotic cell death, increase the immunogenicity of the TAAs and may enhance the anti-tumor immune response.  
^`autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes cotransduced with retroviral vectors encoding inducible IL-12 and anti-NY-ESO-1 TCR:  Human autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) transduced with two retroviral vectors, one encoding a T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 and a second that encodes an inducible single-chain form of interleukin-12 (IL-12) driven by a nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT)-responsive promoter, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Following isolation of lymphocytes, retroviral vector transduction, and expansion of the cells ex vivo, the inducible IL-12/anti-NY-ESO-1 TCR-expressing autologous PBLs are re-administered into the patient by intravenous injection. As the transduced PBLs traverse the patient's circulatory system, they can bind to NY-ESO-1-overexpressing tumor cells. This binding activates the TCR signaling pathway in the transduced PBLs, which promotes NFAT-dependent gene transcription and induces expression of the cotransduced IL-12. IL-12 expression activates the immune system by promoting the secretion of interferon-gamma, activating natural killer cells (NKs), and inducing cytotoxic T-cell responses, which may result in both decreased cell proliferation and increased cell death for the NY-ESO-1-overexpressing tumor cells. NY-ESO-1, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is found in normal testis and on the surface of various tumor cell types. NFAT, a family of transcription factors involved in immune responses, is activated by calcium signaling, which can occur downstream of TCR activation. Use of a retroviral vector to express an inducible IL-12 may remove the requirement for concomitant administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) that is a component of conventional cell transfer immunotherapies.  
^`autologous pluripotent ALDHbr stem cells ALD-451:  A specific population of autologous, pluripotent bone marrow derived cells that express high levels of the cytosolic enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) with potential protective and neuro-cognition improving activity. Expression of high levels of ALDH is an indicator of the biological activity in heterogenous early stage stem cells. Upon intravenous administration, these ALDH bright cells may protect normal cells and may repair damaged cells. These cells may also protect brain cells from damage and may improve neurocognition.  
^`autologous prostate cancer antigen-expressing dendritic cell vaccine BPX-101:  A genetically-modified autologous dendritic cell-based vaccine expressing a drug-inducible costimulatory CD40 receptor (iCD40) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Autologous dendritic cells (DCs) are genetically modified to express the iCD40 receptor and are pulsed with tumor antigen. Upon intradermal administration, these DCs accumulate in local draining lymph nodes. Twenty-four hours after vaccination, the dimerizer agent AP1903 is administered; AP1903 binds to and activates iCD40 receptors presented on DC cell surfaces, thus activating the DCs and stimulating a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against host tumor cells that express the tumor antigen. This delayed activation strategy optimizes DC accumulation in local draining lymph nodes prior to DC activation. iCD40 contains a membrane-localized cytoplasmic CD40 domain fused to a drug-binding domain.  
^`autologous prostate stem cell antigen-specific CAR T cells BPX-601:  A preparation of autologous T lymphocytes expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-human prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) scFv (single chain variable fragment) coupled to the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCRzeta) and a drug-induced co-stimulatory molecule, composed of an inducible, chimeric MyD88/CD40 (inducible MC; iMC) co-stimulatory domain, in which both the MyD88 and CD40 lack their extracellular domains, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of BPX-601, the T cells target and bind to PSCA-expressing cancer cells. Upon subsequent administration of the chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) agent rimiducid, this agent targets and binds to the drug binding domain, which leads to iMC expression, activation of both CD40- and MyD88-mediated signal transduction pathways, and an induction of selective cytotoxicity in, and eradication of PSCA-expressing cancer cells. iMC activation by rimiducid increases T-cell survival and anti-tumor activity of the administered T cells, compared to T cells without the drug iMC activation-switch. As these T cells are engineered to only be fully activated by binding to both antigen and rimiducid, T-cell proliferation, activity and toxicity can be controlled by adjusting the dose of rimiducid, thereby preventing uncontrolled T-cell activation which increases the safety of the administered T cells. PSCA is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface antigen overexpressed in many cancer cell types.  
^`autologous renal cell carcinoma tumor lysate-dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumor cell lysate containing tumor associated antigens (TAAs) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, autologous renal cell carcinoma tumor lysate-dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate anti-tumoral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against RCC tumor cells expressing RCC TAAs, resulting in RCC tumor cell lysis.  
^`autologous sarcoma cell lysate:  A cell lysate derived from sarcoma cells with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration, the autologous sarcoma cell lysate exposes the immune system to an undefined amount of sarcoma-type tumor associated antigens (TAA), which may result in the induction of both specific anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and antibody-dependent responses against the sarcoma TAA-expressing cells, resulting in sarcoma cell lysis.  
^`autologous sarcoma lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with lysates from sarcoma cells with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the autologous sarcoma lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine exposes the immune system to an undefined amount of sarcoma-type tumor associated antigens (TAA), which may result in the induction of both specific anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and antibody-dependent responses against the sarcoma TAA-expressing cells, resulting in sarcoma cell lysis.  
^`autologous T lymphocytes expressing NY-ESO-1-C259-specific enhanced T cell receptors:  Human autologous lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the cancer/testis antigen NY-ESO-1, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon isolation, transduction, expansion ex vivo, and reintroduction into the patient, the autologous T lymphocytes expressing NY-ESO-1-C259-specific enhanced T cell receptors bind to NY-ESO-1-overexpressing tumor cells. This may result in the specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) killing of NY-ESO-1-positive cancer cells. NY-ESO-1, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is found in normal testis and on the surface of various tumor cell types; the TCR is specific for SLLMWITQC, an NY-ESO-1-derived peptide, in a complex with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A2 peptide.  
^`autologous TARP peptide-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine comprised of autologous dendritic cells pulsed with autologous T cell receptor gamma-chain alternate reading frame protein (TARP) peptide with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration, autologous TARP peptide-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against TARP-expressing cancer cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The highly immunogenic nuclear protein TARP is commonly expressed in breast and prostate cancer cells.  
^`autologous tumor cell proteoliposome chronic lymphocytic leukemia vaccine:  An autologous chronic lymphocytic leukemia cancer vaccine consisting of patient-specific membrane proteins directly extracted from autologous tumor cells and incorporated into liposomes along with Interleukin 2 (IL-2) to produce membrane-patched proteoliposomes, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. After subcutaneous injection of the autologous tumor cell proteoliposomes chronic lymphocytic leukemia vaccine, liposomes deliver the encapsulated tumor antigens into the cytosol of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Subsequently, the APCs process the antigens and present antigen-derived peptides to the immune system. This may enhance recognition of tumors by the immune system, and activate both cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and CD4+ helper T cells against tumor cells. IL-2 is incorporated into the vaccine to leverage its ability to expand activated T cells.  
^`autologous tumor cell vaccine:  A therapeutic agent produced by isolating tumor cells from an individual and processing these tumor cells into a vaccine formulation in vitro; the vaccine is then administered to the individual from whom the tumor cells were isolated. Typically combined with an adjuvant immunostimulant, an autologous cell vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T-lymphocytic immune response to cell surface-expressed tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), resulting in tumor cell death.  
^`autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes LN-144:  A preparation of autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), with potential antineoplastic activity. TILs are isolated from a patient's tumor tissue, cultured in vitro with high-dose interleukin-2 (lL-2), further selected based on antigen specificity and tumor reactivity, and the selected TILs are subsequently expanded. Upon re-introduction of LN-144 into the patient, the TILs re-infiltrate the tumor, specifically recognize the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), and initiate tumor cell lysis. IL-2 induces the proliferation and expansion of TILs in vitro.  
^`autologous tumor-associated peptide antigen-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine: A dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous DCs pulsed with specific tumor-associated peptide antigens (TAPA), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, autologous TAPA-pulsed DC vaccine exposes the immune system to the specific TAPAs, which may result in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune responses against the TAPA-expressing cancer cells. This leads to cancer cell lysis. This vaccine is specific towards peptides derived from the following proteins:  sperm autoantigenic protein 17 (SP17), ropporin, A-kinase anchor protein 4 (AKAP4), pituitary tumor-transforming 1 (PTTG1) and SPANX family member B (SPANX-B).  
^`autologous WT1-TCRc4 gene-transduced CD8-positive Tcm/Tn lymphocytes:  Autologous, human CD8 T-lymphocytes, comprised of both central memory T-cells (Tcm) and naïve T-cells (Tn), that are transduced, ex vivo, with a self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vector encoding a high-affinity T-cell receptor (TCRc4) specific for the human tumor antigen Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) epitope 126-134 (RMFPNAPYL), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon isolation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), transduction, expansion ex vivo, priming of the Tn subset, but not the Tcm subset, with interleukin-21 (IL-21), and reintroduction of equal amounts of Tcm and Tn cells into the patient, WT1-TCRc4 gene-transduced CD8-positive Tcm/Tn lymphocytes redirect T-lymphocytes to WT1-expressing tumor cells and specifically bind to and lyse those cells. This inhibits proliferation of WT1-expressing tumor cells. WT1 protein, a zinc finger DNA-binding transcriptional regulator, is overexpressed in most leukemias and various solid tumors, while expression in normal, healthy tissues is very limited; its expression is correlated with aggressiveness and poor prognosis.  
^`Avage:  (Other name for~ tazarotene) 
^`avanafil:  An orally available phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor with vasodilatory activity. Avanafil selectively inhibits PDE5, thus inhibiting the degradation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) found in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosa of the penis. The inhibition of cGMP degradation results in prolonged muscle relaxation, vasodilation, and blood engorgement of the corpus cavernosa, thereby prolonging penile erection.  
^`Avandia:  (Other name for~ rosiglitazone maleate) 
^`Avastin:  (Other name for~ bevacizumab) 
^`Aveeno cream:  (Other name for~ colloidal oatmeal cream) 
^`Avelox:  (Other name for~ moxifloxacin hydrochloride) 
^`avelumab:  A human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against the human immunosuppressive ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein, with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, avelumab binds to PD-L1 and prevents the interaction of PD-L1 with its receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). This inhibits the activation of PD-1 and its downstream signaling pathways. This may restore immune function through the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) targeted to PD-L1-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, avelumab induces an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) response against PD-L1-expressing tumor cells. PD-1, a cell surface receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed on T-cells, negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function when activated by its ligand, and plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity. PD-L1, a transmembrane protein, is overexpressed on a variety of tumor cell types and is associated with poor prognosis.  
^`Avemar:  (Other name for~ fermented wheat germ extract) 
^`Avinza:  (Other name for~ morphine sulfate) 
^`Avita:  (Other name for~ tretinoin) 
^`avitinib maleate:  The maleate salt form of avitinib, an orally available, irreversible, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant-selective inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, avitinib covalently binds to and inhibits the activity of mutant forms of EGFR, including the drug-resistant T790M EGFR mutant, which prevents signaling mediated by mutant forms of EGFR. This may both induce cell death and inhibit tumor growth in EGFR-mutated tumor cells. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase that is mutated in a variety of cancers, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization. As this agent is selective towards mutant forms of EGFR, its toxicity profile may be reduced when compared to non-selective EGFR inhibitors, which also inhibit wild-type EGFR.  
^`Avmacol:  (Other name for~ broccoli sprout/broccoli seed extract supplement) 
^`AVN944:  An orally available, synthetic small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. AVN944 inhibits inosine monosphosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), an enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), a purine molecule required for DNA and RNA synthesis. Inhibition of IMPDH deprives cancer cells of GTP, resulting in disruption of DNA and RNA synthesis, inhibition of cell proliferation, and the induction of apoptosis. AVN944 appears to have a selective effect on cancer cells in that deprivation of GTP in normal cells results in a temporary slowing of cell growth only. IMPDH is overexpressed in some cancer cells, particularly in hematological malignancies.  
^`Avodart:  (Other name for~ dutasteride) 
^`Avycaz:  (Other name for~ ceftazidime/avibactam sodium) 
^`axitinib:  An orally bioavailable tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Axitinib inhibits the proangiogenic cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF), thereby exerting an anti-angiogenic effect.  
^`AXL inhibitor BGB324:  An orally available and selective inhibitor of the AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (UFO), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, BGB324 targets and binds to the intracellular catalytic kinase domain of AXL and prevents its activity. This blocks AXL-mediated signal transduction pathways and inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which, in turn, inhibits tumor cell proliferation and migration. In addition, BGB324 enhances chemo-sensitivity. AXL, a member of the TAM (TYRO3, AXL and MER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases overexpressed by many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis; its expression is associated with drug resistance and poor prognosis.  
^`AXL kinase inhibitor TP-0903:  An orally available and selective inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL (UFO), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, TP-0903 targets and binds to AXL and prevents its activity. This blocks AXL-mediated signal transduction pathways and inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which, in turn, inhibits tumor cell proliferation and migration. In addition, TP-0903 enhances chemo-sensitivity to certain other chemotherapeutic agents. AXL, a member of the Tyro3, AXL and Mer (TAM) family of receptor tyrosine kinases and overexpressed by many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis. Its expression is associated with drug resistance and poor prognosis.  
^`Aygestin:  (Other name for~ norethindrone acetate) 
^`azacitidine:  A pyrimidine nucleoside analogue of cytidine with antineoplastic activity. Azacitidine is incorporated into DNA, where it reversibly inhibits DNA methyltransferase, thereby blocking DNA methylation. Hypomethylation of DNA by azacitidine may activate tumor suppressor genes silenced by hypermethylation, resulting in an antitumor effect. This agent is also incorporated into RNA, thereby disrupting normal RNA function and impairing tRNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase activity.  
^`azapicyl:  A hydrazine compound that has been investigated for antineoplastic activity.  
^`azaserine:  A naturally occurring serine derivative diazo compound with antineoplastic properties, Azaserine functions as a purine antagonist and glutamine analogue (glutamine amidotransferase inhibitor) that competitively inhibits pathways in which glutamine is metabolized. An antibiotic and antitumor agent, Azaserine is used in clinical studies as a potential antineoplastic agent.  
^`AzaSite:  (Other name for~ azithromycin) 
^`azathioprine sodium:  The sodium salt form of azathioprine, a pro-drug of purine analogue with immunosuppressive activity. Azathioprine is converted in vivo to its active metabolite 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), which substitutes for the normal nucleoside and mistakenly gets incorporated into DNA sequences. This leads to inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. As a result, cell proliferation may be inhibited, particularly in lymphocytes and leukocytes.  
^`Azedra:  (Other name for~ cold contaminant-free iobenguane I 131) 
^`aziridinylbenzoquinone RH1:  A water-soluble, synthetic aziridinylbenzoquinone with potential antineoplastic activity. Bioactivation of aziridinylbenzoquinone RH1 occurs through the two-electron reduction of the quinone to the hydroquinone by the two-electron quinone reductase DT-diaphorase (DTD). The resultant hydroquinone selectively alkylates and cross-links DNA at the 5'-GNC-3' sequence, inihibiting DNA replication, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. DTD is over-expressed in many tumors relative to normal tissue, including lung, colon, breast and liver tumors.  
^`azithromycin:  An azalide, derived from erythromycin, and a member of a subclass of macrolide antibiotics with bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic activities. Azithromycin reversibly binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the 70S ribosome of sensitive microorganisms, thereby inhibiting the translocation step of protein synthesis, wherein a newly synthesized peptidyl tRNA molecule moves from the acceptor site on the ribosome to the peptidyl (donor) site, and consequently inhibiting RNA-dependent protein synthesis leading to cell growth inhibition and cell death.  
^`Azixa:  (Other name for~ verubulin hydrochloride) 
^`AZP:  An aziridinyl-substituted cyclophosphazene and a putrescence derivative that may cause DNA cross-linkage.  
^`Azulfidine:  (Other name for~ sulfasalazine) 
^`azurin-derived cell-penetrating peptide p28: A water-soluble, amphipathic, 28 amino acid (amino acids 50-77), 2.9 kD fragment peptide (p28) derived from the protein azurin with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. Although the mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated, the preferential cellular uptake of azurin-derived cell-penetrating peptide p28 by tumor cells and endothelial cells is likely via caveolae-mediated endocytosis; the C-terminal 18 amino acid residues (50-67) appear to responsible for this preferential uptake. After cell entry, the first 12 amino acid residues interact with tumor suppressor p53 and form a p28: p53 complex, which may result in a reduction of proteasomal degradation of p53, increased p53 levels, and p53-mediated cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis. Azurin is a cupredoxin secreted by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are cationic and/or amphipathic peptides, typically less than 30 amino acids in length, that can penetrate cell membranes easily and may transport molecular cargo.  
^`B16alphaGal melanoma vaccine:  A whole cell melanoma cancer vaccine with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. B16alphaGal melanoma vaccine contains three types of human melanoma cell lines that are genetically engineered to express the alpha(1,3)-galactosyl (alphaGal) epitope on cell surfaces. The agent stimulates a hyperacute rejection of whole melanoma cancer cells expressing alphaGal epitopes, initiated by opsonization by anti-alphaGal antibodies and followed by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cell lysis. This results in the stimulation of a broader cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response (CTL) directed against tumor antigens on melanoma cells that do not express alphaGal. AlphaGal is not normally expressed in humans because alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase (Alpha-GT), the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of alphaGal epitopes on glycoproteins and glycolipids, is not naturally present in humans and other primates.  
^`B43-PAP immunotoxin:  A mouse-derived anti-human CD19 monoclonal antibody linked to pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) antiviral protein (PAP) with antileukemic activity. The monoclonal antibody portion specifically binds to the CD19 antigen, a cell surface molecule normally expressed only by B lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells and over-expressed in B-lineage lymphocytic leukemia cells. Following internalization, PAP, a plant hemitoxin and a ribosome-inactivating protein, is cleaved from the immunoconjugate and released into the cytoplasm where it enzymatically removes a single adenine base from a conserved, surface exposed loop sequence of rRNA leading to inhibition of protein synthesis and cell growth, but not necessarily cell death.  
^`B7-DC cross-linking antibody rHIgM12B7:  A recombinant form of the monoclonal IgM antibody M12 isolated from a Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia patient (rHIgM12) with potential immunomodulating activity. B7-DC cross-linking antibody rHIgM12B7 binds and crosslinks the B7 co-stimulatory family member B7-DC (PD-L2) on dendritic cells (DCs), antigen presenting cells (APCs) that play a crucial role in the human immune response. This results in enhanced activation of DCs; enhanced antigen-presenting activity; and increased production of immunomodulatory cytokines (especially interleukin 12); and may potentiate a specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia B cells.  
^`bacitracin:  A complex of cyclic polypeptide antibiotics, mainly bacitracin A, produced by spore-forming organisms belonging to the licheniformin group of the Bacillus subtilis with antibacterial activity. Bacitracin binds to C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a biphosphate lipid transport molecule that carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall. The binding interferes with the enzymatic dephosphorylation of the C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate and prevents peptidoglycan synthesis, thereby inhibiting bacterial cell growth.  
^`baclofen:  A synthetic chlorophenyl-butanoic acid derivative with muscle relaxant activity. Baclofen acts as a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist specific for GABA-B receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). At spinal and supraspinal sites, this agent reduces excitatory transmission.  
^`baclofen/amitriptyline/ketamine gel:  A topical preparation of baclofen, amitriptyline, and ketamine compounded in a penetration-enhancing polaxamer-lecithin organogel (PLO) with potential antineuralgic activity. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue baclofen appears to activate the inhibitory GABA(B) receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, which may result in hyperpolarization of the neuronal cell membrane and inhibition of neurotransmitter release. Amitriptyline likely produces antineuralgic effects via modulation of multiple subtypes of glutamate (Glu) receptors, independent of its antidepressant actions. Ketamine displays complex pharmacologic actions including biogenic amine uptake inhibition, interaction with opioid receptors, and inhibition of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Stimulation of GABA(B) receptor activity, modulation of Glu receptor activity, and inhibition of NMDA receptor activity may be of benefit in managing neuropathic pain.  
^`bacteriophage phi X 174:  A bacteriophage that infects E. coli. Its genome is a circular DNA of 5386 bases. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Bactrim:  (Other name for~ trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) 
^`bafetinib:  An orally bioavailable 2-phenylaminopyrimidine derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Bafetinib specifically binds to and inhibits the Bcr/Abl fusion protein tyrosine kinase, an abnormal enzyme produced by Philadelphia chromosomal translocation associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). This agent also inhibits the Src-family member Lyn tyrosine kinase, upregulated in imatinib-resistant CML cells and in a variety of solid cancer cell types. The inhibitory effect of bafetinib on these specific tyrosine kinases may decrease cellular proliferation and induce apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress these kinases. CML patients may be refractory to imatinib, which sometimes results from point mutations occurring in the kinase domain of the Bcr/Abl fusion product. Due to its dual inhibitory activity, the use of bafetinib has been shown to overcome this particular drug resistance.  
^`Bag Balm:  (Other name for~ 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate ointment) 
^`balanced crystalloid solution:  A multiple electrolyte, isotonic, crystalloid solution for intravenous infusion containing sodium chloride, sodium gluconate, sodium acetate, potassium chloride and magnesium chloride, which can restore electrolyte balance, normalize pH, and provide hydration. Upon intravenous administration, the balanced crystalloid solution will replace lost body fluids and electrolytes thereby providing hydration, normalizing electrolyte concentrations and regulating acid-base balance.  
^`baltaleucel-T:  A preparation of autologous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which have specific reactivity to the EBV antigens, latent membrane proteins (LMP) 1 (LMP1) and 2 (LMP2), EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA) and BamHI-A rightward frame-1 (BARF1), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, baltaleucel-T targets and binds to EBV-expressing cancer cells specifically expressing the targeted antigens. This may kill LMP1/LMP2/EBNA/BARF1-expressing EBV-associated cancer cells. LMP1, LMP2, EBNA and BARF1 are tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) that are specifically associated with EBV infection, and play key roles in the proliferation of a variety of tumors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Balziva:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) 
^`banoxantrone:  A bioreductive, alkylaminoanthraquinone prodrug with antineoplastic activity. Under hypoxic conditions, often seen in solid tumors, banoxantrone (AQ4N) is converted and activated by cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are upregulated in certain tumors, to the cytotoxic DNA-binding agent AQ4. Banoxantrone intercalates into and crosslinks DNA, and inhibits topoisomerase II. This results in an inhibition of DNA replication and repair in tumor cells. Combined with conventional therapeutic agents, both oxygenic and hypoxic regions of tumors can be targeted.  
^`Baraclude:  (Other name for~ entecavir) 
^`barasertib:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule, dihydrogen phosphate prodrug of the pyrazoloquinazoline Aurora kinase inhibitor AZD1152–hydroxyquinazoline pyrazol anilide (AZD1152-HQPA) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration and rapid conversion from the prodrug form in plasma, barasertib specifically binds to and inhibits Aurora kinase B, which results in the disruption of spindle checkpoint functions and chromosome alignment and, so, the disruption of chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Consequently, cell division and cell proliferation are inhibited and apoptosis is induced in Aurora kinase B-overexpressing tumor cells. Aurora kinase B, a serine/threonine protein kinase that functions in the attachment of the mitotic spindle to the centromere, is overexpressed in a wide variety of cancer cell types.  
^`bardoxolone:  A synthetic triterpenoid compound with potential antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities. Bardoxolone blocks the synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2), two enzymes involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis. This agent also inhibits the interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory proteins matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and the expression of Bcl-3; Bcl-3 is an IL-1-responsive gene that preferentially contributes to MMP-1 gene expression.  
^`baricitinib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of Janus kinases 1 and 2 (JAK1/2), with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, baricitinib binds to JAK1/2, which inhibits JAK1/2 activation and leads to the inhibition of the JAK-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. This decreases the production of inflammatory cytokines and may prevent an inflammatory response. In addition, baricitinib may induce apoptosis and reduce proliferation of JAK1/2-expressing tumor cells. JAK kinases are intracellular enzymes involved in cytokine signaling, inflammation, immune function and hematopoiesis; they are also upregulated and/or mutated in various tumor cell types.  
^`barium sulfate:  The sulfate salt of barium, an alkaline, divalent metal. Barium sulfate is quite insoluble in water, and is used as a radiopaque agent to diagnose gastrointestinal medical conditions. Barium sulfate is taken by mouth or given rectally.  
^`Barseb HC:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`Basen:  (Other name for~ voglibose) 
^`basiliximab:  A recombinant, chimeric, human-murine monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R alpha) with immunosuppressant activity. Basiliximab selectively binds to and blocks IL-2R alpha, expressed on the surface of activated T-lymphocytes, thereby preventing interleukin-2 binding and inhibiting the interleukin-2-mediated activation of lymphocytes.  
^`batabulin sodium:  A synthetic pentafluorophenylsulfonamide with potential antineoplastic activity. Batabulin sodium covalently binds to and selectively modifies the beta 1, beta 2, beta 3, and beta 4 isotypes of beta tubulin at a conserved cysteine residue, resulting in disruption of microtubule polymerization, collapse of the cytoskeleton, an increase in chromosomal ploidy, cell cycle arrest, and tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`bavituximab:  An IgG3 monoclonal antibody directed against anionic phospholipids with potential antineoplastic activity. Chimeric anti-phosphotidylserine monoclonal antibody binds to anionic phospholipids in a beta 2-glycoprotein I-dependent manner, inhibiting tumor growth by stimulating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to tumor vessels.  
^`BAY 56-3722:  A water-soluble camptothecin derivative conjugated to a carbohydrate moiety exhibiting antineoplastic activity. BAY 56-3722 stabilizes the topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complex and forms an enzyme-drug-DNA ternary complex. As a consequence of the formation of this complex, both the initial cleavage reaction and religation steps are inhibited and subsequent collision of the replication fork with the cleaved strand of DNA results in inhibition of DNA replication, double strand DNA breakage and triggering of apoptosis. The peptide carbohydrate moiety of this agent stabilizes the lactone form of camptothecin in blood.  
^`BayGam:  (Other name for~ therapeutic immune globulin) 
^`bazedoxifene:  An indole derivative and third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, bazedoxifene specifically binds to estrogen receptors in responsive tissues, including liver, bone, breast, and endometrium. The resulting ligand-receptor complex is translocated to the nucleus where, depending on the tissue type, it either promotes or suppresses the transcription of estrogen-regulated genes. Bazedoxifene acts as an estrogen antagonist in uterine and breast tissue, thereby blocking the proliferative effects of estrogen-binding to ER-positive cells in these tissues. Bazedoxifene functions as an estrogen agonist in lipid metabolism, thereby decreasing total and LDL cholesterol levels. In bone, it decreases bone resorption and bone turnover and increases bone mineral density.  
^`BC-819 plasmid/polyethylenimine complex:  A plasmid DNA encoding for the A fragment of Diphtheria Toxin (DTA) under the control of the H19 gene promoter (BC-819 or DTA-H19) and mixed with the transfectant polyethylenimine (PEI), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the PEI moiety enhances the entry of the agent into rapidly dividing cells. Upon cell entry, activation of the H19 gene promoter-containing plasmids and DTA expression are limited to tumor cells, as high levels of H19 expression are only found in tumor cells. DTA disrupts protein synthesis. Tumor-cell selective expression of this toxin leads to the selective destruction of the tumor while sparing healthy, normal cells. H19, an oncofetal, regulatory RNA, is overexpressed in certain cancer cells while its expression in normal cells is minimal or absent; it plays a key role in cancer progression, angiogenesis and metastasis.  
^`BCG solution:  A solution containing an attenuated, live culture preparation of the Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) strain of Mycobacterium bovis with potential immunostimulating activity. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, upon intravesical administration, attenuated, live BCG bacteria in the solution come into direct contact with the bladder wall, inciting an antitumor granulomatous inflammatory reaction.  
^`BCG vaccine:  A vaccine containing bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, with non-specific immunoadjuvant and immunotherapeutic activities. Although the mechanism of its anti-tumor activity is unclear, immunization with BCG vaccine likely activates a Th1 cytokine response that includes the induction of interferon. Vaccination with BCG vaccine may be immunoprotective against infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  
^`Bcl-2 inhibitor BCL201:  A selective inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), with potential pro-apoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, Bcl-2 inhibitor BCL201 binds to and inhibits the activity of Bcl-2. This restores apoptotic processes in tumor cells. Bcl-2 protein is overexpressed in many cancers and plays an important role in the negative regulation of apoptosis; its expression is associated with increased drug resistance and tumor cell survival.  
^`BCMA-specific CAR-expressing T lymphocytes:  A preparation of autologous peripheral blood T-lymphocytes (PBTL) that have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for the B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, BCMA-specific CAR-expressing T-lymphocytes specifically recognize and kill BCMA-expressing tumor cells. BCMA, a tumor specific antigen and a receptor for both a proliferation-inducing ligand and B-cell activating factor, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily and plays a key role in plasma survival; it is found on the surfaces of plasma cells and overexpressed on malignant plasma cells.  
^`bcr-abl (b2a2)-derived peptide vaccine:  A peptide vaccine consisting of the bcr-abl b2a2 fusion oncoprotein, frequently expressed in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with the bcr-abl (b2a2)-derived peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that express the bcr-abl b2a2 fusion protein. Fusion genes in CML typically result from the fusion of either BCR exon b2 or BCR exon b3 to ABL exon a2, a 'b3a2' or a 'b2a2' fusion.  
^`bcr-abl (b3a2)-derived peptide vaccine:  A peptide vaccine consisting of the bcr-abl b3a2 fusion oncoprotein, frequently expressed in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with the bcr-abl (b3a2)-derived peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that express the bcr-abl b3a2 fusion protein. Fusion genes in CML typically result from the fusion of either BCR exon b2 or BCR exon b3 to ABL exon a2, a 'b3a2' or a 'b2a2' fusion.  
^`bcr-abl p210-b3a2 breakpoint-derived multipeptide vaccine:  A multipeptide vaccine consisting of five peptides derived from the bcr-abl p210-b3a2 breakpoint fusion protein with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with bcr-abl p210-b3a2 breakpoint-derived multipeptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that express the bcr-abl p210-b3a2 breakpoint fusion protein. In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), fusion genes typically result from the fusion of either bcr exon b2 or exon b3 to abl exon a2, resulting in either a b3a2 or a b2a2 gene fusion product.  
^`bcr-abl peptide vaccine:  A multivalent antineoplastic vaccine comprised of the bcr-abl oncogene breakpoint fusion peptide that elicits a bcr-abl specific T-cell immune response.  
^`BEACOPP regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, vincristine (Oncovin), procarbazine and prednisone, used for the treatment of advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`Bead Block Compressible Microspheres:  (Other name for~ PVA microporous hydrospheres) 
^`becatecarin:  A synthetic diethylaminoethyl analogue of the indolocarbazole glycoside antineoplastic antibiotic rebeccamycin. Becatecarin intercalates into DNA and stabilizes the DNA-topoisomerase I complex, thereby interfering with the topoisomerase I-catalyzed DNA breakage-reunion reaction and initiating DNA cleavage and apoptosis.  
^`Becenum:  (Other name for~ carmustine) 
^`beclomethasone dipropionate:  The dipropionate salt of a synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. After cell surface receptor attachment and cell entry, beclomethasone enters the nucleus where it binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production.  
^`Beclovent:  (Other name for~ beclomethasone dipropionate) 
^`Beconase:  (Other name for~ beclomethasone dipropionate) 
^`Beesix:  (Other name for~ pyridoxine hydrochloride) 
^`BeetElite NeoShot:  (Other name for~ concentrated beet crystals) 
^`beetroot juice:  The juice of the beetroot, with potential antioxidant and protective activities. Beetroot juice contains antioxidants, including betacyanin, which scavenge free radicals. In addition, beetroot contains high levels of nitrates and folic acid. Consumption of beetroot juice leads to the conversion of nitrate to nitric oxide (NO) in the body. This juice may have a beneficial effect on blood flow and blood pressure through the induction of NO-mediated vasodilation. Additionally, this agent may decrease fatigue and increase physical performance.  
^`Begedina:  (Other name for~ begelomab) 
^`begelomab:  A monoclonal antibody against the human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dipeptidylpeptidase IV, DPPIV, DPP4; CD26), with potential activity against graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Upon administration, begelomab binds to CD26 expressed on T-cells. This inhibits the stimulation of T-cells and may prevent GvHD. CD26, a membrane-bound glycoprotein with dipeptidyl peptidase activity, plays a key role in T-cell activation and immune regulation.  
^`belagenpumatucel-L:  A transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-beta2) antisense gene-modified allogeneic tumor cell vaccine with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Belagenpumatucel-L is prepared by transfecting allogeneic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells with a plasmid containing a TGF-beta2 antisense transgene, expanding the cells, and then irradiating and freezing them. Upon administration, this agent may elicit a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against host NSCLC cells, resulting in decreased tumor cell proliferation; vaccine immunogenicity may be potentiated by suppression of tumor TGF-beta2 production by antisense RNA expressed by the vaccine plasmid TGF-beta2 antisense transgene. Elevated levels of TGF-beta2 are frequently linked to immunosuppression in cancer patients and may be inversely correlated with prognosis in patients with NSCLC.  
^`Beleodaq:  (Other name for~ belinostat) 
^`belimumab:  A fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against B-Lymphocyte stimulator protein (BlyS or TNFSF13B) with potential immunomodulating activity. Belimumab specifically recognizes and inhibits the biological activity of BlyS, thereby preventing the binding of BlyS to B-lymphocytes. This inhibits the maturation of B-lymphocytes and may induce apoptosis in B-lymphocytes. In addition, it may decrease B-lymphocyte proliferation and/or survival. BlyS, a member of TNF family supporting B-lymphocyte maturation and survival, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and B-lymphocyte malignancies.  
^`belinostat:  A novel hydroxamic acid-type histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. Belinostat targets HDAC enzymes, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, promoting cellular differentiation, and inhibiting angiogenesis. This agent may sensitize drug-resistant tumor cells to other antineoplastic agents, possibly through a mechanism involving the down-regulation of thymidylate synthase.  
^`belotecan hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of the semi-synthetic camptothecin analogue belotecan with potential antitumor activity. Belotecan binds to and inhibits the activity of topoisomerase I, stabilizing the cleavable complex of topoisomerase I-DNA, which inhibits the religation of single-stranded DNA breaks generated by topoisomerase I; lethal double-stranded DNA breaks occur when the topoisomerase I-DNA complex is encountered by the DNA replication machinery, DNA replication is disrupted, and the tumor cell undergoes apoptosis. Topoisomerase I is an enzyme that mediates reversible single-strand breaks in DNA during DNA replication.  
^`bemiparin sodium: The sodium salt of bemiparin, a second generation, synthetic, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) with anticoagulant activity. Derived, after depolymerisation and fractionation, from medical-grade porcine unfractionated heparin (UFH), bemiparin has an average molecular weight of 3,600 daltons and has a higher anti-factor Xa/anti-factor IIa ratio (8: 1) than first-generation LMWHs. This anticoagulant binds to antithrombin III, thereby enhancing the inactivation of activated Factor X (Factor Xa) and, to a lesser extent, activated factor II (Factor IIa). Compared to unfractionated heparins, the use of bemiparin is associated with lower incidences of major bleeding, osteoporosis, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Bemiparin also promotes a greater release of tissue factor pathway inhibitor than UFH or dalteparin.  
^`Benadryl:  (Other name for~ diphenhydramine hydrochloride) 
^`benazepril hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of benazepril, a carboxyl-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with antihypertensive activity. As a prodrug, benazepril is metabolized to its active form benazeprilat. Benazeprilat competitively binds to and inhibits ACE, thereby blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This prevents the potent vasoconstrictive actions of angiotensin II, resulting in vasodilation. Benazeprilat also decreases angiotensin II-induced aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex, which leads to an increase in sodium excretion and subsequently increases water outflow.  
^`bendamustine hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of bendamustine, a bifunctional mechlorethamine derivative with alkylator and antimetabolite activities. Bendamustine possesses three active moieties:  an alkylating group; a benzimidazole ring, which may act as a purine analogue; and a butyric acid side chain. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, this agent appears to act primarily as an alkylator. Bendamustine metabolites alkylate and crosslink macromolecules, resulting in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis inhibition, and, subsequently, apoptosis. Bendamustine may differ from other alkylators in that it may be more potent in activating p53-dependent stress pathways and inducing apoptosis; it may induce mitotic catastrophe; and it may activate a base excision DNA repair pathway rather than an alkyltransferase DNA repair mechanism. Accordingly, this agent may be more efficacious and less susceptible to drug resistance than other alkylators.  
^`bendamustine-containing nanoparticle-based formulation RXDX-107:  A nanoparticle-based formulation containing the alkyl ester of bendamustine, a bifunctional mechlorethamine derivative, encapsulated in human serum albumin (HSA), with potential alkylating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the alkyl ester bendamustine-containing nanoparticle formulation RXDX-107, the nanoparticle formulation permits high concentrations of the alkyl ester of bendamustine be localized at the tumor site. The modified bendamustine alkylates and crosslinks macromolecules, resulting in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis inhibition, and, subsequently, apoptosis.  
^`bendamustine-vorinostat fusion molecule EDO-S101:  An alkylating histone-deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) fusion molecule composed of the alkylating agent bendamustine fused to the pan-HDACi vorinostat, with potential bi-functional antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of the bendamustine-vorinostat fusion molecule EDO-S101, the vorinostat moiety targets and binds to HDACs. This leads to an accumulation of highly acetylated histones, which results in an induction of chromatin remodeling, a modulation of gene expression, an inhibition of tumor cell division and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. The bendamustine moiety binds to, alkylates and crosslinks macromolecules, inhibiting DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, which also results in tumor cell apoptosis. Thus, EDO-S101 shows superior efficacy compared to the activity of either agent alone. In addition, the inhibition of HDAC6 activity by EDO-S101 induces the activation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1), the key regulatory protein for the unfolded protein response (UPR). Induction of the UPR increases the sensitivity of certain cancer cell types to certain chemotherapeutic agents, such as proteasome inhibitors. Therefore, EDO-S101 may work synergistically with proteasome inhibitors. HDACs, enzymes that deacetylate chromatin histone proteins, are overexpressed in various cancers and play a key role in proliferation and resistance of tumor cells.  
^`Bendopa:  (Other name for~ levodopa) 
^`Benefin:  (Other name for~ shark cartilage) 
^`benegrastim:  A recombinant dimeric fusion peptide of the human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; filgrastim), with immunomodulating and hematopoietic activities. Benegrastim binds to the cell surface G-CSF receptors (G-CSFRs) inducing receptor dimerization and activation of signaling cascades such as the Jak-STAT and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. This stimulates neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Compared to other preparations of monomer recombinant G-CSF, dimeric filgrastim may allow for stronger activation of G-CSFRs and a faster myeloid precursor response thus enhancing neutrophil recovery upon myelosuppressive therapy.  
^`Benemid:  (Other name for~ probenecid) 
^`Beneo Synergy 1:  (Other name for~ oligofructose-enriched inulin) 
^`Benlysta:  (Other name for~ belimumab) 
^`Benoquin:  (Other name for~ monobenzone) 
^`benzaldehyde dimethane sulfonate:  A dimethane sulfonate derivative and alkylating agent with a structure similar to other alkylating agents such as chlorambucil, busulfan and melphalan, with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, benzaldehyde dimethane sulfonate alkylates DNA, which results in DNA double strand breaks, inhibition of DNA replication, cell cycle arrest and cell death. In addition, this agent is metabolized by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) into the active carboxylic acid metabolite benzoic acid dimethane sulfonate (BA), which further contributes to its alkylating activity. Unlike other alkylating agents, benzaldehyde dimethane sulfonate has demonstrated antitumor activity in renal cell carcinoma.  
^`benzoylphenylurea:  A low molecular weight agent with antineoplastic activity. Benzoylphenylurea binds to the colchicine binding site on tubulin, thereby blocking tubulin polymerization and disrupting mitotic function. This agent also inhibits DNA polymerase, and has been shown to arrest leukemia cells in the G1-S transition phase of the cell cycle.  
^`benzydamine hydrochloride:  An indazole non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-edema properties. Unlike other NSAIDs, benzydamine hydrochloride does not inhibit cyclooxygenases (COX) but stabilizes membranes, resulting in local anesthesia; inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines; inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils; inhibits leukocyte aggregation and adhesion; and exhibits antimicrobial properties.  
^`BEP regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin used for the treatment of ovarian and testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs). (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`berberine chloride:  The orally bioavailable, hydrochloride salt form of berberine, a quaternary ammonium salt of an isoquinoline alkaloid and active component of various Chinese herbs, with potential antineoplastic, radiosensitizing, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipidemic and antidiabetic activities. Although the mechanisms of action through which berberine exerts its effects are not yet fully elucidated, upon administration this agent appears to suppress the activation of various proteins and/or modulate the expression of a variety of genes involved in tumorigenesis and inflammation, including, but not limited to transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), C-X-C motif chemokine 2 (CXCL2), cyclin D1, activator protein (AP-1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT), and DNA topoisomerase I and II. The modulation of gene expression may induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. In addition, berberine modulates lipid and glucose metabolism.  
^`berubicin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of the anthracycline derivative berubicin with potential antineoplastic activity. Berubicin intercalates into DNA and interrupts topoisomerase II activity, resulting in the inhibition of DNA replication and repair, and RNA and protein synthesis. Unlike other anthracycline derivatives, this agent crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB).  

^`BET bromodomain inhibitor ZEN-3694:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, the BET inhibitor ZEN-3694 binds to the acetylated lysine recognition motifs in the bromodomains of BET proteins, thereby preventing the interaction between the BET proteins and acetylated histones. This disrupts chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Prevention of the expression of certain growth-promoting genes may lead to an inhibition of proliferation in BET-overexpressing tumor cells. BET proteins, comprised of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT, are transcriptional regulators that play an important role during development and cellular growth.  
^`BET bromodomains 2/3/4 inhibitor MK-8628:  A synthetic, small molecule inhibitor of the BET (Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal) family of bromodomain-containing proteins 2, 3 and 4 with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the BET bromodomains 2, 3 and 4 inhibitor MK-8628 binds to the acetylated lysine recognition motifs on the bromodomain of BET proteins, thereby preventing the interaction between the BET proteins and acetylated histone peptides. This disrupts chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Prevention of the expression of certain growth-promoting genes, including c-Myc-dependent target genes, may lead to an inhibition of tumor cell growth. Characterized by a tandem repeat of bromodomain at the N-terminus, the BET proteins BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 are transcriptional regulators that play an important role in cellular growth.  
^`BET inhibitor BAY1238097:  An inhibitor of the Bromodomain (BRD) and Extra-Terminal domain (BET) family of proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the BET inhibitor BAY1238097 binds to the acetylated lysine recognition motifs on the BRD of BET proteins, thereby preventing the interaction between BET proteins and histones. This disrupts chromatin remodeling and prevents the expression of certain growth-promoting genes. This leads to an inhibition of tumor cell growth. BET proteins (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT) are transcriptional regulators that bind to acetylated lysines on the tails of histones H3 and H4, and regulate chromatin structure and function; they play an important role in the modulation of gene expression during development and cellular growth.  
^`BET inhibitor BMS-986158:  An inhibitor of the bromodomain (BRD) and extra-terminal domain (BET) family of proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the BET inhibitor BMS-986158 binds to the acetyl-lysine binding site in the BRD of BET proteins, thereby preventing the interaction between BET proteins and acetylated histones. This disrupts chromatin remodeling and prevents the expression of certain growth-promoting genes, resulting in an inhibition of tumor cell growth. BET proteins (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT) are transcriptional regulators that bind to acetylated lysines on the tails of histones H3 and H4, and regulate chromatin structure and function; they play an important role in the modulation of gene expression during development and cellular growth.  
^`BET inhibitor CPI-0610:  A small molecule inhibitor of the Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal (BET) family of proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the BET inhibitor CPI-0610 binds to the acetylated lysine recognition motifs on the bromodomain of BET proteins, thereby preventing the interaction between the BET proteins and acetylated histone peptides. This disrupts chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Prevention of the expression of certain growth-promoting genes may lead to an inhibition of tumor cell growth. Characterized by a tandem repeat of two bromodomains at the N-terminus, the BET proteins (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT) are transcriptional regulators that play an important role during development and cellular growth.  
^`BET inhibitor FT-1101:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal (BET) family of proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the BET inhibitor FT-1101 binds to the acetylated lysine recognition motifs in the bromodomain sites of BET proteins, thereby preventing the interaction between the BET proteins and acetylated histones. This disrupts chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Prevention of the expression of certain growth-promoting genes may lead to the inhibition of tumor cell growth. BET proteins, comprised of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT, are transcriptional regulators that play an important role during development and cellular growth.  
^`BET inhibitor GSK2820151:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, the BET inhibitor GSK2820151 binds to the acetylated lysine recognition motifs in the bromodomains of BET proteins, thereby preventing the interaction between the BET proteins and acetylated histones. This disrupts chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Prevention of the expression of certain growth-promoting genes may lead to an inhibition of tumor cell growth. BET proteins, comprised of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT, are transcriptional regulators that play an important role during development and cellular growth.  
^`BET inhibitor GSK525762:  A small molecule inhibitor of the BET (Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal) family of bromodomain-containing proteins with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the BET inhibitor GSK525762 binds to the acetylated lysine recognition motifs on the bromodomain of BET proteins, thereby preventing the interaction between the BET proteins and acetylated histone peptides. This disrupts chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Prevention of the expression of certain growth-promoting genes may lead to an inhibition of tumor cell growth. Characterized by a tandem repeat of bromodomain at the N-terminus, BET proteins, comprising of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT, are transcriptional regulators that play an important role during development and cellular growth. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`BET inhibitor INCB054329:  An inhibitor of the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of bromodomain-containing proteins with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the BET inhibitor INCB054329 binds to the acetylated lysine recognition motifs on the bromodomain of BET proteins, thereby preventing the interaction between the BET proteins and acetylated histones. This disrupts chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Prevention of the expression of certain growth-promoting genes may lead to an inhibition of tumor cell growth. Characterized by a tandem repeat of bromodomain at the N-terminus, BET proteins, BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT, are transcriptional regulators that play an important role during cellular growth.  
^`BET inhibitor TEN-010:  A small molecule inhibitor of the BET (Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal) family of bromodomain-containing proteins with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the BET inhibitor TEN-010 binds to the acetylated lysine recognition motifs found in the bromodomain of BET proteins, which prevents the interaction between BET proteins and acetylated histones. This interaction disrupts chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Prevention of the expression of certain growth-promoting genes may lead to an inhibition of tumor cell growth. Characterized by a tandem repeat of bromodomains at the N-terminus, BET proteins, comprised of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT, are transcriptional regulators that play an important role during cellular development and growth.  
^`beta carotene:  A naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell differentiation and apoptosis of some tumor cell types, particularly in early stages of tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system activity by stimulating the release of natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes.  
^`Betadine:  (Other name for~ povidone-iodine solution) 
^`Betadine Solution:  (Other name for~ povidone-iodine solution) 
^`beta-elemene:  One of the isomers of elemene, a lipid soluble sesquiterpene and the active component isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Rhizoma zedoariae with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Although the exact mechanism of action through which beta-elemene exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent appears to induce apoptosis through different mechanisms of action and induces cell cycle arrest at different stages based on the tumor cell type involved. Beta-elemene may sensitize cancer cells to other chemotherapeutic agents.  
^`beta-glucan:  A polysaccharide isolated from the cell walls of bacteria, plants, and fungi with immunostimulant and antineoplastic activities. In a solubilized form, beta-glucan binds to a lectin site within complement receptor 3 (CR3) on leukocytes, priming the receptor to trigger cytotoxic degranulation of leukocytes when leukocyte CR3 binds to complement 3 (iC3b)-coated tumors. Thus, the attachment of beta-glucan to CR3 of circulating leukocytes simulates leukocytes to kill iC3b-coated tumor cells in the same way as they kill iC3b-coated yeast.  
^`beta-glucan MM-10-001:  A powder formulation containing a triple helix beta-glucan, isolated from the cell walls of the shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes), with potential immunostimulating activity. The beta-glucan in beta-glucan MM-10-001 binds to a lectin site within the complement receptor 3 (CR3 or iC3b receptor) on leukocytes, priming the receptor to trigger cytotoxic degranulation of leukocytes when leukocyte CR3 binds to iC3b-opsonized tumor cells. iC3b is the proteolyticly inactive product of the complement cleavage fragment C3b.  
^`beta-glucan/alginate/hyaluronic acid/squalene/avocado oil-containing emulsion:  A topical emulsion containing beta-glucan (5%), alginate, hyaluronic acid, squalene and avocado oil, with cutaneous protective activity. Upon topical application of beta-glucan/alginate/hyaluronic acid/squalene/avocado oil-containing emulsion, the naturally-occurring polysaccharide beta-glucan acts as an immunomodulator by activating the innate immune response, in particular through the activation of macrophages and migration of neutrophils. Alginate acts as a moisturizer and supports skin healing. Hyaluronic acid, squalene and avocado oil provide barrier protection, help maintain skin integrity and are natural emollients and moisturizers. This emulsion may accelerate wound healing and may prevent radiation-induced dermatitis.  
^`beta-glucan/Lactobacillus casei/Bifidobacterium lactis-based supplement:  A synbiotic supplement containing beta-1,3-glucan, bacteria Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) and Bifidobacterium lactis (B. lactis), with potential immunomodulating activity. The naturally-occurring bacterial components in this dietary supplement may improve digestion and help maintain adequate colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by modulating the composition of the normal microflora. During colonization of the GI tract, the bacteria may form a protective intestinal barrier, thereby preventing attachment of potential pathogens. Both the probiotics and beta-glucan have been shown to stimulate the immune system. This supplement also contains several vitamins and other insoluble polysaccharides.  
^`beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplement: A nutritional supplement containing the active metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine, with potential anti-catabolic and anabolic activities. Upon oral administration of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), this leucine metabolite may decrease protein breakdown and increase protein synthesis thereby increasing muscle strength and mass. Although the exact mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, multiple mechanisms have been proposed:  1) HMB is a precursor of cholesterol synthesis in skeletal muscle cells thereby increasing sarcolemmal integrity; 2) HMB may inhibit the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway responsible for the specific degradation of intracellular proteins, thereby preventing muscular proteolysis; and/or 3) HMB may stimulate protein synthesis through a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated mechanism.  
^`beta-lapachone: A poorly soluble, ortho-naphthoquinone with potential antineoplastic and radiosensitizing activity. Beta-lapachone (b-lap) is bioactivated by NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), creating a futile oxidoreduction that generates high levels of superoxide. In turn, the highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) interact with DNA, thereby causing single-strand DNA breaks and calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores. Eventually, the extensive DNA damage causes hyperactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), an enzyme facilitating DNA repair, accompanied by rapid depletion of NAD+/ATP nucleotide levels. As a result, a caspase-independent and ER-stress induced mu-calpain-mediated cell death occurs in NQO1-overexpressing tumor cells. NQO1, a flavoprotein and two-electron oxidoreductase, is overexpressed in a variety of tumors.  
^`beta-lapachone prodrug ARQ 761: A synthetic, soluble prodrug of beta-lapachone, a poorly soluble, ortho-naphthoquinone with potential antineoplastic and radiosensitizing activity. ARQ 761 is converted to beta-lapachone (b-lap) in vivo. When b-lap is activated by NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) this agent creates a futile oxidoreduction, generating highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) that results in DNA damage. The activation of b-lap also causes hyperactivation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), an enzyme that facilitates DNA repair, accompanied by rapid depletion of NAD+/ATP nucleotide levels. As a result, a caspase-independent and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced mu-calpain-mediated cell death occurs in NQO1-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, b-lap induces expression of the checkpoints activator E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) and thereby activates the E2F1-mediated checkpoint pathway that directly triggers apoptosis. As ARQ 761 is soluble and requires less solvent, this formulation may cause less hemolytic anemia associated with administration of the synthetic b-lap ARQ 501.  
^`BetaMarc:  (Other name for~ formoterol fumarate/roxithromycin) 
^`betamethasone:  A synthetic glucocorticoid with metabolic, immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activities. Betamethasone binds to specific intracellular glucocorticoid receptors and subsequently binds to DNA to modify gene expression. The synthesis of certain anti-inflammatory proteins is induced while the synthesis of certain inflammatory mediators is inhibited. As a result, there is an overall reduction in chronic inflammation and autoimmune reactions.  
^`Betaseron:  (Other name for~ recombinant interferon beta) 
^`beta-thioguanine deoxyriboside:  A thiopurine nucleoside derivative with antineoplastic activity. After conversion to the triphosphate, beta-thioguanine deoxyriboside is incorporated into DNA, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication. This agent is cytotoxic against leukemia cell lines and has demonstrated some activity against leukemia cells in vivo. Beta-thioguanine deoxyriboside demonstrates antineoplastic activity against 6-thioguanine-resistant tumor cells.  
^`betulinic acid:  A pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene derivative of betulin (isolated from the bark of Betula alba, the common white birch) with antiinflammatory, anti-HIV and antineoplastic activities. Betulinic acid induces apoptosis through induction of changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species, and opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, resulting in the release of mitochondrial apogenic factors, activation of caspases, and DNA fragmentation. Although originally thought to exhibit specific cytotoxicity against melanoma cells, this agent has been found to be cytotoxic against non-melanoma tumor cell types including neuroectodermal.and brain tumor cells.  
^`bevacizumab:  A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a pro-angiogenic cytokine. Bevacizumab binds to VEGF and inhibits VEGF receptor binding, thereby preventing the growth and maintenance of tumor blood vessels.  
^`bevacizumab-IRDye 800CW:  An immunoconjugate and a fluorescent tracer consisting of the recombinant humanized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody bevacizumab conjugated to the N-hydroxysuccinamide (NHS) ester form of the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye IRDye 800CW, that may be used for VEGF-specific tumor imaging. Upon administration, the bevacizumab moiety of bevacizumab-IRDye 800CW binds to VEGF and the fluorescent signal can be visualized using NIR fluorescence imaging (700–1,000 nm).  
^`bexarotene:  A synthetic retinoic acid agent with potential antineoplastic, chemopreventive, teratogenic and embryotoxic properties. Bexarotene selectively binds to and activates retinoid X receptors (RXRs), thereby inducing changes in gene expression that lead to cell differentiation, decreased cell proliferation, apoptosis of some cancer cell types, and tumor regression.  
^`Bextra:  (Other name for~ valdecoxib) 
^`Bexxar:  (Other name for~ tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab) 
^`BH3 mimetic ABT-737:  An orally bioavailable, selective small molecule B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) Homology 3 (BH3) mimetic, with potential pro-apoptotic and antineoplastic activities. ABT-737 binds to the hydrophobic groove of multiple members of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein family, including Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and Bcl-w. This inhibits the activity of these pro-survival proteins and restores apoptotic processes in tumor cells, via activation of Bak/Bax-mediated apoptosis. The pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins are overexpressed in many cancers and play important roles in the regulation of apoptosis. Their expression is associated with increased drug resistance and tumor cell survival. ABT-737 does not inhibit the pro-survival proteins Mcl-1, Bcl-B, Bfl-1 (A1); therefore, tumors that overexpress these Bcl-2 family proteins are resistant to ABT-737.  
^`BI 2536:  A small molecule compound with potential antineoplastic activities. BI 2536 binds to and inhibits Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), resulting in mitotic arrest, disruption of cytokinesis, and apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations. Plk1, a serine/threonine-protein kinase, is a key regulator of multiple processes fundamental to mitosis and cell division.  
^`Biaxin:  (Other name for~ clarithromycin) 
^`BIBX 1382:  A pyrimido-pyrimidine with antitumor activity. BIBX 1382 inhibits the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) thus specifically reversing the aberrant enzymatic activity from overexpressed and constitutively activated EGFR, and subsequently inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell differentiation.  
^`bicalutamide:  A synthetic, nonsteroidal antiandrogen. Bicalutamide competitively binds to cytosolic androgen receptors in target tissues, thereby inhibiting the receptor binding of androgens. This agent does not bind to most mutated forms of androgen receptors.  
^`Bicitra:  (Other name for~ sodium citrate) 
^`BiCNU:  (Other name for~ carmustine) 
^`Bifidobacterium lactis/Lactobacillus acidophilus/L. plantarum/L. salivarius probiotic supplement:  An orally available, probiotic supplement containing the non-pathogenic microorganisms Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. salivarius and Bifidobacterium lactis, with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and protective activities. Upon oral ingestion, the naturally-occurring bacterial components in this dietary supplement may improve digestion and help maintain adequate colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by modulating the composition of the normal microflora. During colonization in the GI tract, the bacteria may form a protective intestinal barrier that may prevent both damage to the mucosal epithelia caused by toxins and attachment of potential pathogens, which protects against bacterial translocation and infections. In addition, this agent may both reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-10, and potentiate natural and acquired immunity.  
^`bi-functional alkylating agent VAL-083:  A bi-functional alkylating agent, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, VAL-083 crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB) and appears to be selective for tumor cells. This agent alkylates and crosslinks DNA which ultimately leads to a reduction in cancer cell proliferation. In addition, VAL-083 does not show cross-resistance to other conventional chemotherapeutic agents and has a long half-life in the brain.  
^`bifunctional expression vector plasmid DNA-bi-shRNA EWS/FLI1 type 1 lipoplex: A proprietary plasmid DNA expression vector encoding bi-functional short hairpin RNAs (bi-shRNAs) targeting the identical type 1 translocation junction region of the human fusion oncogene Ewing sarcoma (EWS)/Ets family transcription factor Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (FLI1) and are encapsulated in liposomal delivery vehicle (lipoplex; LPX), with potential antineoplastic activity. pbi-shRNA EWS/FLI1 type 1 contains 2 stem-loop structures encoded by a plasmid vector:  one cleavage-dependent unit with perfectly matched passenger- and guide-strand, which is the small interfering RNA (siRNA)-like component, and one cleavage-independent unit composed of a strategically mismatched double strand, which is the microRNA (miRNA)-like component. Upon intratumoral administration and transcription into tumor cells, one shRNA unit with an imperfectly matched sequence causes inhibition of EWS/FLI1 messenger RNA (mRNA) translation (through mRNA sequestration and cleavage-independent degradation) while the other unit with a perfectly matched sequence promotes EWS/FLI1 mRNA degradation (through cleavage-dependent mRNA silencing). This prevents EWS/FLI1 expression in tumor cells, which results in a reduction of tumor cell proliferation. The EWS/FLI1 type 1 fusion gene product is overexpressed in type 1 Ewing’s sarcoma and correlates with increased tumor proliferation and poor prognosis.  
^`bimagrumab:  A human monoclonal antibody directed against type II activin receptors (ActRII; ActR2), with potential muscle-sparing and anti-cachectic activities. Upon administration, bimagrumab binds to ActRII, which prevents the binding of the natural ligands, myostatin and activin, to activin receptors and blocks ActRII-mediated signaling. This increases protein synthesis, decreases protein degradation, stimulates skeletal muscle cell growth, and increases muscle function and strength. Overstimulation of the ActRII-mediated signaling pathway is associated with muscle loss and weakness.  
^`bimatoprost ophthalmic solution:  A sterile ophthalmic solution containing 0.03% of a synthetic prostaglandin analog bimatoprost with hair-growing and anti-glaucoma activities. Applied once daily to the upper eyelid margin at the base of the eyelashes and, optionally, to the eyebrows, bimatoprost penetrates into the hair follicle and may, through a mechanism that has yet to be fully understood, stimulate the transition of hair follicles from the telogen phase into the anagen phase and may increase the duration of the time follicles spend in anagen. By increasing the numbers of hair follicles in and duration of anagen phase, bimatoprost may help increase eyebrow and eyelash growth and appearance, including their length, thickness and darkness.  
^`binimetinib:  An orally available inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 and 2 (MEK1/2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Binimetinib, noncompetitive with ATP, binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK1/2. Inhibition of MEK1/2 prevents the activation of MEK1/2-dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, which may result in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling. This may eventually lead to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and an inhibition in production of various inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1, -6 and tumor necrosis factor. MEK1/2 are dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases that play key roles in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and are often upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`Binosto:  (Other name for~ alendronate sodium) 
^`Biomed 101:  An agent binding to the leukotriene B4 receptor, leading to reduced interleukin-2 mediated hypoxia. Biomed 101 does not affect interleukin-2 antitumor activity.  
^`Bioperine:  (Other name for~ piperine extract (standardized)) 
^`BioResponse DIM:  (Other name for~ oral microencapsulated diindolylmethane) 
^`Biotest-HCIG:  (Other name for~ hepatitis C immune globulin intravenous) 
^`biricodar dicitrate:  The dicitrate salt of a synthetic pipecolinate derivative with potential chemosensitizing activity. Biricodar binds directly to the plasma membrane drug-efflux pumps P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP-1) and inhibits their activities, which may result in increased intracellular accumulation and retention of cytotoxic agents.  
^`birinapant:  A synthetic small molecule and peptidomimetic of second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) and inhibitor of IAP (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) family proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity. As a SMAC mimetic and IAP antagonist, birinapant binds to and inhibits the activity of IAPs, such as X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP) and cellular IAPs 1 and 2. Since IAPs shield cancer cells from the apoptosis process, this agent may restore and promote the induction of apoptosis through apoptotic signaling pathways in cancer cells. IAPs are overexpressed by many cancer cell types and suppress apoptosis by binding and inhibiting active caspases-3, -7 and -9 via their baculoviral lAP repeat (BIR) domains.  
^`bisacodyl:  A synthetic pyridinylmethylene-diacetate ester derivative stimulant laxative, Bisacodyl acts with a parasympathetic effect directly on mucosal sensory nerves, increasing peristaltic contractions. It is used for occasional constipation, in pre- and postoperative treatment, and in conditions that require facilitation of defecation.  
^`bisantrene hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of an anthracenyl bishydrazone with antineoplastic activity. Bisantrene intercalates with and disrupts the configuration of DNA, resulting in DNA single-strand breaks, DNA-protein crosslinking, and inhibition of DNA replication. This agent is similar to doxorubicin in activity, but unlike doxorubicin, does not exhibit cardiotoxicity.  
^`bi-shRNA-furin/GMCSF-expressing autologous tumor cell vaccine:  Autologous tumor cells transfected with a plasmid expressing recombinant human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) and bifunctional short hairpin RNA (bi-shRNA) against furin, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal vaccination of bi-shRNA-furin/GM-CSF-expressing autologous tumor cell vaccine, expressed GM-CSF protein, a potent stimulator of the immune system, recruits immune effectors to the site of injection and promotes antigen presentation. The furin bifunctional shRNA blocks furin protein production. Decreased levels of furin lead to a reduction in the conversion of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta into TGF beta1 and beta2 protein isoforms. In turn, as part of the negative feedback mechanism, reduced furin protein levels inhibit TGFbeta1 and TGFbeta2 gene expression, thereby further decreasing TGF levels. As TGFs are potent immunosuppressive cytokines, reducing their levels may activate the immune system locally and this may eventually cause a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the tumor cells.  
^`bismuth Bi213 monoclonal antibody M195:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of murine monoclonal antibody (M195) and bismuth 213 (Bi213). Monoclonal antibody M195 binds to CD33, a surface antigen expressed by myelogenous leukemia cells. Bi213 is an isotope that emits short-ranged high-energy alpha particles. This radioimmunoconjugate selectively delivers alpha particle-mediated cytotoxicity to leukemic cells, thereby limiting the exposure of normal tissues to ionizing radiation.  
^`bismuth subsalicylate:  A bismuth salt of salicylic acid. Little absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, bismuth subsalicylate exerts a local effect on the gastric mucosa, coating it and protecting it from the corrosive effects of acid and pepsin. This agent also has local antimicrobial properties.  
^`bisoprolol fumarate:  The fumarate salt of a synthetic phenoxy-2-propanol-derived cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist with antihypertensive and potential cardioprotective activities. Devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, bisoprolol selectively and competitively binds to and blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart, decreasing cardiac contractility and rate, reducing cardiac output, and lowering blood pressure. In addition, this agent may exhibit antihypertensive activity through the inhibition of renin secretion by juxtaglomerular epithelioid (JGE) cells in the kidney, thus inhibiting activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Bisoprolol has been shown to be cardioprotective in animal models.  
^`bispecific antibody 2B1:  A monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Specific for both the immunoglobulin G (IgG) receptor CD16 and c-erbB-2, bispecific antibody 2B1 may enhance cellular immune responses against c-erbB-2-positive cells, resulting in increased tumor cell lysis.  
^`bispecific antibody 4G7xH22:  A bispecific antibody containing a 4G7 hybridoma secreting IgG1 antibody specific for B-lymphocytes and a monoclonal antibody targeting Fc gamma RI-expressing cells.  
^`bispecific antibody MDX447:  An antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Specific for both the high-affinity immunoglobulin G (IgG) receptor CD64 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), bispecific antibody MDX447 may enhance cellular immune responses against EGFR positive cells, resulting in increased tumor cell lysis.  
^`bispecific antibody MDX-H210:  A humanized bivalent antibody directed against both cytotoxic effector cells expressing Fc gamma receptor type I (Fc gammaRI, or CD64) and HER2/neu-overexpressing tumor cells with potential antineoplastic activity. Bispecific antibody MDX-H210 was constructed by chemically linking Fab' fragments of the anti-HER2/neu-specific monoclonal antibody 520C9 and the Fab' fragments of the anti-Fc gammaRI-specific monoclonal antibody H22. This agent selectively binds to both HER2/neu-expressing tumor cells and Fc gammaRI-expressing cytotoxic effector cells, which may trigger antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cell lysis of HER2/neu-expressing tumor cells. While HER2/neu is overexpressed in a variety of epithelial malignancies, expression of Fc gammaRI is primarily found in cytotoxic immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and cytokine-activated polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells.  
^`bivalent HPV16/18 therapeutic cervical cancer vaccine:  A bivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) therapeutic vaccine containing recombinant inactivated adenylate cyclase (CyaA) from Bordetella pertussis carrying a sequence encoding the E7 antigen of both HPV16 and 18, with potential immunostimulatory and antiviral properties. Upon administration of bivalent HPV16/18 therapeutic cervical cancer vaccine, the expressed proteins may activate cell-mediated immunity and induce both cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and CD4+ helper T cells against the target antigens HPV16-E7 and HPV18-E7, which leads to HPV viral clearance. Adenylate cyclase is a virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis. Its ability to bind to CD11b-expressing dendritic cells and deliver antigens directly to the cytosol allows the activation and induction of T-cell immunity. CyaA may also induce a B cell response.  
^`bizelesin:  A synthetic cyclopropylpyrroloindole antineoplastic antibiotic. Bizelesin binds to the minor groove of DNA and induces interstrand cross-linking of DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA synthesis. Bizelesin also enhances p53 and p21 induction and triggers G2/M cell-cycle arrest, resulting in cell senescence without apoptosis.  
^`BL22 immunotoxin:  A recombinant immunotoxin consisting of the Fv portion of the anti-CD22 antibody RFB4 fused to a fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin-A with potential antineoplastic activity. BL22 immunotoxin binds to CD22, an antigen expressed in B-cell malignancies, thereby delivering its toxin directly to tumor cells. The toxin moiety induces caspase-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage; it also blocks translational elongation via binding to elongation factor-2 in eukaryotic cells.  
^`black cohosh:  A triterpene-containing herb isolated from the roots and rhizomes of the plant Cimicifuga racemosa (also known as Actaea racemosa). While the mechanism of action of black cohosh is not completely understood, it appears to act as a selective estrogen receptor modulator. In vitro, this preparation has been shown to induce cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells.  
^`black raspberry nectar:  A concentrated fruit juice containing black raspberries, with potential antioxidant, pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic and chemopreventive activities. In addition to vitamins, minerals and phytosterols, black raspberries are rich in phenolic acids, such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, anthocyanidins, and flavonoids. Upon oral administration, the phytochemicals in the black raspberry nectar inhibit the activation of several signal transduction pathways involved in carcinogenesis and the expression of downstream target genes that are upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types. In addition, the phytochemicals in black raspberry may protect the oral microbiome and may enhance the bacterial defense against pathogens.  
^`black tea:  Black tea is an infusion of dried leaves from plants of the Theaceae family. Due to the alkaloid caffeine, its main effect is stimulation. Black teas also contain other phytochemicals such as flavonoid and flavonoid-related compounds with strong antioxidant effects. They also attenuate atherosclerotic inflammation, reduce thrombosis, promote normal endothelial function, and block expression of cellular adhesion molecules. Black tea may reduce the risk of cancer, heart diseases, infectious diseases, and degenerative diseases.  
^`Blenoxane:  (Other name for~ bleomycin sulfate) 
^`bleomycin sulfate:  A mixture of the sulfate salts of basic glycopeptide antineoplastic antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces verticillus. Bleomycin sulfate forms complexes with iron that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals which cause single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA; these reactive oxygen species also induce lipid peroxidation, carbohydrate oxidation, and alterations in prostaglandin synthesis and degradation.  
^`BLI850:  An oral laxative containing sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and sucralose. Oral sulfate-based laxative BLI850 exhibits osmotic activity, attracting water into the intestinal tract from tissues and increasing the volume and the water content of the stool; gastrointestinal motility is stimulated, resulting in defecation. Sucralose, an artificial sweetener, may contribute to the laxative effect.  
^`blinatumomab:  A recombinant, single-chain, anti-CD19/anti-CD3 bispecific monoclonal antibody with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Blinatumomab posesses two antigen-recognition sites, one for the CD3 complex, a group of T cell surface glycoproteins that complex with the T cell receptor (TCR), and one for CD19, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed on the surface of B cells. This bispecific monoclonal antibody brings CD19-expressing tumor B-cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T lymphocytes (HTLs) together, which may result in the CTL- and HTL-mediated cell death of CD19-expressing B-lymphocytes.  
^`Blincyto:  (Other name for~ blinatumomab) 
^`blue citrus-based herbal capsule:  An oral capsule formulation of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with potential analgesic activity. In addition to other herbs, seeds and fruits, blue citrus-based herbal capsule contains the Chinese herb blue citrus (qing pi), which is produced from the dried immature green peel of the tangerine Citrus reticulata Blanco. Blue citrus contains large amounts of limonene, citral and synephrine, which may attribute to its analgesic activity. However, due to the complexity of its chemical components, the exact mechanism of action of this agent remains to be determined.  
^`blueberry powder supplement:  An orally available, dietary supplement consisting of lyophilized blueberry powder, with antioxidant and potential chemopreventive and chemosensitizing activity. In addition to vitamins and minerals, blueberries are rich in phytonutrients, such as proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins (e.g. malvidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, cyanidin, petunidin, and peonidin), hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, pterostilbene, resveratrol, and flavonols (e.g. kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin). Although the exact mechanism of action through which blueberries may exert their anti-tumor effect has yet to be fully elucidated, the effects of blueberry powder on cancer cells may be attributable to the phytonutrient’s antioxidant and pro-apoptotic activities.  
^`BMI1 inhibitor PTC596:  An orally active inhibitor of the polycomb ring finger oncogene BMI1 (B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, BMI1 inhibitor PTC596 targets BMI1 expressed by both tumor cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs), and induces hyper-phosphorylation of BMI1, leading to its degradation. This inhibits BMI1-mediated signal transduction pathways and results in a reduction of proliferation of BMI1-expressing tumor cells. BMI1, a key protein in the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), is overexpressed in certain tumor cell types, and plays a key role in CSC survival, proliferation and resistance to chemotherapeutics; its expression is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and a poor prognosis.  
^`BMS-214662:  A nonsedating benzodiazepine derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Farnesyltransferase inhibitor BMS-214662 inhibits the enzyme farnesyltransferase and the post-translational farnesylation of number of proteins involved in signal transduction, which may result in the inhibition of Ras function and apoptosis in susceptible tumor cells. This agent may reverse the malignant phenotype of H-Ras-transformed cells and has been shown to be active against tumor cells with and without Ras mutations.  
^`boanmycin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of boanmycin (aka bleomycin A6), a component of the antibiotic bleomycin produced by Streptomyces species, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, boanmycin forms complexes with iron that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. This causes single- and double-stranded DNA breaks which eventually leads to cell death. Compared to bleomycin, boanmycin appears to have a more favorable toxicity profile.  
^`boceprevir:  An orally bioavailable, synthetic tripeptide inhibitor of the nonstructural protein 3 and 4A complex (NS3/NS4A), with potential activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1. Upon administration, boceprevir reversibly binds to the active center of the HCV NS3/NS4A and prevents NS3/NS4A protease-mediated polyprotein maturation. This disrupts the processing of viral proteins and the formation of a viral replication complex, which inhibits viral replication in HCV genotype 1-infected host cells. NS3, a serine protease, is essential for the proteolytic cleavages within the HCV polyprotein and plays a key role during HCV viral RNA replication. NS4A is an activating factor for NS3. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`bone metastasis targeting peptide-11:  A peptide that mimics naturally occurring interleukin-11 (IL-11) with interleukin receptor binding activity. Upon administration, bone metastasis targeting peptide-11 (BMTP-11) binds to interleukin-11 receptor alpha (IL-11Ra) BMTP-11. This agent might be used to deliver therapeutic agents specifically to IL-11Ra-expressing tumor cells while sparing normal cells. IL-11Ra is a cell surface receptor that may be overexpressed by osteosarcoma cells and by prostate cancer cells in prostate cancer bone metastases.  
^`Boniva:  (Other name for~ ibandronate sodium) 
^`Boost:  (Other name for~ nutritional supplement drink) 
^`boronophenylalanine-fructose complex:  A boronated phenylalanine complexed with fructose to increase its solubility. When exposed to neutron irradiation, boronophenylalanine absorbs neutrons and self-destructs releasing short-range alpha radiation and 'recoil' lithium in tumor cells, resulting in alpha radiation-induced tumor cell death. This highly selective, localized radiotargeting of tumor cells, known as boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), spares adjacent normal tissues.  
^`bortezomib:  A dipeptide boronic acid analogue with antineoplastic activity. Bortezomib reversibly inhibits the 26S proteasome, a large protease complex that degrades ubiquinated proteins. By blocking the targeted proteolysis normally performed by the proteasome, bortezomib disrupts various cell signaling pathways, leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis. Specifically, the agent inhibits nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, a protein that is constitutively activated in some cancers, thereby interfering with NF-kappaB-mediated cell survival, tumor growth, and angiogenesis. In vivo, bortezomib delays tumor growth and enhances the cytotoxic effects of radiation and chemotherapy.  
^`Bosulif:  (Other name for~ bosutinib) 
^`bosutinib:  A synthetic quinolone derivative and dual kinase inhibitor that targets both Abl and Src kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Unlike imatinib, bosutinib inhibits the autophosphorylation of both Abl and Src kinases, resulting in inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis. Because of the dual mechanism of action, this agent may have activity in resistant CML disease, other myeloid malignancies and solid tumors. Abl kinase is upregulated in the presence of the abnormal Bcr-abl fusion protein which is commonly associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Overexpression of specific Src kinases is also associated with the imatinib-resistant CML phenotype.  
^`Boswellia serrata extract:  A standardized extract derived from the plant Boswellia serrata of the family Burseraceae with anti-inflammatory activity. Boswellia serrata extract contains terpenoid boswellic acids, which are potent inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase activity and, so, leukotriene synthesis.  
^`botanical extracts rinse IZN-6N4:  An oral rinse containing 1% of botanical extracts with potential anti-inflammatory and antimucositis activity. Upon rinsing with botanical extracts rinse IZN-6N4 in the oral cavity, this agent may prevent inflammation of the mucosal membranes and may decrease chemotherapy- and/or radiation-induced oral mucositis.  
^`botanical lotion CG428:  A proprietary lotion containing a blend of the four botanicals Allium cepa L. (Onion), Citrus limon L. (Citrus), Theobroma cacao L. (Cocoa), Paullinia cupana (Guarana), with potential activity against chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA). Upon administration to the scalp, botanical lotion CG428 may normalize the apoptotic process of hair follicular cells and reduce inflammation in the scalp. This may reverse CIA, restore the natural hair cycle, improve hair regrowth, and improve the psychosocial well-being of the affected patient.  
^`BOTOX:  (Other name for~ botulinum toxin type A) 
^`Botox cosmetic:  (Other name for~ botulinum toxin type A) 
^`botulinum toxin type A:  An injectable formulation of a neurotoxin derived through the fermentation of the Hall strain of Clostridium botulinum type A with neuromuscular transmission inhibitory and analgesic activities. Upon injection into the affected muscle, the heavy chain portion of onabotulinumtoxinA binds to the cell membrane of the motor nerve and is internalized via endocytosis. Upon entry, the light chain portion of the toxin is activated and cleaves the protein SNAP-25, thereby preventing the fusion of acetylcholine (ACh)-containing synaptic vesicles with the cell membrane and, so, the release of ACh into the neuromuscular junction; subsequent binding of ACH to motor end-plate nicotinic acid receptors and ACh-mediated muscle contraction are thus blocked. In addition to ACh, onabotulinumtoxinA may inhibit the release of neuropeptides, such as substance P and glutamate, which may contribute to its analgesic activity.  
^`bovine lactoferrin supplement:  A supplement containing lactoferrin derived from bovine milk with potential chemopreventive, immunostimulating, and antimicrobial activity. Upon administration, lactoferrin binds to metal in the oral cavity and may prevent metal-induced oxidation of lipids. This may reduce the metallic taste and taste disturbances induced by certain metal-containing chemotherapeutics; metal-induced lipid oxidation, and the subsequent production of aldehydes and ketones attributed to the metallic smell. Lactoferrin, a glycoprotein belonging to the transferrin family of metal-binding proteins, can be found in milk and other secretory fluids as well as in polymorphonuclear cells and leukocytes; lactoferrin plays a role in the innate defense of mucosal surfaces and its iron-binding activity is associated with the antibacterial activity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate:  An extract of soybeans enriched in Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI), a soybean-derived, 71-amino acid, polypeptide and serine protease inhibitor with potential chemopreventive activity. Bowman-Birk inhibitor contains distinct inhibitory sites for trypsin and chymotrypsin. Although the exact mechanism by which BBI suppresses carcinogenesis is unknown, its antiproliferative activity appears to be linked to the chymotrypsin inhibitory region.  
^`BP-Cx1-platinum complex BP-C1:  A combination agent composed of the benzo-poly-carbonic-acid polymer BP-Cx1 chelated to platinum with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intramuscular injection, the polymer moiety of BP-Cx1-Platinum Complex BP-C1 (BP-C1) alters the permeability of the cell membranes, which allows for increased penetration of platinum into tumor cells. In turn, platinum binds to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA and induces intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links. These cross-links result in apoptosis and cell growth inhibition. In addition, the BP-Cx1 ligand is able to stimulate the innate immune system and upregulates a variety of cytokines including interferon, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and various interleukins (ILs) such as IL-6 and IL-25. In comparison to cisplatin and other platinum–based compounds, treatment with BP-C1 allows for less platinum administration, which reduces platinum-associated systemic toxicity and side effects, and enhances the safety profile while maintaining or improving its efficacy.  
^`brachyury-expressing modified vaccinia Ankara-TRICOM vaccine:  A cancer vaccine composed of a replication-deficient, attenuated derivative of the vaccinia virus strain Ankara expressing both a CD8+ T-cell epitope from the brachyury protein and a triad of T-cell co-stimulatory molecules (MVA Brachyury-TRICOM), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration of the brachyury-expressing modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-TRICOM vaccine, the expressed brachyury protein induces specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses against brachyury-expressing tumor cells. This causes both tumor cell lysis and a decrease in the growth of brachyury-expressing tumor cells. Brachyury, a member of the T-box family of transcription factors that is overexpressed in numerous cancer cell types, is correlated with increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer resistance and cancer progression. TRICOM, a triad of three human T-cell co-stimulatory molecules, B7.1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3, enhances antigen-specific T-cell activation.  
^`brachyury-expressing yeast vaccine GI-6301:  A cancer vaccine composed of a heat-killed, recombinant form of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is genetically modified to express the transcription factor brachyury protein, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, the brachyury-expressing yeast vaccine GI-6301 is recognized by dendritic cells, processed, and presented by Class I and II MHC molecules on the dendritic cell surface. This elicits a targeted CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte-mediated immune response. This process kills brachyury-expressing tumor cells. Brachyury is overexpressed in a variety of tumor types and plays an important role in cancer progression and metastasis.  
^`BRAF inhibitor ARQ 736:  An orally bioavailable, highly soluble phosphate prodrug of B-raf (BRAF) protein kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. BRAF inhibitor ARQ 736 is converted into its active form ARQ 680 in the presence of phosphatases. In turn, ARQ 680 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of oncogenic B-raf, which may inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells expressing mutated B-raf gene. B-raf belongs to the raf/mil family of serine/threonine protein kinases and plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase/ERKs signaling pathway, which may be constitutively activated due to BRAF gene mutations. The valine to glutamic acid substitution at residue 600 (V600E) accounts for about 90% of BRAF gene mutations.  
^`BRAF inhibitor PLX8394:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf (BRAF) protein with potential antineoplastic activity. BRAF inhibitor PLX8394 appears to selectively bind to and inhibit the activity of both wild-type and mutated forms of BRAF, which may subsequently inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells which express mutated forms of BRAF. This inhibitor appears to be effective against tumors that express multiple mutated forms of the kinase and may be an effective therapeutic agent for tumors that are resistant to other BRAF inhibitor therapies that are specific for the BRAF V600E mutant. BRAF, a member of the raf family of serine/threonine protein kinases, plays a role in the regulation of MAP kinase/ERK signaling pathways, which may be constitutively activated due to BRAF gene mutations. Mutated forms of BRAF are associated with a number of neoplastic diseases.  
^`BRAF V600E kinase inhibitor RO5212054:  An orally available small-molecule inhibitor of mutant (V600E) v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) with potential antineoplastic activity. BRAF(V600E) kinase inhibitor RO5212054 selectively binds to the ATP-binding site of BRAF(V600E) kinase and inhibits its activity, which may result in an inhibition of an over-activated MAPK signaling pathway downstream in BRAF(V600E) kinase-expressing tumor cells and a reduction in tumor cell proliferation. The valine to glutamic acid substitution at residue 600 accounts for about 90% of BRAF gene mutations; the oncogenic product, BRAF(V600E) kinase, exhibits a markedly elevated activity that over-activates the MAPK signaling pathway. The BRAF(V600E) mutation has been found to occur in approximately 60% of melanomas, and in about 8% of all solid tumors.  
^`BRAF(V600E) inhibitor CEP-32496:  An orally available v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (B-raf) serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. CEP-32496 specifically and selectively inhibits the activity of the mutated form (V600E) of B-raf kinase. This inhibits the activation of the RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling pathway and may result in a decrease in the proliferation of tumor cells expressing the mutated B-raf gene. The Raf mutation BRAF V600E, in which valine is substituted for glutamic acid at residue 600, is frequently found in a variety of human tumors and results in the constitutive activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that regulates cellular proliferation and survival.  
^`BRAF/EGFR inhibitor BGB-283:  An inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase B-raf (BRAF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. BRAF/EGFR inhibitor BGB-283 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of BRAF and certain BRAF mutant forms, and EGFR. This prevents BRAF- and EGFR-mediated signaling and inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells that either contain a mutated BRAF gene or express over-activated EGFR. In addition, BGB-283 inhibits mutant forms of the Ras proteins K-RAS and N-RAS. BRAF and EGFR are mutated or upregulated in many tumor cell types.  
^`B-Raf/VEGFR-2 inhibitor RAF265:  An orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. B-Raf/VEGFR-2 inhibitor RAF265 binds and inhibits Raf kinases, which may result in a reduction of tumor cell growth and proliferation, and tumor cell death. In addition, this agent inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR-2), thereby disrupting tumor angiogenesis. Raf kinases are critical enzymes in the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and are frequently upregulated in neoplasms.  
^`brain tumor initiating cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine comprised of brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activity. BITCs are from the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell line GBM-6 and contain glioma stem-like cell-associated antigens. Upon administration, the BITC vaccine may stimulate a specific anti-tumoral cytotoxic T –lymphocyte (CTL) response against brain tumor cancer cells and brain tumor stem like cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. BITC have unique antigenicity and have the ability to self-renew; vaccination against BITC antigens may kill these cells and may prevent tumor recurrences.  
^`Brakiva:  (Other name for~ liposomal topotecan hydrochloride) 
^`branched chain amino acid supplement:  A nutritional supplement containing essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), including leucine, isoleucine and valine, with potential anti-cachectic, antiangiogenic, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-inhibiting and hepatoprotective activities. Upon oral administration, BCAAs inhibit the expression of both hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha subunit (HIF-1a) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which prevents VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in HCC cells. In addition, BCAAs inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of HCC cells by both suppressing the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. BCAAs also correct the plasma amino acid imbalance and promote protein metabolism, including the synthesis of albumin and glycogen. They reduce oxidative stress by inducing the activation of genes involved in antioxidant defenses, which prevent the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). BCAAs also strengthen the immune system by increasing hepatic lymphocytes and stimulating natural killer (NK) cell activity. This supplement is able to improve insulin resistance and promote ammonia detoxification through increased glutamine (Gln) production.  
^`Brassica vegetable:  A vegetable belonging to the Brassica genus of plants in the mustard family with potential chemopreventive activity. Brassica vegetables, including broccoli, cabbage, kale, Brussel sprouts, turnip and cauliflower, contain a significant amount of glucosinolates. Glucosinolate metabolites, such as sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol, act as antioxidants and may stimulate endogenous phase II detoxifying enzymes, including glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase. These biotransformation enzymes play major roles in the detoxification of carcinogenic agents.  
^`BRD4 inhibitor PLX51107:  An inhibitor of the bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the BRD4 inhibitor PLX51107 binds to the acetylated lysine recognition motifs in the bromodomains of the BRD4 protein, thereby preventing the binding of BRD4 to acetylated lysines on histones. This disrupts chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Prevention of the expression of certain growth-promoting genes may lead to an induction of apoptosis and an inhibition of proliferation in BRD4-overexpressing tumor cells. BRD4, a member of the human bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins, is a transcriptional regulator that is overexpressed in certain tumor cells and plays an important role in cellular proliferation.  
^`brentuximab vedotin:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) directed against the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor CD30 with potential antineoplastic activity. Brentuximab vedotin is generated by conjugating the humanized anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody SGN-30 to the cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) via a valine-citrulline peptide linker. Upon administration and internalization by CD30-positive tumor cells, brentuximab vedotin undergoes enzymatic cleavage, releasing MMAE into the cytosol; MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits tubulin polymerization, which may result in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. Transiently activated during lymphocyte activation, CD30 (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 8;TNFRSF8) may be constitutively expressed in hematologic malignancies including Hodgkin lymphoma and some T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The linkage system in brentuximab vedotin is highly stable in plasma, resulting in cytotoxic specificity for CD30-positive cells.  
^`brequinar:  A synthetic quinolinecarboxylic acid analogue with antineoplastic properties. Brequinar inhibits the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, thereby blocking de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. This agent may also enhance the in vivo antitumor effect of antineoplastic agents such as 5-FU.  
^`Brevicon:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) 
^`briciclib sodium:  A benzyl styryl sulfone analog, and a disodium phosphate ester prodrug of ON 013100, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon hydrolysis, briciclib sodium is converted to ON 013100, which blocks cyclin D mRNA translation and decreases protein expression of cyclin D. This may induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells overexpressing cyclin D and eventually decrease tumor cell proliferation. This agent may exhibit synergistic antitumor activity in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. Cyclin D, a member of the cyclin family of cell cycle regulators, plays a key role in cell cycle division and is often overexpressed in a variety of hematologic and solid tumors and is correlated with poor prognosis.  
^`Bridion:  (Other name for~ sugammadex sodium) 
^`brigatinib:  An orally available inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Brigatinib binds to and inhibits ALK kinase and ALK fusion proteins as well as EGFR and mutant forms. This leads to the inhibition of ALK kinase and EGFR kinase, disrupts their signaling pathways and eventually inhibits tumor cell growth in susceptible tumor cells. In addition, brigatinib appears to overcome mutation-based resistance. ALK belongs to the insulin receptor superfamily and plays an important role in nervous system development; ALK dysregulation and gene rearrangements are associated with a series of tumors. EGFR is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`brilacidin oral rinse:  An oral rinse containing brilacidin, a defensin mimetic, with potential antimicrobial and anti-mucositic activities. Upon rinsing with the brilacidin oral rinse, brilacidin imitates defensin as a human host defense protein (HDP), and binds to and disrupts the bacterial cell membrane. This causes bacterial cell membrane lysis and leakage of cellular cytoplasmic contents. This inhibits bacterial activity and may prevent or treat radiation-induced mucositis. Defensins, a family of antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides expressed mainly by epithelial cells and neutrophils, play a key role in the natural human innate immunity against pathogens.  
^`brincidofovir:  An alkoxyalkyl ester prodrug containing the synthetic, acyclic nucleoside monophosphate analog cidofovir linked, through its phosphonate group, to a lipid, 3-hexadecyloxy-1-propanol, with antiviral activity against double-stranded DNA viruses. Upon oral administration, brincidofovir crosses the intestinal wall and penetrates target viral-infected cells before being cleaved to the free antiviral agent cidofovir. In turn, cidofovir is phosphorylated by pyruvate kinases to its active metabolite cidofovir diphosphate. Cidofovir diphosphate, bearing structural similarity to nucleotides, competes with deoxycytosine-5-triphosphate (dCTP) for viral DNA polymerase and gets incorporated into the growing viral DNA strands. As a result, it prevents further DNA polymerization and disrupts DNA replication of viruses. Compared to cidofovir, which is given intravenously, hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir shows better oral bioavailability, less toxicity and enhanced cellular penetration.  
^`Brintellix:  (Other name for~ vortioxetine hydrobromide) 
^`brivanib alaninate:  The alaninate salt of a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Brivanib strongly binds to and inhibits VEGFR2, a tyrosine kinase receptor expressed almost exclusively on vascular endothelial cells; inhibition of VEGFR2 may result in inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, inhibition of tumor cell growth, and tumor regression.  
^`brivudine phosphoramidate:  A small molecule phosphoramidate derivative of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine with potential antineoplastic activity. Selectively active against tumor cells expressing high levels of thymidylate synthase (TS), brivudine phosphoramidate is converted intracellularly by TS to bromovinyldeoxyuridine monophosphate (BVdUMP) which competes with the natural substrate, deoxyuridine monophosphate, for binding to TS. Unlike TS inhibitors, this agent is a reversible substrate for TS catalysis. Thus, TS retains activity and converts BVdUMP into cytotoxic metabolites. As key enzyme in the de novo synthesis of dTMP, TS is an enzyme critical to DNA biosynthesis and is overexpressed in many solid tumors.  
^`broad-spectrum human papillomavirus vaccine V505:  A non-infectious recombinant cancer vaccine prepared from the human papillomavirus (HPV) with potential immunoprophylactic activity. Vaccination with broad-spectrum human papillomavirus vaccine V505 may stimulate the host immune system to mount humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against HPV-infected cells. HPV infection, the cause of genital warts, is a risk factor for the development of cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, and penis.  
^`broccoli sprout extract:  A cruciferous vegetable extract with potential chemopreventive activities. Broccoli sprout extract contains a high amount of sulforaphane, a naturally occurring isothiocyanate. Sulforaphane activates the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a member of the basic leucine zipper family, which binds to and activates antioxidant-response elements (AREs). Subsequently, activated AREs mediate the transcription of antioxidant enzymes (particularly glutathione-S-transferase and quinone oxidoreductase), resulting in the detoxification of highly reactive carcinogens. AREs are cis-acting regulatory enhancer elements found in the 5’ flanking region of many phase II detoxification enzymes.  
^`broccoli sprout/broccoli seed extract supplement: A tablet-based nutritional supplement composed of a mixture of sprout and seed extracts of the cruciferous vegetable broccoli, with potential chemopreventive and antioxidant activities. Broccoli sprout/broccoli seed extract contains a high amount of both the glucosinolate glucoraphanin and the enzyme myrosinase, which catalyzes the production of glucoraphanin to sulforaphane. Upon administration of the broccoli sprout/broccoli seed extract, sulforaphane activates the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a member of the basic leucine zipper family, which binds to and activates antioxidant-response elements (AREs). Subsequently, activated AREs promote the transcription of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, particularly glutathione-S-transferase and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase; NQO1), resulting in the detoxification of highly reactive carcinogens. This accelerates the elimination of carcinogens, may protect against cellular damage, and prevents cancer formation. AREs are cis-acting regulatory enhancer elements found in the 5' flanking region of many phase II detoxification enzymes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`bromelain:  A proteolytic enzyme obtained from the pineapple plant that cleaves sulhydryl groups. The enzyme is adsorbed intact through the gastrointestinal tract and has demonstrated therapeutic benefit. Bromelain has the ability to modulate cytokines, and has also demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity, immune response activity, and fibrinolytic activity.  
^`bromocriptine mesylate:  The mesylate salt of bromocriptine, a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with dopaminergic, antidyskinetic, and antiprolactinemic activities. Bromocriptine selectively binds to and activates postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors in the corpus striatum of the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of these D2 receptors activate inhibitory G-proteins, which inhibit adenylyl cyclase, preventing signal transduction mediated via cAMP and resulting in the inhibition of neurotransmission and an antidyskinetic effect. Ths agent also stimulates dopamine D2 receptors in the anterior pituitary gland, which results in the inhibition of prolactin secretion and lactation and may inhibit the proliferation of prolactin-dependent breast cancer cells.  
^`bromodeoxyuridine:  A halogenated thymidine analogue with potential antineoplastic and radiosensitizing activities. Bromodeoxyuridine competes with thymidine for incorporation into DNA, resulting in DNA mutation and the inhibition of cell proliferation. As a radiosensitizer, this agent is associated with the inhibition of repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs).  
^`bromodomain inhibitor ABBV-075:  An inhibitor of one or more as of yet undisclosed bromodomain (BRD)-containing protein(s), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the bromodomain inhibitor ABBV-075 binds to the acetyl-lysine binding site in the BRD of certain BRD-containing protein(s), thereby preventing the interaction between those proteins and acetylated histones. This disrupts chromatin remodeling, prevents the expression of certain growth-promoting genes, and leads to an inhibition of cell growth in susceptible tumors.  
^`bromovinyl-deoxyuridine:  A uridine derivative and nucleoside analog with pro-apoptotic and chemosensitizing properties. In vitro, bromovinyl-deoxyuridine (BVDU) has been shown to downregulate the multifunctional DNA repair enzyme APEX nuclease 1, resulting in the inhibition of DNA repair and the induction of apoptosis. In addition, this agent may inhibit the expression of STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), which may result in the downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). BVDU has also been found to inhibit the upregulation of chemoresistance genes (Mdr1 and DHFR) during chemotherapy. Overall, the gene expression changes associated with BVDU treatment result in the decrease or prevention of chemoresistance. In addition, this agent has been shown to enhance the cytolytic activity of NK-92 natural killer cells towards a pancreatic cancer cell line in vitro.  
^`brontictuzumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the Notch-1 receptor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, brontictuzumab binds to Notch-1 on the cell surface, thereby inhibiting Notch-mediated signaling and tumor cell proliferation. Notch 1, a type 1 transmembrane protein belonging to the Notch family, functions as a receptor for membrane bound ligands and has various roles during development; dysregulated Notch signaling is associated with increased cell growth and chemoresistance in cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`brostallicin:  A synthetic, alpha-bromoacrylic, second-generation minor groove binder (MGB), related to distamycin A, with potential antineoplastic activity. Brostallicin binds to DNA minor groove DNA, after having formed a highly reactive glutathione (GSH)-brostallicin complex in the presence of the enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST), which is overexpressed in cancer cells; DNA replication and cell division are inhibited, resulting in tumor cell death. Compared to typical MGBs, this agent appears to bind covalently to DNA in a different manner and its activity does not depend on a functional DNA mismatch repair (MMR) mechanism. Accordingly, brostallicin may be effective against MMR-defective tumors that are refractory to various anticancer agents.  

^`bruceantin:  A triterpene quassinoid antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the plant Brucea antidysenterica. Bruceantin inhibits the peptidyl transferase elongation reaction, resulting in decreased protein and DNA synthesis. Bruceantin also has antiamoebic and antimalarial activity.  
^`bryostatin 1:  A macrocyclic lactone isolated from the bryozoan Bugula neritina with antineoplastic activity. Bryostatin-1 binds to and inhibits the cell-signaling enzyme protein kinase C, resulting in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, the promotion of tumor cell differentiation, and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This agent may act synergistically with other chemotherapeutic agents.  
^`BTK inhibitor BGB-3111:  An orally available inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, BGB-3111 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of BTK and prevents the activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. This prevents both B-cell activation and BTK-mediated activation of downstream survival pathways. This leads to an inhibition of the growth of malignant B-cells that overexpress BTK. BTK, a member of the TEC family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies; it plays an important role in the development, activation, signaling, proliferation and survival of B-lymphocytes.  
^`BTK inhibitor CC-292:  An orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase (BTK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, AVL-292 targets and covalently binds to BTK, thereby preventing its activity. By irreversibly inhibiting BTK, administration of this agent may lead to an inhibition of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling and may inhibit cell proliferation of B-cell malignancies. BTK, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase and member of the Tec family of kinases, plays an important role in B lymphocyte development, activation, signaling, proliferation and survival.  
^`BTK inhibitor GDC-0853:  An orally available inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, GDC-0853 inhibits the activity of BTK and prevents the activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. This prevents both B-cell activation and BTK-mediated activation of downstream survival pathways, which leads to the inhibition of the growth of malignant B-cells that overexpress BTK. BTK, a member of the Src-related BTK/Tec family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies; it plays an important role in B-lymphocyte development, activation, signaling, proliferation and survival.  
^`BTK inhibitor ONO-4059:  An orally available formulation containing an inhibitor of Bruton agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase (BTK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ONO-4059 covalently binds to BTK within B cells, thereby preventing B-cell receptor signaling and impeding B-cell development. As a result, this agent may inhibit the proliferation of B-cell malignancies. BTK, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase and member of the Tec family of kinases, plays an important role in B lymphocyte development, activation, signaling, proliferation and survival.  
^`budesonide/formoterol fumarate dihydrate inhalation aerosol:  An inhalation aerosol formulation containing budesonide and the fumarate dihydrate salt of formoterol with anti-inflammatory and bronchial smooth muscle-relaxing activities. The synthetic corticosteroid steroid budesonide binds to intracellular glucocorticosteroid receptors (GRs), exhibiting inhibitory activities against multiple cell types and mediators associated with allergic inflammation. The long-acting beta-adrenergic receptor agonist formoterol selectively binds to beta-2 adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, activating intracellular adenyl cyclase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); increased intracellular cAMP result in the relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of the cellular release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity, especially from mast cells.  
^`buformin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of buformin, an agent belonging to the biguanide class of antidiabetics with antihyperglycemic activity. Buformin is not metabolized and is excreted in the urine. This agent has an elevated risk of causing lactic acidosis, and has been withdrawn from the market.  
^`Bulkamid:  (Other name for~ polyacrylamide hydrogel) 
^`buparlisib:  An orally bioavailable specific oral inhibitor of the pan-class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) family of lipid kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Buparlisib specifically inhibits class I PIK3 in the PI3K/AKT kinase (or protein kinase B) signaling pathway in an ATP-competitive manner, thereby inhibiting the production of the secondary messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate and activation of the PI3K signaling pathway. This may result in inhibition of tumor cell growth and survival in susceptible tumor cell populations. Activation of the PI3K signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis. Dysregulated PI3K signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`Buphenyl:  (Other name for~ sodium phenylbutyrate) 
^`bupivacaine hydrochloride:  A long-acting, amide-type local anesthetic. Bupivicaine reversibly binds to specific sodium ion channels in the neuronal membrane, resulting in a decrease in the voltage-dependent membrane permeability to sodium ions and membrane stabilization; inhibition of depolarization and nerve impulse conduction; and a reversible loss of sensation.  
^`bupivacaine hydrochloride liposome injectable suspension:  A liposome-encapsulated formulation of bupivacaine, which is an amide-type, long-acting local anesthetic. Upon administration, bupivacaine reversibly binds to specific sodium ion channels in the neuronal membrane, resulting in both a decrease in the voltage-dependent membrane permeability to sodium ions and membrane stabilization. This leads to inhibition of both depolarization and nerve impulse conduction, and a reversible loss of sensation. Compared to bupivacaine alone, liposomal delivery increases the duration of local anesthetic action and delays the peak plasma concentration of bupivacaine due to its slow release from the liposome.  
^`buprenorphine transdermal matrix patch:  A transdermal matrix patch containing the synthetic opioid buprenorphine with analgesic and sedative activities. Buprenorphine binds to and activates the mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of the endogenous opiates. Binding to opioid receptors stimulates exchange of GTP for GDP, inhibits adenylate cyclase, and decreases intracellular cAMP. This inhibits the release of various nociceptive neurotransmitters, such as substance P, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, vasopressin, and somatostatin. In addition, buprenorphine closes N-type voltage-gated calcium channels and opens calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels, resulting in hyperpolarization, reduced neuronal excitability, analgesia and sedation. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the mu-opioid receptor and an antagonist at the kappa-opioid receptor in the CNS.  
^`bupropion hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of an aminoketone antidepressant. The molecular mechanism of the antidepressant effect of bupropion is unknown. This agent does not inhibit monoamine oxidase and, compared to classical tricyclic antidepressants, is a weak blocker of the neuronal uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Buproprion also weakly inhibits the neuronal re-uptake of dopamine.  
burixafor~ An orally bioavailable inhibitor of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) with receptor binding and hematopoietic stem cell-mobilization activities. Burixafor binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, thereby preventing the binding of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) to the CXCR4 receptor and subsequent receptor activation; this may induce the mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow into blood. CXCR4, a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene family, plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis and is upregulated in several tumor cell types; CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction induces retention of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow.  
^`buserelin:  A synthetic analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Buserelin binds to and activates pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors. Prolonged administration of buserelin results in sustained inhibition of gonadotropin production, suppression of testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis, and reduced levels of circulating gonadotropin and gonadal steroids. Buserelin is more potent that GnRH.  
^`Buspar:  (Other name for~ buspirone hydrochloride) 
^`buspirone hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of an anxiolytic agent chemically and pharmacologically unrelated to benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or other sedative/hypnotic drugs. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, buspirone may exert its anti-anxiety effects via serotonin (5-HT1A) and dopamine receptors (D2) and may indirectly affect other neurotransmitter systems. Unlike typical benzodiazepine anxiolytics, this agent does not exert anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant effects and lacks prominent sedative effects.  
^`busulfan:  A synthetic derivative of dimethane-sulfonate with antineoplastic and cytotoxic properties. Although its mechanism of action is not fully understood, busulfan appears to act through the alkylation of DNA. Following systemic absorption of busulfan, carbonium ions are formed, resulting in DNA alkylation and DNA breaks and inhibition of DNA replication and RNA transcription.  
^`busulfan-melphalan regimen:  A chemotherapeutic regimen composed of busulfan and melphalan used as a conditioning regimen for stem cell transplantation (SCT). (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`Busulfex:  (Other name for~ busulfan) 
^`buthionine sulfoximine:  A synthetic amino acid. Buthionine sulfoximine irreversibly inhibits gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, thereby depleting cells of glutathione, a metabolite that plays a critical role in protecting cells against oxidative stress, and resulting in free radical-induced apoptosis. Elevated glutathione levels are associated with tumor cell resistance to alkylating agents and platinum compounds. By depleting cells of glutathione, this agent may enhance the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicities of various chemotherapeutic agents in drug-resistant tumors. Buthionine sulfoximine may also exhibit antiangiogenesis activity.  
^`butylscopolamine bromide:  An orally available bromide salt form of butylscopolamine, a quaternary ammonium derivative of the alkaloid scopolamine, with anticholinergic property. Upon oral administration, hyoscine butylbromide binds to and blocks muscarinic receptors located on postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings and on smooth muscle cells. This blocks the activity of acetylcholine (Ach) and causes its antispasmodic effect in the gastrointestinal (GI), urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts. This agent may also facilitate radiologic visualization of the GI tract.  
^`Byetta:  (Other name for~ exenatide) 


^`C3-targeted complement inhibitor APL-2:  A pegylated derivative of the cyclic tridecapeptide compstatin and inhibitor of complement component C3 (C3) activation, with potential use as a treatment for various diseases in which excessive complement activation plays a key role, including paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Upon administration, C3-targeted complement inhibitor APL-2 selectively binds to C3 and blocks the cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b by C3 convertase. This prevents complement pathway activation, and inhibits complement-mediated inflammation and cell lysis. Pegylation increases compstatin's half-life, and increases its efficacy. Excessive complement activation plays a key role in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and leads to tissue destruction. C3 is a crucial and central component of the complement system.  
^`cabazitaxel:  A semi-synthetic derivative of the natural taxoid 10-deacetylbaccatin III with potential antineoplastic activity. Cabazitaxel binds to and stabilizes tubulin, resulting in the inhibition of microtubule depolymerization and cell division, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Unlike other taxane compounds, this agent is a poor substrate for the membrane-associated, multidrug resistance (MDR), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump and may be useful for treating multidrug-resistant tumors. In addition, cabazitaxel penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB).  
^`cabergoline:  A synthetic ergoline derivative and a long-acting dopamine receptor agonist with high affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor. Cabergoline exerts an inhibitory effect on prolactin secretion by acting on dopamine receptors present in pituitary lactotrophs. This drug also binds to dopamine D2 receptors in the corpus striatum, thereby mimicking the actions of dopamine on motor control. Cabergoline also possesses antioxidant and neuroprotective properties due to its free radical scavenging activity. Cabergoline is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia.  
^`Cabometyx:  (Other name for~ cabozantinib-s-malate) 
^`cabozantinib-s-malate:  The s-malate salt form of cabozantinib, an orally bioavailable, small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Cabozantinib strongly binds to and inhibits several RTKs, which are often overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, including hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET), RET (rearranged during transfection), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor types 1 (VEGFR-1), 2 (VEGFR-2), and 3 (VEGFR-3), mast/stem cell growth factor (KIT), FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3), TIE-2 (TEK tyrosine kinase, endothelial), tropomyosin-related kinase B (TRKB) and AXL. This may result in an inhibition of both tumor growth and angiogenesis, and eventually lead to tumor regression.  
^`cadazolid:  An oxazolidinone-type antibiotic, with activity against gram-positive bacteria, including Clostridium difficile. Although the exact mode of action through which cadazolid exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, upon administration, this agent inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and leads to bacterial cell death.  
^`CAF regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), and fluorouracil, which may be used in the adjuvant setting for the treatment of nonmetastatic breast cancer or alone for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`caffeine:  A naturally occurring xanthine derivative with central nervous system (CNS) stimulating activity. Due to the structural similarity to adenosine, caffeine binds to and blocks adenosine receptors, thereby preventing the inhibitory effects of adenosine on nerve cells. This leads to stimulation of medullary, vagal, vasomotor, and respiratory centers in the brain; and the release of epinephrine. Physiologic responses can include bradycardia, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, CNS excitablility, increased respiratory rate, increased blood pressure, increased blood flow to muscles, decreased blood flow to skin and inner organs, and release of glucose by the liver. Due to the interaction between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors, caffeine can also indirectly increase the levels of dopamine in the brain.  
^`CAIX inhibitor DTP348:  An orally bioavailable, nitroimidazole-based sulfamide, carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, CAIX inhibitor DTP348 inhibits tumor-associated CAIX, a hypoxia-inducible transmembrane glycoprotein that catalyzes the reversible reaction and rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions. This prevents the acidification of the tumor’s extracellular microenvironment and decreases the intracellular pH. This results in increased cell death in CAIX-expressing, hypoxic tumors. In addition, DTP348, through its nitroimidazole moiety, is able to sensitize hypoxic tumor cells to irradiation. CAIX is overexpressed in various tumors and plays a key role in intra- and extracellular pH regulation, cancer cell progression, survival, migration and invasion.  
^`calaspargase pegol:  An intravenous formulation containing E. coli-derived L-asparaginase II conjugated with succinimidyl carbonate monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (SC-PEG), with potential antineoplastic activity. L-asparaginase hydrolyzes L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia, thereby depleting cells of asparagine; asparagine depletion blocks protein synthesis and tumor cell proliferation, especially in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and ultimately induces tumor cell death. Asparagine is critical to protein synthesis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells which, unlike normal cells, cannot synthesize this amino acid due to the absence of the enzyme asparagine synthase. Pegylation decreases enzyme antigenicity and increases its half life. SC is used as a PEG linker to facilitate attachment to asparaginase and enhances the stability of the formulation.  
^`calcipotriene:  A synthetic vitamin D derivative usually formulated for topical dermatological use, antipsoriatic calcipotriene (calcipotriol) competes equally with active 1,25-hydroxy-2D3 (the natural form of vitamin D) for 1,25-hydroxy-2D3 receptors in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. It induces differentiation and suppresses proliferation of keratinocytes, reversing abnormal keratinocyte changes in psoriasis, and leads to normalization of epidermal growth. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`calcitriol:  A synthetic physiologically-active analog of vitamin D, specifically the vitamin D3 form. Calcitriol regulates calcium in vivo by promoting absorption in the intestine, reabsorption in the kidneys, and, along with parathyroid hormone, regulation of bone growth. A calcitriol receptor-binding protein appears to exist in the mucosa of human intestine. Calcitriol also induces cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, cell differentiation, and apoptosis, resulting in inhibition of proliferation of some tumor cell types. This agent may be chemopreventive for colon and prostate cancers.  
^`calcium aluminosilicate anti-diarrheal:  A clay compound consisting of aluminosilicate and calcium ions with potential antidiarrheal activity. Calcium aluminosilicate anti-diarrheal consists of microscopically large flat plates of aluminosilicate separated by calcium ions that may sorb toxic chemotherapeutic drugs and their metabolites and inflammatory proteins such as TNF-alpha, which may help minimize chemotherapy-mediated or radiation therapy-mediated damage to the intestinal epithelium and so therapy-related diarrhea.  
^`calcium carbonate:  The carbonic salt of calcium (CaCO3). Calcium carbonate is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis, as an antacid in gastric hyperacidity for temporary relief of indigestion and heartburn, and as a calcium supplement for preventing and treating osteoporosis.  
^`calcium chloride:  A crystalline, white substance, soluble in water, calcium chloride is the chloride salt of calcium, a bivalent metallic element with many crucial biological roles. Calcium is a major constituent of the skeleton but plays many roles as an intracellular and plasma ion as well. In medicine, calcium chloride is also used as a 10% solution in injection, for calcium replenishment. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`calcium citrate:  The citrate salt of calcium. An element necessary for normal nerve, muscle, and cardiac function, calcium as the citrate salt helps to maintain calcium balance and prevent bone loss when taken orally. This agent may also be chemopreventive for colon and other cancers.  
^`calcium glucarate:  The orally bioavailable calcium salt of glucaric acid, a natural substance found in many fruits and vegetables, with potential chemopreventive activity. After absorption, glucaric acid is converted to d-glucaro-1,4-lactone which inhibits beta-glucuronidase, an enzyme found in certain bacteria that reside in the human gut. The detoxification of various toxin and sex hormone metabolites depends upon their conjugation to glucuronic acid in the liver and subsequent excretion of glucuronic acid conjugated metabolites in the bile. Bacterial beta-glucuronidase may catalyze the deconjugation of glucuronic acid conjugated metabolites of toxins and sex hormones, thus prolonging exposure to unconjugated and unexcreted toxin and sex hormone metabolites. Accordingly, calcium glucarate supplementation may indirectly inhibit sex hormone-mediated and toxin-mediated tumorigenesis by inhibiting bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity. Elevated bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity may be associated with an increased risk for sex hormone-mediated and toxin-mediated cancers such as breast, prostate, and colon cancers.  
^`calcium gluconate:  The gluconate salt of calcium. An element or mineral necessary for normal nerve, muscle, and cardiac function, calcium as the gluconate salt helps to maintain calcium balance and prevent bone loss when taken orally. This agent may also be chemopreventive for colon and other cancers.  
^`calcium-41 chloride aqueous solution:  An orally bioavailable aqueous solution containing the chloride salt of the radioisotope calcium-41 (41Ca) with phosphate-binding and radioisotopic activities. Upon administration of calcium-41 chloride aqueous solution, calcium-41 is preferentially taken up by osteoblasts, which generate mineralized osteoid containing calcium. Calcium-41 accumulation and turnover in bone can be measured with bone scintigraphy and urinary isotope excretion.  
^`calcium-46 chloride aqueous solution:  An orally bioavailable aqueous solution containing the chloride salt of the radioisotope calcium-46 (46Ca) with phosphate-binding and radioisotopic activities. Upon administration of calcium-46 chloride aqueous solution, calcium-46 is preferentially taken up by osteoblasts, which generate mineralized osteoid containing calcium. Calcium-46 accumulation and turnover in bone can be measured with bone scintigraphy and urinary isotope excretion testing.  
^`Calculus bovis/Moschus/Olibanum/Myrrha capsule:  An orally available traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-based capsule formulation containing Calculus bovis, the dried gallstones of cattle, Moschus, also referred to as deer musk, the resin Olibanum and the resin Myrrha, with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Although the exact mechanisms of action through which the active ingredients in the Calculus bovis/Moschus/Olibanum/Myrrha capsule elicit their effects have yet to be fully elucidated, they may, upon intake, exert their antineoplastic activity through modulation of the immune system, inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis.  
^`Caldolor:  (Other name for~ ibuprofen intravenous) 
^`Calendula officinalis/Plantago major/Cochlearia armoracia/ Hamamelis virginiana herbal toothpaste:  A phytochemical-based toothpaste containing Calendula officinalis, Plantago major, Cochlearia armoracia, Hamamelis virginiana with potential soothing activity. Calendula officinalis/Plantago major/Cochlearia armoracia/ Hamamelis virginiana herbal toothpaste may relieve the discomfort associated with radiation-induced mucositis.  
^`calfactant:  A sterile suspension composed of an extract of bovine pulmonary surfactant with surfactant activity. Calfactant contains phospholipids, neutral lipids, and hydrophobic surfactant-associated proteins B (SP-B) and C (SP-C). Upon intratracheal administration, this agent, mimicking endogenous pulmonary surfactant, lines the alveoli and smallest bronchioles, keeping alveoli open during expiration by lowering surface tension. Resulting improvements in lung compliance and respiratory gas exchange may lead to improvements in ventilation and oxygenation.  
^`calusterone:  A 17-alkylated orally active androgenic steroid. Calusterone may alter the metabolism of estradiol and reduce estrogen production.  
^`Campath:  (Other name for~ alemtuzumab) 
^`Camptogen:  (Other name for~ rubitecan) 
^`Camptosar:  (Other name for~ irinotecan hydrochloride) 
^`camptothecin analogue TLC388:  A synthetic analogue of camptothecin with potential antineoplastic and radio-sensitizing activities. Camptothecin analogue TLC388 selectively stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes during S-phase, thereby inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks and producing potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks when encountered by the DNA replication machinery. Topoisomerase I relaxes negative super-coiled DNA during replication and transcription. This agent has been chemically modified to enhance the potency and stability of camptothecin.  
^`camptothecin-20(S)-O-propionate hydrate:  The hydrated, crystalline propionate ester (attached in position C-20) prodrug of camptothecin, an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon entry into cells, camptothecin-20(S)-O-propionate is hydrolyzed by esterases into the active form camptothecin. Camptothecin selectively stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes, thereby inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks and producing potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks when encountered by the DNA replication machinery, thus inhibiting DNA replication and triggering apoptotic cell death. Camptothecin readily undergoes hydrolysis at physiological pH, changing its conformation from the active, S-configured lactone structure to an inactive carboxylate form. The ester chain in the vicinity of the S-configured lactone moiety, a key determinant for the chemotherapeutic efficacy of the camptothecins, inhibits protein binding, rendering this agent resistant to hydrolysis and prolonging its half-life.  
^`canarypox-hIL-12 melanoma vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of a replication-defective recombinant canarypox virus (ALVAC) that encodes the gene for human interleukin-12 (hIL-12). Produced mainly by B-cells, IL-12 is an endogenous cytokine that activates natural killer (NK) cells, promotes cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, induces the release of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and may exhibit antitumor and anti-angiogenic effects. Vaccination with canarypox-hIL-12 melanoma vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount an immune response against tumor cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and/or metastasis.  
^`cancer peptide vaccine S-588410:  A cancer peptide vaccine containing five human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*2402-restricted epitope peptides derived from as of yet not disclosed oncoantigens, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the cancer peptide vaccine S-588410, the peptides may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against cancer cells expressing the antigens. This decreases proliferation of susceptible tumor cells.  
^`cancer stemness kinase inhibitor BBI503:  An orally available cancer cell stemness kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the exact target has not been fully elucidated, BBI503 targets and inhibits one or more pathways involved in cancer stem cell survival. As a result, cancer stem cell (CSC) growth as well as heterogeneous cancer cell growth is inhibited. CSCs, self-replicating cells able to differentiate into heterogeneous cancer cells, appear to be responsible for both tumor relapse and metastasis.  
^`Cancidas:  (Other name for~ caspofungin acetate) 
^`candesartan cilexetil:  A synthetic, benzimidazole-derived angiotensin II receptor antagonist prodrug with antihypertensive activity. After hydrolysis of candesartan cilexetil to candesartan during gastrointestinal absorption, candesartan selectively competes with angiotensin II for the binding of the angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 (AT1) in vascular smooth muscle, blocking angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction and inducing vasodilatation. In addition, antagonism of AT1 in the adrenal gland inhibits angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone synthesis and secretion by the adrenal cortex; sodium and water excretion increase, followed by a reduction in plasma volume and blood pressure.  
^`canertinib dihydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of an orally bio-available quinazoline with potential antineoplastic and radiosensitizing activities. Canertinib binds to the intracellular domains of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (ErbB family), irreversibly inhibiting their signal transduction functions and resulting in tumor cell apoptosis and suppression of tumor cell proliferation. This agent also acts as a radiosensitizing agent and displays synergistic activity with other chemotherapeutic agents.  
^`canfosfamide hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a modified glutathione analogue with potential antineoplastic activity. Canfosfamide is selectively activated by glutathione S-transferase P1-1 into an alkylating metabolite that forms covalent linkages with nucleophilic centers in tumor cell DNA, which may induce a cellular stress response and cytotoxicity, and decrease tumor proliferation. S-transferase P1-1 is an enzyme that is overexpressed in many human malignancies.  
^`Cannabics SR:  (Other name for~ Cannabis extract oil SR capsule) 
^`Cannabics SR capsules:  (Other name for~ Cannabis extract oil SR capsule) 
^`cannabidiol:  A phytocannabinoid derived from Cannabis species, which is devoid of psychoactive activity, with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Upon administration, cannabidiol (CBD) exerts its anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic activity through various mechanisms, which likely do not involve signaling by cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), CB2, or vanilloid receptor 1. CBD stimulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inhibits AKT/mTOR signaling, thereby activating autophagy and promoting apoptosis. In addition, CBD enhances the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which further enhances apoptosis. This agent also upregulates the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP1) and decreases the expression of inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID-1). This inhibits cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis. CBD may also activate the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 2 (TRPV2), which may increase the uptake of various cytotoxic agents in cancer cells. The analgesic effect of CBD is mediated through the binding of this agent to and activation of CB1.  
^`cannabinol:  A cannabinoid isolated from the plant Cannabis that is a metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), with potential immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activities. Cannabinol preferentially binds to the cannabinoid G-protein coupled receptor CB2, which is mainly expressed on a variety of immune cells, such as T-cells, B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Stimulation of CB2 receptors by cannabinol may both trigger apoptosis in these cells and inhibit the production of a variety of cytokines. Cannabinol exerts minimal affinity for CB1 and has a weak effect on the central nervous system.  
^`Cannabis extract oil SR capsule:  A sustained-release (SR), oil-based oral capsule composed of a cannabis extract, which contains a variety of cannabinoids but is comprised mainly of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), with potential anti-cachectic and analgesic activities. Upon oral administration, the cannabinoids bind to the cannabinoid G-protein coupled receptor CB1, which is located in both central and peripheral neurons; CB1 receptor activation inhibits adenyl cyclase, increases various signal transduction pathways, and modulates the activity of various ion channels. This provides an analgesic effect, increases appetite, decreases chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and improves weight gain. The formulation allows for the immediate release of cannabinoids and quick onset of action, which is followed by a gradual release of cannabinoids. The SR form facilitates longer lasting therapeutic effects and causes fewer psychoactive side effects when compared to non-SR cannabinoid-containing oral formulations.  
^`cantuzumab ravtansine:  An immunotoxin of a humanized monoclonal antibody C242 (MoAb HuC242) conjugated with a derivative of cytotoxic agent maytansine, DM4, with potential antitumor activity. Cantuzumab ravtansine is generated based on MoAb C242, which is raised against a cell surface superantigen, CA242, found in a variety of human tumor cells. Upon binding and entry, the immunoconjugate releases the maytansinoid agent DM4, which binds to tubulin, thereby affecting microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics. As a result, this agent prevents cell division and reduces cell growth of cancer cells that express CA242.  
^`Canvaxin:  (Other name for~ polyvalent melanoma vaccine) 
^`capecitabine:  A fluoropyrimidine carbamate belonging to the class of antineoplastic agents called antimetabolites. As a prodrug, capecitabine is selectively activated by tumor cells to its cytotoxic moiety, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); subsequently, 5-FU is metabolized to two active metabolites, 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) and 5-fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP) by both tumor cells and normal cells. FdUMP inhibits DNA synthesis and cell division by reducing normal thymidine production, while FUTP inhibits RNA and protein synthesis by competing with uridine triphosphate for incorporation into the RNA strand.  
^`capecitabine rapidly disintegrating tablet:  A rapidly disintegrating film-coated tablet composed of the fluoropyrimidine carbamate antimetabolite capecitabine with antineoplastic activity. As a prodrug, capecitabine is converted to 5’-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5'-DFCR) by hepatic carboxylesterase and then to 5’-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) by cytidine deaminase and is eventually activated by thymidine phosphorylase to its cytotoxic moiety, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); subsequently, 5-FU is metabolized to two active metabolites, 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) and 5-fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP). FdUMP inhibits DNA synthesis and cell division by reducing normal thymidine triphosphate production, while FUTP inhibits RNA and protein synthesis by competing with uridine triphosphate for incorporation into the RNA strand. Capecitabine rapidly disintegrating tablet (RDT) contains the water insoluble, disintegrating agent crospovidone which very rapidly disperses and swells in water making this RDT easier to swallow than the traditional capecitabine tablet. A rapidly disintegrating film-coated tablet composed of the fluoropyrimidine carbamate antimetabolite capecitabine with antineoplastic activity. As a prodrug, capecitabine is converted to 5’-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5'-DFCR) by hepatic carboxylesterase and then to 5’-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) by cytidine deaminase and is eventually activated by thymidine phosphorylase to its cytotoxic moiety, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); subsequently, 5-FU is metabolized to two active metabolites, 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) and 5-fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP). FdUMP inhibits DNA synthesis and cell division by reducing normal thymidine triphosphate production, while FUTP inhibits RNA and protein synthesis by competing with uridine triphosphate for incorporation into the RNA strand. Capecitabine rapidly disintegrating tablet (RDT) contains the water insoluble, disintegrating agent crospovidone which very rapidly disperses and swells in water making this RDT easier to swallow than the traditional capecitabine tablet.  
^`Capesaris:  (Other name for~ estrogen receptor agonist GTx-758) 
^`Caphosol:  (Other name for~ supersaturated calcium phosphate rinse) 
^`caplacizumab:  A humanized, bivalent anti-von Willebrand factor (VWF) nanobody, with potential anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic activities. Upon administration, caplacizumab specifically binds, with its two identical monovalent moieties, to the A1 domain of the adhesive glycoprotein VWF, thereby inhibiting and neutralizing VWF activity. This prevents the interaction of ultra-large VWF (ULVWF) with the platelet glycoprotein (GP)Ib-IX-V receptor complex, and prevents ULVWF-mediated platelet adhesion, and aggregation, which reduces thrombus formation. VWF is a glycoprotein and plays a key role in blood coagulation. Increased VWF, which is seen in a number of diseases, is associated with an increased risk in thrombosis; in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), increased levels of ULVWF and thus increased and abnormal platelet aggregation are seen due to impaired breakdown of ULVWF. The nanobody formulation allows for rapid distribution, onset of action and clearance. The nanobody is based on the smallest functional fragments of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable domains that occur naturally in the Camelidae family.  
^`capmatinib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the proto-oncogene c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor [HGFR]) with potential antineoplastic activity. Capmatinib selectively binds to c-Met, thereby inhibiting c-Met phosphorylation and disrupting c-Met signal transduction pathways. This may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met protein or expressing constitutively activated c-Met protein. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`Capoten:  (Other name for~ captopril) 
^`CAPOX regimen:  A regimen consisting of capecitabine and oxaliplatin used as a treatment for advanced stage colorectal cancer. This regimen differs from a similar regimen, XELOX, with regards to the dosing schedule for oxaliplatin. 
^`Caprelsa:  (Other name for~ vandetanib) 
^`Captisol-enabled Melphalan IV:  (Other name for~ melphalan hydrochloride/sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin complex) 
^`captopril:  A sulfhydryl-containing analog of proline with antihypertensive activity and potential antineoplastic activity. Captopril competitively inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), thereby decreasing levels of angiotensin II, increasing plasma renin activity, and decreasing aldosterone secretion. This agent may also inhibit tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting endothelial cell matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and endothelial cell migration. Captopril may also exhibit antineoplastic activity independent of effects on tumor angiogenesis.  
^`Carac:  (Other name for~ topical fluorouracil) 
^`caracemide:  An agent derived from acetohydroxamic acid with potential antineoplastic activity. Caracemide inhibits ribonuclease reductase, resulting in decreased DNA synthesis and tumor growth; it also inhibits acetylcholinesterase. In vivo, caracemide contributes to the formation of the neurotoxin methyl isocyanate; this effect, along with the agent's acetylcholinesterase activity, may be responsible for the severe central nervous system toxicity observed in clinical trials.  
^`carbamazepine:  A tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia.  
^`Carbocaine:  (Other name for~ mepivacaine hydrochloride) 
^`carbogen:  An inhalant consisting of hyperoxic gas (95%-98% oxygen and 2%-5% carbon dioxide) with radiosensitizing properties. Inhaled carbogen reduces diffusion-limited tumor hypoxia, increasing tumor radiosensitivity due to the increased availability of molecular oxygen for cytotoxic radiation-induced oxygen free radical production.  
^`carbohydrate supplement drink:  A nutritional supplement drink containing 12.5% carbohydrates, which may enhance recovery following gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. Oral intake of the carbohydrate drink before surgery may prevent insulin resistance and associated hyperglycemia. It may also maintain adequate protein balance and muscle function. Ultimately, giving carbohydrates immediately before surgery may improve overall recovery time and return of GI function. It may also decrease muscle loss.  
^`carbon C 11 alpha-methyltryptophan:  A radiopharmaceutical containing an analogue of tryptophan, alpha-methyltryptophan (AMT), labeled with carbon 11 (11C), used to measure serotonin synthesis in the human brain using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration and once it crosses the blood-brain barrier and into the cytoplasm of serotonergic neurons, carbon C 11 alpha-methyltryptophan acts as a substrate for the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase and undergoes conversion to carbon C 11 alpha-methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan, also known as C 11 alpha-methyl-serotonin (AMS). C 11 AMS accumulates in serotonergic nerve terminals in proportion to the synthesis rate of serotonin because C 11 AMS cannot be broken down by the enzyme monoamine oxidase, and thus the synthesis rate of serotonin can be imaged using PET. C 11 AMT is not incorporated into proteins, nor are metabolites released into the blood pool, making C 11 AMT an excellent tracer for serotonin synthesis in vivo.  
^`carbon C 11 choline:  A radiotracer consisting of choline labeled with the positron-emitting isotope carbon C 11 with potential imaging use. Upon administration, carbon C 11 choline incorporates into tumor cells through an active, carrier-mediated transport mechanism for choline and then is phosphorylated intracellularly by choline kinase, an enzyme frequently upregulated in human tumors, yielding phosphoryl C-11 choline. In turn, phosphoryl C-11 choline is integrated into phospholipids in the cell membrane as part of phosphatidylcholine. As the proliferation of cancer cells is much higher than normal cells, tumor cells exhibit an increased rate of carbon C 11 choline uptake and incorporation, allowing tunor imaging with positron emission tomography (PET).  
^`carbon C 11 erlotinib hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of the quinazoline derivative erlotinib labeled with the positron-emitting isotope carbon C 11, with potential use in imaging. Competing with adenosine triphosphate, erlotinib reversibly binds to the intracellular catalytic tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Following exposure to this agent, EGFR expression status can be determined and EGFR overexpressing tumor cells can be visualized using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. This may be useful in determining the tumor cell response to a particular EGFR kinase inhibitor in individual patients. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed in numerous cancer cell types, and plays a significant role in tumor cell progression.  
^`carbon C 11 N-desmethyl-loperamide:  A radiopharmaceutical containing N-desmethyl loperamide (dLop) labeled with carbon 11 (11C), used to measure the activity of efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, carbon C 11 N-desmethyl-loperamide acts as a substrate for the efflux transporter P-gp. Upon uptake by P-gp at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and subsequent PET imaging, this radioligand may allow for prediction of P-gp function and expression in brain tumor patients. As P-gp activity may influence response to therapy, measuring P-gp activity may be beneficial when choosing chemotherapy. P-gp, encoded by the MDR-1 gene and a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transmembrane transporters, is overexpressed by some MDR tumors and may contribute to multidrug resistance to chemotherapy.  
^`carbon C 11 PBR-28:  A radioconjugate composed of a ligand for the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) conjugated to the radioisotope carbon C 11, that can be used as a diagnostic imaging agent to detect TSPO-expressing cells using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of carbon C 11 PBR-28, the PBR-28 moiety targets and binds to TSPO-expressing cells. Upon PET, carbon C 11 can be detected and TSPO-expressing cells can be visualized. This can facilitate detection of inflammatory sites and cancer cells. TSPO, also called the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), is found on the outer mitochondrial membrane and is overexpressed on a variety of cancer cells and during inflammation.  
^`carbon C 11 sarcosine:  A radiotracer consisting of sarcosine, the N-methyl derivative of the amino acid glycine, labeled with the positron-emitting isotope carbon C 11, that can be used for tumor imaging upon positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration, C-11 sarcosine is taken up by and accumulates in tumor cells, thereby allowing tumor imaging with PET/CT. Sarcosine, a non-proteinogenic amino acid and oncometabolite, is elevated in certain tumor cell types. Its expression seems to correlate with increased tumor invasiveness.  
^`carbon C 11 sepantronium bromide:  A radiotracer composed of the bromide salt form of sepantronium, a small-molecule survivin antagonist and proapoptotic agent, labeled with the radionuclide carbon C 11, with potential positron emission tomography (PET) imaging activity. Upon administration, sepantronium is selectively taken up by tumor cells, binds to the survivin promoter and inhibits the transcription of survivin, which results in decreased survivin expression. Upon PET imaging, the tissue distribution of sepantronium and its tumor uptake can be assessed. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) gene family, is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers; its expression in tumors is associated with a more aggressive phenotype, increased cancer cell proliferation, shorter survival times, and a decreased response to chemotherapy.  
^`carbon C 11 temozolomide:  A radioconjugate composed of temozolomide, a imidazotetrazine analog of dacarbazine, labeled with the radioisotope carbon C11, with potential positron emission tomography (PET) imaging activity. As a cytotoxic alkylating agent, temozolomide is hydrolyzed at physiologic pH to the pharmacologically active compound, 5-(3-methyl-(triazen-1-yl)-imidazole)-4-carboxamide (MTIC). MTIC is further hydrolyzed to 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AIC) and a methyldiazonium cation. The cation is able to methylate DNA, particularly at the O6 and N7 positions of guanine residues, resulting in cell cycle arrest, inhibition of DNA replication and the induction of apoptosis. Temozolomide is metabolized to MITC at all sites, crosses the blood-brain-barrier and penetrates well into the central nervous system. Upon PET, the biodistribution, uptake in cancer cells and the efficacy of temozolomide can be assessed.  
^`carbon C 13 acetate:  The non-radioactive, naturally occurring isotope of acetate, carbon C 13 acetate, with potential use for metabolic tumor imaging upon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Upon infusion, carbon C 13 acetate is taken up by cancer cells and is utilized by metabolic pathways in the tumor cell. Specifically, the tumor cells oxidize acetate, in the form of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), in the citric acid cycle. Upon 13C-NMR, the metabolic phenotype of a tumor can be assessed. Certain alternative metabolic pathways are activated in tumor cells and use substrates other than glucose, such as acetate, for acetyl-CoA production.  
^`carbon C 13 dextromethorphan:  A radioconjugate consisting of dextromethorphan, a synthetic, methylated dextrorotatory analogue of levorphanol, conjugated with carbon-13 [(13)C] with radiotracer activity. (13)C-dextromethorphan can be used in a breath-test phenotype assay of CYP2D6 activity, based on the principle that CYP2D6-mediated O-demethylation cleaves a (13)CH3 that enters the body's carbon pool to be eliminated ultimately as (13)CO2 in expired air, which can be measured. The (13)C-dextromethorphan breath test may prove useful in identifying poor CYP2D6 metabolizers of such important clinical drugs as tamoxifen.  
^`carbon C 13 lycopene:  Carbon C 13 labeled lycopene used as a tracer for carotenoid metabolism studies in vivo. After oral administration of carbon C 13 lycopene, in combination with C 13 labeled phytoene and phytofluene, the absorption kinetics, distribution patterns, metabolism and targets of these carotenoids can be measured upon imaging of the non-radioactive C 13. Lycopene, a carotenoid pigment found in high concentrations in tomatoes as well as in other fruits and vegetables, serves as an antioxidant in vivo; its intake has been associated with a reduced risk of certain types of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`carbon C 13 octanoate:  The sodium salt form of the medium-chain fatty acid octanoate, and labeled with the isotope carbon C13, used in the octanoate breath test (OBT) to assess hepatic mitochondrial function. Upon ingestion of carbon C13 octanoate, this agent is metabolized in the liver via mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Upon determination of the ratio between 13C/12C of CO2 in exhaled breath, liver function can be accessed.  
^`carbon C 13 phytoene:  A 40-carbon hydrocarbon precursor of carotenoids radiolabeled to carbon C 13 and potentially used for tracer purposes of phytoene in vivo. Upon administration, phytoene is taken up and accumulates in various tissues. Upon imaging of the radioisotope, the distribution patterns and metabolism of phytoene can be further elucidated which may aid in the understanding of the bioactivity of this agent. Phytoene is a colorless precursor of many carotenoids, including the antioxidant lycopene.  
^`carbon C 13 phytofluene:  A 40-carbon hydrocarbon precursor of carotenoids radiolabeled to carbon C 13 and potentially used for tracer purposes of phytofluene in vivo. Upon administration, phytofluene is taken up and accumulates in various tissues. Upon imaging of the radioisotope, the distribution patterns and metabolism of phytofluene can be further elucidated which may aid in the understanding of the bioactivity of this agent. Phytofluene is a colorless precursor of many carotenoids, including the antioxidant lycopene.  
^`carbon C 13/nitrogen N 15-labeled valine:  A radioconjugate composed of the essential amino acid valine radiolabeled to carbon C 13 and nitrogen N 15, that can potentially be used as a tracer for protein metabolism in vivo using mass spectrometry (MS). Upon administration of carbon C 13/nitrogen N 15-labeled valine, the exogenous valine is taken up by cells and incorporated into proteins. Upon imaging, protein biomarkers containing radiolabeled valine are secreted by tumor cells and can be identified by MS. This may aid in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Compared to normal cells, tumor cells rapidly take up amino acids to use as protein building blocks.  
^`carbon C 14 anlotinib hydrochloride:  A radioconjugate composed of the orally bioavailable hydrochloride salt form of anlotinib, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor, labeled with the radioisotope carbon C 14, with potential use for evaluating the pharmacokinetic profile of anlotinib. Upon administration of carbon C 14 anlotinib hydrochloride, anlotinib targets multiple RTKs, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2) and type 3 (VEGFR3). This agent may both inhibit angiogenesis and halt cell growth in tumor cells that overexpress these RTKs. Labeling of anlotinib with the radioactive tracer carbon C 14 permits the evaluation of this agent's pharmacokinetic profile, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).  
^`carbon C 14 dacomitinib:  A radioconjugate consisting of an orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (erbB or HER) family of tyrosine kinases radiolabeled with carbon-14 with potential antineoplastic and beta-emitting radioisotope activity. Dacomitinib specifically and irreversibly binds to and inhibits human Her-1, Her-2, and Her-4, resulting in the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis of tumor cells that overexpress these receptors. The HER receptor family of tyrosine kinases, often overexpressed by a variety of tumor cell types, may contribute to tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. Dacomitinib radiolabeled with carbon C-14 may be used as a radiotracer in pharmacological studies of dacomitinib metabolism.  
^`carbon C 14 eribulin acetate:  A radioconjugate containing the acetate salt of eribulin, labeled with the beta particle-emitting radioisotope carbon C 14 , with radioisotopic and potential antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, eribulin binds to the vinca domain of tubulin and inhibits the polymerization of tubulin and the assembly of microtubules, resulting in inhibition of mitotic spindle assembly, induction of cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, and, potentially, tumor regression. The radioisotope moiety of this agent acts as a radioactive tracer.  
^`carbon C 14 gilteritinib:  A radioconjugate composed of gilteritinib, an inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3, STK1, or FLK2), AXL (UFO or JTK11) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK or CD246), labeled with the radioisotope carbon C 14, with potential use for evaluating the pharmacokinetic profile of gilteritinib. Gilteritinib binds to and inhibits both the wild-type and mutated forms of FLT3, AXL and ALK. This may result in an inhibition of FLT3, AXL, and ALK-mediated signal transduction pathways and the reduction of tumor cell proliferation in cancers that overexpress these RTKs. Labeling of gilteritinib with the radioactive tracer carbon C 14 allows for the evaluation of gilteritinib's pharmacokinetic profile, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).  
^`carbon C 14 ombrabulin:  A synthetic water-soluble analogue of combretastatin A4, derived from the South African willow bush (Combretum caffrum), labeled with carbon C 14 with potential antineoplastic activity. The ombrabulin moiety of carbon C 14 ombrabulin binds to the colchicine binding site of endothelial cell tubulin, thereby inhibiting tubulin polymerization and inducing mitotic arrest and apoptosis in endothelial cells. As apoptotic endothelial cells detach from their substrata, tumor blood vessels collapse; the acute disruption of tumor blood flow may result in tumor necrosis. The radioisotope moiety of this agent acts as a radioactive tracer.  
^`carbon C 14 oxaliplatin:  A radioconjugate composed of the platinum agent oxaliplatin labeled with the isotope carbon C 14, that can be used to predict the response to oxaliplatin therapy using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Upon intravenous administration of a microdose of carbon C 14 oxaliplatin, the oxaliplatin moiety covalently links to DNA and forms mono- and di-DNA adducts. The platinum-DNA adduct formation can be measured through quantification of C14-labeled drug-DNA adducts by using AMS. By measuring the microdose-induced DNA damage, the response to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy can be assessed and predicted. Measurements that indicate either low drug-DNA adduct formation or increased DNA repair (C14 removal from DNA) are correlated with increased resistance to platinum-based chemotherapeutics.  
^`carbon C 14 roniciclib:  An orally bioavailable radioconjugate composed of roniciclib, a cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, radiolabeled with carbon C 14, with potential use for evaluating the pharmacokinetic profile of roniciclib. Roniciclib selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of various CDK subtypes, which leads to cell cycle arrest and an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Labeling of roniciclib with the radioactive tracer carbon C 14 allows for the evaluation of roniciclib’s pharmacokinetic profile, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). CDKs, serine/threonine kinases overexpressed in various tumor cell types, play key roles in the regulation of both cell cycle progression and cellular proliferation.  
^`carbon C 14 selumetinib:  A radioconjugate containing the orally available selumetinib, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK or MAPK/ERK kinase) types 1 and 2, labeled with the radioisotope carbon C 14. Upon oral administration, selumetinib selectively inhibits MEK1/2, which prevents the activation of MEK1/2 dependent effector proteins and transcription factors. This leads to an inhibition of cellular proliferation in MEK1/2-overexpressing tumor cells. MEK 1 and 2 are dual-specificity kinases that are essential mediators in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and are often upregulated in various cancer cells. Selumetinib radiolabeled with carbon C-14 may be used as a radiotracer for pharmacokinetic studies of this agent, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME).  
^`carbon C 14 telotristat etiprate:  An orally bioavailable, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) inhibitor prodrug labeled with carbon C 14, which could be used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of telotristat etiprate. Upon administration, telotristat etiprate is converted to its active moiety, telotristat (LP-778902), which binds to and blocks the activity of TPH. This may result in a reduction in peripheral serotonin (5-HT) production and improvement of serotonin-mediated gastrointestinal adverse side effects, such as severe diarrhea. TPH, the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis, is overexpressed in carcinoid tumor cells. Telotristat radiolabeled with carbon C 14 facilitates the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of this agent, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).  
^`carbon C 14 vemurafenib:  A radioconjugate composed of vemurafenib, an ATP-competitive, small-molecule inhibitor of BRAF(V600E) kinase, labeled with the radioisotope carbon C 14, with potential use for evaluating the pharmacokinetic profile of vemurafenib. Vemurafenib selectively binds to the ATP-binding site of BRAF(V600E) kinase and inhibits its activity, which may result in both an inhibition of an over-activated MAPK signaling pathway in BRAF(V600E) kinase-expressing tumor cells and a reduction in tumor cell proliferation. Labeling of vemurafenib with the radioactive tracer carbon C 14 allows for the evaluation of vemurafenib's pharmacokinetic profile, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). The BRAF(V600E) gene mutation in which valine is substituted for glutamic acid at residue 600 (V600E), is found in many cancer cell types and plays a key role in the over-activation of the MAPK signaling pathway.  
^`carbon C 14-labeled ixazomib:  A radioconjugate comprised of the orally-available, reversible 20S proteasome inhibitor ixazomib that is labeled with the isotope carbon C 14. Upon administration, the ixazomib moiety hydrolyzes and generates its active form, MLN2238, which inhibits the activity of the 20S catalytic core subunit of the proteasome. This blocks the targeted proteolysis normally performed by the proteasome, which results in an accumulation of unwanted or misfolded proteins. The accumulation of protein may disrupt various cell signaling pathways, induce apoptosis, and inhibit tumor growth. In addition, this agent targets tumor suppressor microRNA-33b (miR-33b). Labeling with the radioactive tracer carbon C 14 allows for evaluation of ixazomib’s absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME).  
^`carbon C14 lenvatinib mesylate:  A radioconjugate composed of the orally bioavailable mesylate salt form of lenvatinib, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor, labeled with the radioisotope carbon C 14, with potential use for evaluating the pharmacokinetic profile of lenvatinib. Upon administration of carbon C14 lenvatinib mesylate, lenvatinib targets and binds strongly to multiple RTKs, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1;FLT1), VEGFR2 (KDR), VEGFR3 (FLT4), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4, platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRa), KIT, and RET. This inhibits growth of tumor cells that overexpress these RTKs. Labeling of lenvatinib with the radioactive tracer carbon C 14 permits the evaluation of lenvatinib's pharmacokinetic profile, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).  
^`carbon nanoparticle-based formulation:  A nanoparticle-based formulation containing carbon, with both a mean size of 150 nm, and potential use as a stain for lymph node draining. Upon injection of the carbon nanoparticles at the tumor site, these nanoparticles travel to regional lymph nodes and stain the lymph nodes black due to the presence of the carbon. This may allow for a more precise surgical removal of tumor-draining lymph nodes.  
^`carbon-11 acetate:  The acetate salt of the radioisotope carbon-11. Although the mechanism is unclear, carbon-11 acetate preferentially accumulates in tumor tissue, serving as a tracer for imaging tumors with positron emission tomography (PET).  
^`carboplatin:  A second-generation platinum compound with a broad spectrum of antineoplastic properties. Carboplatin contains a platinum atom complexed with two ammonia groups and a cyclobutane-dicarboxyl residue. This agent is activated intracellularly to form reactive platinum complexes that bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, thereby inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links. These carboplatin-induced DNA and protein effects result in apoptosis and cell growth inhibition. This agent possesses tumoricidal activity similar to that of its parent compound, cisplatin, but is more stable and less toxic.  
^`carboplatin-Taxol regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of carboplatin and paclitaxel (Taxol) used for the treatment of endometrial, epithelial ovarian, head and neck, and advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancers. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`carboplatin-Taxol-bevacizumab regimen:  A chemoimmunotherapy regimen consisting of carboplatin, paclitaxel (Taxol) and bevacizumab used for the treatment of advanced-stage, nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`carboxyamidotriazole:  An orally-active agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Carboxyamidotriazole binds to and inhibits non-voltage-operated Ca2+ channels, blocking both Ca2+ influx into cells and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and resulting in the disruption of calcium channel-mediated signal transduction and inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, endothelial proliferation, and angiogenesis. This agent may also inhibit tumor cell growth, invasion and metastasis.  
^`carboxyamidotriazole orotate:  The orotate salt form of carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), an orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antiangiogenic and antiproliferative activities. Carboxyamidotriazole binds to and inhibits non-voltage-operated calcium channels, blocking both Ca2+ influx into cells and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, resulting in the disruption of calcium channel-mediated signal transduction. CAI inhibits PI3 activity and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. This may inhibit endothelial proliferation, tumor cell growth, invasion and metastasis.  
^`carboxylesterase-expressing allogeneic neural stem cells:  A preparation of allogeneic neural stem cells (NSC), derived from a human fetal cell line, that are adenovirally-transduced to express a modified form of the human enzyme carboxylesterase (CE) hCE1m6, with potential adjuvant activity. Upon intracranial administration, NSCs localize to tumor sites, due to their tumor-trophic nature, and transiently express hCE1m6. Intravenous co-administration of the prodrug irinotecan allows for the selective conversion by hCE1m6 to its active metabolite and topoisomerase I inhibitor, SN-38, in the vicinity of tumor sites. This leads to a local anti-neoplastic effect and causes reduced toxicity and increased therapeutic efficacy of irinotecan. Since NSCs freely cross the blood-brain barrier, these cells can also be intravenously administered to target brain tumor cells. hCE1m6 shows increased activity as compared to unmodified human CE.  
^`carboxyphenyl retinamide:  A synthetic phenylretinamide analogue of retinol (vitamin A) with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Carboxyphenyl retinamide induces cell differentiation and inhibits tumor cell growth and carcinogenesis. This agent may also induce cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase in some cancer cell types.  
^`carbutamide:  A first-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Carbutamide was one of the first sulfonylurea compounds used but was withdrawn from the market due to toxic effects on bone marrow. This agent has a long half-life.  
^`carcinoembryonic antigen peptide 1:  A nine amino acid peptide fragment of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a protein that is overexpressed in several cancer cell types, including gastrointestinal, breast, and non-small cell lung. Autologous vaccination with activated autologous dendritic cells (DC) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) which have been exposed to CEA peptide 1 in vitro may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing CEA, thereby inhibiting tumor growth.  
^`carcinoembryonic antigen peptide 1-6D: A 9-residue human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted fragment of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). CEA: 571-579 peptide, which has the amino acid sequence YLSGANLNL, may elicit a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against tumors expressing CEA.  
^`carcinoembryonic antigen peptide 1-6D virus-like replicon particles vaccine:  A cancer vaccine, consisting of alphavirus vector-derived virus-like replicon particles expressing the 9-amino-acid carcinoembryonic antigen peptide (CAP) 1-6D, with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with this agent may elicit a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against CEA-expressing tumor cells.  
^`carcinoembryonic antigen RNA-pulsed DC cancer vaccine:  A vaccine comprising autologous dendritic cells pulsed with mRNA-encoded Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) that targets tumor cells expressing CEA.  
^`carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing measles virus:  An attenuated oncolytic Edmonston (Ed) strain of measles virus (MV) encoding the soluble extracellular N-terminal domain of human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (MV-CEA) with potential antineoplastic activity. The cellular receptor of MV is human CD46 antigen, a type 1 integral membrane glycoprotein found on nearly all human tissues and overexpressed on many cancer cell types. Mediated through CD46, both haemagglutinin and fusion glycoproteins of MV are required for the attachment to and fusion of host cell membranes, thereby leading to syncytia and cell lysis. The expressed CEA, a tumor associated antigen, can be detected in serum and used as a sensitive marker to monitor viral gene expression in order to easily optimize individual therapy. Compared to wild-type MV, the Ed strain of MV has a lower affinity for the MV receptor signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule (CD150), mainly expressed in B- and T-lymphocytes, but a higher affinity for CD46.  
^`Cardiolite:  (Other name for~ Tc 99m sestamibi) 
^`Cardizem:  (Other name for~ diltiazem hydrochloride) 
^`Cardura:  (Other name for~ doxazosin mesylate) 
^`carfilzomib:  An epoxomicin derivate with potential antineoplastic activity. Carfilzomib irreversibly binds to and inhibits the chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome, an enzyme responsible for degrading a large variety of cellular proteins. Inhibition of proteasome-mediated proteolysis results in an accumulation of polyubiquinated proteins, which may lead to cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor growth.  
^`caricotamide/tretazicar:  A combination therapy consisting of the prodrug tretazicar and the enzyme co-substrate caricotamide with potential antineoplastic activity. In the presence of separately and simultaneously administered caricotamide, tretazicar is converted to the short-lived cytotoxic DNA cross-linking agent dinitrobenzamide by NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2), resulting in the inhibition of DNA replication and the induction of apoptosis. NQO2 has been found to be elevated in certain cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).  
^`carlumab:  A recombinant monoclonal antibody directed against human CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Carlumab binds to and inhibits CLL2, which may result in inhibition of angiogenesis and, so, tumor cell proliferation. Endothelium-derived CLL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein; MCP1) is a member of the beta-chemokine family, can stimulate monocyte/macrophage migration and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, and plays a role in angiogenesis and tumor cell migration; CCL2 induction of angiogenesis may involve the upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) gene expression which, in turn, induces vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) gene expression.  
^`Carmubris:  (Other name for~ carmustine) 
^`carmustine:  An antineoplastic nitrosourea. Carmustine alkylates and cross-links DNA during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in disruption of DNA function, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. This agent also carbamoylates proteins, including DNA repair enzymes, resulting in an enhanced cytotoxic effect. Carmustine is highly lipophilic and crosses the blood-brain barrier readily.  
^`carmustine sustained-release implant wafer:  A sustained release (SR) implant wafer containing the lipophilic nitrosourea carmustine (BCNU) with antineoplastic activity. Upon intracranial administration of the implant wafer and subsequent release of BCNU from the wafer, this agent alkylates and cross-links DNA during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in the disruption of DNA function, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. This wafer contains the biodegradable copolymer PLGA (poly(lactide-co-glycolide) as the major drug delivery vehicle which is slowly degraded into water and carbon dioxide thereby continuously releasing BCNU over approximately 3-4 weeks. Compared to systemic administration of BCNU alone, this local SR formulation is able to maintain higher drug concentrations locally over a longer period of time while minimizing exposure to other tissues.  
^`Carnitor:  (Other name for~ levocarnitine) 
^`carnosine:  A dipeptide comprised of a beta-alanine and a 3-methyl-L-histidine, which is found in dietary red meat, with potential antioxidant, metal-chelating and anti-glycation activities. Carnosine scavenges both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and unsaturated aldehydes produced by cell membrane lipid peroxidation. Additionally, this dipeptide may reduce the rate of formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE). Altogether, this may protect cells against oxidative damage. In addition, carnosine is able to chelate toxic metals. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`carrageenan-containing gel:  A water-based, vaginal moisturizing gel containing a mixture of lambda- and kappa- carrageenans, sulfated polysaccharides derived from red seaweed (Chondrus crispus), with potential microbicidal activity against various viruses, including human papillomavirus (HPV), human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV) and human herpes simplex virus (HSV). Upon vaginal insertion via an applicator, carrageenan specifically binds to the viral capsids, which prevents the binding of virions to heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptors or other, as of yet not fully identified, cellular proteins. In addition, the viral binding of carrageenan may also interfere with conformational changes within the virions after cellular attachment. This inhibits viral infection. Certain HPV types cause cervical cancer; therefore, the prevention of HPV infection by this gel may subsequently prevent the development of cervical cancer.  
^`carrot/Ji-Lin ginseng/licorice root/tangerine peel soy beverage:  A soy-based powdered nutritional supplement drink containing carrot, Jilin ginseng, licorice root and tangerine peel with potential antioxidant, immunomodulating and protective activities. Besides vitamin C, E and other phytochemicals, carrot/Jilin ginseng/licorice root/tangerine peel/soy beverage contains a high amount of soy protein. This beverage may have a beneficial effect on overall nutrition and the immune system.  
^`Cartilade:  (Other name for~ shark cartilage) 
^`carubicin:  An anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Actinomadura carminata. Carubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis.  
^`carvedilol:  A synthetic antihypertensive methoxyphenoxy- 2-propanol derivative with no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, Carvedilol acts as a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent (S(-) enantiomer) and as an alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker (R(+) and S(-) enantiomers). Its acts more strongly on beta-receptors than on alpha 1-receptors, reduces peripheral vascular resistance by vasodilation, and prevents reflex tachycardia (beta-blockade) so that heart rate is either unchanged or decreased. Carvedilol also reduces renin release through beta-blockade. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`carvedilol phosphate extended-release capsule:  An extended-release capsule formulation containing the phosphate salt of carvedilol, a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent with alpha 1-adrenergic blocking activity. Carvedilol is a racemic mixture; the S(-) enantiomer non-selectively binds to and blocks beta-adrenergic receptors, exerting negative inotropic and chronotropic effects, leading to a reduction in cardiac output. Both R(+) and S(-) enantiomers bind to and block alpha 1-adrenergic receptors with equal potency, causing vasodilation and a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance. This agent has no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.  
^`casein/whey protein/soy protein/pea protein/fat mix/EPA/DHA-based nutritional supplement:  A gluten-free, calorie-rich nutritional supplement containing all essential vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, as well as protein, fat and carbohydrates. The protein contained in this supplement is derived from a variety of sources, including casein, whey, soy and pea; it helps maintain digestive health throughout the gastrointestinal tract and reduces the risk of digestive complications. This supplement contains the essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanaeoic acid (DHA). DHA and EPA are incorporated into cell membranes and affect the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, eliciting an anti-inflammatory effect. Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in this supplement enhance fat absorption. Upon oral intake of this nutritional supplement, the ingredients may prevent both malnutrition and weight loss.  
^`caseinate protein isolate:  An isolate comprised of the sodium or calcium salt of the glycoprotein casein, the primary protein found in milk and other dairy products, with anti-catabolic activity.  
^`Casodex:  (Other name for~ bicalutamide) 
^`casopitant mesylate:  The mesylate salt of a centrally-acting neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist with antidepressant and antiemetic activities. Casopitant competitively binds to and blocks the activity of the NK1 receptor, thereby inhibiting NK1-receptor binding of the endogenous tachykinin neuropeptide substance P (SP), which may result in antiemetic effects. SP is found in neurons of vagal afferent fibers innervating the brain-stem nucleus tractus solitarii and the area postrema, which contains the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), and may be elevated in response to chemotherapy. The NK1 receptor is a G-protein receptor coupled to the inositol phosphate signal-transduction pathway and is found in both the nucleus tractus solitarii and the area postrema.  
^`caspofungin acetate:  The acetate salt of an antimycotic echinocandin lipopeptide, semisynthetically derived from a fermentation product of the fungus Glarea lozoyensis. Caspofungin inhibits 1,3-beta-glucan synthase, resulting in decreased synthesis of beta(1,3)-D-glucan (an essential component of the fungal cell wall), weakening of the fungal cell wall, and fungal cell wall rupture. This agent is active against Aspergillus and Candida species.  
^`Catapres:  (Other name for~ clonidine hydrochloride) 
^`cathepsin-activatable Cy5 fluorescent imaging probe LUM015:  A cathepsin-activatable fluorescent probe with imaging activity. The cathepsin-activatable fluorescent probe LUM015 contains the Cy5 fluorophore linked, via a pan-cathepsin protease cleavable peptide, to a fluorescent quencher. Upon injection, the peptide in LUM015 can be cleaved by cathepsins overexpressed by tumor cells, which releases the quencher and activates the fluorophore. Upon imaging, tumor cells expressing cathepsin family proteases can be detected.  
^`cationic liposome-encapsulated paclitaxel:  A cationic liposome preparation of paclitaxel with antineoplastic activity. Paclitaxel, the active ingredient in cationic liposome-encapsulated paclitaxel, binds to tubulin and inhibits the disassembly of microtubules, resulting in the inhibition of mitosis and cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. Cationic liposome encapsulation of paclitaxel allows the delivery of high doses of paclitaxel to target tissues while minimizing systemic toxicity. Tumor endothelial cells may preferentialy bind and internalize cationic liposomes.  
^`catumaxomab: A trifunctional bispecific monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Catumaxomab has two antigen-recognition sites:  one for human CD3, a T cell surface antigen; and one for human epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), a cell surface antigen expressed by a variety of epithelial tumor cells. In addition, the modified Fc portion of this antibody binds Fc receptors on antingen presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Catumaxomab brings T cells, EpCAM-expressing epithelial tumor cells and APCs together into tricellular complexes, which may result in a potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against EpCAM-expressing epithelial tumor cells. Fc-mediated binding of APCs in the tricellular complex potentiates EpCAM antigen presentation to T cells and the activation of anti-tumor cytotoxic T cell functions.  
^`Caverject:  (Other name for~ alprostadil) 
^`CB10-277:  A synthetic derivative of dimethylphenyl-triazene related to dacarbazine, with antineoplastic properties. Related to the agent dacarbazine, CB10-277 is converted in vivo to a monomethyl triazene form that alkylates DNA, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication and repair; in addition, this agent may act as a purine analogue, resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis, and may interact with protein sulfhydryl groups.  
^`CBP/beta-catenin antagonist PRI-724:  A potent, specific inhibitor of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in cancer stem cells with potential antineoplastic activity. Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor PRI-724 specifically inhibits the recruiting of beta-catenin with its coactivator CBP (the binding protein of the cAMP response element-binding protein CREB); together with other transcription factors beta-catenin/CBP binds to WRE (Wnt-responsive element) and activates transcription of a wide range of target genes of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Blocking the interaction of CBP and beta-catenin by this agent prevents gene expression of many proteins necessary for growth, thereby potentially suppressing cancer cell growth. The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway regulates cell morphology, motility, and proliferation; aberrant regulation of this pathway leads to neoplastic proliferation.  
^`CBT-1:  (Other name for~ MDR modulator CBT-1) 
^`CC-1088:  An analog of thalidomide with potential antineoplastic activity that belongs to the functional class of agents called selective cytokine inhibitory drugs (SelCIDs). SelCIDs inhibit phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE 4), an enzyme involved in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) production. CC-1088 inhibits production of the cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (a pro-angiogenic factor) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).  
^`CC-401:  A second generation ATP-competitive anthrapyrazolone c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Based on the chemistry of SP600125, another anthrapyrazolone inhibitor of JNK, CC-401 competitively binds the ATP binding site of JNK, resulting in inhibition of the phosphorylation of the N-terminal activation domain of transcription factor c-Jun; decreased transcription activity of c-Jun; and a variety of cellular effects including decreased cellular proliferation.  
^`CC-8490:  A benzopyran with potential antineoplastic activity. CC-8490 acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), inhibiting the proliferation of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells. This agent also inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of glioblastoma cells via a mechanism independent of estrogen receptor-related mechanisms.  
^`CCL21-expressing H1944 cell vaccine:  A cancer cell vaccine comprised of the allogeneic human lung adenocarcinoma cell line H1944 that has been transduced ex vivo with adenoviral vector encoding human cytokine chemokine C-C motif ligand 21 (CCL21), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, CCL21-expressing H1944 cell vaccine expresses the chemokine CCL21, which may induce an antitumoral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte immune response in the tumor microenvironment. CCL21 has been shown to attract antigen presenting cells (APCs), like leukocytes and DCs, and natural killer (NK) cells and their T-cell effectors to induce a cytotoxic immune response. H1944 cells contain tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).  
^`CCR2 antagonist CCX872-B:  An orally available human C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) antagonist, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, CCR2 antagonist CCX872-B specifically binds to CCR2 and prevents the binding to its cognate endothelium-derived chemokine ligand CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or MCP1). This may result in the inhibition of both CCR2 activation and CCR2-mediated signal transduction, which may inhibit inflammatory processes, angiogenesis, tumor cell migration, and tumor cell proliferation. The G-protein coupled receptor CCR2 is expressed on the surface of monocytes and macrophages, and stimulates their migration and infiltration; it plays a key role in inflammation. CCR2 is overexpressed in certain cancer cell types, where it is involved in angiogenesis, tumor cell migration and proliferation.  
^`CCR2 antagonist PF-04136309:  An orally available human chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, CCR2 antagonist PF-04136309 specifically binds to CCR2 and prevents binding of the endothelium-derived chemokine ligand CLL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or MCP1) to its receptor CCR2, which may result in inhibition of CCR2 activation and signal transduction. This may inhibit inflammatory processes as well as angiogenesis, tumor cell migration, and tumor cell proliferation. The G-protein coupled receptor CCR2 is expressed on the surface of monocytes and macrophages, stimulates the migration and infiltration of these cell types, and plays an important role in inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor cell migration and proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`CD105/Yb-1/SOX2/CDH3/MDM2 polypeptide plasmid DNA vaccine:  A plasmid DNA vaccine containing the mammalian expression vector pUMVC3 (pNGVL3) encoding epitopes of CD105 (Endoglin), Y-box binding protein 1 (Yb-1), SRY-box 2 (SOX2), cadherin 3 (CDH3), and murine double minute 2 (MDM2) proteins, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration of pUMVC3-CD105/Yb-1/SOX2/CDH3/MDM2-epitopes plasmid DNA vaccine, the plasmid transfects cells and the peptides are expressed. This generates a specific memory Th1 (T-helper) cell immune response, stimulates secretion of cytokines by the T cells and leads to a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CD105/Yb-1/SOX2/CDH3/MDM2-expressing tumor cells. CD105/Yb-1/SOX2/CDH3/MDM2 proteins are highly immunogenic tumor associated antigens that are overexpressed in breast cancer. Additionally, these antigens are associated with breast cancer stem cells and with epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT).  
^`CD133 antigen peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine comprised of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted peptides derived from the CD133 antigen, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intradermal administration, the CD133 antigen peptide-pulsed autologous DC vaccine may stimulate an anti-tumoral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CD133-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. CD133, a cancer stem cell marker, is expressed on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and overexpressed on many types of cancer cells; it is associated with resistance to chemotherapy and increased cancer survival. HLA-A2 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T-cells. Epitope design that is restricted to those epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A2 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`CD138CAR-CD137/TCRzeta-expressing T lymphocytes:  T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for syndecan-1 (CD138) (CART-138 T cells) coupled to the signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137), and the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCRzeta), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon transfusion, CD138CAR- CD137/TCRzeta -expressing T lymphocytes direct the T-lymphocytes to syndecan-1-expressing tumor cells and induces selective toxicity in those tumor cells. The 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances activation and signaling after recognition of syndecan-1. Syndecan-1, a type 1 transmembrane proteoglycan and tumor associated antigen, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells. It plays a key role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and adhesion, and its expression is correlated with poor prognosis.  
^`CD19/CD3 dual-affinity retargeting protein JNJ-64052781:  An anti-CD19/anti-CD3 bispecific, humanized antibody-like protein, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Anti-CD19/anti-CD3 dual-affinity retargeting (DART) protein JNJ-64052781 possesses two antigen-recognition and binding sites, one for the CD3 complex, a group of T-cell surface glycoproteins that complex with the T-cell receptor (TCR), and one for CD19, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed on the surface of B-cells. Upon administration, JNJ-64052781 binds to CD3-expressing T-cells and CD19-expressing cancer cells, thereby crosslinking CD19-expressing tumor B-cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). This may result in a potent CTL-mediated cell lysis of CD19-expressing B-lymphocytes. CD19, a B-cell specific membrane antigen, is expressed during normal B-cell development and on B-cell malignancies.  
^`CD19CAR-CD28zeta-4-1BB-expressing allogeneic T lymphocytes:  Allogeneic T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-CD19 scFv (single chain variable fragment) coupled to the costimulatory signaling domain CD28, the signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137), and the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon transfusion, CD19CAR-CD28 zeta-4-1BB-expressing allogeneic T lymphocytes directs the T-lymphocytes to and induces selective toxicity in CD19-expressing tumor cells. CD28, a T-cell surface-associated co-stimulatory molecule, is required for T-cell activation, proliferation, and survival. The 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances activation and signaling after recognition of CD19. Furthermore, inclusion of the 4-1BB signaling domain may increase the antitumor activity compared to the inclusion of the CD28 costimulatory domain and TCR zeta chain alone. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen, which is expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies.  
^`CD19CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-CD28-expressing autologous T lymphocytes:  Autologous T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-CD19 scFv (single chain variable fragment) coupled to three co-stimulatory signaling domains derived from CD28, 4-1BB (CD137), and the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon transfusion, the CD19CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-CD28-expressing autologous T-lymphocytes direct the T-lymphocytes to CD19-expressing tumor cells and induce their selective toxicity. CD28, a T-cell surface-associated co-stimulatory molecule, is required for T-cell activation, proliferation, and survival. The 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances activation and signaling after recognition of CD19. CD3-zeta is a transmembrane signaling adaptor polypeptide that regulates the assembly of TCR complexes, modulates the expression of the complex on the cell surface and plays a key role in antigen recognition. CD19 antigen, a B-cell specific cell surface antigen, is expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies.  
^`CD19CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing allogeneic T lymphocytes:  Allogeneic T-lymphocytes transduced with a modified lentiviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-CD19 scFv (single chain variable fragment) and the zeta chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), coupled to the signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon transfusion, CD19CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing allogeneic T-lymphocytes direct the T-lymphocytes to CD19-expressing tumor cells, thereby inducing a selective toxicity in CD19-expressing tumor cells. The 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances activation and signaling after recognition of CD19 and the inclusion of this signaling domain may increase the antitumor activity compared to the inclusion of the CD3-zeta chain alone. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies.  
^`CD19CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing autologous T lymphocytes:  Autologous T-lymphocytes transduced with a modified lentiviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-CD19 scFv (single chain variable fragment) and the zeta chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), coupled to the signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon transfusion, CD19CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing autologous T-lymphocytes direct the T-lymphocytes to CD19-expressing tumor cells, thereby inducing a selective toxicity in CD19-expressing tumor cells. The 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances activation and signaling after recognition of CD19 and the inclusion of this signaling domain may increase the antitumor activity compared to the inclusion of the CD3-zeta chain alone. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies. CD3-zeta (or CD247) is a transmembrane signaling adaptor polypeptide that regulates the assembly of complete TCR complexes and their expression on the cell surface.  
^`CD19CAR-CD3zeta-expressing autologous T lymphocytes:  Autologous T-lymphocytes transduced with a modified lentiviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-CD19 scFv (single chain variable fragment) and the zeta chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon transfusion, CD19CAR-CD3zeta-expressing autologous T-lymphocytes are directed to CD19-expressing tumor cells, thereby inducing a selective toxicity only in these tumor cells. The CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies. CD3-zeta (or CD247) is a transmembrane signaling adaptor polypeptide that regulates the assembly of complete T-cell receptor complexes and their expression on the cell surface.  
^`CD20-targeted polypeptide TRU-015:  A proprietary antibody-based single-chain polypeptide with B cell-depleting activity. Significantly smaller than a whole antibody, CD20-targeted polypeptide TRU-015 binds specifically to the B cell-specific cell surface antigen CD20 with full immunoglobulin Fv fragment-type target binding activity and full immunoglobulin Fc fragment-type effector function. This agent transiently depletes CD20-bearing B cells by inducing B cell -directed complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and B cell apoptosis.  
^`CD24 extracellular domain-IgG1 Fc domain recombinant fusion protein CD24Fc:  A recombinant fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of the mature human glycoprotein CD24 linked to a human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) Fc domain, with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the CD24 extracellular domain-IgG1 Fc domain recombinant fusion protein CD24Fc binds to injured cell components, also called DAMPs (Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns), thereby preventing the interaction of DAMPs with toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inhibiting both nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkB) activation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, CD24Fc binds to and activates Siglec G/10, a sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin, and stimulates SHP-1-mediated inhibitory signaling, preventing NFkB activation and secretion of inflammatory mediators, which further prevents inflammatory responses. DAMPs activate the innate immune system. CD24 binds to both DAMPs and Siglec G/10 to regulate immune responses.CD24/Siglec G/10 interaction plays a key role in a number of immune-mediated diseases including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.  
^`CD28CAR/CD137CAR-expressing T lymphocytes:  Third generation, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cells composed of T-lymphocytes transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing a CAR consisting of an a single chain variable fragment specific for a particular antigen, coupled to the two co-stimulatory signaling domains Cluster of Differentiation 28 (CD28) and Cluster of Differentiation 137 (CD137; 4-1BB), and the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon transfusion, CD28CAR/CD137CAR-expressing T-lymphocytes are directed to, and induce selective toxicity in tumor cells expressing the particular antigen. CD28, a T-cell surface-associated co-stimulatory molecule that is required for T-cell activation, proliferation, and survival. The 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances activation and signaling after recognition of the antigen. Furthermore, inclusion of the 4-1BB signaling domain may increase the antitumor activity when compared to the inclusion of the CD28 co-stimulatory domain and CD3-zeta alone.  
^`CD3/CD28 costimulated vaccine-primed autologous T-cells:  A population of T cells that have been sensitized to vaccine tumor antigen(s) in vivo; collected from the patient; co-stimulated with antibodies to the T-cell cell surface proteins CD3 and CD28 and expanded ex vivo; and then infused into the same patient. CD3, part of the T cell receptor complex, and CD28, a T-cell surface-associated co-stimulatory molecule, are both required for full T-cell activation. Adoptive transfer of CD3/CD28 costimulated vaccine-primed autologous T-cells may induce the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and associated antitumor effects and a graft-versus-tumor (GVT) response.  
^`CD30 CAR-expressing autologous T lymphocytes:  A preparation of autologous T lymphocytes that have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for the CD30 antigen, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the CD30 CAR-expressing autologous T lymphocytes specifically recognize and bind to CD30-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. CD30, a cell surface receptor and a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is transiently expressed on activated lymphocytes and is constitutively expressed in hematologic malignancies.  
^`CD33CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing autologous T-lymphocytes:  Autologous T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-CD33 scFv (single chain variable fragment) coupled to the signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137) and the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCRzeta), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon transfusion, CD33-specific CAR retroviral vector-transduced autologous T lymphocytes target CD33-expressing tumor cells and induce selective toxicity in CD33-expressing tumor cells. Following binding to CD33, the 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances both activation and signaling. Inclusion of the 4-1BB signaling domain may also increase the antitumor activity when compared to the inclusion of the CD3-zeta chain alone. CD33 is expressed on normal non-pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells as well as on myeloid leukemia cells.  
^`CD33-targeting antibody-drug conjugate IMGN779:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of the humanized monoclonal antibody Z4681A conjugated, via a cleavable disulfide linker, to the cytotoxic DNA alkylating agent DGN462, which is an indolino-benzodiazepine dimer containing a mono-imine moiety, with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody portion of anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody-DGN462 conjugate IMGN779 specifically binds to the cell surface antigen CD33 expressed on myeloid leukemia cells; upon internalization, the DGN462 moiety is released, and covalently binds to and alkylates DNA, thereby causing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and inhibition of cell growth in myeloid leukemia cells that express CD33. CD33 is expressed on normal non-pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid leukemia cells.  
^`CD34/TK75-transduced donor lymphocytes:  A preparation of donor T-lymphocytes that are transfected with a retroviral vector encoding a chimeric suicide gene consisting of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of human CD34 and mutant 75 of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK75) with potential controllable immunomodulating activity. Donor T cell therapy following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation may result in a graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) and help control transplant-related viral infections. In the event that graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) develops due to donor lymphocyte infusion, CD34/TK75-transduced donor lymphocytes may be selectively eliminated by administration of the prodrug antiviral agent ganciclovir GCV. In CD34/T75-transduced donor lymphocytes, GCV is phosphorylated by expressed HSV-TK75 to its monophosphate form and, subsequently, converted into its active triphosphate form, which specifically kills the donor lymphocytes. The expressed CD34 moiety of the chimeric suicide gene serves as a selection marker; mutant 75 of HSV-TK confers increased GCV sensitivity.  
^`CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells:  Regulatory T cells that express CD4 and CD25 (interleukin 2 receptor) antigens, with immunomodulating activity.. CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs), a subset of CD4+ T cells expressing high levels of CD25 and the transcription factor Foxp3, are essential in maintaining immunologic homeostasis, preventing autoimmunity by suppressing self-reactive T cells; CD4+CD25+ Tregs may induce tolerance to allogeneic organ transplants such as hematopoetic stem cell transplants (HSCTs).  
^`CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody CP-870,893:  A fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb) agonist of the cell surface receptor CD40 with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Similar to the CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154), CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody CP-870,893 binds to CD40 on a variety of immune cell types, triggering the cellular proliferation and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), activating B cells and T cells, and enhancing the immune response; in addition, this agent may activate CD40 present on the surfaces of some solid tumor cells, resulting in apoptosis and decreased tumor growth. CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is expressed on various immune cells, many B-cell malignancies, and some solid tumors, mediating both indirect tumor cell killing through the activation of the immune system and direct tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody RO7009789:  A monoclonal antibody agonist of the cell surface receptor CD40, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Similar to the endogenous CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154), CD40 agonist monoclonal antibody RO7009789 binds to CD40 on a variety of immune cell types. This triggers the cellular proliferation and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and activates B cells and T cells, resulting in an enhanced immune response. RO7009789 also binds to and activates CD40 present on the surfaces of some solid tumor cells, leading to apoptosis and decreased tumor growth. CD40, a cell surface receptor and member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is expressed on various immune cells and certain cancer cells; it mediates both indirect tumor cell killing through the activation of the immune system and direct tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`CD40 agonistic monoclonal antibody APX005M:  A humanized monoclonal antibody agonist of the cell surface receptor CD40, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Similar to the endogenous CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154), CD40 agonistic monoclonal antibody APX005M binds to CD40 on a variety of immune cell types. This triggers the cellular proliferation and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and activates B-cells, and effector and memory T-cells. This results in an enhanced immune response against tumor cells. APX005M also binds to and activates CD40 present on the surfaces of some solid tumor cells, leading to apoptosis and decreased tumor growth. CD40, a cell surface receptor and member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is expressed on various immune cells and certain cancer cells; it mediates both indirect tumor cell killing through the activation of the immune system and direct tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`CD95 ECD/IgG-Fc fusion protein APG101:  A human, soluble fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of the CD95 receptor fused to the Fc-domain of the human IgG antibody, with potential antineoplastic activity. CD95 ECD/IgG-Fc fusion protein APG101 binds to the CD95 ligand (CD95L) and blocks the binding of CD95L to the CD95 receptor. In tumor cells, blockage of CD95L-mediated signaling pathways may prevent cell migration and invasive cell growth; in healthy cells, blockage of CD95L-mediated signaling pathways may prevent apoptosis and may protect cell damage. Activation of the CD95 receptor plays an important role in the initiation of apoptosis in healthy cells or the invasive growth of cancer cells.  
^`CDA inhibitor E7727/decitabine combination agent ASTX727:  An orally available combination agent containing the cytidine deaminase (CDA) inhibitor E7727 and the cytidine antimetabolite decitabine, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration of ASTX727, the CDA inhibitor E7727 binds to and inhibits CDA, an enzyme primarily found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and liver that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine and cytidine analogs. This prevents the breakdown of decitabine, increasing its bioavailability and efficacy while decreasing GI toxicity due to the administration of lower doses of decitabine. Decitabine exerts its antineoplastic activity through the incorporation of its triphosphate form into DNA, which inhibits DNA methyltransferase and results in hypomethylation of DNA. This interferes with DNA replication and decreases tumor cell growth.  
^`CDC7 inhibitor TAK-931:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of cell division cycle 7 (cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase; CDC7), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, TAK-931 binds to and inhibits CDC7; this prevents the initiation of DNA replication during mitosis, which causes cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis. This inhibits cell growth in CDC7-overexpressing tumor cells. CDC7, a serine/threonine kinase and cell division cycle protein, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and plays a key role in the activation of DNA replication and the regulation of cell cycle progression.  
^`CDC7 kinase inhibitor BMS-863233:  An orally bioavailable cell division cycle 7 homolog (CDC7) kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. CDC7 kinase inhibitor BMS-863233 binds to and inhibits the activity of CDC7, which may result in the inhibition of DNA replication and mitosis, the induction of tumor cell apoptosis, and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in CDC7-overexpressing tumor cells. CDC7, a serine-threonine kinase overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types, plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication by activating origins of replication.  
^`CDC7 kinase inhibitor NMS-1116354:  An orally bioavailable cell division cycle 7 homolog (CDC7) kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. CDC7 kinase inhibitor NMS-1116354 binds to and inhibits the activity of CDC7, which may result in the inhibition of DNA replication and mitosis, the induction of tumor cell apoptosis, and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in CDC7-overexpressing tumor cells. The serine-threonine kinase CDC7 initiates DNA replication by phosphorylating MCM2 (minichromosome maintenance complex component 2) at Ser40 and Ser53.  
^`CD-expressing Bifidobacterium APS001F:  A recombinant anaerobic bacterium, Bifidobacterium longum, encoding the cytosine deaminase (CD) gene with potential antineoplastic adjuvant activity. Upon injection, the CD-expressing bifidobacterium preferentially localizes and grows in the hypoxic environment of the tumor and expresses CD, an enzyme that catalyzes the intracellular conversion of the prodrug flucytosine (5-FC) into the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Upon administration of 5-FC, and subsequent localized conversion into 5-FU and its cytotoxic active metabolites, the tumor is specifically exposed to cytotoxic agents while the exposure to normal tissues is minimal. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`CDK inhibitor P276-00:  A flavone and cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. P276-00 selectively binds to and inhibits Cdk4/cyclin D1, Cdk1/cyclin B and Cdk9/cyclin T1, serine/threonine kinases that play key roles in the regulation of the cell cycle and cellular proliferation. Inhibition of these kinases leads to cell cycle arrest during the G1/S transition, thereby leading to an induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.  
^`CDK inhibitor SNS-032:  A 2-aminothiazole-derived, small-molecule cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. CDK inhibitor SNS-032 selectively binds to CDKs 2, 7, and 9, preventing their phosphorylation and activation; inhibition of CDK activity may result in cell cycle arrest, the induction of apoptosis and decreased tumor cell proliferation in susceptible tumor cell populations. This agent has been shown to sensitize radioresistant tumor cells to ionizing radiation.  
^`CDK2/5/9 inhibitor CYC065:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinases 2, 5 and 9 (CDK2/5/9), with potential antineoplastic and chemoprotective activities. Upon oral administration, CYC065 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of CDK2, 5 and 9, which leads to inhibition of CDK2, 5 and 9-dependent cellular pathways, downregulation of genes involved in the pro-survival pathway, prevention of the activation of DNA double-strand break repair pathways, and induction of both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This inhibits the proliferation of CDK2/5/9-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, CYC065 protects hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), prevents myelosuppression, and preserves the function of the bone marrow. CDKs are serine/threonine kinases involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and may be overexpressed in certain cancer cell types; they play key roles in tumor cell proliferation, the regulation of transcription, and DNA damage repair.  
^`CDK2/TRKA inhibitor PHA-848125 AC:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and thropomyosin receptor kinase A (TRKA), with potential antineoplastic activity. CDK2/TRKA inhibitor PHA-848125 AC potently inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and exhibits activity against other CDKs including CDK1 and CDK4, in addition to TRKA. Inhibition of these kinases may result in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of tumor cells that express these kinases. CDKs are serine/threonine kinases involved in regulation of the cell cycle and may be overexpressed in some cancer cell types. The neurotrophin receptor TRKA is mutated in a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`CDK4 inhibitor P1446A-05:  A protein kinase inhibitor specific for the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) with potential antineoplastic activity. CDK4 inhibitor P1446A-05 specifically inhibits CDK4-mediated G1-S phase transition, arresting cell cycling and inhibiting cancer cell growth. The serine/threonine kinase CDK4 is found in a complex with D-type G1 cyclins and is the first kinase to become activated upon mitogenic stimulation, releasing cells from a quiescent stage into the G1/S growth cycling stage; CDK-cyclin complexes have been shown to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma (Rb) transcription factor in early G1, displacing histone deacetylase (HDAC) and blocking transcriptional repression.  
^`CDK4/6 inhibitor SHR6390:  A cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, CDK4/6 inhibitor SHR6390 selectively inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and 6 (CDK6). This inhibits retinoblastoma (Rb) protein phosphorylation early in the G1 phase, which prevents CDK-mediated G1-S phase transition and leads to cell cycle arrest. This suppresses DNA replication and decreases tumor cell proliferation. CDK4 and 6 are serine/threonine kinases that are upregulated in many tumor cell types and play a key role in the regulation of cell cycle progression.  
^`CDKI AT7519:  An orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. AT7519M selectively binds to and inhibits cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), which may result in cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. CDKs are serine/theronine kinases involved in regulation of the cell cycle and may be overexpressed in some types of cancer cells.  
^`CDKI R547:  An orally bioavailable diaminopyrimidine cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) with potential antineoplastic activity. CDKI R547 selectively binds to and inhibits CDKs, especially CDK1/cyclin B, CDK2/cyclin E, and CDK4/cyclin D1. The inhibition of CDKs results in cell cycle arrest, inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and induction of apoptosis. Through CDK inhibition, this agent also reduces phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, thus preventing activation of transcription factor E2F and so further suppressing tumor cell proliferation. CDKs are ATP-dependent serine/threonine kinases that are important regulators of cell cycle progression and are frequently overexpressed in tumor cells.  
^`CDKs/JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor TG02 citrate:  An orally bioavailable citrate salt form of TG02, a multi-kinase inhibitor for cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) subtypes 1, 2, 7 and 9, Janus-associated kinase 2 (JAK2), FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3, FLK2, STK1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, CDK/JAK2/FLT3 Inhibitor TG02 binds to and inhibits the CDK subtypes, JAK2, and FLT3. TG02 also inhibits, to a lesser extent, TYK2, TYRO3, STAT5 and P38delta. This may result in both an induction of apoptosis and an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in cancer cells that overexpress these kinases. JAK2, often upregulated or mutated in a variety of cancer cells, mediates STAT3 activation and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival. CDKs are serine/threonine kinases that play key roles in the regulation of the cell cycle and cellular proliferation. FLT3, a class III tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed or mutated in most B lineage and acute myeloid leukemias.  
^`CEA/tetanus toxoid T helper epitope fusion protein-expressing DNA plasmid vaccine:  A plasmid vaccine encoding wild type human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) fused to a tetanus toxoid T helper epitope, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon vaccination and subsequent intradermal electroporation, CEA/tetanus toxoid T helper epitope fusion protein-expressing DNA plasmid vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CEA-expressing tumor cells. CEA, a tumor associated antigen, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types. The tetanus toxoid helper peptide epitope, obtained from the bacterial Clostridium tetani toxoid, binds to class II MHC molecules and increases the helper T-cell response thereby inducing an increased and long-term immune response.  
^`CEA-Scan:  (Other name for~ arcitumomab) 
^`CeaVac:  (Other name for~ monoclonal antibody 3H1 anti-idiotype vaccine) 
^`CEBPA-targeting saRNA MTL-CEBPA liposome:  A lipid-based nanoparticle formulation composed of liposomes encapsulating a small oligonucleotide encoding a small activating RNA (saRNA) targeting the CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA; C/EBP‐a) gene, with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action through which saRNAs exert their effect(s) is still largely being investigated, it appears that, upon administration, the CEBPA-targeting saRNA MTL-CEBPA liposome targets and binds to a specific DNA regulatory target region, most likely the promoter region, for the CEBPA gene. This restores CEBPA gene transcription, and increases both CEBPA mRNA levels and protein expression. This in turn activates the expression of tumor suppressor genes and may halt proliferation of susceptible tumor cells. Specifically, upregulation of CEBPA in liver cells abrogates liver cancer cell proliferation, prevents liver failure and normalizes liver function. CEBPA, a transcription factor that plays a key role in the regulation of the expression of genes with many functions, including those involved in cellular proliferation, metastasis and normal hepatocyte function, is found in many tissues, including liver cells, adipose tissue and myeloid cells. CEBPA is downregulated in certain types of cancer cells, such as liver cancer cells. saRNA is a short, double-stranded RNA that is structurally related to small interfering RNAs (siRNAs); saRNA is most likely to bind to a target site on the promoter of the CEBPA gene and upregulates its gene expression.  
^`cebranopadol:  An orally available antagonist of the nociceptin receptor opioid receptor like -1 (ORL-1), with potential analgesic activity. Upon oral administration, cebranopadol binds to ORL-1 and prevents its interaction with nociceptin. This leads to a decrease of nociceptin/ORL-1-mediated signaling and interferes with the sensation of pain, which results in an analgesic effect. Nociceptin is a neuropeptide involved in the regulation of pain.  
^`Cecon:  (Other name for~ ascorbic acid) 
^`cediranib maleate:  The maleate salt of an indole ether quinazoline derivative with antineoplastic activities. Competing with adenosine triphosphate, cediranib binds to and inhibits all three vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR-1,-2,-3) tyrosine kinases, thereby blocking VEGF-signaling, angiogenesis, and tumor cell growth.  
^`cefazolin sodium:  The sodium salt of cefazolin, a beta-lactam antibiotic and first-generation cephalosporin with bactericidal activity. Cefazolin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity, which results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and cell lysis.  
^`cefepime hydrochloride:  The hydrochoride salt of a semi-synthetic, beta-lactamase-resistant, fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic derived from an Acremonium fungal species with broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. Administered parenterally, cefipime inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to and inactivating penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity, resulting in a reduction of bacterial cell wall stability and cell lysis. This agent is more active against a variety of Gram-positive pathogens compared to third-generation cephalosporins.  
^`cefixime:  A broad-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic derived semisynthetically from the marine fungus Cephalosporium acremonium with antibacterial activity. As does penicillin, the beta-lactam antibiotic cefixime inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by disrupting peptidoglycan synthesis, resulting in a reduction in bacterial cell wall stability and bacterial cell lysis. Stable in the presence of a variety of beta-lactamases, this agent is more active against gram-negative bacteria and less active against gram-positive bacteria compared to second-generation cephalosporins.  
^`cefmetazole sodium:  The sodium salt of the second-generation, semi-synthetic, beta-lactam cephalosporin cefmetazole with antibacterial activity. Cefmetazole binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and prevents the crosslinking of peptidoglycan, which may result in the inhibition of cell wall synthesis, the loss of cell wall integrity, and bacterial cell wall rupture. PBPs are transpeptidases that are responsible for peptidoglycan crosslinking.  
^`cefotaxime:  A third generation semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Cefotaxime inhibits mucopeptide synthesis by binding to and inactivating penicillin binding proteins thereby interfering with the final transpeptidation step required for cross-linking of peptidoglycan units which are a component of bacterial cell walls. This results in a reduction of cell wall stability and causes cell lysis.  
^`cefpodoxime proxetil:  A third generation semi-synthetic cephalosporin and a beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Cefpodoxime's effect is dependent on its binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Binding results in the inhibition of the transpeptidase enzymes, thereby preventing cross-linking of the pentaglycine bridge with the fourth residue of the pentapeptide and interrupting consequent synthesis of peptidoglycan chains. As a result, cefpodoxime inhibits bacterial septum and cell wall synthesis formation.  
^`ceftazidime sodium:  The sodium salt of ceftazidime, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Ceftazidime binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzymes located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall, resulting in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and cell lysis. Compared to the second and first generation cephalosporins, ceftazidime is more active against gram-negative bacteria and less active against gram-positive bacteria. Ceftazidine also crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches therapeutic concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS). PBPs participate in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall, and in reshaping the cell wall during cell division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity.  
^`ceftazidime/avibactam sodium:  A combination preparation containing the third-generation cephalosporin ceftazidime and the sodium salt form of avibactam, a non-beta-lactam beta-lactamase inhibitor, with antibiotic and beta-lactamase inhibiting activity, respectively. Upon administration, ceftazidime binds to essential penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and inhibits cell wall synthesis in certain bacteria. Avibactam binds to and inactivates beta-lactamases, thereby protecting ceftazidime from degradation and increasing ceftazidime’s efficacy.  
^`ceftobiprole medocaril:  A water-soluble prodrug of ceftobiprole, a pyrrolidinone cephalosporin antibiotic, with bactericidal activity. Ceftobiprole binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzymes involved in the terminal stages of bacterial cell wall assembly and cell wall reshaping during bacterial growth and division. This agent exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). Ceftobiprole is refractory to hydrolysis by class A and class C lactamases.  
^`ceftriaxone sodium:  The sodium salt form of ceftriaxone, a beta-lactam, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Ceftriaxone binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs participate in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall, and in reshaping the cell wall during cell division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis. Compared to the second and first generation cephalosporins, ceftriaxone is more active against gram-negative bacteria and less active against gram-positive bacteria. Ceftriaxone also crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches therapeutic concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS).  
^`Celebrex:  (Other name for~ celecoxib) 
^`celecoxib:  A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a diaryl-substituted pyrazole structure. Celecoxib selectively inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 activity (COX-2); COX-2 inhibition may result in apoptosis and a reduction in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.  
^`Celestone:  (Other name for~ betamethasone) 
^`Celexa:  (Other name for~ citalopram hydrobromide) 
^`Celiptium:  (Other name for~ elliptinium acetate) 
^`cell cycle checkpoint/DNA repair antagonist IC83:  A proprietary agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Cell cycle checkpoint/DNA repair antagonist IC83 IC83 inhibits cell cycle checkpoint/DNA repair enzymes, which may result in enhanced cytotoxicity of DNA damaging agents and diminished tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Cell cycle checkpoint/DNA repair enzymes are involved in the recognition and repair of damaged DNA and are overexpressed in many types of cancer cells.  
^`Cellcept:  (Other name for~ mycophenolate mofetil) 
^`CEM regimen:  A regimen containing carboplatin, etoposide and melphalan used for the treatment of childhood neuroblastoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 


^`cenersen:  A phosphorothioate oligonucleotide harboring nucleotide sequences complementary to tumor suppressor p53 mRNA. Cenersen hybridizes with p53 mRNA molecules, and induces Rnase H dependent hydrolysis of p53 transcripts in the double stranded section of the hybrids, thereby resulting in loss of p53 production. Loss of p53 activity leads to sensitization of cancer cells to other therapeutics.  
^`cenisertib:  An orally bioavailable, synthetic, small-molecule multi-Aurora kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Cenisertib selectively binds to and inhibits multiple Aurora kinases (AKs), which may result in the inhibition of cell division and proliferation, and the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress AKs. Overexpressed in certain tumor cell types, AKs, a family of serine-threonine kinases, are important regulators of cell division and proliferation that are involved in controlling chromatid segregation.  
^`Cenolate:  (Other name for~ ascorbic acid) 
^`CEOP regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, Oncovin (vincristine), and prednisone which may be used in the treatment of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`cephalexin:  A beta-lactam, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Cephalexin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis. Compared to second and third generation cephalosporins, cephalexin is more active against gram-positive and less active against gram-negative organisms.  
^`ceramide:  One of a number of a class of sphingolipids, N-acyl derivatives with long chains. Ceramide is the core molecule for the synthesis of sphingomyelin, an essential lipid for myelination and neurotransmission; it may function as a second messenger to stimulate differentiation, inhibit proliferation, and induce apoptosis.  
^`Cerazette:  (Other name for~ desogestral) 
^`Cereport:  (Other name for~ lobradimil) 
^`Cerespan:  (Other name for~ papaverine) 
^`ceritinib:  An orally available inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase activity of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ceritinib binds to and inhibits wild-type ALK kinase, ALK fusion proteins and ALK point mutation variants. Inhibition of ALK leads to both the disruption of ALK-mediated signaling and the inhibition of cell growth in ALK-overexpressing tumor cells. ALK belongs to the insulin receptor superfamily and plays an important role in nervous system development. ALK dysregulation and gene rearrangements are associated with a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`certolizumab:  A Fab fragment of a recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), with anti-inflammatory activity. Upon administration, certolizumab binds to TNF-alpha, preventing the interaction of this cytokine with endogenous cell surface receptors, thereby rendering TNF-alpha inactive and inhibiting TNF-mediated inflammatory responses. TNF-alpha is a protein involved in inflammation, cell survival, and apoptosis.  
^`Cerubidine:  (Other name for~ daunorubicin hydrochloride) 
^`Cervarix:  (Other name for~ human papillomavirus 16/18 L1 virus-like particle/AS04 vaccine) 
^`Cervene:  (Other name for~ TGFa-PE38 immunotoxin) 
^`cesium Cs 131:  An unstable radioisotope of cesium (Cs) with radiocytotoxic application. Cs-131 is a gamma photon-emitting radionuclide with high energy and a relatively short half-life of 9.7 days. When used in prostate brachytherapy, Cs-131 demonstrated advantages over other commonly used isotopes.  
^`cesium Cs 137:  A radioactive isotope of cesium with an atomic mass of 139 and potential application in radiotherapy. Cesium Cs 137 is prevalent due to its spontaneous production, which occurs as a result of nuclear fission of other radioactive materials, such as uranium and plutonium. This radionuclide has a relatively long half-life, 30 years, and decays by emitting beta particles. Both Cs 137 and its metastable nuclear isomer, barium-137m, emit gamma radiation of moderate energy and so are used in sterilization procedures in the food industry or in hospital environments.  
^`Cetacort:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`Cetane:  (Other name for~ ascorbic acid) 
^`cetuximab:  A recombinant, chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor (EGFR) with antineoplastic activity. Cetuximab binds to the extracellular domain of the EGFR, thereby preventing the activation and subsequent dimerization of the receptor; the decrease in receptor activation and dimerization may result in an inhibition in signal transduction and anti-proliferative effects. This agent may inhibit EGFR-dependent primary tumor growth and metastasis. EGFR is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumors.  
^`cetuximab-IR700 conjugate RM-1929:  A chemical conjugate composed of the dye IR700 linked to cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon injection, the cetuximab moiety targets and binds to EGFR-expressing tumor cells, resulting in the internalization of the conjugate. Upon localized application of near-infrared (NIR) light, the IR700 dye becomes activated, disrupts the cell membrane and selectively kills the EGFR-expressing tumor cells. EGFR, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers.  
^`cetuximab-IRDye 800:  An immunoconjugate comprised of the recombinant chimeric monoclonal antibody cetuximab conjugated to the N-hydroxysuccinamide (NHS) ester form of the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye IRDye 800CW (cetuximab-IRDye 800) with potential imaging use. The antibody moiety of cetuximab-IRDye 800 binds to the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Upon binding, IRDye 800 may be detected using NIR imaging, which facilitates the visualization and quantification of EGFR-expressing tumor cells. EGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase that may be overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various tumor types.  
^`Cevalin:  (Other name for~ ascorbic acid) 
^`cevimeline hydrochloride:  A cholinergic analogue with glandular secretion stimulatory activity. Cevimeline binds to and activates muscarinic receptors, thereby increasing the secretions in exocrine salivary and sweat glands. This cholinergic agonist also increases the tone of smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Cevimeline is being studied as a treatment for dry mouth caused by radiation therapy to the head and neck.  
^`Ce-Vi-Sol:  (Other name for~ ascorbic acid) 
^`cFMS tyrosine kinase inhibitor ARRY-382:  A small molecule and orally available inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R; cFMS) with potential antineoplastic activity. cFMS tyrosine kinase inhibitor ARRY-382 binds to and inhibits the activity of cFMS. By preventing colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1)-cFMS signaling, this agent may inhibit tumor cell proliferation in cFMS-overexpressing tumor cells. cFMS, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed in certain tumor cell types and plays an essential role in macrophage differentiation and regulation of cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`chamomile:  The flower-heads of either the plant Anthemis nobilis or the plant Matricaria chamomilla. Chamomile has a warm aromatic odour and a very bitter taste and contains volatile oils which are a mixture of butyl and amyl angelates and valerates. Due to its coumarin constituents, large doses may interfere with coagulation.  
^`Chantix:  (Other name for~ varenicline) 
^`checkpoint kinase inhibitor AZD7762:  A synthetic small molecule inhibitor of checkpoint kinases (Chks) with potential chemosensitizing activity. AZD7762 binds to and inhibits Chks, which may prevent cell cycle arrest and subsequent nucleotide excision repair in DNA-damaged tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis. This agent may enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents. Chks are protein kinases that regulate either G1/S or G2/M transitions in the cell cycle. In the presence of DNA damage or incomplete DNA replication, Chks become activated and initiate cell cycle arrest to allow DNA repair or the completion of DNA replication.  
^`Chemophase:  (Other name for~ recombinant human hyaluronidase) 
^`chiauranib:  An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of select serine-threonine kinases, including aurora kinase B (aurora B), vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs), stem cell factor receptor (c-KIT), and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, chiauranib binds to and inhibits the activity of aurora B, VEGFRs, c-kit and PDGFRs, which may result in a decrease in the proliferation of tumor cells that overexpress these kinases. These kinases are overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`chidamide:  An orally bioavailable benzamide type inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoenzymes 1, 2, 3 and 10, with potential antineoplastic activity. Chidamide selectively binds to and inhibits HDAC leading to an increase of acetylation levels of histone protein H3. This agent also inhibits the expression of signaling kinases in the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Ras signaling pathways and may result in cell cycle arrest and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This may inhibit tumor cell proliferation in susceptible tumor cells. HDACs, a class of enzymes that deacetylate chromatin histone proteins, are upregulated in many tumor types and play key roles in gene expression. Compared to some other benzamide type HDAC inhibitors, chidamide is more stable, more resistant to degradation and has a longer half-life.  
^`chimeric fibril-reactive monoclonal antibody 111F4:  A chimeric monoclonal antibody specifically targeting human immunoglobulin light chain (LC)-related fibrils, which may potentially be used in the treatment of light chain-associated (AL) amyloidosis. Upon administration, chimeric fibril-reactive monoclonal antibody 111F4 targets and binds to the amyloid-related, conformational epitope on LC-related fibrils. This inhibits fibrillogenesis, induces an Fc-mediated cellular inflammatory response, increases degradation and elimination of AL amyloidomas, and prevents systemic LC-associated amyloid deposits. In AL amyloidosis the amyloid fibrils are composed of immunoglobulin light chain fragments.  
^`chimeric humanized anti-CD47 antibody:  A humanized, high-chimeric antibody targeting the human cell surface antigen CD47, with potential phagocytosis-inducing and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, chimeric humanized anti-CD47 antibody selectively binds to CD47 expressed on tumor cells and blocks the interaction of CD47 with signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa), a protein expressed on phagocytic cells. This prevents CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling and abrogates the CD47/SIRPa-mediated inhibition of phagocytosis. This induces pro-phagocytic signaling mediated by the binding of calreticulin (CRT), which is specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), expressed on macrophages. This results in macrophage activation and the specific phagocytosis of tumor cells. In addition, blocking CD47 signaling activates both an anti-tumor T-lymphocyte immune response and T cell-mediated killing of CD47-expressing tumor cells. CD47, also called integrin-associated protein (IAP), is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed on normal, healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Expression of CD47, and its interaction with SIRPa, leads to the inhibition of macrophage activation and protects cancer cells from phagocytosis, thereby allowing cancer cells to proliferate.  
^`Chinese herbal formulation LC09:  A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction containing Herba Epimedii that can be used for chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome (HFS; Palmar-Plantar Erythrodysesthesia; PPE). Soaking of the affected hands and feet with TCM Formula LC09 may reduce the severity of HFS and may decrease HFS-associated pain. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Chinese herbal formulation PHY906:  An oral traditional Chinese herbal formulation in powder form containing a spray dried aqueous extract from the herbs Scutellaria baicalensis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Ziziphus jujuba and Paeonia lactiflora with potential immunomodulating and chemoprotective activities. Although the mechanism of actions remain to be fully elucidated, PHY906 possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities such as the enhancement of oral uptake of pharmacologically active agents, inhibition of CYP3A4, modulation of certain cytokines, macrophages and lymphocytes, and inhibition of expression of MMP, NF-kB, beta-glucuronidase, the NK-1 receptor, and the delta-opioid receptor.  
^`Chinese herbs:  Herbs used in Chinese Herbal Therapy for toxicity attenuation.  
^`ChiNing decoction:  A decoction of Liang Ge San, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, with potential anti-inflammatory and anti-stomatitis activities. Although the complete mechanism of action through which the ChiNing decoction works has yet to be fully elucidated, upon oral administration, the active ingredients may inhibit the inflammatory response, possibly by reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa), in the saliva. This may protect the oral mucosa against these inflammatory mediators, and may reduce and relieve radiation-induced stomatitis and the associated pain.  
^`ChiRhoStim:  (Other name for~ synthetic human secretin) 
^`Chirocaine:  (Other name for~ levobupivacaine hydrochloride) 
^`chitin oligosaccharides supplement T-ChOS:  A proprietary, nutritional supplement comprised of chitooligosaccharides extracted from deproteinized and demineralized crustacean shells. Upon administration, chitin oligosaccharides supplement T-ChOS may increase stamina and boost energy. In addition, the chitooligosaccharides may stimulate chondrocyte growth. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Chk1 inhibitor GDC-0425:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1 (chk1), with potential antineoplastic and chemosensitization activities. Upon oral administration, chk1 inhibitor GDC-0425 selectively binds to chk1, thereby preventing activity of chk1 and abrogating the repair of damaged DNA. This may lead to an accumulation of damaged DNA, inhibition of cell cycle arrest, and induction of apoptosis. GDC-0425 may potentiate the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents and reverse tumor cell resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Chk1, an ATP-dependent serine/threonine kinase, mediates cell cycle checkpoint control, is essential for DNA repair, and plays a key role in resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.  
^`Chk1 inhibitor GDC-0575:  A small molecule inhibitor of cell cycle checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), with potential chemosensitization activity. Chk1 inhibitor GDC-0575 specifically binds to and inhibits Chk1; this may result in tumor cells bypassing Chk1-dependent cell cycle arrest in the S and G2/M phases, which permits the cells to undergo DNA repair prior to entry into mitosis. Therefore, Chk1 inhibition may sensitize tumor cells to the DNA damaging effects of certain chemotherapeutic agents. Chk1 is an ATP-dependent serine-threonine kinase that phosphorylates cdc25 phosphatases in response to DNA damage. This results in both inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-cyclin complexes and cell cycle arrest, which facilitates DNA damage repair.  
^`chk1 inhibitor PF-477736:  A proprietary compound targeting cell cycle checkpoint kinase 1 (chk1) with potential chemopotentiation activity. Chk1 inhibitor PF-477736 inhibits chk1, an ATP-dependent serine-threonine kinase that is a key component in the DNA replication-monitoring S/G2 checkpoint system. By overriding the last checkpoint defense against DNA damaging agent-induced lethal damage, chk1 inhibitor PF-477736 may potentiate the antitumor efficacy of various chemotherapeutic agents against tumor cells with intrinsic checkpoint defects.  
^`Chk1 inhibitor SCH 900776:  An agent targeting cell cycle checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) with potential radiosensitization and chemosensitization activities. Chk1 inhibitor SCH 900776 specifically binds to and inhibits Chk1, which may result in tumor cells bypassing Chk1-dependent cell cycle arrest in the S and G2/M phases to undergo DNA repair prior to entry into mitosis; tumor cells may thus be sensitized to the DNA-damaging effects of ionizing radiation and alkylating chemotherapeutic agents. Chk1 is an ATP-dependent serine-threonine kinase that in response to DNA damage phosphorylates cdc25 phosphatases, resulting in inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK-cyclin complexes and cell cycle arrest.  
^`chlorambucil:  An orally-active antineoplastic aromatic nitrogen mustard. Chlorambucil alkylates and cross-links DNA during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in disruption of DNA function, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis.  
^`chlorambucil-prednisone regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of chlorambucil and prednisone used for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`Chloraprep:  (Other name for~ chlorhexidine/ethyl alcohol mouthwash) 
^`chlorhexidine:  A biguanide compound used as an antiseptic agent with topical antibacterial activity. Chlorhexidine is positively charged and reacts with the negatively charged microbial cell surface, thereby destroying the integrity of the cell membrane. Subsequently, chlorhexidine penetrates into the cell and causes leakage of intracellular components leading to cell death. Since gram positive bacteria are more negatively charged, they are more sensitive to this agent.  
^`chlorhexidine gluconate:  The gluconate salt form of chlorhexidine, a biguanide compound used as an antiseptic agent with topical antibacterial activity. Chlorhexidine gluconate is positively charged and reacts with the negatively charged microbial cell surface, thereby destroying the integrity of the cell membrane. Subsequently, chlorhexidine gluconate penetrates into the cell and causes leakage of intracellular components leading to cell death. Since gram positive bacteria are more negatively charged, they are more sensitive to this agent.  
^`chlorhexidine/ethyl alcohol mouthwash:  A mouthwash containing the biguanide chlorhexidine and ethyl alcohol, with topical antibacterial activity. Upon rinsing the oral cavity with the chlorhexidine/ethyl alcohol mouthwash, the positively charged chlorhexidine cation exerts its antibacterial activity through binding to the negatively charged microbial cell surface, which destroys the integrity of the cell membrane. This causes leakage of intracellular components leading to cell death. Ethyl alcohol denatures bacterial proteins, and dissolves and disrupts the bacterial lipid membrane, thereby killing the bacteria. This reduces oral colonization with harmful bacteria and may prevent oral mucositis.  
^`chlorogenic acid:  A polyphenol and the ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid that is found in coffee and black tea, with potential antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Chlorogenic acid scavenges free radicals, which inhibits DNA damage and may protect against the induction of carcinogenesis. In addition, this agent may upregulate the expression of genes involved in the activation of the immune system and enhance activation and proliferation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Chlorogenic acid also inhibits the activity of matrix metalloproteinases.  
^`chloroquine:  A 4-aminoquinoline with antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and potential chemosensitization and radiosensitization activities. Although the mechanism is not well understood, chloroquine is shown to inhibit the parasitic enzyme heme polymerase that converts the toxic heme into non-toxic hemazoin, thereby resulting in the accumulation of toxic heme within the parasite. This agent may also interfere with the biosynthesis of nucleic acids. Chloroquine's potential chemosensitizing and radiosensitizing activities in cancer may be related to its inhibition of autophagy, a cellular mechanism involving lysosomal degradation that minimizes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) related to tumor reoxygenation and tumor exposure to chemotherapeutic agents and radiation.  
^`chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide:  A chlorinated heterocyclic sulfanilamide with potential antineoplastic activity and potential immunosuppressive activity. Chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide poisons topoisomerase II alpha and topoisomerase II beta, thereby causing double-stranded breaks in DNA, accumulation of unrepaired DNA, and apoptosis. This agent also exhibits lymphotoxicity by inhibiting lymphocyte activation in a cell cycle-specific manner.  
^`chlorotoxin-indocyanine green imaging Agent BLZ-100:  A tumor-targeting imaging agent composed of the tumor-specific peptide chlorotoxin (CTX), a 36-amino acid neurotoxin found in the venom of the Leiurus quinquestriatus scorpion, linked to the fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG), with potential tumor imaging activity using a near-infrared (NIR) imaging system. Upon intravenous administration of BLZ-100, the CTX moiety of BLZ-100 specifically binds to and is internalized by cancer cells of neuroectodermal origin. Using a NIR imaging system, the ICG, which emits light in the NIR range, permits the intraoperative visualization of tumor cells. This leads to the clear distinction of healthy tissues from tumor cells, and facilitates the surgical removal of tumor tissue while sparing normal, healthy cells.  
^`chlorozotocin:  A glucose-linked chloroethylnitrosourea with potential antineoplastic activity. Chlorozotocin alkylates DNA and proteins, induces the formation of interstrand DNA and DNA-protein crosslinks, and causes DNA strand breakage, thereby damaging DNA and resulting in cell death. This agent has been shown to exhibit antitumor and immunomodulatory effects in cell lines and animal models. Chlorozotocin is a mutagen and is less myelotoxic than other nitrosoureas.  
^`chlorpromazine:  A phenothiazine and traditional antipsychotic agent with anti-emetic activity. Chlorpromazine exerts its antipsychotic effect by blocking postsynaptic dopamine receptors in cortical and limbic areas of the brain, thereby preventing the excess of dopamine in the brain. This leads to a reduction in psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. Chlorpromazine appears to exert its anti-emetic activity by blocking the dopamine receptors in the chemical trigger zone (CTZ) in the brain, thereby relieving nausea and vomiting.  
^`chlorpropamide:  A long-acting, first-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Compared to other sulfonylureas, chlorpropamide has an increased risk of prolonged hypoglycemia because of its long half-life. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`chlorzoxazone:  A benzoxazolone derivative with mild sedative and centrally-acting muscle relaxant activities. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, chlorzoxazone (CZ) appears to act at the spinal cord and subcortical levels of the brain to inhibit multisynaptic reflex arcs involved in producing and maintaining muscle spasms. This agent is extensively hydroxylated by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) to 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (HCZ),11,12 which is subsequently glucuronidated and eliminated renally. Highly selective for CYP2E1, CZ may be used as a selective probe for phenotyping CYP2E1 in humans; the ratio of HCZ-to-CZ plasma concentrations obtained 2 to 4 hours after oral administration of CZ may be used as a phenotypic measure of CYP2E1 enzymatic activity.  
^`cholecalciferol:  A steroid hormone produced in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet light or obtained from dietary sources. The active form of cholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) plays an important role in maintaining blood calcium and phosphorus levels and mineralization of bone. The activated form of cholecalciferol binds to vitamin D receptors and modulates gene expression. This leads to an increase in serum calcium concentrations by increasing intestinal absorption of phosphorus and calcium, promoting distal renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and increasing osteoclastic resorption.  
^`cholecalciferol/d-alpha tocopherol/L-selenomethionine/green tea extract/saw palmetto berry extract/daidzein/genistein/lycopene prostate health supplement:  A dietary supplement consisting of a blend of 8 natural ingredients with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. This dietary supplement contains vitamin D3 (as cholecalciferol), vitamin E (as d-alpha tocopherol), selenium (as L-selenomethionine), epigallocatechin (green tea extract), saw palmetto (berry extract), lycopene, and the isoflavonoids daidzein and genistein. This combination preparation may decrease prostate cell growth and inhibit prostate carcinogenesis.  
^`cholecalciferol/whey protein isolate/EPA/DHA-based nutritional supplement:  A gluten-free, energy-rich, non-complete nutritional supplement drink composed of juice from the concentrates of apple pear, pomegranate, purple chokeberry and passion fruit, plus fish oil derived from salmon and cod, the minerals potassium, phosphorus and iodine, whey protein isolate derived from cow’s milk, tocopherols (vitamin E), and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) with potential anti-cachexic activity. Upon oral intake of the cholecalciferol/whey protein isolate/EPA/DHA-based nutritional supplement, the protein components maintain digestive health throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and reduce the risk of digestive complications. The essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from the fish oil are incorporated into cell membranes and affect the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, which elicits an anti-inflammatory effect. Cholecalciferol plays an important role in maintaining bone mineralization and regulating blood calcium and phosphorus levels. Tocopherols neutralize free radicals, thereby protecting tissues and organs from oxidative damage. In particular, alpha-tocopherol gets incorporated into biological membranes, maintains cell membrane integrity and protects the cell against damage. This nutritional supplement may prevent both malnutrition and weight loss.  
^`CholestaGel:  (Other name for~ colesevelam hydrochloride) 
^`Choletec:  (Other name for~ technetium Tc 99m mebrofenin) 
^`choline kinase alpha inhibitor TCD-717:  A small-molecule inhibitor of choline kinase alpha (CHKA), with potential antineoplastic activity. TCD-717 targets and binds to CHKA, an enzyme that plays a key role in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid in eukaryotic cell membranes. Blockade of this enzyme induces cells to activate a different route for phospholipid production which causes a toxic effect and eventually leads to cell destruction. CHKA, overexpressed in human cancer cells while only minimally expressed in normal cells, appears to play a significant role in cellular proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, increased cell motility and metastasis.  
^`choline magnesium trisalicylate:  A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) belonging to the salicylate family. Choline magnesium trisalicylate inhibits inflammation-related prostaglandin synthesis. This agent's analgesic effect is mediated through peripheral and central pathways, resulting in a decrease in pain perception; its antipyretic effect is mediated via the hypothalamic heat regulation center.  
^`CHOP regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin hydrochloride (doxorubicin hydrochloride), vincristine and prednisone used to treat both indolent and aggressive forms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`CHP-NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine IMF-001:  A peptide cancer vaccine containing nanoparticles of cholesteryl hydrophobized pullulan (CHP) complexed with the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 protein, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, CHP-NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine IMF-001 may stimulate the host immune system to mount a humoral and cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing NY-ESO-1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The self-aggregating CHP, composed of a pullulan backbone and cholesterol branches, forms stable colloidal nanoparticles in water. NY-ESO-1, an antigen found in normal testis, is upregulated in various cancers, including bladder, breast, hepatocellular, melanoma, and prostate cancers.  
^`chromomycin A3:  A glycosidic antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Chromomycin A3 reversibly binds to guanine-cytosine (G-C) base pairs in the minor groove of DNA, thereby inhibiting RNA synthesis. This agent is used as a fluorescent chromosome dye.  
^`Cialis:  (Other name for~ tadalafil) 
^`ciclopirox olamine lotion:  A lotion preparation of the olamine salt of ciclopirox, a synthetic hydroxypyridone derivative with broad-spectrum antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities. Although its mechanism of action is not well understood, ciclopirox may chelate trivalent cations, such as Fe3+ and Al3+, thereby inhibiting the availability of essential metal co-factors for enzymes, which may result in a loss of enzyme activities that are essential for cellular metabolism, organization of cell wall structure, and other crucial cell functions in a wide variety of fungal species. This agent may also disrupt DNA repair, cell division signals and mitotic spindles as well as some elements of intracellular transport in susceptible fungi. Ciclopirox exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase (COX).  
^`ciclopirox olamine oral:  An aqueous suspension of the olamine salt form of ciclopirox, a synthetic, broad-spectrum hydroxypyridone antifungal agent with additional antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Although the exact mechanism of action of ciclopirox has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent is able to chelate trivalent cations, such as Fe3+, thereby inhibiting the availability of essential co-factors for enzymes. This may lead to a loss of activity of enzymes that are essential for cellular metabolism, organization of cell wall structure and other crucial cell functions. In addition, ciclopirox exerts its anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase (COX).  
^`Cidan herbal capsule:  A capsule-based formulation containing artificial bezoar, Strychni pulveratum (strychnos powder), camphol alcohol (borneol or borneo camphor) and extracts from Zedoary rhizome (Rhizoma curcumae), Pseudobulbus cremastrae seu pleiones (dried pseudobulb of Cremastra appendiculata), Yatantzu (seed of Brucca javanica), beehive, Bombyx mori (Bombyx batryticatus or silkworm), Danshen (dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza or red sage root), Radix astragali, and Angelica, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration of the cidan herbal capsule, the active ingredients in the plant extracts may induce tumor cell apoptosis and reduce tumor cell proliferation.  
^`cidofovir:  A synthetic, acyclic, monophosphate nucleotide analog of deoxycytidine with antiviral activity, and mostly used against cytomegalovirus (CMV). After incorporation into the host cell, cidofovir is phosphorylated by pyruvate kinases to its active metabolite cidofovir diphosphate. Cidofovir diphosphate, bearing structural similarity to nucleotides, competes with deoxycytosine-5-triphosphate (dCTP) for viral DNA polymerase and gets incorporated into the growing viral DNA strands. As a result, it prevents further DNA polymerization and disrupts DNA replication of viruses.  
^`cilengitide:  A cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide with potential antineoplastic activity. Cilengitide binds to and inhibits the activities of the alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis.  
^`cimetidine:  A histamine H(2)-receptor antagonist. Enhancing anti-tumor cell-mediated responses, cimetidine blocks histamine's ability to stimulate suppressor T lymphocyte activity and to inhibit natural killer (NK) cell activity and interleukin-2 production. Cimetidine also may inhibit tumor growth by suppressing histamine's growth-factor activity and blocking histamine-induced stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a pro-angiogenic growth factor.  
^`cinacalcet hydrochloride:  The orally bioavailable hydrochloride salt of the calcimimetic cinacalcet. Cinacalcet increases the sensitivity of calcium-sensing receptors on chief cells in the parathyroid gland to extracellular calcium, thereby reducing parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. A reduction in PTH levels inhibits osteoclast activity, which may result in a decrease in cortical bone turnover and bone fibrosis, and normalization of serum calcium and phosphorus levels. In addition, by reducing PTH levels, cinacalcet may reduce PSA levels; PTH appears to raise PSA levels and may increase prostate cancer cell growth.  
^`cinobufagin:  A bufadienolide compound extracted from the dried venom secreted by the parotid glands of toads and one of the glycosides in the traditional Chinese medicine ChanSu, with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the mechanism of action of cinobufagin is still under investigation, it has been found to suppress cancer cell proliferation and cause apoptosis in cancer cells via a sequence of apoptotic modulators that include mitochondrial Bax and cytosolic chromosome c, and caspases 3, 8, and 9. Possible upstream mediators of cinobufagin-induced apoptosis include Fas and p53.  
^`cintredekin besudotox:  A recombinant chimeric protein with potent antitumor activity. Cintredekin besudotox is composed of interleukin-13 (IL13), a pleiotropic immunoregulatory cytokine, linked to a mutated form of pseudomonas exotoxin A; this agent targets and kills tumor cells that express the IL13 receptor (IL13R).The IL13 moiety attaches to the IL13R on the tumor cell membrane, facilitating the entry of the exotoxin. The exotoxin moiety induces caspase-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage; it also catalyzes the transfer of ADP ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to elongation factor-2 in eukaryotic cells, thereby inactivating elongation factor 2 and inhibiting protein synthesis.  
^`Cipro:  (Other name for~ ciprofloxacin) 
^`ciprofloxacin:  A synthetic broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Ciprofloxacin binds to and inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase, an enzyme essential for DNA replication. This agent is more active against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria.  
^`Circadin:  (Other name for~ therapeutic melatonin) 
^`cirmtuzumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody against the extracellular domain of the human receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, cirmtuzumab binds to ROR1 and blocks ROR1-mediated signaling. This prevents tumor cell proliferation in cancer cells overexpressing ROR1. ROR1, also known as neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor-related 1 (NTRKR1), is normally expressed during embryogenesis. It is overexpressed in certain leukemias and solid tumors, but minimally expressed in healthy cells.  
^`cisatracurium besylate:  A non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant of the benzylisoquinolinium class. Cisatracurium besylate acts as a competitive acetylcholine antagonist that binds to nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Compared to other neuromuscular blocking agents, it is intermediate in its onset and duration of action. Cisatracurium besylate is used to maintain neuromuscular relaxation during major surgical procedures, primarily to facilitate endotracheal intubation. Cisatracurium besylate can cause bronchospasms, hypotension, and bradycardia.  
^`cisplatin:  An inorganic platinum agent (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) with antineoplastic activity. Cisplatin forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links. These cross-links result in apoptosis and cell growth inhibition.  
^`cisplatin-e therapeutic implant:  An injectable gel comprised of a collagen matrix containing the inorganic platinum (Pt) agent cisplatin and the sympathomimetic agent epinephrine with potential antineoplastic activity. After intratumoral injection, cisplatin forms highly reactive, positively charged, platinum complexes, which covalently bind to nucleophilic groups in DNA, preferably at the N7 position of guanine bases. This induces both intra- and inter-strand DNA cross-links. In addition, cisplatin forms DNA-Pt-protein cross-links. Cross-link formation results in both the induction of apoptosis and cell growth inhibition. Epinephrine, a potent vasoconstrictor, is added to the gel to both enhance the penetration of cisplatin into tumor tissue and reduce its dispersion into the surrounding tissues. Intratumoral injection of cisplatin-E therapeutic implant may increase local chemotherapeutic efficacy, as compared to the systemic administration of cisplatin, while reducing its systemic toxicity.  
^`Cistane:  (Other name for~ isotretinoin) 
^`cis-urocanic acid:  A derivative of the amino acid histidine, formed in the mammalian skin from trans-urocanic acid upon ultraviolet radiation, and protodynamic agent, with potential anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity. Upon intravesical instillation of cis-urocanic acid (cis-UCA), this agent is protonated at the imidazolyl moiety in the mildly acidic extracellular tumor environment and penetrates into the cancer cell. Once inside the cell and due to the slightly alkaline pH inside the tumor cell, cis-UCA is deprotonated, i.e. the imidazolyl proton is released into the cytosol which eventually raises the intracellular acidity. This acidification impairs many cellular processes, such as metabolic activity, and may lead to cell cycle arrest, an induction of cellular apoptosis and necrotic cell death. In addition, cis-UCA enhances ERK and JNK signaling pathways by inhibiting the activity of serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphatases.  
^`citalopram hydrobromide:  The orally bioavailable hydrobromide salt of the racemic bicyclic phthalene derivative citalopram with antidepressant activity. As a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), citalopram selectively inhibits the CNS neuronal reuptake of serotonin, thereby potentiating serotonergic activity in the central nervous system (CNS). This agent has minimal effects on the CNS neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA).  
^`citatuzumab bogatox:  A fusion protein immunotoxin consisting of a humanized, single-chain monoclonal antibody Fab fragment specific for the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) conjugated with a modified bouganin cytotoxin with potential antineoplastic activity. Citatuzumab bogatox binds to EpCAM, delivering modified bouganin cytotoxin directly to EpCam-positive tumor cells, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell protein synthesis and tumor cell death. EpCAM, a cell surface protein, is expressed by a variety of tumor cells and is frequently found in head and neck cancers. Bouganin is a plant-derived ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP), a toxic plant N-glycosidase that depurinates the universally conserved alpha-sarcin loop of ribosomal rRNA, inactivating the ribosome and preventing protein synthesis. Compared to unmodified bouganins, modified bouganins may have a reduced propensity to activate human T cells.  
^`citicoline:  A nutritional supplement and source of choline and cytidine with potential neuroprotective and nootropic activity. Citicoline, also known as cytidine-5-diphosphocholine or CDP-choline, is hydrolyzed into cytidine and choline in the intestine. Following absorption, both cytidine and choline are dispersed, utilized in various biosynthesis pathways, and cross the blood-brain barrier for resynthesis into citicoline in the brain, which is the rate-limiting product in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. This agent also increases acetylcholine (Ach), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine levels in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, citicoline is involved in the preservation of sphingomyelin and cardiolipin and the restoration of Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Citicoline also increases glutathione synthesis and glutathione reductase activity, and exerts antiapoptotic effects. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Citracal:  (Other name for~ calcium citrate) 
^`Citroma:  (Other name for~ magnesium citrate) 
^`Civacir:  (Other name for~ hepatitis C immune globulin intravenous) 
^`cixutumumab:  A fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the human insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Cixutumumab selectively binds to membrane-bound IGF-1R, thereby preventing the binding of the natural ligand IGF-1 and the subsequent activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Downregulation of the PI3K/AKT survival pathway may result in the induction of cancer cell apoptosis and may decrease cancer cellular proliferation. IGF-1R, a receptor tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor superfamily overexpressed by many cancer cell types, stimulates cell proliferation, enables oncogenic transformation, and suppresses apoptosis; IGF-1R signaling has been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis.  
^`CK2-targeting synthetic peptide CIGB-300:  A synthetic peptide targeting the substrates of casein kinase 2 (CK2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration and nucleolar localization, CK2-targeting synthetic peptide CIGB-300 binds to phosphoacceptor sites on the CK2’s substrates, in particular the oncoprotein nucleophosmin (B23 or NPM1). This blocks the activation of B23 and induces apoptosis, thereby inhibiting tumor cell growth in susceptible tumor cells. CK2, a protein kinase often overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, appears to be correlated with malignant transformation, tumor growth and survival. Overexpression of B23 has been correlated with increased cellular growth and proliferation as well as inhibition of differentiation and apoptosis.  
^`c-Kit inhibitor PLX9486:  An orally bioavailable protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor of mutated forms of the tumor-associated antigen mast/stem cell factor receptor c-Kit (SCFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, c-Kit inhibitor PLX9486 binds to and inhibits specific c-Kit mutants. This may result in an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in cancer cell types that overexpress these c-Kit mutations. c-Kit, a transmembrane protein and receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed in solid tumors and hematological malignancies; it plays a key role in the regulation of cell differentiation and proliferation.  
^`cladribine:  A purine nucleoside antimetabolite analogue. Cladribine triphosphate, a phosphorylated metabolite of cladribine, incorporates into DNA, resulting in single-strand breaks in DNA, depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and apoptosis. Because this agent is resistant to adenosine deaminase, an enzyme that inactivates some antineoplastic agents, it is selectively toxic to lymphocytes and monocytes which exhibit little deoxynucleotide deaminase activity.  
^`Clafen:  (Other name for~ cyclophosphamide) 
^`Claforan:  (Other name for~ cefotaxime) 
^`Claravis:  (Other name for~ isotretinoin) 
^`Clarinol:  (Other name for~ conjugated linoleic acid) 
^`clarithromycin:  A semisynthetic 14-membered ring macrolide antibiotic. Clarithromycin binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis in susceptible organisms. Clarithromycin has been shown to eradicate gastric MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphomas, presumably due to the eradication of tumorigenic Helicobacter pylori infection. This agent also acts as a biological response modulator, possibly inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor growth through alterations in growth factor expression.  
^`Claritin:  (Other name for~ loratadine) 
^`Class 1 PI3K family inhibitor XL147:  An orally bioavailable small molecule, targeting the class I phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) family of lipid kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. Class 1 PI3K kinase family inhibitor XL147 reversibly binds to class 1 PI3Ks in an ATP-competitive manner, inhibiting the production of the secondary messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) and activation of the PI3K signaling pathway; this may result in inhibition of tumor cell growth and survival in susceptible tumor cell populations. Activation of the PI3K signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis. Dysregulated PI3K signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents including genotoxic agents and receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors.  
^`claudiximab:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the antigen GC182 with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, claudiximab specifically binds to GC128, which may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against GC182-expressing tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor cell proliferation. The CD20-like antigen GC182, a gastric differentiation protein, is often overexpressed on the cell surfaces of a variety of tumor cells, including gastric, pancreatic, esophageal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells.  
^`clevidipine butyrate injectable emulsion:  An injectable phospholipid emulsion containing the butyrate salt of the synthetic, short-acting, dihydropyridine L-type calcium channel antagonist clevidipine with antihypertensive activity. Clevidipine specifically binds to calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells, inhibiting the influx of extracellular calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle cells. This results in dilatation of systemic arteries, a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and so a decrease in arterial blood pressure. This agent is metabolized by esterases in the blood and extravascular tissues to an inactive carboxylic acid metabolite.  
^`Cleviprex:  (Other name for~ clevidipine butyrate injectable emulsion) 
^`clevudine:  A synthetic pyrimidine analogue with activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Intracellularly, clevudine is phosphorylated to its active metabolites, clevudine monophosphate and triphosphate. The triphosphate metabolite competes with thymidine for incorporation into viral DNA, thereby causing DNA chain termination and inhibiting the function of HBV DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). Clevudine has a long half-life and shows significant reduction of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), therefore the patient is less likely to have a relapse after treatment is discontinued.  
^`clindamycin phosphate:  The phosphate salt form of clindamycin, a semi-synthetic, chlorinated broad spectrum antibiotic produced by chemical modification of lincomycin. Clindamycin phosphate is used in topical preparations.  
^`clindamycin/hydrocortisone lotion:  A topical lotion, containing clindamycin and hydrocortisone, with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Clindamycin, a lincomycin antibiotic, binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. As a glucocorticoid agonist, hydrocortisone promotes protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, capillary wall stability, renal excretion of calcium, and suppression of immune and inflammatory responses.  
^`ClinOleic:  (Other name for~ olive oil/soya oil/egg lecithin-based emulsion) 
^`Clinoril:  (Other name for~ sulindac) 
^`Clino-San vaginal lubricant:  A vaginal lubricant formulated as a topical gel used to prevent and treat vaginal dryness. With a pH similar to that of normal vaginal discharge, Clino-San vaginal lubricant may reduce dryness, pain and irritation often caused by insufficient vaginal discharge due to atrophy of the vulvovaginal mucosa.  
^`clioquinol:  An orally bioavailable, lipophilic, copper-binding, halogenated 8-hydroxyquinoline with antifungal, antiparasitic and potential antitumor activities. Clioquinol forms a stable chelate with copper (copper (II) ions), which inhibits the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome; consequently, ubiquitinated proteins may accumulate in tumor cells, followed by tumor cell apoptosis and the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. In addition, the clioquinol-copper complex appears to decrease the expression of androgen receptors (AR) in human copper-enriched prostate cancer cells. Serum levels of copper are often elevated in patients with cancer; copper chelation may inhibit copper-dependent endothelial cell proliferation and tumor secretion of angiogenic factors.  
^`clobetasol propionate:  The propionate salt form of clobetasol, a topical synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory, anti-pruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties. Clobetasol propionate exerts its effect by binding to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors and subsequently activates glucocorticoid receptor mediated gene expression. This results in synthesis of certain anti-inflammatory proteins, while inhibiting the synthesis of certain inflammatory mediators. Specifically, clobetasol propionate appears to induce phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, thereby controlling the release of the inflammatory precursor arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2.  
^`clodronate disodium:  The disodium salt of a nitrogen-free bisphosphonate analog of naturally occurring pyrophosphate. Clodronate binds to calcium and inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption and hydroxyapatite crystal formation and dissolution, resulting in a reduction of bone turnover. This agent may control malignancy-associated hypercalcemia, inhibit osteolytic bone metastasis and decrease pain.  
^`clofarabine:  A second generation purine nucleoside analog with antineoplastic activity. Clofarabine is phosphorylated intracellularly to the cytotoxic active 5'-triphosphate metabolite, which inhibits the enzymatic activities of ribonucleotide reductase and DNA polymerase, resulting in inhibition of DNA repair and synthesis of DNA and RNA. This nucleoside analog also disrupts mitochondrial function and membrane integrity, resulting in the release of pre-apoptotic factors, including cytochrome C and apoptotic-inducing factor, which activate apoptosis.  
^`Clofarex:  (Other name for~ clofarabine) 
^`clofibrate:  An aryloxyisobutyric acid derivate with antihyperlipidemic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action has not been fully characterized, clofibrate may enhance the conversion of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) to low-density lipoprotein (LDL), decreasing the production of hepatic VLDL, inhibiting cholesterol production, and increasing fecal excretion of neutral sterols.  
^`Clolar:  (Other name for~ clofarabine) 
^`Clomid:  (Other name for~ clomiphene citrate) 
^`clomiphene citrate:  The citrate salt form of clomiphene, a triphenylethylene nonsteroidal ovulatory stimulant evaluated for antineoplastic activity against breast cancer. Clomiphene has both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities that compete with estrogen for binding at estrogen receptor sites in target tissues. This agent causes the release of the pituitary gonadotropins follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), leading to ovulation.  
^`clonidine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of clonidine, an imidazoline derivate and centrally-acting alpha-adrenergic agonist as well as antagonist with antihypertensive activity. Clonidine hydrochloride binds to and stimulates central alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, thereby decreasing sympathetic outflow to the heart, kidneys, and peripheral vasculature. The reduction in sympathetic outflow, leads to decreased peripheral vascular resistance, decreased blood pressure, and decreased heart rate.  
^`Clonidine Lauriad:  (Other name for~ clonidine-containing mucoadhesive buccal tablet) 
^`clonidine-containing mucoadhesive buccal tablet:  An extended release, proprietary mucoadhesive buccal tablet formulation containing the hydrochloride salt form of clonidine, the imidazoline derivative and adrenergic alpha 2 receptor agonist, with anti-inflammatory activity. Upon contact of the tablet with the buccal mucosa, clonidine binds to the adrenergic receptors on macrophages and lymphocytes and may reduce the release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). As a result, this agent may prevent chemoradiation therapy-induced mucositis.  
^`clopidogrel bisulfate:  A thienopyridine with antiplatelet activity. Clopidogrel bisulfate irreversibly alters the platelet receptor for adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thereby blocking the binding of ADP to its receptor, inhibiting ADP-mediated activation of the glycoprotein complex GPIIb/IIIa, and inhibiting fibrinogen binding to platelets and platelet adhesion and aggregation.  
^`Cloretazine:  (Other name for~ laromustine) 
^`Clostridium butyricum-containing probiotic:  A probiotic containing the anaerobic, butyric acid-forming Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum), with potential immunomodulatory activity. Upon oral administration of C. butyricum-containing probiotic, C. butyricum modulates the composition of the normal gastrointestinal (GI) microflora and help maintain adequate colonization of the GI tract, thereby improving digestion and preventing GI disturbances. This bacterium creates an environment unfavorable to pathogens by adhering to human epithelial cells, thereby forming a protective mucosal barrier. This prevents attachment of pathogens and reduces the risk of infection. Dietary supplementation with this bacterium may restore or enhance intestinal immunity.  
^`Clostridium novyi-NT spores:  Spores of Clostridium novyi-NT, an attenuated strain of the obligate anaerobe Clostridium novyi, with potential immunostimulating and oncolytic activities. Upon intravenous administration, Clostridium novyi-NT spores germinate exclusively in hypoxic tissue, such as avascular regions of tumors. Germination results in lysis and destruction of surrounding viable tumor cells. Although C. novyi-NT spores do not proliferate in oxygenated tumor regions, they may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytolytic immune response against tumor cells, both hypoxic and well-oxygenated.  
^`clotrimazole:  A synthetic, imidazole derivate with broad-spectrum, antifungal activity. Clotrimazole inhibits biosynthesis of sterols, particularly ergosterol, an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, thereby damaging and affecting the permeability of the cell membrane. This results in leakage and loss of essential intracellular compounds, and eventually causes cell lysis.  
^`cMet CAR-mRNA electroporated autologous T lymphocytes:  A preparation of autologous T-lymphocytes that have been electroporated with an mRNA encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-human hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR or cMet) scFv (single chain variable fragment) and the zeta chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta) coupled to the co-stimulatory molecule 4-1BB (CD137), with potential antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, cMet CAR-mRNA electroporated autologous T lymphocytes direct T-cells to cMet-expressing tumor cells, which induces a selective toxicity in cMet-expressing tumor cells and causes tumor cell lysis. The 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances activation and signaling after recognition of cMet. The inclusion of the 4-1BB signaling domain may increase the antitumor activity as compared to the inclusion of the CD3-zeta chain alone. The mRNA CAR is expressed for a limited amount of time, which can prevent serious, unforeseen side effects. cMet, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.  
^`c-Met inhibitor AL2846:  An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of the oncoprotein c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor; HGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, AL2846 targets and binds to the c-Met protein, prevents c-Met phosphorylation and disrupts c-Met-dependent signal transduction pathways. This may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met or expressing constitutively activated c-Met. c-Met protein is overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types and plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`c-Met inhibitor AMG 208:  A selective small-molecule inhibitor of the proto-oncogene c-Met with potential antineoplastic activity. c-Met inhibitor AMG 208 inhibits the ligand-dependent and ligand-independent activation of c-Met, inhibiting its tyrosine kinase activity, which may result in cell growth inhibition in tumors that overexpress c-Met. C-Met encodes the hepatocyte growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, plays an important role in epithelial cell proliferation and has been shown to be overexpressed in a variety of cancers.  
^`c-Met inhibitor AMG 337:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the proto-oncogene c-Met with potential antineoplastic activity. c-Met inhibitor AMG 337 selectively binds to c-Met, thereby disrupting c-Met signal transduction pathways. This may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met protein or expressing constitutively activated c-Met protein. c-Met protein, the product of the proto-oncogene c-Met, is a receptor tyrosine kinase also known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR); this protein is overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types and plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`c-Met inhibitor HS-10241:  An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of the oncoprotein c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor; HGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, HS-10241 targets and binds to the c-Met protein, prevents c-Met phosphorylation and disrupts c-Met-dependent signal transduction pathways. This may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met protein or expressing constitutively activated c-Met protein. c-Met protein is overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types and plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`c-Met inhibitor JNJ-38877605:  An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of the proto-oncogene c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor [HGFR]) with potential antineoplastic activity. c-Met inhibitor JNJ-38877605 selectively binds to c-Met, thereby inhibiting c-Met phosphorylation and disrupting c-Met signal transduction pathways. This may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met protein or expressing constitutively activated c-Met protein. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`c-Met inhibitor MSC2156119J:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the proto-oncogene c-Met (also known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR)) with potential antineoplastic activity. c-Met inhibitor MSC2156119J selectively binds to c-Met, which inhibits c-Met phosphorylation and disrupts c-Met-mediated signal transduction pathways. This may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met protein or expressing constitutively activated c-Met protein. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`CMF regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil, which may be used in the adjuvant setting for the treatment of nonmetastatic breast cancer or alone for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`CMV pp65 peptide:  A peptide derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV) internal matrix protein pp65. CMV pp65 peptide antigen is used in recombinant vaccinia virus as an HLA-A-restricted epitope to produce vaccines and specific CD8+ and CD4+ cell responses against CMV infection, a serious complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In BMT, CMV infection may be prevented by passive immunization with donor-derived CMV-pp65-specific T-cell clones if provided early post-BMT.  
^`CMVpp65/gB plasmid vaccine ASP0113:  A poloxamer-formulated, bivalent DNA vaccine containing two plasmids encoding both the human cytomegaloviral (CMV) tegument phosphoprotein 65 (pp65), a major internal matrix protein, and glycoprotein B (gB), an important CMV component responsible for attachment and entry into cells, with potential immunostimulatory properties. Upon intramuscular injection of CMVpp65/gB plasmid vaccine ASP0113, the expressed proteins may activate the immune system to mount both cellular and humoral immune responses against CMV-positive cells. This results in cell lysis of CMV-infected cells and prevents both viral replication and the development of CMV disease. This vaccine also provides active immunization and protective immunity against CMV infection in CMV-negative patients exposed to infected donor cells or tissues in transplant recipients. CMV infection can cause serious complications in patients receiving either allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants (HCT) or solid organ transplants. The poloxamer-based delivery system enhances DNA delivery.  
^`CMVpp65-A*0201 peptide vaccine:  A peptide-based cancer vaccine containing a mutated form of the HLA-A*0201-restricted cytomegaloviral epitope CMVpp65(495-503) with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, CMVpp65-A*0201 peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against CMV-positive cells, resulting in cell lysis. HLA-A*0201 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*0201 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity. CMVpp65, a tegument protein of the herpes virus CMV, is the main viral antigen found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after viral infection and may activate cell-mediated immunity.  
^`c-myb antisense oligonucleotide G4460:  A 24-base phosphorothiolate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) for the proto-oncogene c-myb with potential antineoplastic activity. C-myb antisense oligonucleotide G4460 binds to codon sequences 2 to 9 of c-myb mRNA, inhibiting translation of the transcript. Suppression of c-myb expression with this agent may result in the restoration of normal differentiation pathways, increased antiproliferative effects, and the induction of apoptosis in early progenitor hematopoietic cells and in tumor cells that overexpress c-myb. Tumor-cell overexpression of c-myb blocks differentiation, promotes proliferation, and inhibits apoptosis.  
^`CNDO-109-activated allogeneic natural killer cells:  A preparation of non-interleukin-2 primed, tumor activated allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells with potential immunostimulating activity. The allogeneic NK cells obtained from a first or second degree relative of the patient are co-incubated with a lysate from the CTV-1 cell line, a minimally differentiated myeloid line derived from an acute myelogenous leukemia patient. Infusion of CNDO-109-activated allogeneic NK cells may be able to lyse and destroy NK-resistant tumor cells and a broad spectrum of tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`CNGRC peptide-TNF alpha conjugate:  A cytokine-peptide conjugate composed of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) chemically linked to the peptide CNGRC. The peptide moiety CNGRC, a ligand for the membrane-bound metalloprotease CD13, binds to endothelial cells of the angiogenic vasculature that express CD13 (also known as aminopeptidase N); subsequently, the TNF-alpha moiety induces apoptosis in endothelial cells expressing CD13, thereby inhibiting tumor-associated angiogenesis.  
^`cobimetinib:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP2K1 or MEK1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Cobimetinib specifically binds to and inhibits the catalytic activity of MEK1, resulting in inhibition of extracellular signal-related kinase 2 (ERK2) phosphorylation and activation and decreased tumor cell proliferation. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that this agent is effective in inhibiting the growth of tumor cells bearing a B-RAF mutation, which has been found to be associated with many tumor types. A threonine-tyrosine kinase and a key component of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that is frequently activated in human tumors, MEK1 is required for the transmission of growth-promoting signals from numerous receptor tyrosine kinases.  
^`Cocculus/nux vomica/tabacum/petroleum extract: A homeopathic herbal formulation with potential anti-emetic activity. Cocculus/nux vomica/tabacum/petroleum extract contains equal homeopathic units of the following extracts:  extract of Cocculus indicus (fish berry), the fruit of the southeast Asian/Indian climbing plant Anamirta cocculus; extract of the seeds of Strychnos nux vomica (poison nut), an evergreen tree native to southeast Asia; extract of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco); and petroleum. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action for this formulation has yet to be fully elucidated, alkaloids in these plant extracts have been shown to relieve nausea, vomiting, and, in some cases, dizziness.  
^`cocoa extract:  A dietary supplement containing cocoa extract derived from the cacao bean, with potential vasodilating, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, cognition enhancing and chemopreventive activities. Cocoa extract contains flavonoids, including high levels of epicatechin, catechin, procyanidins and xanthines, such as theobromine. Upon oral administration, the bioactive ingredients in the cocoa extract inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and increase the production of nitric oxide (NO) through the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). This causes vasodilation, improves blood flow, and decreases blood pressure. The cocoa extract also improves insulin sensitivity, enhances cognition, and decreases the production of pro-inflammatory molecules. In addition, this extract exerts antioxidant effects and is able to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). As a result, healthy cells are protected from oxidative stress and DNA damage.  
^`codeine phosphate:  The phosphate salt of codeine, a naturally occurring phenanthrene alkaloid and opioid agonist with analgesic, antidiarrheal and antitussive activities. Codeine mimics the actions of endogenous opioids by binding to the opioid receptors at many sites within the central nervous system (CNS). Stimulation of mu-subtype opioid receptors results in a decrease in the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline; in addition, the codeine metabolite morphine induces opening of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels and blocks the opening of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels, resulting in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability. Stimulation of gut mu-subtype opioid receptors results in a reduction in intestinal motility and delayed intestinal transit times. Antitussive activity is mediated through codeine’s action on the cough center in the medulla.  
^`coenzyme Q10:  A naturally occurring benzoquinone important in electron transport in mitochondrial membranes. Coenzyme-Q functions as an endogenous antioxidant; deficiencies of this enzyme have been observed in patients with many different types of cancer and limited studies have suggested that coenzyme-Q may induce tumor regression in patients with breast cancer. This agent may have immunostimulatory effects.  
^`CoFactor:  (Other name for~ folitixorin) 
^`coffee dietary supplement:  A dietary supplement containing coffee, with potential gastrointestinal (GI) tract stimulating activity. Following consumption of the dietary supplement, the coffee may both stimulate peristalsis and increase bowel movement. The supplement may also stimulate the central nervous system, suppress appetite and cause weight loss.  
^`colchicine:  An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale with anti-gout and anti-inflammatory activities. The exact mechanism of action by which colchicine exerts its effect has not been completely established. Colchicine binds to tubulin, thereby interfering with the polymerization of tubulin, interrupting microtubule dynamics, and disrupting mitosis. This leads to an inhibition of migration of leukocytes and other inflammatory cells, thereby reducing the inflammatory response to deposited urate crystals. Colchicine may also interrupt the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues, thereby also preventing the resultant inflammatory response. Overall, colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis/migration and phagocytosis to inflamed areas, and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals.  
^`cold contaminant-free iobenguane I 131:  An I 131 radioiodinated synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, manufactured with a proprietary process, with radioisotopic and potential antineoplastic activities. cold contaminant-free iobenguane I 131 (MIBG) localizes to adrenergic tissue and may be used to image or eradicate tumor cells that accumulate and metabolize norepinephrine. This agent is manufactured using a technology that avoids the production of unwanted "cold contaminants" (i.e., carrier molecules), which may cause undesirable side effects and compete with MIBG for binding on target receptor sites.  
^`COLD-fX:  (Other name for~ North American ginseng extract AFX-2) 
^`colesevelam hydrochloride:  A hydrochloride salt form of colesevelam, a non-absorbed polymer that binds bile acids in the intestine and lowers serum lipids.  
^`collagen/aloe vera/vitamin E/lidocaine topical hydrogel: A topical preparation containing collagen, aloe vera, vitamin E, and lidocaine hydrochloride with wound-healing activity. The four ingredients of collagen/aloe vera/vitamin E/lidocaine topical hydrogel may promote wound repair and new tissue growth in which :  collagen, a structural protein in connective tissue, provides a connective tissue matrix for the attachment of various cells involved in wound repair; aloe vera carbohydrate polymers provide a moist wound environment; vitamin E promotes blood vessel formation; and lidocaine acts as a local anesthetic.  
^`colloidal gold-bound tumor necrosis factor:  A nanoparticle delivery system for recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) consisting of recombinant TNF bound to pegylated colloidal gold nanoparticles with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, colloidal gold-bound recombinant human TNF travels through the bloodstream, avoiding immune detection and uptake by the reticuloendothelial system because of nanoparticle pegylation. Due to their size, the colloidal gold nanoparticles exit the circulatory system only at hyperpermeable tumor neovasculature sites; TNF then binds to and activates tumor cell TNF receptors, which may result in an increase in tumor cell apoptosis and a reduction in tumor cell proliferation. Compared to the administration of unbound TNF, colloidal gold-bound TNF may improve the efficacy and safety of TNF administration by delivering TNF specifically to tumor tissue.  
^`colloidal oatmeal cream:  A colloidal oatmeal-based skin cream with potential moisturizing and skin protecting activity. Upon application to the skin, colloidal oatmeal cream forms a protective barrier and thereby prevents water loss, provides moisture to the skin and protects the skin from damage. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Colprosterone:  (Other name for~ therapeutic progesterone) 
^`Combidex:  (Other name for~ ferumoxtran-10) 
^`Combotox:  (Other name for~ deglycosylated ricin A chain-conjugated anti-CD19/anti-CD22 immunotoxins) 
^`combretastatin A1 diphosphate:  The diphosphate prodrug of the stilbenoid combretastatin A1, originally isolated from the plant Combretum caffrum, with vascular-disrupting and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, combretastatin A1 diphosphate (CA1P) is dephosphorylated to the active metabolite combretastatin A1 (CA1), which promotes rapid microtubule depolymerization; endothelial cell mitotic arrest and apoptosis, destruction of the tumor vasculature, disruption of tumor blood flow and tumor cell necrosis may ensue. In addition, orthoquinone intermediates, metabolized from combretastatin A1 by oxidative enzymes found to be elevated levels in some tumor types, may bind to tumor cell thiol-specific antioxidant proteins and DNA, and stimulate oxidative stress by enhancing superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production. CA1 binds to tubulin at the same site as colchicine but with higher affinity.  
^`Cometriq:  (Other name for~ cabozantinib-s-malate) 
^`Commit:  (Other name for~ nicotine lozenge) 
^`complement C5 inhibitor ALXN1210:  A longer-acting antibody directed against terminal complement protein C5, with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Upon administration, complement C5 inhibitor ALXN1210 binds to terminal complement protein C5, thereby blocking C5 cleavage into pro-inflammatory components and preventing the complement-mediated destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) as seen in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Compared to other anti-C5 antibodies, ALXN1210 is longer-acting and allows for monthly dosing. C5, a complement pathway protein, is expressed at high levels by the liver.  
^`Compound 42:  (Other name for~ warfarin) 
^`compound Kushen injection:  A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation composed of compound Kushen injection (CKI) containing aqueous extracts from the roots of Kushen (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and Baituling (Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. CKI contains numerous chemicals including alkaloids, such as matrine and oxymatrine, flavonoids, alkylxanthones, quinones, triterpene glycosides, fatty acids, and essential oils. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action through which CKI exerts its effects has yet to be fully elucidated, CKI is able to interfere with the activation of various signal transduction pathways, such as the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation, and block the activity of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). CKI induces apoptosis in and inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion and adhesion of tumor cells. CKI also modulates the production of inflammatory mediators.  
^`compound sodium lactate solution:  A multiple electrolyte, isotonic, crystalloid solution for intravenous infusion containing sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride dihydrate, and sodium lactate, which can restore the electrolyte balance, normalize pH, and provide water for hydration. Upon intravenous administration, the compound sodium lactate solution will replace any lost body fluids and electrolytes thereby providing hydration as well as normalizing electrolyte concentrations. In addition, conversion of sodium lactate to bicarbonate increases plasma bicarbonate levels, which facilitates the removal of hydrogen ions from the blood stream, raises blood pH and normalizes the acid-base balance.  
^`conatumumab:  A fully human monoclonal agonist antibody directed against the extracellular domain of human TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) receptor 2 (TR-2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Conatumumab mimics the activity of native TRAIL, binding to and activating TR-2, thereby activating caspase cascades and inducing tumor cell apoptosis. TR-2 is expressed by a variety of solid tumors and cancers of hematopoietic origin.  
^`Concentraid:  (Other name for~ desmopressin acetate) 
^`concentrated beet crystals:  A formulation containing concentrated beetroot crystals, with potential antioxidant and protective activities. Concentrated beetroot crystals contain antioxidants, including betacyanin, which scavenge free radicals, and high levels of nitrates and folic acid. Intake of concentrated beetroot crystals leads to the conversion of nitrate to nitric oxide (NO). This may have a beneficial effect on blood flow and blood pressure through the stimulation of NO-mediated vasodilation. Additionally, this agent may decrease fatigue and increase physical performance.  
^`concentrated, fortified, collagen protein hydrolysate liquid supplement:  A liquid-based nutritional supplement containing enzyme-hydrolyzed concentrated protein derived from collagen, and fortified with L-tryptophan, with potential anti-cachexic and wound-healing activities. The concentrated, fortified, collagen protein hydrolysate liquid supplement contains all essential and non-essential amino acids. Upon oral administration, this supplement may improve both gastric functioning and gastrointestinal (GI) health, thereby reducing vomiting and diarrhea. The hydrolyzed protein helps to alleviate the digestive burden and allows for fast and efficient absorption and utilization of the protein. This may prevent both malnutrition and weight loss.  
^`Concerta:  (Other name for~ methylphenidate hydrochloride) 
^`conditionally replicative adenovirus 5/3-delta24:  A replication competent, oncolytic adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) with its knob domain of fiber protein substituted by that of the serotype 3 (Ad5/3-delta24), with potential oncolytic activity. Upon administration, oncolytic adenovirus Ad5/3-delta24 binds to specific Ad3 receptors that are highly expressed on certain tumor cells. This results in the replication of oncolytic adenovirus Ad5/3-delta24 in tumor cells and induces tumor cell lysis which may potentially result in the activation of a systemic immune response against tumor-associated antigens. The Ad5/3-delta24 has a 24 base-pair deletion in constant region 2 of the E1A gene which allows for selective replication in cells that are defective in the retinoblastoma gene (Rb) or cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-2A (CDKN2A or p16INK4a). As most tumor cells are defective in the Rb/p16 pathway, this virus selectively replicates in these cells. The replacement of the Ad5 fiber knob, which mediates viral-cell receptor binding, allows for a Coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR)-independent infection of tumor cells; CAR expression is often deficient on cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`conjugated estrogens:  Purified orally bioavailable female sex hormones isolated from pregnant mare urine or synthetically derived from plant materials and primarily conjugated as sulfate esters. Estrogen binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, which, in turn, bind to estrogen response elements (EREs) in target genes, resulting in histone acetylation, alteration of chromatin conformation, and initiation of transcription.  
^`conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene:  A combination preparation of conjugated estrogens and the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) bazedoxifene that can be used for hormone replacement purposes. The conjugated estrogens increase the diminishing levels of estrogen in menopausal and postmenopausal women by binding to and activating estrogen receptors (ERs), which, in turn, bind to estrogen response elements (EREs) in target genes; this results in the transcription of estrogen-regulated genes. Maintaining adequate estrogen levels decreases symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, irregular menstruation, fat redistribution, mood swings, sleep disorders, vaginal dryness and osteoporosis. Bazedoxifene specifically binds to and activates ERs in certain tissues, including liver, bone, breast, and endometrium, and also promotes the transcription of estrogen-regulated genes in these tissues. However, bazedoxifene acts as an estrogen antagonist in uterine and breast tissue, thereby blocking the proliferative effects of estrogen-binding to ER-positive cells in these tissues.  
^`conjugated linoleic acid:  A slightly altered form of linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid important to human health found in beef and dairy fats.  
^`Constant-T:  (Other name for~ theophylline) 
^`Contego:  (Other name for~ autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes LN-144) 
^`contrast agent CS-1000:  An aqueous colloidal nanoemulsion containing perfluorocarbon (PFC) polymers that can be used as a tracer for cell tracking purposes during fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Upon administration of the contrast agent CS-1000 to cells ex vivo, this agent freely enters the cells. Upon introduction of these cells into the patient and subsequent 19F MRI, the amount of fluorine can be detected and cellular persistence, survival and distribution of the treated cells can be assessed. The emulsion allows for fast entry of the fluorinated polymers into cells; the polymers do not degrade and remain in the cells.  
^`copanlisib:  A phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Copanlisib inhibits the activation of the PI3K signaling pathway, which may result in inhibition of tumor cell growth and survival in susceptible tumor cell populations. Activation of the PI3K signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis and dysregulated PI3K signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`COPDAC regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, prednisone and dacarbazine used for the treatment of male children with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`COPP regimen:  A derivative of the original MOPP regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone used as an initial treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Also used for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`COPP-ABV regimen:  A regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone and procarbazine (COPP) alternating with doxorubicin, bleomycin and vinblastine (ABV), used in combination with radiation therapy for the treatment of low-risk, childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`copper Cu 62 ethylglyoxal bis(thiosemicarbazone):  A radiopharmaceutical composed of the nonspecific perfusion agent ethylglyoxal bis(thiosemicarbazone) (ETS) linked to the beta-emitting, radioisotope copper Cu 62, with potential tumor imaging activity upon positron emitting tomography (PET). Upon injection, copper Cu 62-ETS distributes to various organs, especially the kidneys and the myocardium. Upon PET imaging, tumor blood flow can be visualized and the efficacy of antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic chemotherapeutics can be assessed. Cu62-ETS has a short half life of 9.74 minutes. ETS has an enhanced hyperemic response compared to other perfusion agents.  
^`copper Cu 62-ATSM:  A radioconjugate consisting of a lipophilic, neutral, bioreductive copper-bis(thiosemicarbazone) complex, copper-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM), labeled with the beta-emitting radioisotope copper Cu 62, with hypoxia-selective and positron emitting tomography (PET) radioimaging activities. With a high membrane permeability and low reduction potential, copper Cu 62-ATSM easily enters cells. This agent can only be reduced by mitochondria found in hypoxic cells with abnormally high electron concentrations. This chemical reaction traps Cu 62-ATSM in the cell, which allows for the selective accumulation of this agent in hypoxic cells compared to normoxic cells. The extent of copper Cu 62-ATSM retention in tissue is inversely related to the state of tissue oxygenation allowing the quantitation of tissue hypoxia with PET. This provides information about diagnosis, prognosis, treatment options and outcomes for certain cancers. The short half-life of copper Cu 62 (9.7 minutes) reduces the amount of radiation a patient is subjected to and allows for several imaging studies to be performed. Hypoxic tumors are associated with increased malignancy and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy.  
^`copper Cu 62-PTSM:  A radioconjugate consisting of a lipophilic, bioreductive copper(II)bis(thiosemicarbazone) complex, copper-pyruvaldehyde-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-PTSM), linked to the beta-emitting, radioisotope copper Cu 62, with potential perfusion and positron emitting tomography (PET) tumor imaging activities. Upon injection, the distribution of copper Cu 62-PTSM correlates with blood flow. This agent’s high membrane permeability allows for rapid diffusion into cells. Once it enters the cell, 62Cu-PTSM is then reduced by the mitochondria, which prevents diffusion of the agent out of the cell. Upon PET imaging, tumor blood flow can be visualized and tumor perfusion can be assessed. Compared with other copper radionuclides, the short half-life of copper Cu 62 (9.7 minutes) reduces the amount of radiation a patient is subjected to and allows for several imaging studies to be performed. PTSM lacks selectivity for hypoxic cells.  
^`copper Cu 64 anti-CEA monoclonal antibody M5A:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human carcinoembryonic antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEA or CEACAM5), which is conjugated with the radioisotope copper Cu 64 via the chelator tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA), with potential use as an imaging agent during positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the antibody moiety of copper Cu 64 anti-CEA monoclonal antibody M5A specifically binds to cells expressing CEA. Upon binding, the radioisotope moiety can be detected using PET, thereby allowing the imaging and quantification of CEA-expressing tumor cells. CEA, a tumor associated antigen and a member of the CEA family of proteins, plays a key role in cell migration, cell invasion, and cell adhesion and is overexpressed by a variety of cancer types.  
copper Cu 64 plerixafor~ A radioconjugate labeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope, copper Cu 64, and also composed of plerixafor, a bicyclam and hematopoietic stem cell-mobilizing agent that targets the chemokine receptor CXCR4, with tumor imaging potential using positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT). Upon administration, the plerixafor moiety blocks the binding of stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha or CXCL12) to the cellular receptor CXCR4. In turn, the CXCR4-expressing tumor cells can be visualized using PET/CT and the resulting images could be used to predict a tumor's response to certain treatments. The expression of CXCR4 on cancer cells has been correlated with increased tumor cell survival, tumor progression, and increased metastatic potential.  
^`copper Cu 64 TP3805:  A peptide analog of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) radiolabeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope copper Cu 64, with potential diagnostic ability upon positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The peptide moiety of copper Cu 64 TP3805 is able to bind to vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide receptors 1 (VPAC1). Upon PET imaging, the cancer cells expressing VPAC1 can be visualized and this may allow for early detection. The oncogenic product VPAC1 is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, moreover, it is overexpressed in 100% of breast tumors at the onset of the cancer. Compared to other positron-emitting radioisotopes, Cu 64 has a longer half life.  
^`copper Cu 64 trastuzumab:  A diagnostic radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab conjugated with the positron-emitting radioisotope copper Cu 64. Copper Cu 64 trastuzumab binds to the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), allowing the detection of HER2 distribution using positron emission tomography (PET).  
^`copper Cu 64-ATSM:  A radioconjugate consisting of a lipophilic copper(II)bis(thiosemicarbazone) labeled with the positron- and beta-emitting isotope (64)Cu with hypoxia-selective and antineoplastic activities. With a high membrane permeability and redox potential, copper Cu 64-ATSM is preferentially taken up by hypoxic cells compared to normoxic cells; the extent of retention in tissue is inversely related to the state of tissue oxygenation allowing the quantitation of tissue hypoxia by positron emission tomography (PET). In addition, the radioactive copper moiety of this agent may deliver a selective cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to hypoxic tumor cells.  
^`copper Cu 64-DOTA B-Fab:  A radioimmunoconjugate containing a bivalent monospecific tandem immunoglobulin fragment (B-Fab) derived from the humanized monoclonal antibody DS6 targeting the tumor-associated mucin-1 (MUC1)-sialoglycotope CA6 conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent 1,4,7,10-tetra-azacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with the radioisotope copper Cu 64 with potential use as an imaging agent for CA6-expressing tumors using positron emission tomography (PET). The B-Fab moiety of copper Cu 64-DOTA B-Fab binds, with high affinity, to the cell surface antigen CA6. Upon binding, the radioisotope moiety may be detected using PET, thereby allowing the imaging and quantification of CA6-expressing tumor cells. This tracer could be used to select patients who could benefit from and to monitor efficacy of CA6-targeted anti-cancer therapies. Compared to DS6, the antibody fragment allows for increased tumor penetration, faster blood clearance, and more rapid renal elimination. The CA6 epitope is found on a variety of solid tumors.  
^`copper Cu 64-DOTA-AE105:  A radiotracer composed of AE105, a urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) peptide antagonist, conjugated with DOTA and labeled with the radionuclide copper Cu 64, with potential imaging activity upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the AE105 moiety of copper Cu 64-DOTA-AE105 targets and binds to uPAR-expressing tumor cells. Upon PET imaging, the copper Cu 64 moiety can be visualized, uPAR-expressing tumor cells can be quantified and the degree of tumor aggressiveness can be assessed. uPAR expression is correlated with increased tumor invasiveness and aggressiveness as well as a poor prognosis.  
^`copper Cu 64-DOTA-anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody U3-1287:  A radioimmunoconjugate of the fully human monoclonal antibody against the third member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER3 or ERBB3, conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with radioisotope copper Cu 64, with potential diagnostic properties upon positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and antineoplastic activity. The antibody moiety of copper Cu 64-DOTA-anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody U3-1287 binds to and blocks the activation of HER3, thereby resulting in the inhibition of EGFR-dependent PI3K/AKT signaling and the subsequent inhibition of cellular proliferation and differentiation. The Cu 64 moiety may be detected using positron emission tomography (PET), thereby allowing the imaging and quantification of HER3-expressing tumor cells. HER3, which lacks the kinase domain conveying ligand-binding signaling by forming heterodimers with other EGFR members that have kinase activity, is frequently overexpressed in solid tumors.  
^`copper Cu 64-DOTA-rituximab:  A radioimmunoconjugate containing rituximab, a recombinant chimeric murine/human antibody directed against the human CD20 antigen, conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with the radioisotope copper Cu 64 with potential diagnostic properties upon positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The monoclonal antibody moiety of copper Cu 64-DOTA-Rituximab specifically binds to cell surface antigen CD20. Upon binding, the radioisotope moiety may be detected using PET, thereby allowing the imaging and quantification of CD20-expressing tumor cells. CD20 is a non-glycosylated phosphoprotein that is exclusively expressed on B cells during most stages of B cell development and is often overexpressed in B-cell malignancies. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`copper Cu 64-DOTA-trastuzumab:  A radioimmunoconjugate containing the recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with the radioisotope copper Cu 64 with radioisotopic activity and potential use as an imaging agent. The trastuzumab moiety of copper Cu 64-DOTA-trastuzumab binds with high affinity to the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Upon binding, the radioisotope moiety may be detected using positron emission tomography (PET), thereby allowing the imaging and quantification of HER2-expressing tumor cells. HER2, a tyrosine kinase and client protein of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), may be overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various tumor cell types.  
^`copper gluconate:  The orally bioavailable copper salt of D-gluconic acid. In addition to its roles as an enzyme cofactor for cytochrome C oxidase and superoxide dismutase, copper forms complexes with the thiocarbamate disulfiram (DSF) forming DSF-copper complexes, which enhances the DSF-mediated inhibition of the 26S proteasome; proteasome inhibition may result in inhibition of cellular protein degradation, cessation of cell cycle progression, inhibition of cellular proliferation, and the induction of apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations.  
^`copper supplement:  An element with atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.  
^`Co-Rax:  (Other name for~ warfarin) 


^`Cordarone:  (Other name for~ amiodarone hydrochloride) 
^`cordycepin:  A purine nucleoside antimetabolite and antibiotic isolated from the fungus Cordyceps militaris with potential antineoplastic activity. Cordycepin is an adenosine analogue, which is readily phosphorylated to its mono-, di-, and triphosphate intracellularly. Triphosphate cordycepin can be incorporated into RNA, and inhibits transcription elongation and RNA synthesis due to the absence of a hydroxyl moiety at the 3' position. Because it can be converted to an inactive metabolite by adenosine deaminase, this agent must be administered with an adenosine deaminase inhibitor in order to be effective. Cordycepin has displayed cytotoxicity against some leukemic cell lines in vitro.  
^`Coreg:  (Other name for~ carvedilol) 
^`Coreg CR:  (Other name for~ carvedilol phosphate extended-release capsule) 
^`Corgard:  (Other name for~ nadolol) 
^`Coriolus versicolor extract:  An extract derived from the mushroom Coriolus versicolor, containing polysaccharide K (PSK) and polysaccharide-peptide (PSP), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Coriolus versicolor extract has been shown to stimulate the production of lymphocytes and cytokines, such as interferons and interleukins, and may exhibit antioxidant activities. However, the precise mechanism of action(s) of this agent is unknown.  
^`Cortalone:  (Other name for~ prednisolone) 
^`Cort-Dome:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`Cortef:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`Cortenema:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`corticorelin acetate:  A synthetic therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous human corticotropin-releasing factor (hCRF). Synthesized in the hypothalamus, hCRF stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). In cerebral edema, hCRF acts by impeding the flow of fluid from blood vessels into brain tissue, thereby decreasing edema and stabilizing intracranial pressure. This agent possesses anti-edema properties independent of adrenal gland function.  
^`corticotropin-releasing hormone:  A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and regulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).  
^`Cortispray:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`Cortril:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`Corynebacterium granulosum P40:  An insoluble fraction isolated from the bacterium Corynebacterium granulosum with potential cancer immunotherapeutic activity. As a non-specific immunostimulant, Corynebacterium granulosum P40 activates the reticulo-endothelial system; induces the production of certain cytokines; enhances macrophage activity; and potentiates a delayed-type hypersensitivity response when co-administered with an antigen.  
^`Cosmegen:  (Other name for~ dactinomycin) 
^`Cotara:  (Other name for~ iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody TNT-1/B) 
^`Cotellic:  (Other name for~ cobimetinib) 
^`Cotrim:  (Other name for~ trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) 
^`Coumadin:  (Other name for~ warfarin) 
^`coumarin:  O hydroxycinnamic acid. Pleasant smelling compound found in many plants and released on wilting. Has anticoagulant activity by competing with Vitamin K.  
^`coxsackievirus A21:  A naturally occurring enterovirus with potential antitumor activity. Upon intratumoral administration, coxsackievirus A21 targets and binds to intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and decay acceleration factor (DAF), both cell surface molecules that are both overexpressed on certain malignant cells. After entering the cells, coxsackievirus A21 replicates in these cancer cells, thereby causing cancer cell lysis. This results in a reduction of tumor cell growth.  
^`Cozaar:  (Other name for~ losartan potassium) 
^`CP-724,714:  An orally bioavailable quinazoline with potential antineoplastic activity. CP-724,714 selectively binds to the intracellular domain of HER2, reversibly inhibiting its tyrosine kinase activity and resulting in suppression of tumor cell growth. HER2, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is overexpressed in many adenocarcinomas, particularly breast cancers.  
^`CpG oligodeoxynucleotide:  A synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide, containing unmethylated CpG motifs derived from bacterial DNA, with immunostimulatory activities. A CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) binds to and activates a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and is taken up into cells by endocytosis; once internalized, it may activate numerous signaling transduction pathways resulting in the release of multiple cytokines. Through activation of TLR9, a CpG ODN can directly stimulate B-lymphocytes, dendritic and NK cells, resulting in an increase in innate immunity and antibody-dependant cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). Additionally, a CpG ODN can indirectly modulate T-cell responses, through the release of cytokines (IL-12 and IFN gamma), to induce a preferential shift to the Th1 (helper) phenotype resulting in enhanced CD8+ cellular cytotoxicity.  
^`CpG oligodeoxynucleotide GNKG168:  A synthetic, 21-mer, unmethylated CpG motif-based oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), with immunostimulatory activity. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide GNKG168 binds to and activates Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and is taken up into cells by endocytosis; once internalized, it may activate numerous signaling transduction pathways resulting in the release of multiple cytokines, such as immunoglobulins (Igs), interferons (IFNs), interleukins (ILs) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Through activation of TLR9, this ODN can directly stimulate B-lymphocytes, dendritic and natural killer (NK) cells, resulting in an increase in innate immunity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In addition, through the release of IL-12 and IFN, this agent may induce a preferential shift to the T-helper 1(Th1) phenotype resulting in enhanced CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity.  
^`CR2-fH fusion protein TT30:  A recombinant, chimeric human fusion protein consisting of the iC3b/C3d-binding region of human complement receptor type 2 (CR2/CD21) linked to the alternative complement pathway (ACP) inhibitory domain of human factor H (fH) (CR2-fH), with potential complement system inhibiting activity. Via its C3 binding domain, TT30 selectively binds to complement-activated cell surfaces and via its fH binding domain regulates ACP activity. This suppresses excessive complement activity and may result in an inhibition of ACP-mediated hemolysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) red blood cells (RBCs) as well as preventing ACP-induced tissue damage. Factor H is a key regulator in the activation of ACP. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`creatine monohydrate:  The monohydrate form of creatine similar or identical to endogenous creatine produced in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Creatine, in phosphate form, helps supply energy to muscle cells for contraction. After intense effort, when ATP deposits are depleted, creatine phosphate donates phosphate groups toward the fast synthesis of ATP. Dietary supplementation with creatine may improve muscle wasting associated with cancer and other chronic diseases.  
^`crenolanib:  An orally bioavailable small molecule, targeting the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Crenolanib binds to and inhibits PDGFR, which may result in the inhibition of PDGFR-related signal transduction pathways, and, so, the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. PDGFR, up-regulated in many tumor cell types, is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential to cell migration and the development of the microvasculature.  
^`crenolanib besylate:  The besylate salt form of crenolanib, an orally bioavailable benzimidazole targeting the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) subtypes alpha and beta and FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, crenolanib binds to and inhibits both wild-type and mutated forms of PDGFR and Flt3, which may result in the inhibition of PDGFR- and Flt3-related signal transduction pathways. This results in inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation in PDGFR and/or Flt3 overexpressing tumor cells. PDGFR and Flt3, class III receptor tyrosine kinases, are upregulated or mutated in many tumor cell types.  
^`Creon:  (Other name for~ pancrelipase) 
^`Crestor:  (Other name for~ rosuvastatin calcium) 
^`cridanimod sodium:  The sodium salt form of cridanimod, a small molecule that can increase progesterone receptor (PR) expression, with potential antineoplastic adjuvant activity. Upon intramuscular administration, cridanimod is able to induce the expression of PR in endometrial cancer. This could increase the sensitivity of endometrial cancer cells to progestin monotherapy. In combination with a progestin, cancer cells could be eradicated through increased PR-mediated signaling, leading to an inhibition of luteinizing hormone (LH) release from the pituitary gland, via a negative feedback mechanism, and, eventually, an inhibition of estrogen release from the ovaries. This leads to an inhibition of cellular growth in estrogen-dependent tumor cells. In addition, this agent is able to increase the production and release of interferon (IFN) alpha and beta. PR is often downregulated in endometrial cancer and makes it resistant to progestin-mediated hormone therapy.  
^`Cristanaspase:  (Other name for~ asparaginase) 
^`Crixivan:  (Other name for~ indinavir sulfate) 
^`crizotinib:  An orally available aminopyridine-based inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and the c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) with antineoplastic activity. Crizotinib, in an ATP-competitive manner, binds to and inhibits ALK kinase and ALK fusion proteins. In addition, crizotinib inhibits c-Met kinase, and disrupts the c-Met signaling pathway. Altogether, this agent inhibits tumor cell growth. ALK belongs to the insulin receptor superfamily and plays an important role in nervous system development. ALK dysregulation and gene rearrangements are associated with a series of tumors.  
^`CRL4(CRBN) E3 ubiquitin ligase modulator CC-220:  A modulator of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex containing cereblon (CRL4-CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase), with immunomodulating and pro-apoptotic activities. Upon administration CC-220 specifically binds to the cereblon (CRBN) part of the ligase complex, thereby affecting the ubiquitin E3 ligase activity, and targeting certain substrate proteins for ubiquitination. This induces the proteasome-mediated degradation of certain transcription factors, including Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3) which are transcriptional repressors in T cells. This leads to a reduction of their protein levels, and the modulation of the immune system, including activation of T lymphocytes. In addition, this leads to a downregulation of other proteins, including interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), which plays a key role in the proliferation of certain cancer cell types. CRBN, the substrate recognition component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, plays a key role in the ubiquitination of certain proteins. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`crolibulin:  A small molecule tubulin polymerization inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Crolibulin binds to the colchicine-binding site on beta-tubulin and inhibits the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules, which may result in cell cycle arrest, the induction of apoptosis, and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. As a vascular disruption agent (VDA), this agent also disrupts tumor neovascularization, which may result in a reduction in tumor blood flow and tumor hypoxia and ischemic necrosis.  
^`cromolyn sodium inhalant PA101:  A solution containing a high concentration of cromolyn sodium, with potential mast cell stabilizing, anti-tussive and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon inhalation of PA101 via a nebulizer, cromolyn blocks calcium ion influx into mast cells, thereby preventing the degranulation of mast cells in the lungs. This blocks the release of pro-inflammatory mediators from mast cells, such as histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), and prevents both bronchoconstriction and an inflammatory response. In indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM), PA101 may be able to reduce the symptoms associated with this disease.  
^`crotoxin:  A specific complex of toxic proteins from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake). It can be separated into a phospholipase A and crotapotin fragment; the latter consists of three different amino acid chains, potentiates the enzyme, and is specifically neurotoxic.  
^`crystalline genistein formulation AXP107-11:  An orally available crystalline formulation of genistein, a soy-derived isoflavone and phytoestrogen with potential antineoplastic, chemosensitizing, and antioxidant activities. Similar to genistein, crystalline genistein formulation AXP107-11 increases expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), which deactivates protein kinase Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK1 and 3; ERK2 and 1), thereby disrupting PI3K/Akt signal transduction and inducing apoptosis. This agent also induces antioxidant enzymes through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, inhibits NF-kB activation and decreases inflammation response, thereby sensitizing tumors to chemotherapy. Compared to genistein itself, this crystalline formulation shows improved solubility and bioavailability. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`CTP-37-DT vaccine:  A vaccine composed of synthetic peptides derived from beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) conjugated to diphtheria toxoid. Vaccination with this peptide may elicit the host immune response against hCG-producing cancer cells.  
^`Cubicin:  (Other name for~ daptomycin) 
^`Culturelle:  (Other name for~ Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) 
^`Cuprenil:  (Other name for~ penicillamine) 
^`Cuprimine:  (Other name for~ penicillamine) 
^`curcumin:  A phytopolylphenol pigment isolated from the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, with a variety of pharmacologic properties. Curcumin blocks the formation of reactive-oxygen species, possesses anti-inflammatory properties as a result of inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX) and other enzymes involved in inflammation; and disrupts cell signal transduction by various mechanisms including inhibition of protein kinase C. These effects may play a role in the agent's observed antineoplastic properties, which include inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and suppression of chemically induced carcinogenesis and tumor growth in animal models of cancer.  
^`curcumin/green tea extract/Polygonum cuspidatum extract/soybean extract capsule:  An oral capsule containing curcumin, green tea extract, Polygonum cuspidatum extract, and soybean extract, with antioxidant and potential chemopreventive activities. The antioxidants in curcumin/green tea extract/Polygonum cuspidatum extract/soybean extract capsule bind to and neutraliize free-radicals, which may prevent their genotoxic and carcinogenic effects.  
^`curcumin-based gel:  A proprietary topical gel formulation containing an extract of curcumin, the polyphenol derived from the plant Curcuma longa, with potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound healing activities. Upon topical administration to the affected areas, curcumin inhibits a variety of pro-inflammatory enzymes and reduces the production of certain pro-inflammatory mediators. Curcumin also blocks the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), neutralizes free radicals and prevents oxidative stress and DNA damage. In addition, curcumin inhibits phosphorylase kinase (PhK) in the skin, which prevents multiple PhK-mediated signal transduction pathways that are induced upon skin injury. This further prevents inflammation, promotes healing and reduces scar tissue formation. The proprietary curcumin-based gel also provides moisture to the skin and contains tetrahydropiperine (THP), which is derived from black pepper fruit and increases skin uptake of curcumin.  
^`Curretab:  (Other name for~ medroxyprogesterone) 
^`custirsen sodium:  The eicosasodium salt of a mixed-backbone antisense oligodeoxynucleotide with chemosensitizing properties. Custirsen inhibits testosterone-repressed prostate message-2 (TRPM-2). Administration of custirsen abrogates the anti-apoptotic effect of TRPM-2, thereby sensitizing cells to chemotherapy and resulting in tumor cell death. TRPM-2 is an anti-apoptotic clusterin that is overexpressed by prostate cancer cells and is associated with chemoresistance.  
^`C-VISA BikDD: liposome: A formulation composed of DOTAP:cholesterol liposome nanoparticles complexed with the plasmid C-VISA BiKDD, with potential antineoplastic activity. C-VISA BikDD: liposome consists of a pancreatic-cancer-specific expression vector “VISA” (VP16-GAL4-WPRE integrated systemic amplifier) and a pancreatic-cancer-specific promoter CCKAR (cholecystokinin type A receptor) (CCKAR-VISA or C-VISA) which drives expression of the gene BikDD, a mutant form of the potent proapoptotic gene Bik (Bcl-2 interacting killer). Upon administration and transduction into pancreatic tumor cells, expression of BikDD by C-VISA BikDD:liposome may induce pancreatic tumor cell apoptosis and suppress pancreatic tumor cell proliferation. BikDD binds with greater affinity to anti-apoptotic proteins bcl-2, bcl-xl, bcl-w and Mcl-1 and is more potent than wild-type Bik. DOTAP:cholesterol liposome is composed of cationic lipid dioleoyl-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) and cholesterol at molar ratio of 1: 1.  
^`CVP regimen:  A regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone used to treat indolent forms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is also used for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. 
^`CXC chemokine receptor 2 antagonist AZD5069:  An orally bioavailable, selective and reversible antagonist of CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2), with potential anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, CXC chemokine receptor 2 antagonist AZD5069 directly binds to CXCR2 and inhibits its activation. This inhibits CXCR2-mediated signaling and may inhibit tumor cell proliferation in CXCR2-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, AZD5069 reduces both neutrophil recruitment and migration from the systemic circulation into sites of inflammation, including the lung mucosa; it may also prevent neutrophil migration from the bone marrow. This results in the reduction of inflammation, mucus production, and neutrophil proteinase-mediated tissue destruction in the lung. CXCR2, a G protein-coupled receptor protein also known as IL-8 receptor B (IL-8RB), is upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and progression; it is known to be elevated in several inflammatory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and fibrotic pulmonary disorders.  
^`CXCR4 antagonist BL-8040:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) with potential antineoplastic activity. CXCR4 antagonist BL-8040 selectively binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, preventing the binding of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) to the CXCR4 receptor and subsequent receptor activation, which may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and migration. In addition, inhibition of CXCR4 may induce mobilization of hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow into blood. The G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis and is upregulated in several tumor cell types; SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction induces retention of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow.  
^`CXCR4 inhibitor MSX-122:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of CXCR4 with potential antineoplastic and antiviral activities. CXCR4 inhibitor MSX-122 binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, preventing the binding of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) to the CXCR4 receptor and receptor activation, which may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and migration. CXCR4, a chemokine receptor belonging to the GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor) gene family, plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis and is upregulated in several tumor cell types; it is also a co-receptor for HIV entry into T cells.  
^`CXCR4 inhibitor POL6326:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) with receptor binding and hematopoietic stem cell-mobilization activities. CXCR4 inhibitor POL6326 binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, thereby preventing the binding of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) to the CXCR4 receptor and subsequent receptor activation. This may induce the mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow into blood. CXCR4, a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene family, plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis and is upregulated in several tumor cell types; CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction induces retention of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow.  
^`CXCR4 inhibitor X4P-001:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), with potential antineoplastic and immune checkpoint inhibitory activities. Upon administration, the CXCR4 inhibitor X4P-001 selectively binds to CXCR4 and prevents the binding of CXCR4 to its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12). This inhibits receptor activation and results in decreased proliferation and migration of CXCR4-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, inhibition of CXCR4 prevents the recruitment of regulatory T-cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the tumor microenvironment, thereby abrogating CXCR4-mediated immunosuppression and enabling the activation of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated immune response against cancer cells. The G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4, which is upregulated in several tumor cell types, induces the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment, suppresses immune surveillance, and promotes tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. It is also a co-receptor for HIV entry into T cells.  
^`CXCR4 peptide antagonist LY2510924:  An inhibitor of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, CXCR4 inhibitor LY2510924 binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, thereby preventing CXCR4 binding to its ligand, stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1), and subsequent receptor activation. This may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and migration. CXCR4, a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene family, plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis and is upregulated in several tumor cell types.  
^`cyanocobalamin:  An essential nutrient and natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with an intrinsic factor for absorption by the intestine. Cyanocobalamin is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions.  
^`cyanocobalamin/dexamethasone/gentamicin/procaine formulation:  A quadruple mixture composed of the corticosteroid dexamethasone, the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin, the vitamin cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), and the local anesthetic agent procaine, with antimucositis activity. Upon oral administration of the cyanocobalamin/dexamethasone/gentamicin/procaine formulation, the active ingredients prevent or inhibit inflammation and infection of the oral mucosa and reduce the associated pain. This may prevent or treat radiation-induced oral mucositis (OM).  
^`cyclin B1 peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine comprised of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with cyclin B1 peptide, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, cyclin B1 peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and anti-cyclin B1 antibody responses against cyclin B1-expressing cancer cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Cyclin B1, a key regulator of the cell cycle and cell division, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells.  
^`cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride:  A centrally acting muscle relaxant, chemically similar to amitriptyline hydrochloride with antidepressant activity. The exact mechanism of action of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride has not been fully determined. However, it primarily acts at the brain stem to reduce tonic somatic motor activity, influencing both gamma and alpha motor neurons. This leads to a reduction in muscle spasms. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`cyclodextrin-based polymer-camptothecin CRLX101:  A formulation of camptothecin, an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata, conjugated with to a hydrophilic, cyclodextrin-based linear polymer with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, camptothecin is slowly released from the formulation at the tumor site and taken up by tumor cells. During the S phase of the cell cycle, camptothecin selectively stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes, thereby inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks and producing potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks when encountered by the DNA replication machinery. Compared to camptothecin alone, the cyclodextrin-based polymer formulation has a prolonged half life and greatly improves the biodistribution of camptothecin resulting in an accumulation of camptothecin at the tumor site, which enhances tumor exposure while greatly reducing toxic side effects. In addition, cyclodextrin-based polymer-camptothecin may be able to overcome certain kinds of multidrug resistance.  
^`Cycloflex:  (Other name for~ cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride) 
^`cycloleucine:  A non-metabolizable synthetic amino acid, formed through the cyclization of the amino acid leucine, with immunosuppressive, antineoplastic, and cytostatic activities. Cycloleucine competitively inhibits the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase, resulting in the inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesis from methionine and ATP, and subsequent nucleic acid methylation and polyamine production; RNA, and perhaps to a lesser extent, DNA biosyntheses and cell cycle progression are finally disrupted. This agent is also a competitive inhibitor at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.  
^`cyclopentenyl cytosine:  A pro-drug carbocyclic analogue of cytidine with antineoplastic and antiviral activities. Cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC) is converted to the active metabolite cyclopentenyl cytosine 5'-triphosphate (CPEC-TP); CPEC-TP competitively inhibits cytidine triphosphate (CTP) synthase, thereby depleting intracellular cytidine pools and inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent may also induce differentiation of some tumor cell types. The antiviral activity of this agent is broad-spectrum.  
^`cyclophosphamide:  A synthetic alkylating agent chemically related to the nitrogen mustards with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. In the liver, cyclophosphamide is converted to the active metabolites aldophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard, which bind to DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and initiating cell death.  
^`cyclosporine:  A natural cyclic polypeptide immunosuppressant isolated from the fungus Beauveria nivea. The exact mechanism of action of cyclosporine is not known but may involve binding to the cellular protein cytophilin, resulting in inhibition of the enzyme calcineurin. This agent appears to specifically and reversibly inhibit immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0-or G1-phase of the cell cycle. T-lymphocytes are preferentially inhibited with T-helper cells as the primary target. Cyclosporine also inhibits lymphokine production and release.  
^`cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion:  An topical ophthalmic formulation containing cyclosporine, an undecapeptide produced by the fungus Beauveria nivea, with immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory activities. The exact therapeutic mechanism of action of cyclosporine is not known but may involve binding to the cellular protein cytophilin, resulting in inhibition of the enzyme calcineurin. This agent appears to specifically and reversibly inhibit immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0-or G1-phase of the cell cycle. T-lymphocytes are preferentially inhibited with T-helper cells as the primary target. Cyclosporine also inhibits lymphokine production and release.  
^`Cyfos:  (Other name for~ ifosfamide) 
^`Cyklokapron:  (Other name for~ tranexamic acid) 
^`CYL-02 plasmid DNA: A gene transfer preparation of a plasmid DNA encoding mouse somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) and a fusion protein of human deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) and uridine monophosphate kinase (UMK), complexed to a synthetic polycationic carrier, polyethylenimine, with antineoplastic adjuvant application. Upon administration, CYL-02 plasmid DNA expresses DCK:: UMK fusion protein that converts gemcitabine into its toxic phosphorylated metabolite. Expression of sst2 protein by this agent could induce both antioncogenic and local antitumor bystander effects. A loss of sst2 gene expression often is found in pancreatic and colorectal cancers, and is the receptor for somatostatin which negatively regulates a number of processes such as epithelial cell proliferation. Combination effects of these gene products allows for less chemotherapy to cause tumor cell lysis in not only the original tumor, but in distant tumors as well.  
^`Cynviloq™:  (Other name for~ paclitaxel-loaded polymeric micelle) 
^`CYP17 inhibitor CFG920:  An orally available inhibitor of the steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1 or CYP17), with potential antiandrogen and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, CYP17 inhibitor CFG920 inhibits the enzymatic activity of CYP17A1 in both the testes and adrenal glands, thereby inhibiting androgen production. This may decrease androgen-dependent growth signaling and may inhibit cell proliferation of androgen-dependent tumor cells. The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP17A1, localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, exhibits both 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities, and plays a key role in the steroidogenic pathway that produces steroidal hormones.  
^`CYP17 inhibitor VT-464:  An orally available non-steroidal, lyase-selective inhibitor of the steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1 or CYP17), with potential anti-androgenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, CYP17 inhibitor VT-464 selectively inhibits the enzymatic activity of the cytochrome P450 C17,20 lyase in both the testes and adrenal glands, thereby inhibiting androgen production. This may decrease androgen-dependent growth signaling and may inhibit cell proliferation of androgen-dependent tumor cells. The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP17A1, localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, exhibits both 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities; it plays a key role in the steroidogenic pathway. The lyase-selective activity of VT-464 prevents the increased synthesis of mineralocorticoids that is normally seen with non-selective CYP17 inhibitors, which also inhibit the 17-alpha-hydroxylase activity of CYP17A1.  
^`CYP17 lyase inhibitor ASN001:  An orally available non-steroidal, lyase-selective inhibitor of the steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1 or CYP17), with potential anti-androgenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, CYP17 lyase inhibitor ASN001 selectively binds to and inhibits the lyase activity of CYP17A1 in both the testes and adrenal glands, resulting in a significant reduction in androgen production to castrate-range levels. This may both decrease androgen-dependent growth signaling and inhibit the proliferation of androgen-dependent tumor cells. The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP17A1, which is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, exhibits both 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities; it plays a key role in the steroidogenic pathway. The selective inhibition of CYP17A1 lyase activity by ASN001 prevents the increased synthesis of mineralocorticoids that is normally seen with non-selective CYP17 inhibitors, which also inhibit the 17-alpha-hydroxylase activity of CYP17A1.  
^`CYP17/androgen receptor inhibitor ODM 204:  An orally available inhibitor of both the steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1 or CYP17) and androgen receptor (AR), with potential anti-androgen and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, CYP17/AR inhibitor ODM 204 selectively inhibits the enzymatic activity of CYP17A1 in both the testes and adrenal glands, thereby inhibiting androgen production. This may both decrease androgen-dependent growth signaling and inhibit the proliferation of androgen-dependent tumor cells. In addition, ODM 204 binds to ARs in target tissues and inhibits androgen-induced receptor activation and AR nuclear translocation, which prevents the binding to and transcription of AR-responsive genes. This leads to an inhibition of growth in AR-expressing prostate cancer cells. The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP17A1, which is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, exhibits both 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities.  
^`cyproheptadine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a synthetic methyl-piperidine derivative with antihistaminic and anti-serotoninergic properties. Cyproheptadine competes with free histamine (HA) for binding at HA-receptor sites, thereby competitively antagonizing histamine stimulation of HA-receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, large blood vessels, and bronchial smooth muscle. This agent also competes with free serotonin for binding at serotonin receptor sites. Cyproheptadine exhibits anticholinergic and sedative properties and has been shown to stimulate appetite and weight gain.  
^`cyproterone acetate:  The acetate salt of a synthetic steroidal antiandrogen with weak progestational and antineoplastic activities. Cyproterone binds the androgen receptor (AR), thereby preventing androgen-induced receptor activation in target tissues and inhibiting the growth of testosterone-sensitive tumor cells. This agent also exerts progestational agonist properties at the level of the pituitary that reduce luteinizing hormone (LH), resulting in reductions in testicular androgen secretion and serum testosterone levels. Treatment with cyproterone alone results in incomplete suppression of serum testosterone levels.  
^`Cyramza:  (Other name for~ ramucirumab) 
^`Cyren A:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`cysteine-rich non-denatured whey protein isolate IMN1207:  A biologically active, cysteine-rich, undenatured, bovine whey-based protein isolate with potential anti-cachexia and glutathione-enhancing properties. Upon administration of cysteine-rich whey protein isolate, cystine and glutamylcystine are taken up by cells and release free cysteine. The available cysteine allows cells to synthesize glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide made from amino acids glycine, glutamate and cysteine, thereby maintaining and increasing intracellular GSH concentrations. GSH plays a major role as an antioxidant, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage due to harmful substances such as free radicals and reactive oxygen compounds. As IMN 1207 is rich in protein, this agent may prevent weight loss and increase body weight and strength.  
^`Cysview:  (Other name for~ hexaminolevulinate hydrochloride) 
^`cytadine analogue RX-3117:  An orally available small molecule and nucleoside antimetabolite with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the cytidine analogue RX-3117 is taken up by cells through a carrier-mediated transporter, phosphorylated by uridine cytidine kinase (UCK) and then further phosphorylated to its diphosphate (RX-DP) and triphosphate forms (RX-TP). The triphosphate form is incorporated into RNA and inhibits RNA synthesis. The diphosphate RX-DP is reduced by ribonucleotide reductase (RR) to dRX-DP; its triphosphate form (dRX-TP) is incorporated into DNA. In addition, RX-3117 also inhibits DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). This eventually leads to cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis. UCK is the rate-limiting enzyme in the pyrimidine-nucleotide salvage pathway.  
^`cytarabine:  An antimetabolite analogue of cytidine with a modified sugar moiety (arabinose instead of ribose). Cytarabine is converted to the triphosphate form within the cell and then competes with cytidine for incorporation into DNA. Because the arabinose sugar sterically hinders the rotation of the molecule within DNA, DNA replication ceases, specifically during the S phase of the cell cycle. This agent also inhibits DNA polymerase, resulting in a decrease in DNA replication and repair.  
^`cytarabine liposome:  A liposomal intrathecal formulation of the antimetabolite cytarabine. As an S-phase-specific antimetabolite, cytarabine is phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase to a triphosphate form which competes with thymidine for incorporation into DNA; the incorporation of cytarabine triphosphate into DNA appears to inhibit DNA polymerase and so DNA synthesis, resulting in cell death.  
^`cytarabine monophosphate prodrug MB07133:  A prodrug of the monophosphate (MP) form of the antimetabolite cytarabine (araCMP), an analogue of cytidine with a modified sugar moiety (arabinose instead of ribose), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of the cytarabine MP prodrug MB07133, the targeting moiety of this agent specifically delivers the cytarabine moiety to the liver. In turn, araCMP is selectively converted to araC triphosphate (araCTP) by a liver kinase, where it binds to and competes with cytidine for incorporation into DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA polymerase, and DNA synthesis. This leads to the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and destruction of liver cancer cells. The liver is not able to convert araC into araCMP; araCMP is not converted into araCTP in tissues other than the liver. This enhances efficacy and minimizes systemic toxicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`cytochlor:  A radio-sensitizing pyrimidine nucleoside with potential antineoplastic activity. Cytochlor is metabolized first to a phosphate derivative, CldCMP, by the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase and then to the active uracyl derivative, CldUMP, by the enzyme dCMP deaminase; deoxycytidine kinase and dCMP deaminase have been found in abnormally high concentrations in most cancers. CldUMP, the active metabolite, incorporates into DNA and, upon exposure to radiation, induces the formation of uracil radicals and double-strand DNA breaks.  
^`cytokine-induced killer cells:  A preparation of autologous lymphocytes with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are CD3-and CD56-positive, non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted, natural killer (NK)-like T lymphocytes, generated ex-vivo by incubation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-1, and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and then expanded. When reintroduced back to patients after autologous stem cell transplantation, CIK cells may recognize and kill tumor cells associated with minimal residual disease (MRD). CIK cells may have enhanced cytotoxic activity compared to lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells.  
^`cytomegalovirus IE-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), specifically reactive to the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early-1 (IE-1) protein, with immunomodulating activity. Adoptive immunotherapy with cytomegalovirus IE-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes may help reconstitute CD8+ cytomegalovirus-specific CTL responses in CMV-infected immunocompromised hosts. IE-1 is one of the first CMV antigens expressed by CMV-infected cells, predominantly inducing a CD8+ CTL response.  
^`cytomegalovirus pp65-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specifically reactive to the cytomegalovirus (CMV) phosphoprotein pp65 with potential antiviral activity. To prepare CMV pp65-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro, dendritic cells (DCs) are pulsed with CMV pp65 epitopes and then used to stimulate and propagate CMV pp65-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs); the CMV pp65-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte population is then expanded so as to be sufficient for use in adoptive T lymphocyte therapy. When administered into a patient post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, this agent may elicit a specific CTL response against CMV-infected host cells, which may result in the resolution of CMV infection. The CMV pp65 protein (65 kDa lower matrix phosphoprotein), the primary component of the enveloped subviral particle, is an immunodominant target for helper and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to CMV.  
^`Cytomel:  (Other name for~ liothyronine sodium) 
^`Cytosar-U:  (Other name for~ cytarabine) 
^`Cytoxan:  (Other name for~ cyclophosphamide) 


^`D1/3-MAGE-3-His fusion protein:  A recombinant fusion protein derived from the melanoma antigen MAGE-3 with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Recognized by specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, D1/3-MAGE-3-His fusion protein may boost antitumoral immune responses when used in a vaccine formulation. This recombinant chimeric protein is produced by fusing MAGE-3 with a lipidated protein D derived from H. influenzae at its N-terminus and a sequence of several histidine residues at its C-terminus.  
^`DAB389 epidermal growth factor:  A recombinant fusion protein composed of the diphtheria toxin with the receptor-binding domain replaced by human epidermal growth factor (EGF). When administered, EGF binds to the endothelial cell growth factor receptor, EGFR, which is upregulated in many solid tumors. After binding to the EGF receptor, the agent is internalized by the cell, where the diphtheria toxin moiety exerts its cytotoxic effect, inhibiting protein synthesis through ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2.  
^`dabigatran etexilate mesylate:  An orally available mesylate salt form of the etexilate prodrug of dabigatran, a benzimidazole and direct thrombin inhibitor with anticoagulant activity. Upon administration, dabigatran etexilate is hydrolyzed by esterases and is converted into dabigatran. Dabigatran reversibly binds to and inhibits the activity of thrombin, a serine protease that converts fibrinogen into fibrin. This disrupts the coagulation cascade and inhibits the formation of blood clots.  
^`dabrafenib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of B-raf (BRAF) protein with potential antineoplastic activity. Dabrafenib selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of B-raf, which may inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells which contain a mutated BRAF gene. B-raf belongs to the the raf/mil family of serine/threonine protein kinases and plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase/ERKs signaling pathway, which may be constitutively activated due to BRAF gene mutations.  
^`dacarbazine:  A triazene derivative with antineoplastic activity. Dacarbazine alkylates and cross-links DNA during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in disruption of DNA function, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis.  
^`dacetuzumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the CD40 receptor with potential antineoplastic activity. Dacetuzumab specifically binds to and inhibits the CD40 receptor, thereby inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cellular proliferation via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in cells that overexpress this receptor. The CD40 receptor, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor super-family, is highly expressed on most B lineage hematologic malignancies including multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.  
^`DACH polymer platinate AP5346:  A low molecular weight polymer-conjugated platinum complex with potential antineoplastic activity. This polymer drug delivery system consists of cytotoxic diaminocyclohexane (DACH)-platinum (Pt) coupled to a water-soluble biocompatible hydroxypropylmethacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer via a pH sensitive linker. Due to decreased pH in tumor sites, the linker is cleaved and the chelated active moiety DACH-Pt is released in tumor cells. DACH-Pt alkylates macromolecules and causes both inter- and intra-strand platinum-DNA crosslinks, which impede DNA replication and transcription, resulting in cell-cycle independent cytotoxicity. The HPMA-based drug delivery system increases the concentration and prolongs the half-life of DACH-Pt in tumor sites, while minimizing adverse effects on normal tissues.  
^`DACH-platin micelle NC-4016:  Polymeric micellar nanoparticles containing diaminocyclohexane platinum (DACH-platin or DACH-Pt) with potential antineoplastic activity. DACH-platin micelle NC-4016 is prepared through the formation of a polymer-metal complex between DACH-platin and the polyethylene glycol-poly (glutamic acid) block copolymer, PEG-P(Glu). DACH-platin, an active metabolite of the platinum-based antineoplastic agent oxaliplatin, is highly hydrophobic and toxic when administered systemically. The use of polymeric micelles incorporating DACH-platin may both increase cell permeability and enhance the retention of the agent. This allows an extended half-life in the blood circulation and a selective and high accumulation of DACH-platin at tumor sites. This results in increased anticancer efficacy while reducing side effects due to DACH-platin toxicity. Upon intravenous administration and internalization by tumor cells, DACH-platin binds to and causes both inter- and intra-strand cross-links in DNA, forming platinum adducts and triggering tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`daclatasvir:  An orally available inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) replication complex, with potential activity against HCV. Although the exact mechanism of action of daclatasvir has yet to be fully determined, this agent, upon oral administration and after intracellular uptake, appears to bind to domain I of the NS5A protein. This inhibits the activity of the NS5A protein and results in the disruption of the viral RNA replication complex, blockage of viral HCV RNA production, and inhibition of viral replication. NS5A, a zinc-binding and proline-rich hydrophilic phosphoprotein, plays a crucial role in HCV RNA replication. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family.  
^`daclizumab:  A recombinant monoclonal antibody interleukin-2 receptor antagonist. Daclizumab binds specifically to the alpha subunit of the human interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor expressed on the surface of activated lymphocytes in vivo, thereby inhibiting IL-2 binding and IL-2-mediated lymphocyte activation, a critical cellular immune response pathway.  
^`Dacogen:  (Other name for~ decitabine) 
^`dacomitinib:  An orally bioavailable, highly selective, second-generation small-molecule inhibitor of the pan-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of tyrosine kinases (ErbB family) with potential antineoplastic activity. Dacomitinib specifically and irreversibly binds to and inhibits human EGFR subtypes, resulting in inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in EGFR-expressing tumor cells. EGFRs play major roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization, and are often overexpressed or mutated in various tumor cell types.  
^`dactinomycin:  A chromopeptide antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces parvulus. Dactinomycin intercalates between adjacent guanine-cytosine base pairs, blocking the transcription of DNA by RNA polymerase; it also causes single-strand DNA breaks, possibly via a free-radical intermediate or an interaction with topoisomerase II.  
^`Dakin's solution:  A highly diluted solution of sodium hypochlorite (0.5% w/v) with topical anti-infective activity. Dakin's solution is used as an antiseptic to clean infected topical wounds.  
^`dalantercept:  A soluble fusion protein containing the extracellular domain of activin receptor-like kinase-1 (ALK1) fused to a human Fc domain (ALK1-Fc fusion protein), with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, dalantercept binds to various ALK1 ligands, preventing activation of tumor cell ALK1 receptors and so inhibiting the ALK1 signaling pathway; growth factor-induced angiogenesis is thus inhibited, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. ALK1 is a type I cell surface receptor with serine/threonine kinase activity that mediates signaling by members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) superfamily and plays a key role in angiogenesis; ligands for this receptor include TGFbeta1 and TGFbeta2. The Fc moiety of this fusion protein mediates clearance of ligand-fusion protein complexes by the reticuloendothelial system (RES).  
^`Daliresp:  (Other name for~ roflumilast) 
^`dalotuzumab:  A recombinant monoclonal antibody directed against the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Dalotuzumab binds to membrane-bound IGF1R, preventing binding of the ligand IGF1 and the subsequent triggering of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; inhibition of this survival signaling pathway may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. The activation of IGF1R, a tyrosine kinase and a member of the insulin receptor family, stimulates cell proliferation, enables oncogenic transformation, and suppresses apoptosis; IGF1R signaling has been highly implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis.  
^`dalteparin:  A low molecular weight, synthetic heparin. As an anticoagulant/antithrombotic agent, dalteparin binds to antithrombin and enhances the inhibition of Factor Xa. Compared to unfractionated heparins, the use of dalteparin is associated with lower incidences of osteoporosis and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.  
^`danazol:  A synthetic androgen derived from ethinyl testosterone. Danazol indirectly reduces estrogen production by decreasing pituitary secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and binds to sex hormone receptors in target tissues, thereby exhibiting antiestrogenic, anabolic and weakly androgenic effects.  
^`daniquidone:  A water-insoluble heterocyclic amide with potential antineoplastic activity. Daniquidone inhibits topoisomerases I and II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair, and RNA and protein synthesis. The acetylated form of daniquidone is highly toxic and is capable of inducing unscheduled DNA synthesis; rapid acetylators are more likely to experience toxicity with this agent.  
^`Danocrine:  (Other name for~ danazol) 
^`danusertib:  A small-molecule 3-aminopyrazole derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Dalotuzumab binds to and inhibits the Aurora kinases, which may result in cell growth arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells in which Aurora kinases are overexpressed. This agent may preferentially bind to and inhibit Aurora B kinase. Aurora kinases, a family of serine-threonine kinases, are important regulators of cellular proliferation and division.  
^`daporinad:  A small molecule with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. Daporinad binds to and inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NMPRTase), inhibiting the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) from niacinamide (vitamin B3), which may deplete energy reserves in metabolically active tumor cells and induce tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, this agent may inhibit tumor cell prioduction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), resulting in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. The coenzyme NAD+ plays an essential role in cellular redox reactions, including the redox reaction linking the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.  
^`dapsone gel, 5%:  A gel containing 5% (w/w) dapsone, a synthetic derivative of diamino-sulfone with anti-infective properties. A structural analog of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), dapsone inhibits dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), an enzyme important in folate synthesis, resulting in a depletion of the folate pool and a reduction in the amount of thymidylate available for DNA synthesis.  
^`Daptacel:  (Other name for~ diphtheria toxoid/tetanus toxoid/acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed) 
^`daptomycin:  A semi-synthetic cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic isolated form the bacterium Streptomyces roseosporus with broad-spectrum anitbiotic activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Daptomycin has a distinct mechanism of action, in which it binds to bacterial membrane and causes rapid depolarization of the cell membrane due to calcium-dependant potassium efflux; the loss of membrane potential leads to inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, resulting in bacterial cell death. This agent does not penetrate the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.  
^`Daraprim:  (Other name for~ pyrimethamine) 
^`daratumumab:  A fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface glycoprotein CD-38 with potential antineoplastic activity. The binding of daratumumab to natural killer (NK) cells mimics the normal CD38-CD31 interaction on the NK cell surface. CD38 is also present on multiple myeloma (MM) cells and plasma leukemia cells; this agent may preferentially bind these cells, triggering antitumoral antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). CD38, a cell surface glycoprotein, is present on various immune cells and has been shown to regulate the cytotoxic response of activated NK cells.  
^`darbepoetin alfa:  A recombinant analog of the endogenous cytokine erythropoietin, an erythropoiesis-stimulating protein. Due to the addition of two carbohydrate chains, darbepoetin alfa exhibits a three-fold greater half-life than does erythropoietin. Similar to erythropoietin, darbopoietin alfa binds to and activates epoetin receptors, thereby inducing the differentiation and maturation of erythrocyte progenitors, stimulating endothelial cell proliferation, and stimulating B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin production.  
^`darinaparsin:  A small-molecule organic arsenical with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action is unclear, darinaparsin, a highly toxic metabolic intermediate of inorganic arsenicals (iAs) that occurs in vivo, appears to generate volatile cytotoxic arsenic compounds when glutathione (GSH) concentrations are low. The arsenic compounds generated from darinaparsin disrupt mitochondrial bioenergetics, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducing ROS-mediated tumor cell apoptosis; in addition, this agent or its byproducts may initiate cell death by interrupting the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and may exhibit antiangiogenic effects. Compared to inorganic arsenic compounds such as arsenic trioxide (As2O3), darinaparsin appears to exhibit a wide therapeutic window.  
^`Darzalex:  (Other name for~ daratumumab) 
^`dasabuvir:  A non-nucleoside inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural protein 5B (NS5B), an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, with potential activity against HCV. Upon administration and after intracellular uptake, dasabuvir binds HCV NS5B and blocks viral RNA synthesis and replication. The HCV NS5B protein is essential for the replication of the HCV RNA genome. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family; HCV infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).  
^`dasatinib:  An orally bioavailable synthetic small molecule-inhibitor of SRC-family protein-tyrosine kinases. Dasatinib binds to and inhibits the growth-promoting activities of these kinases. Apparently because of its less stringent binding affinity for the BCR-ABL kinase, dasatinib has been shown to overcome the resistance to imatinib of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells harboring BCR-ABL kinase domain point mutations. SRC-family protein-tyrosine kinases interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways; tumorigenic forms can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by way of virally-encoded kinase genes.  
^`daunorubicin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of an anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic with therapeutic effects similar to those of doxorubicin. Daunorubicin exhibits cytotoxic activity through topoisomerase-mediated interaction with DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis.  
^`DaunoXome:  (Other name for~ liposomal daunorubicin citrate) 
^`DAVANAT:  (Other name for~ galactomannan derivative) 
^`DC-cholesterol liposome:  A cationic cholesterol derivative mixed with dimethylaminoethane-carbamoyl and sonicated to form small unilamellar vesicles that can complex with DNA, DNA/protein complexes and other drug complexes and mediates the delivery into the cytosol from the endosome compartment.  
^`DC-OVA vaccine:  An autologous, multivalent dendritic cell vaccine targeting ovarian cancer with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. DC-OVA vaccine is produced in vitro by pulsing autologous dendritic cells with killed autologous primary ovarian tumors as a source of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs); the pulsed DCs are then matured using various cytokines. Upon administration, DC-OVA vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against ovarian cancer TAA-expressing ovarian cancer cells.  
^`DCR ligand-bearing liposome-encapsulated melanoma antigens vaccine:  A cancer cell-based vaccine containing liposome encapsulated melanoma antigens and an immunomodulatory factor, attached, via a metal chelator, to a dendritic cell receptor (DCR) ligand-containing a metal-affinity tag, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of DCR ligand-bearing liposome-encapsulated melanoma antigens vaccine, the DCR ligand moiety of this vaccine targets receptors on dendritic cells (DCs), thereby presenting the antigens to DCs which may, in turn, stimulate the DCs and may activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against melanoma cancer cell associated antigens.  
^`D-cycloserine: An analogue of the amino acid D-alanine with broad-spectrum antibiotic and glycinergic activities. D-cycloserine interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis by competitively inhibiting two enzymes, L-alanine racemase and D-alanine: D-alanine ligase, thereby impairing peptidoglycan formation necessary for bacterial cell wall synthesis. This agent may be bactericidal or bacteriostatic, depending on its concentration at the infection site and the susceptibility of the organism. In addition, D-cycloserine is an excitatory amino acid and partial agonist at the glycine binding site of the NMDA receptor in the central nervous system (CNS); binding to the central NMDA receptor may result in amelioration of neuropathic pain.  
^`DDAVP:  (Other name for~ desmopressin acetate) 
^`DEC-205/NY-ESO-1 fusion protein CDX-1401:  A fusion protein consisting of a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the endocytic dendritic cell (DC) receptor, DEC-205, linked to the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) NY-ESO-1 with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. The monoclonal antibody moiety of DEC-205/NY-ESO-1 fusion protein CDX-1401 binds to the endocytic DC receptor, which may result in DC endocytic internalization of this agent, specifically delivering the NY-ESO-1 moiety. DC processing of NY-ESO-1 may boost the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response (CTL) against cancer cells expressing NY-ESO-1. NY-ESO-1, a cell surface protein expressed in normal fetal and adult testes, is upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`Decavac:  (Other name for~ diphtheria toxoid/tetanus toxoid vaccine adsorbed) 
^`decitabine:  A cytidine antimetabolite analogue with potential antineoplastic activity. Decitabine incorporates into DNA and inhibits DNA methyltransferase, resulting in hypomethylation of DNA and intra-S-phase arrest of DNA replication.  
^`Declomycin:  (Other name for~ demeclocycline hydrochloride) 
^`defactinib:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Defactinib inhibits FAK, which may prevent the integrin-mediated activation of several downstream signal transduction pathways, including those involving RAS/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt, thus inhibiting tumor cell migration, proliferation, survival, and tumor angiogenesis. The tyrosine kinase FAK, a signal transducer for integrins, is normally activated by binding to integrins in the extracellular matrix (ECM) but may be upregulated and constitutively activated in various tumor cell types.  
^`deferasirox: A synthetic, orally bioavailable, achiral, tridentate triazole derived from salicylic acid with iron-chelating activity. Deferasirox chelates iron at a 2:1 (ligand: iron) ratio. Because of its oral availablity,and long plasma half-life, this agent may be superior to desferrioxamine (desferal, DFO), which is orally inactive and has a short plasma half-life.  
^`deferiprone: An orally bioavailable bidentate ligand with iron chelating activity. Deferiprone binds to iron in a 3:1 (ligand: iron) molar ratio. By binding to iron, deferiprone is able to remove excess iron from the body.  
^`deferoxamine mesylate:  The mesylate salt of an iron-chelating agent that binds free iron in a stable complex, preventing it from engaging in chemical reactions. Deferoxamine chelates iron from intra-lysosomal ferritin and ferrioxamine, a water-soluble complex excreted by the kidneys and in the feces via the bile. This agent does not readily chelate iron bound to transferrin, hemoglobin, myoglobin or cytochrome.  
^`defibrotide sodium:  A polydeoxyribonucleotide with antithrombotic, thrombolytic, and fibrinolytic properties. Defibrotide sodium induces the release of prostaglandin 12 and reduces the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, thereby interfering with platelet and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium.  
^`defined green tea catechin extract:  A defined, decaffeinated green tea extract, containing polyphenolic flavonol catechins, isolated from the plant Camellia sinensis with antiviral, antioxidant, and potential chemopreventive activities. The primary catechins found in green tea are epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-3 gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most potent. As potential chemopreventive agents, catechins scavenge free radicals; inhibit enzymes involved in cell replication and DNA synthesis; interfere with cell-to-cell contact adhesion; and inhibit various intracellular communication pathways required for cell division. In addition, it has been postulated that EGCG may "trap" growth factors such platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on cell membranes, immobilizing growth factors on cell membranes and preventing ligand-receptor crosslinking and growth factor receptor activation.  
^`Definity:  (Other name for~ perflutren) 
^`Definity:  (Other name for~ perflutren lipid microspheres) 
^`Defitelio:  (Other name for~ defibrotide sodium) 
^`degarelix:  A long-acting, synthetic peptide with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonistic properties. Degarelix targets and blocks GnRH receptors located on the surfaces of gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary, thereby reducing secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) by pituitary gonadotroph cells and so decreasing testosterone production by interstitial (Leydig) cells in the testes.  
^`deglycosylated ricin A chain-conjugated anti-CD19/anti-CD22 immunotoxins: A combination preparation of 1: 1 mixture of the immunotoxins HD37-dgA and RFB4-dgA with potential antineoplastic activity. Anti-CD19 IgG monoclonal antibody HD37 and anti-CD22 IgG monoclonal antibody RFB4 are attached individually to a deglycosylated ricin A chain (dgA) via N-succinimidyl-oxycarbonyl-alpha-methyl-alpha-(2-pyridyldithio) toluene (SMPT) linker. Deglycosylated ricin A chain-conjugated anti-CD19/anti-CD22 immunotoxins bind to CD19- and CD22-expressing tumor cells, specifically delivering cytotoxic ricin A chain to leukemia cells expressing these antigens. Ricin A chain is toxic to ribosomal activity and protein synthesis, and inhibits cell growth. CD19 and CD22 molecules are cell surface antigens present on the majority of B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells.  
^`dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane:  Tissue derived from portions of the placenta donated by the patient during a C-section, with potential regenerative activity. Upon placement of the tissue around or on the affected area, dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane (dHCAM), which contains regenerative cytokines, promotes wound angiogenesis and may help heal the wound, restore tissue function and reduce risk of inflammation.  
^`Deladumone:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`delanzomib:  An orally bioavailable synthetic P2 threonine boronic acid inhibitor of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome, with potential antineoplastic activity. Delanzomib represses the proteasomal degradation of a variety of proteins, including inhibitory kappaBalpha (IkappaBalpha), resulting in the cytoplasmic sequestration of the transcription factor NF-kappaB; inhibition of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and transcriptional up-regulation of a variety of cell growth-promoting factors; and apoptotic cell death in susceptible tumor cell populations. In vitro studies indicate that this agent exhibits a favorable cytotoxicity profile toward normal human epithelial cells, bone marrow progenitors, and bone marrow-derived stromal cells relative to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. The intracellular protein IkappaBalpha functions as a primary inhibitor of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB.  
^`Delatestryl:  (Other name for~ therapeutic testosterone) 
^`delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol:  An analogue of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with antiemetic, anxiolytic, appetite-stimulating, analgesic, and neuroprotective properties. Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC) binds to the cannabinoid G-protein coupled receptor CB1, located in the central nervous system; CB1 receptor activation inhibits adenyl cyclase, increases mitogen-activated protein kinase activities, modulates several potassium channel conductances and inhibits N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels. This agent exhibits a lower psychotropic potency than delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), the primary form of THC found in cannabis.  
^`Delta-Cortef:  (Other name for~ prednisolone) 
^`delta-tocopherol:  The orally bioavailable delta form of the naturally-occurring fat-soluble vitamin E, mostly found in soybean and corn oils, with potential antioxidant activity. Although the exact mechanism of action of this tocopherol has yet to be fully identified, delta-tocopherol appears to have the ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby protecting cells against oxidative damage.  
^`Del-Vi-A:  (Other name for~ retinol) 
^`demcizumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the N-terminal epitope of Notch ligand DLL4 (delta-like 4) with potential antineoplastic activity. Demcizumab binds to the membrane-binding portion of DLL4 and prevents its interaction with Notch-1 and Notch-4 receptors, thereby inhibiting Notch-mediated signaling and gene transcription, which may impede tumor angiogenesis. Activation of Notch receptors by DLL4 stimulates proteolytic cleavage of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD); after cleavage, NICD is translocated into the nucleus and mediates the transcriptional regulation of a variety of genes involved in vascular development. The expression of DLL4 is highly restricted to the vascular endothelium.  
^`demeclocycline hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline, a broad-spectrum, tetracycline derivative exhibiting antimicrobial, aquaretic and chelating activities. In bacteria, demeclocycline binds reversibly to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocks the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the mRNA-ribosome complex, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and bacterial cell death. In mammals, this agent interferes with the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) at the level of the renal collecting tubule, resulting in aquaresis. In addition, demeclocycline, which like other tetracyclines chelates calcium in bone and exhibits a yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) light, may be used as a fluorescent bone-labeling agent in bone histomorphometry.  
^`Demerol:  (Other name for~ meperidine hydrochloride) 
^`demineralized bone matrix:  Demineralized allograft bone with osteoinductive activity. Demineralized bone matrices are prepared by acid extraction of allograft bone, resulting in loss of most of the mineralized component but retention of collagen and noncollagenous proteins, including growth factors. The efficacy of a demineralized bone matrix (DBM) as a bone-graft substitute or extender may be related to the total amount of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) present, and the ratios of the different BMPs present. BMPs belong to the transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily of proteins.  
^`DEMSER:  (Other name for~ metyrosine) 
^`Dendrid:  (Other name for~ idoxuridine) 
^`dendritic cell-autologous lung tumor vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of lymphocytes harvested from a patient with lung cancer and induced to become antigen-presenting cells (APCs) known as dendritic cells. The dendritic cells are transduced with the gene encoding an antigen specific to the patient's cancer and then returned to the patient. In the host, the altered cells stimulate the immune system to mount a primary T cell response against lung tumor cells expressing the target antigen. Dendritic cell-autologous lung tumor vaccines have been investigated for use in cancer immunotherapy.  
^`dendritic cell-CEA peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of dendritic cells harvested from a patient with cancer and pulsed or transduced with a peptide fragment of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a tumor-associated antigen expressed by a wide range of cancers. When the altered dendritic cells are returned to the patient, they may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte immune response against tumor cells expressing CEA.  
^`dendritic cell-gp100-MART-1 antigen vaccine:  An autologous dendritic cell vaccine with antineoplastic property. Dendritic cells harvested from cancer patients are pulsed with human gp100 melanoma antigen and MART-1 antigen (a melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells); both antigens are up-regulated in melanomas. Vaccination with this vaccine may elicit the host immune response against MART-1 or gp100 expressing cells.  
^`dendritic cell-idiotype-keyhole limpet hemocyanin vaccine:  A cell-based vaccine composed of allogeneic dendritic cells (DC), pulsed with patient-specific non-Hodgkin's lymphoma idiotype (Id) determinants conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential antitumor activity. Upon administration, this vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against Id-expressing lymphoma cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`dendritic cell-MART-1 peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of dendritic cells harvested from a patient with cancer and pulsed or transduced with a peptide fragment of MART-1 (melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells), an antigen expressed by melanoma cells. When the altered dendritic cells are returned to the patient, they stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte immune response against tumor cells expressing MART-1.  
^`dendritic cell-precision multiple antigen T lymphocytes:  A preparation of dendritic cell-precision multiple antigen T-cells (DC-PMAT) that have been induced to specifically target multiple undisclosed tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), with potential antitumor activity. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action through which DC-PMAT cells exert their effects has yet to be elucidated, upon infusion, these cells may stimulate the host immune system to mount a highly-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumors expressing common TAAs, which leads to tumor cell lysis.  
^`dendritic cell-targeting lentiviral vector ID-LV305:  An engineered lentiviral vector targeting dendritic cells (DCs) and containing nucleic acids encoding for the human tumor-associated cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration, the DC-targeting lentiviral vector ID-LV305 targets and binds to dermal DCs via the DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) receptor. Upon internalization of the vector, the NY-ESO-1 protein is expressed, stimulates DC maturation and activates the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against NY-ESO-1-expressing cells, which may result in tumor cell lysis. NY-ESO-1 is expressed in normal testes and on the surfaces of various tumor cells, and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`denenicokin:  A recombinant peptide similar to or identical to endogenous human cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) with potential antineoplastic activity. Denenicokin binds to and activates IL-21 receptors, expressed on T-cells, B-cells, dendritic cells (DC), and natural killer (NK) cells, modulating the proliferation and/or differentiation of T and B cells, promoting T cell survival, and increasing the cytolytic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and NK cells.  
^`denibulin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of denibulin, a small molecular vascular disrupting agent, with potential antimitotic and antineoplastic activities. Denibulin selectively targets and reversibly binds to the colchicine-binding site on tubulin and inhibits microtubule assembly. This results in the disruption of the cytoskeleton of tumor endothelial cells, ultimately leading to cell cycle arrest, blockage of cell division and apoptosis. This causes inadequate blood flow to the tumor and eventually leads to a decrease in tumor cell proliferation., a small molecule vascular disrupting agent (VDA), with potential antimitotic and antineoplastic activity. Denibulin selectively targets and reversibly binds to the colchicine-binding site on tubulin and inhibits microtubule assembly. This results in the disruption of the cytoskeleton of tumor endothelial cells (EC), ultimately leading to cell cycle arrest, blockage of cell division and apoptosis. This causes inadequate blood flow to the tumor and eventually leads to a decrease in tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`denileukin diftitox:  A cytotoxic recombinant protein consisting of interleukin-2 (IL-2) protein sequences fused to diphtheria toxin. The IL-2 protein sequence moiety of denileukin difitox directs the cytocidal action of diphtheria toxin to cells that express IL-2 receptors. After the toxin moiety is internalized into target IL-2 receptor-expressing cells, its catalytic domain catalyzes the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD to a posttranslationally modified histidine residue of elongation factor 2 (EF-2), called diphthamine. This covalent modification inactivates EF-2 and disrupts polypeptide chain elongation, resulting in cell death.  
^`denintuzumab mafodotin:  An immunoconjugate consisting of an anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody conjugated to the auristatin derivative monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of denintuzumab mafodotin, the antibody moiety targets the cell surface antigen CD19, found on a number of B-cell-derived cancers. Upon antibody/antigen binding and internalization, the immunoconjugate releases MMAF, which binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization. Inhibition of tubulin polymerization may result in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. This causes inhibition of cell growth of CD19-expressing tumor cells. CD19, a B-cell antigen, is overexpressed by a variety of different cancer cell types.  
^`denosumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand (RANKL) with antiosteoclast activity. Denosumab specifically binds to RANKL and blocks the interaction of RANKL with RANK, a receptor located on osteoclast cell surfaces, resulting in inhibition of osteoclast activity, a decrease in bone resorption, and a potential increase in bone mineral density. RANKL, a protein expressed by osteoblastic cells, plays an important role in osteoclastic differentiation and activation.  
^`deoxycytidine analogue TAS-109:  An analogue of the nucleoside deoxycytidine with potential antineoplastic activity. Nucleoside analogue TAS-109 is incorporated into DNA and directly inhibits the activity of DNA polymerase, which may result in inhibition of DNA replication and cell cycle arrest in the S and G2/M phases, DNA fragmentation, and tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`Depacon:  (Other name for~ divalproex sodium) 
^`Depacon:  (Other name for~ valproic acid) 
^`Depade:  (Other name for~ naltrexone hydrochloride) 
^`Depakene:  (Other name for~ valproic acid) 
^`Depakote:  (Other name for~ divalproex sodium) 
^`Depakote ER:  (Other name for~ divalproex sodium) 
^`depAndro:  (Other name for~ testosterone cypionate) 
^`DEPDC1/MPHOSH1 peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing HLA-A*2402-restricted epitopes derived from DEP domain containing 1 (DEPDC1) and M phase phosphoprotein 1 (MPHOSPH1) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, DEPDC1/MPHOSH1 peptide vaccine may elicit a specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing DEPDC1 and MPHOSPH1, tumor antigens that are overexpressed in bladder cancer cells. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`Depen:  (Other name for~ penicillamine) 
^`Deplin:  (Other name for~ L-methylfolate) 
^`DepoCyt:  (Other name for~ cytarabine liposome) 
^`Depo-Medrol:  (Other name for~ methylprednisolone) 
^`Depo-Provera:  (Other name for~ medroxyprogesterone) 
^`Depotest:  (Other name for~ testosterone cypionate) 
^`Depo-Testosterone:  (Other name for~ testosterone cypionate) 
^`Dermacort:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`DermaMatrix:  (Other name for~ acelullar cadaveric dermal matrix) 
^`derma-membrane-structure topical cream:  A topical cream formulation containing physiological lipids with potential anti-xerotic activity. Derma-membrane-structure topical cream contains ingredients that mirror the lipid component of the the skin, including hydrated phosphatidyl choline, but does not contain conventional emulsifiers that may disrupt the skin-lipid barrier. This cream can also be used as a vehicle or base for topically applied medications.  
^`Desferal:  (Other name for~ deferoxamine mesylate) 
^`desflurane:  A fluorinated ether with general anesthetic and muscle relaxant activities. Although the exact mechanism of action has not been established, desflurane, administered by inhalation, appears to act on the lipid matirx of the neuronal membrane, resulting in disruption of neuronal transmission in the brain. This agent may also enhance the synaptic activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).  
^`desipramine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of desipramine, a secondary amine tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). In the central nervous system (CNS), desipramine hydrochloride blocks the re-uptake of neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine and serotonin. This leads to an increase in the amount of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft and prolongs their activities postsynaptically.  
^`deslorelin:  A synthetic nonapeptide analogue of the natural gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) with potential antineoplastic activity. Deslorelin binds to and activates pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors. Continuous, prolonged administration of goserelin in males results in pituitary GnRH receptor desensitization and inhibition of pituitary secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), leading to a significant decline in testosterone production; in females, prolonged administration results in a decrease in estradiol production.  
^`desmopressin acetate:  An analogue of the hormone vasopressin with antidiuretic and antihemorrhagic properties. Desmopressin acetate has selective affinity for the V2 receptor and acts on the distal kidney tubule by increasing the cellular permeability thereby stimulating water reabsorption. This antidiuretic agent is used in the treatment of central diabetes insipidus. An unrelated action of desmopressin acetate is to increases circulating factor VIII and is used in patients with haemophilia and von Willebrand's disease.  
^`desogestral:  A synthetic progestogen structurally related to levonorgestrel, with progesterone hormone receptor agonistic activity, used as a contraceptive and hormone replacement agent. Upon administration, desogestrel binds intracellular progesterone receptors in progesterone responsive tissue and the resultant complex interacts with DNA causing either gene transcription or gene repression. This eventually leads to an inhibition of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus and a subsequent inhibition of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release. This prevents ovulation and alters the cervical mucus.  
^`desvenlafaxine succinate:  The succinate salt form of desvenlafaxine, a synthetic phenethylamine bicyclic derivative with antidepressant activity. Desvenlafaxine is a selective reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine due to its high binding affinities to the pre-synaptic serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. By blocking both transporters, this agent prolongs neurotransmitter activities of both serotonin and norepinephrine, thereby alleviating depressive state.  
^`detorubicin:  A semi-synthetic derivative of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic daunorubicin. Detorubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent also produces toxic free-radical intermediates and interacts with cell membrane lipids causing lipid peroxidation. Detorubicin is less toxic than daunorubicin.  
^`Detox-B adjuvant:  A cancer vaccine adjuvant that consists of an oil droplet emulsion of monophosphoryl lipid A and mycobacterial cell wall skeleton. Detox-B adjuvant is a non-specific immunostimulant that may enhance the host immune response to certain cancer vaccines. Detox-B differs from Detox adjuvant in that Detox-B contains lecithin.  
^`DetoxPC:  A detoxified, nonspecific immunostimulant consisting of a combination of the active monophosphoryl lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the bacterium Salmonella minnesota combined with a residue of the cell wall of the bacterium Mycobacterium phlei. Detox-PC differs from Detox adjuvant and Detox-B in that Detox-PC contains egg phosphatidylcholine and alpha-tocopherol.  
^`deuterated 3-methylhistidine:  A derivative of the amino acid histidine labeled with heavy hydrogen (D) used in diagnostic procedures. Upon intake of deuterated 3-methylhistidine (3-MH), this agent is incorporated into muscle protein and then is subsequently excreted unchanged in the urine. By measuring the amount of 3-MH in the urine, via analysis of deuterium, the rate of protein muscle catabolism can be determined and the risk of skeletal muscle atrophy or cachexia can be assessed. 3-methylhistidine is a myofibrillar-specific amino acid and is mainly found in muscle myosin and actin; proteolysis of myofibrils releases 3-MH that is excreted unchanged in the urine.  
^`deuterated phenanthrene:  A noncarcinogenic and structural analogue of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), phenanthrene labeled with deuterium ([D10]Phe) with potential use in assessing an individual’s capacity for PAH metabolism by the diol epoxide pathway. Upon oral or inhalation administration, [D10]Phe is metabolized into the tetraol end product ([D10]PheT) via the diol epoxide pathway, and can be quantified in urine. [D10]PheT can be used as a biomarker to assess PAHs metabolic activation and may therefore determine an individual’s susceptibility to carcinogenicity upon PAH exposure.  
^`deuterium oxide:  A stable, non-radioactive isotopic form of water, containing 2 atoms of deuterium (D) and one atom of oxygen (2D2O), with DNA-labeling activity. Upon ingestion of deuterium oxide, 2H is incorporated into the deoxyribose moiety of DNA of newly divided cells. Rapidly dividing cells, as in the case of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), can be labeled with deuterium oxide and measured using gas chromatography and/or mass spectrometry.  
^`dexamethasone:  A synthetic adrenal corticosteroid with potent anti-inflammatory properties. In addition to binding to specific nuclear steroid receptors, dexamethasone also interferes with NF-kB activation and apoptotic pathways. This agent lacks the salt-retaining properties of other related adrenal hormones.  
^`dexamethasone intravitreal implant:  An intravitreal implant containing the corticosteroid dexamethasone embedded in a biodegradable polymer matrix, with anti-inflammatory and macular edema-relieving activity. Upon insertion into the vitreous cavity, dexamethasone intravitreal implant is dissolved slowly and dexamethasone is released over an extended period of time. Dexamethasone inhibits inflammation thereby preventing leakage from the capillaries and a reduction of retinal edema. This may ultimately prevent vision impairment.  
^`Dexampex:  (Other name for~ dextroamphetamine sulfate) 
^`dexanabinol:  A synthetic, terpene-based cannabinoid derivative devoid of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 agonist activity and with potential neuroprotective, antiinflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Functioning as an N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, dexanabinol protects neuronal cells against NMDA and glutamate neurotoxicity. This agent also scavenges peroxy radicals and protects neurons from the damages of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, dexanabinol inhibits the activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), thereby preventing the expression of NF-kB target genes, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase. As a result, this agent may restore apoptotic processes in cancerous cells. NF-kB is activated in a variety of cancer cells and plays a key role in the regulation of apoptosis and cellular proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Dexedrine:  (Other name for~ dextroamphetamine sulfate) 
^`dexmedetomidine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of dexmedetomidine, an imidazole derivate and active d-isomer of medetomidine with analgesic, anxiolytic and sedative activities. Dexmedetomidine selectively binds to and activates presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors located in the brain, thereby inhibiting the release of norepinephrine from synaptic vesicles. This leads to an inhibition of postsynaptic activation of adrenoceptors, which inhibits sympathetic activity, thereby leading to analgesia, sedation and anxiolysis.  
^`dexpanthenol cream:  An alcoholic analogue of D-pantothenic acid and cholinergic agent. Dexpanthenol acts as a precursor of coenzyme A necessary for acetylation reactions and is involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine. Although the exact mechanism of the actions of dexpanthenol is unclear, it may enhance the effect of acetylcholine. Dexpanthenol acts on the gastrointestinal tract and increases lower intestinal motility. It is also applied topically to the skin to relieve itching and to promote healing.  
^`dexpanthenol mouthwash:  A mouthwash containing 5% dexpanthenol, the alcoholic analogue of the dextrorotatory isomer of pantothenic acid with potential antimucositis activity. Although the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated, upon rinsing with this solution dexpanthenol is converted to pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) which is required for coenzyme A synthesis as well as for the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Coenzyme A is involved in fatty acids and sphingolipids synthesis crucial for cell membrane integrity. This mouthwash may have a protective and healing effect on the oral mucosa, may improve hydration and may potentially prevent or reduce radiation/chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`dexrazoxane hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a bisdioxopiperazine with iron-chelating, chemoprotective, cardioprotective, and antineoplastic activities. After hydrolysis to an active form that is similar to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), dexrazoxane chelates iron, limiting the formation of free radical-generating anthracycline-iron complexes, which may minimize anthracycline-iron complex-mediated oxidative damage to cardiac and soft tissues. This agent also inhibits the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II, which may result in tumor cell growth inhibition.  
^`Dextri-Maltose:  (Other name for~ maltodextrin) 
^`dextroamphetamine sulfate:  The salt of the dextro-isomer of amphetamine and sympathomimetic amine with CNS stimulating properties. Dextroamphetamine sulphate acts by facilitating the release of catecholamines, particularly noradrenaline and dopamine, from nerve terminals in the brain and inhibits their uptake. This leads to an increase in motor activity, causes euphoria, mental alertness and excitement and suppresses appetite. This drug causes dependence and may cause an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. It is used in the treatment of narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.  
^`dextroamphetamine-amphetamine:  A combination of two synthetic agents with central nervous system stimulant activity. Both agents are non-catecholamine, sympathomimetic agents that elevate blood pressure and cause bronchodilation. These agents are commonly abused psychostimulant drugs that induce psychologic dependence manifested by elevated mood, increased wakefulness, concentration, physical performance and a feeling of well-being. Tolerance to various effects develops unequally, so that tachycardia and enhanced alertness diminish while psychotoxic effects (hallucinations and delusions) may occur.  
^`dextromethorphan hydrobromide:  The hydrobromide salt form of dextromethorphan, a synthetic, methylated dextrorotary analogue of levorphanol, a substance related to codeine and a non-opioid derivate of morphine. Dextromethorphan exhibits antitussive activity and is devoid of analgesic or addictive property. This agent crosses the blood-brain-barrier and activates sigma opioid receptors on the cough center in the central nervous system, thereby suppressing the cough reflex.  
^`dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of the d-isomer of the synthetic opiate propoxyphene with weak narcotic analgesic activity. Dextropropoxyphene mimics the effects of endogenous opiates by binding to mu receptors located throughout the central nervous system. The binding results in GTP to GDP exchanges on the mu-G-protein complex, by which the effector adenylate cyclase is inactivated, decreasing intracellular cAMP. This, in turn, inhibits the release of various nociceptive neurotransmitters, such as substance P, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, vasopressin, and somatostatin. In addition, dextropropoxyphene closes N-type voltage-gated calcium channels and opens calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels, which results in neuronal hyperpolarization, a reduction in neuronal excitability, and a further decrease in the perception of pain.  
^`Dextrostat:  (Other name for~ dextroamphetamine sulfate) 
^`dexverapamil:  The R-enantiomer of the calcium channel blocker verapamil. Dexverapamil competitively inhibits the multidrug resistance efflux pump P-glycoprotein (MDR-1), thereby potentially increasing the effectiveness of a wide range of antineoplastic drugs which are inactivated by MDR-1 mechanisms. This agent exhibits decreased calcium antagonistic activity and toxicity compared to racemic verapamil.  
^`DHAP regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of dexamethasone, high-dose cytarabine (ARA-C) and cisplatin (Platinol), used for the treatment of relapsed and refractory Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas.  
^`DHA-paclitaxel:  A prodrug comprised of the naturally occurring omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) covalently conjugated to the anti-microtubule agent paclitaxel. Because tumor cells take up DHA, DHA-paclitaxel is delivered directly to tumor tissue, where the paclitaxel moiety binds to tubulin and inhibits the disassembly of microtubules, thereby resulting in the inhibition of cell division. Paclitaxel also induces apoptosis by binding to and blocking the function of the apoptosis inhibitor protein Bcl-2 (B-cell Leukemia 2). DHA-paclitaxel exhibits improved pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles when compared to conventional paclitaxel and has demonstrated antineoplastic activity in animal models of cancer.  
^`DHEA mustard:  A steroidal alkylating agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Alkylating agents exert cytotoxic and, in some cases, chemotherapeutic effects by transferring alkyl groups to DNA, thereby damaging DNA and interfering with DNA replication and cell division.  
^`dHER2+AS15 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a truncated recombinant HER2/neu peptide (dHER2) combined with the immunoadjuvant AS15 with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, dHER2+AS15 vaccine may stimulate the host immune response to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that overexpress the HER2/neu protein, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The tumor-associated antigen (TAA) HER2/neu is often overexpressed by a variety of tumor cell types; dHER2 includes amino acids 1-645 or 1-653 of the extracellular domain (ECD) and an immunogenic carboxyl terminal autophosphorylation portion of the intracellular domain (ICD). AS15 is an adjuvant formulation that contains the adjuvant systems AS01B and AS07A; AS01 B is composed of liposomes containing 3D-MPL and QS21 and AS07A is composed of the synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) agonist CpG 7909.  
^`Diabeta:  (Other name for~ glyburide) 
^`Diabinese:  (Other name for~ chlorpropamide) 
^`diacetylmorphine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a diacetyl derivative of the opiate morphine, a naturally occurring alkaloid extracted from the seedpod of the Asian poppy (Papaver sp.). Once administered, diamorphine (or diacetylmorphine) is rapidly hydrolyzed to 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and then to the end-product morphine which binds to opiate receptors located throughout the mammalian nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Inducing a potent analgesia, the use of diamoprhine is often escalated due to a tolerance effect, resulting in abuse that is associated with fatal overdose, abortion, venous sclerosis, and opportunistic infections, among other adverse effects.  
^`diammonium glycyrrhizinate:  The diammonium salt of glycyrrhizin and the active constituent in the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese liquorice or Gan-Cao) with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. Diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG) is slowly metabolized within the cells into glycyrrhetic acid, which inhibits enzymes that control cortisol metabolism and contributes to this agent's anti-inflammatory effect. Although the exact mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated, DG may prevent or reduce hepatotoxicity via the scavenging of free radicals. This agent also upregulates the expression of transcription coactivator PGC-1alpha and modulates hepatic enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase and glutathion peroxidase.  
^`dianhydrogalactitol:  A bifunctional hexitol derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Dianhydrogalactitol alkylates and cross-links DNA via an epoxide group during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in disruption of DNA function and cell cycle arrest.  
^`Diastyl:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`diazepinomicin:  A small-molecule inhibitor of the RAS/RAF/MAPK signaling pathway with potential antineoplastic activity. Diazepinomicin binds to and inhibits Ras kinase, thereby preventing the phosphorylation and activation of proteins downstream of the Ras signal transduction pathway, including serine/threonine kinase RAF (BRAF) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1 and ERK-2). This agent also selectively binds to the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), a receptor highly expressed in certain tumor cell types cells, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PBR-expressing cells. Diazepinomicin can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).  
^`diaziquone:  A synthetic bifunctional quinone derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Diaziquone alkylates and cross-links DNA during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in disruption of DNA function, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. This agent can also form free radicals, thereby initiating DNA damage via DNA strand breaks. Due to its lipophilicity, diaziquone readily crosses the blood brain barrier.  
^`diazooxonorleucine:  An L-glutamine diazo analogue amino acid antibiotic isolated from a species of the bacterial genus Streptomyces with potential antineoplastic activity. Diazooxonorleucine inhibits several glutamine-dependent biosynthetic pathways involved in the the syntheses of D-glucosamine phosphate, purines and pyrimidines. This agent inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase, a key enzyme for the synthesis of releasable glutamine, depleting cells of this essential amino acid and reducing their capacity to proliferate.  
^`diazoxide:  A benzothiadiazine derivate with antihypertensive and hyperglycemic activities. Diazoxide increases membrane permeability to potassium ions in vascular smooth muscle, thereby stabilizing the membrane action potential and preventing vascular smooth muscle contraction; this results in peripheral vasodilatation and decreases in peripheral vascular resistance. This agent also inhibits insulin release by interacting with ATP-sensitive potassium channels of pancreatic islet beta-cells.  
^`Dibenzyline:  (Other name for~ phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride) 
^`dichloromethotrexate:  A chlorinated methotrexate derivative. Dichloromethotrexate inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby preventing the synthesis of purine nucleotides and thymidylates and inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent is metabolized and excreted by the liver.  
^`diclofenac epolamine patch:  A topical patch containing the epolamine salt form of the nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac, with anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic activities. Upon topical application of the diclofenac epolamine patch to a specific area, the patch releases diclofenac epolamine into the skin. Diclofenac locally binds to cyclooxygenase isoforms 1 and 2 (COX-1 and -2). The inhibition of COX-2 by diclofenac prevents the COX-2-mediated synthesis of proprostaglandins (PGs) and thereby locally relieves PG-mediated pain, fever and inflammation.  
^`diclofenac sodium gel:  A gel formulation of the sodium salt of diclofenac, a nonsteroidal benzeneacetic acid derivative with analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Diclofenac binds to and chelates both isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and-2), thereby blocking the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. This agent may also inhibit lipoxygenases, resulting in the inhibition of pro-inflammatory leukotriene synthesis from AA.  
^`didanosine:  A synthetic nucleoside analogue of deoxyadenosine in which the 3' hydroxyl on the ribose moiety is replaced by a hydrogen atom. In vivo, didanosine is converted to the active triphosphate form, which is incorporated into DNA. The absence of the 3' hydroxyl inhibits DNA elongation because phosphodiester bonds cannot be made with the substituted hydrogen.  
^`didemnin B:  A cyclic depsipeptide extracted from the Caribbean tunicate Trididemnum cyanophorum. Didemnin B activates caspase, thereby inducing apoptosis, and prevents eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2)-dependent translocation, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. This agent also has immunosuppressive and antiviral properties.  
^`dideoxyadenosine:  A synthetic nucleoside analogue of deoxyadenosine and a prodrug of didanosine in which the 3' hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety is replaced by a hydrogen atom. Dideoxyadenosine competitively inhibits adenylyl cyclase, thereby reducing levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). By inhibiting cAMP-mediated gene activation in tumor cells, this agent may retard tumor cell proliferation.  
^`dienogest:  An orally-active, semisynthetic, fourth generation, nonethinylated progestogen with potential antiproliferative, antiandrogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic activities that is used in hormone therapy and as a female contraceptive. Upon oral administration, dienogest binds intracellular progesterone receptors which then translocate to the nucleus where the drug-receptor complex interacts with progesterone response elements, thus altering the expression of target genes. Dienogest reduces the production of estradiol, prevents ovulation and alters the cervical mucus and endometrium. In addition, dienogest appears to suppress the expression of cell cycle regulator cyclin D1. Altogether, this may prevent the growth of endometrial epithelial cells and may reduce symptoms associated with leiomyoma.  
^`diethyldithiocarbamate:  A sulfhydryl-containing carbamate that is the primary in vivo metabolite of disulfiram. Diethyldithiocarbamate chelates zinc, thereby inhibiting metalloproteinases, thereby preventing the degradation of the extracellular matrix and inhibiting an initial step in cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. A known inhibitor of superoxide dismutase, this agent can either potentiate or protect against cell oxidative damage caused by ionizing radiation, depending on the time of administration.  
^`diethylstilbestrol:  DES; the acronym for diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic, nonsteroidal form of estrogen. A well-known teratogen and carcinogen, DES inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, thereby blocking the testicular synthesis of testosterone, lowering plasma testosterone, and inducing a chemical castration.  
^`Difflam:  (Other name for~ benzydamine hydrochloride) 
^`Difinsa53:  (Other name for~ dimethicone-containing botanicals-based lotion) 
^`Diflucan:  (Other name for~ fluconazole) 
^`diflunisal:  A difluorophenyl derivate of salicylic acid and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Diflunisal competitively inhibits both cyclooxygenase (COX) -1 and -2, with higher affinity for COX-1, and subsequently blocks the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin precursors. This leads to an inhibition of the formation of prostaglandins that are involved in pain, inflammation and fever. Diflunisal differs from other salicylates, in that it is not metabolized to salicylic acid, hence it has a longer half-life.  
^`digoxin:  A cardiac glycoside. Digoxin inhibits the sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) pump, thereby increasing intracellular calcium and enhancing cardiac contractility. This agent also acts directly on the atrioventricular node to suppress conduction, thereby slowing conduction velocity. Apparently due to its effects on intracellular calcium concentrations, digoxin induces apoptosis of tumor cells via a pathway involving mitochondrial cytochrome c and caspases 8 and 3.  
^`dihydro-5-azacytidine:  A synthetic nucleoside analogue of deoxycytidine. Dihydro-5-azacytidine inhibits DNA methyltransferase, thereby interfering with abnormal DNA methylation patterns that are associated with genetic instability in some tumor cells. Inhibition of this enzyme may restore expression of tumor-suppressor genes and result in antitumor activity.  
^`dihydrolenperone:  A butyrophenone that has been investigated for antineoplastic activity.  
^`dihydrotestosterone:  The most potent androgen, required for sex development. Dihydrotestosterone is synthesized from testosterone in the prostate gland, testes, hair follicles and adrenal glands by 5-alpha reductase. Dihydrotestosterone exerts its action similar to testosterone, which binds to and activates specific nuclear androgen receptors. After translocation into the nucleus, the activated hormone-receptor complex binds to the androgen response elements on the DNA and activates gene expressions that are required for sex development. Dihydrotestosterone is responsible for the formation of male primary sex characteristics and most male secondary sex characteristics during puberty, such as muscular growth, facial and body hair growth, and deepening of the voice.  
^`diindolylmethane:  A phytonutrient and plant indole found in cruciferous vegetables including broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kale, with potential antiandrogenic and antineoplastic activities. As a dimer of indole-3-carbinol, diindolylmethane (DIM) promotes beneficial estrogen metabolism in both sexes by reducing the levels of 16-hydroxy estrogen metabolites and increasing the formation of 2-hydroxy estrogen metabolites, resulting in increased antioxidant activity. Although this agent induces apoptosis in tumor cells in vitro, the exact mechanism by which DIM exhibits its antineoplastic activity in vivo is unknown.  
^`Dilaudid:  (Other name for~ hydromorphone hydrochloride) 
^`Dilaudid HP:  (Other name for~ hydromorphone hydrochloride) 
^`DI-Leu16-IL2 immunocytokine:  A recombinant fusion protein consisting of de-immunized and humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Leu16 fused to human cytokine interleukin-2 (IL2) with potential antineoplastic activity. The antibody moiety of DI-Leu16-IL2 immunocytokine binds to tumor cells expressing the CD20 antigen, which may result in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) towards CD20-expressing tumor cells; the localized IL2 moiety of this fusion protein may stimulate natural killer (NK) and T-lymphocyte mediated immune responses, enhancing the ADCC response. De-immunization involves the modification of potential helper T cell epitopes that bind to MHC class II molecules; humanization involves combining recombinant murine variable (V) regions with human immunoglobulin light and heavy chain constant regions. CD20 antigen, a hydrophobic transmembrane protein located on normal pre-B and mature B lymphocytes, is overexpressed by various cancer cell types.  
^`diltiazem hydrochloride:  A benzothiazepine calcium channel blocking agent. Diltiazem hydrochloride inhibits the transmembrane influx of extracellular calcium ions into select myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, causing dilatation of coronary and systemic arteries and decreasing myocardial contractility. Because of its vasodilatory activity, this agent has been shown to improve the microcirculation in some tumors, thereby potentially improving the delivery of antineoplastic agents to tumor cells.  
^`Dimericine:  (Other name for~ liposomal T4N5 lotion) 
^`dimesna:  A synthetic derivative of dithio-ethane sulfonate with uroprotective properties. In the kidney, dimesna undergoes reduction to the free thiol compound, mesna, which reacts chemically with the urotoxic ifosfamide metabolites acrolein and 4-hydroxy-ifosfamide, resulting in their detoxification. This agent also inhibits cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.  
^`dimethicone-containing botanicals-based lotion:  A skin lotion containing various proprietary botanical ingredients and the skin protectant dimethicone, a silicon-based polymer, with potential to prevent radiation dermatitis (RD). Upon topical application to the affected area before and after radiation therapy, the phytochemicals in the dimethicone-containing botanicals-based lotion may act as free radical scavengers and exert an antioxidant effect. The dimethicone component of the skin lotion protects against damage, and moisturizes and soothes the skin.  
^`dimethyl fumarate:  An orally bioavailable methyl ester of fumaric acid and activator of nuclear factor erythroid 2 [NF-E2]-related factor 2 (Nrf2, Nfe2l2), with potential neuroprotective, immunomodulating and radiosensitizing activities. Although the exact mechanism of action through which dimethyl fumarate exerts its neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects have yet to be fully understood, upon oral administration, dimethyl fumarate is converted into its active metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) and MMF binds to Nrf2. Subsequently, Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus and binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE). This induces the expression of a number of cytoprotective genes, including NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), sulfiredoxin 1 (Srxn1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO1, HMOX1), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), thioredoxin reductase-1 (TXNRD1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) and glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (Gclm); this also increases the synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). The intraneuronal synthesis of GSH may protect neuronal cells from damage due to oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate also appears to inhibit the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB)-mediated pathway, modulates the production of certain cytokines and induces apoptosis in certain T-cell subsets. Its radiosensitizing activity is due to this agent's ability to bind to and sequester intracellular GSH, thereby depleting intracellular GSH and preventing its anti-oxidative effects. This enhances the cytotoxicity of ionizing radiation in hypoxic cancer cells. Nrf2, a leucine zipper transcription factor, plays a key role in redox homeostasis and cytoprotection against oxidative stress.  
^`dimethyl sulfoxide:  A polar organic solvent. DMSO is a free radical scavenger that has been used to treat extravasation damage caused by anthracycline-based chemotherapy.  
^`dimethylbusulfan:  An aliphatic analogue of busulfan with potential antineoplastic activity. As an alkylating agent, dimethylbusulfan induces neutropenia and has been shown to exhibit antitumor effects in some animal models. Alkylating agents exert cytotoxic and chemotherapeutic effects by transferring alkyl groups to DNA, thereby damaging DNA and interfering with DNA synthesis and cell division.  
^`Dimorphone:  (Other name for~ hydromorphone hydrochloride) 
^`dinaciclib:  A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine with potential antineoplastic activity. Dinaciclib selectively inhibits cyclin dependent kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK5, and CDK9; inhibition of CDK1 and CDK2 may result in cell cycle repression and tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`dinitrophenyl:  A small molecule containing 2 phenol rings, characterized as a hapten for use in vaccine preparation. Dinitrophenyl by itself will not elicit any immune response nor bind to antigen. Dinitrophenyl compound is commonly used to couple with peptides in vaccine preparation to enhance the immunogenicity of otherwise weak immunogenic antigens.  
^`dinoprost tromethamine:  A synthetic analogue of the naturally occurring prostaglandin F2 alpha. Prostaglandin F2 alpha stimulates myometrial activity, relaxes the cervix, inhibits corpus luteal steroidogenesis, and induces luteolysis by direct action on the corpus luteum.  
^`dinutuximab:  A chimeric mouse/human monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Dinutuximab binds to the ganglioside GD2 and induces antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity against GD2-expressing tumor cells. GD2 is overexpressed in malignant melanoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, and small cell carcinoma of the lung.  
^`Dioscorea nipponica Makino extract DNE3:  An extract of the plant Dioscorea nipponica Makino and inhibitor of both the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B) and members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) family of lipid kinases, with potential antineoplastic and anti-metastatic activities. Dioscorea nipponica Makino extracted with ethyl acetate (DNE3) binds to and inhibits PI3K and Akt. This inhibits PI3K/Akt-mediated signaling and prevents both growth and survival of PI3K/Akt-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, DNE3 increases the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), inhibits the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), primarily MMP-2 and MMP-9, and inhibits the serine protease urokinase (urokinase-type plasminogen activator; u-PA). This inhibits tumor cell invasion, migration, motility, and adhesion. This agent also inhibits the activation of both cAMP response element-binding (CREB) and activating protein-1 (AP-1), and increases the expression of IkappaB (IkB), which inhibits the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB). These processes further contribute to this agent's anti-tumor potential in susceptible tumor cells.  
^`Diovan:  (Other name for~ valsartan) 
^`diphencyprone:  A synthetic, potent allergic contact sensitizer with potential immunostimulatory activity. After sensitization process by repeated topical application of diphencyprone to a specific area, further application of this agent to the affected area may stimulate an immune response and may potentially be useful to clear the affected area from infection or cancer.  
^`diphenhydramine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of diphenhydramine, an ethanolamine and first-generation histamine antagonist with anti-allergic activity. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride competitively blocks H1receptors, thereby preventing the actions of histamine on bronchial smooth muscle, capillaries, and gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle. This prevents histamine-induced bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and GI smooth muscle spasms.  
^`diphenhydramine hydrochloride/dexamethasone/nystatin magic mouthwash:  An oral suspension containing diphenydramine hydrochloride, dexamethasone and nystatin, with anithistaminic, antiinflammatory, and antifungal activities. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride/dexamethasone/nystatin magic mouthwash inhibits the cytokine-mediated inflammation and yeast colonization of the oral mucosa associated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.  
^`diphtheria toxin fragment-interleukin-2 fusion protein E7777:  A cytotoxic recombinant fusion protein consisting of the human cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) fused to diphtheria toxin fragments A and B, containing both the catalytic and translocation domains, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the IL-2 moiety of diphtheria toxin fragment-IL-2 fusion protein E7777 binds to IL-2 receptors. After internalization by IL-2 receptor-expressing cells via endocytosis, the agent is proteolytically cleaved. This releases the catalytic domain of the toxin moiety, which catalyzes the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD to a diphthamide residue of elongation factor 2 (EF-2). This covalent modification inactivates EF-2 and disrupts polypeptide chain elongation, resulting in an inhibition of translation and cell death. E7777 has the same amino acid sequence as denileukin diftitox (DD), but has an increased purity profile and an increased percentage of monomeric, active protein, which improves its efficacy.  
^`diphtheria toxoid/tetanus toxoid vaccine adsorbed:  A vaccine containing detoxified tetanus toxoid and detoxified diphtheria toxoid adsorbed on aluminum phosphate with active immunizing activity against diphtheria and tetanus. Intramuscular injection with this vaccine activates the immune system to develop antibodies against tetanus toxin and diphtheria toxin.  
^`diphtheria toxoid/tetanus toxoid/acellular pertussis adsorbed, recombinant hepatitis B/inactivated poliovirus vaccine combined:  A vaccine consisting of detoxified tetanus toxoid, detoxified diphtheria toxoid, acellular pertussis antigens, inactivated poliovirus (IPV) types 1,2 and 3 and hepatitis B (HBV) surface antigen, with active immunizing activities against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and poliomyelitis. The acellular pertussis components in this vaccine, produced by Bordetella pertussis, are detoxified pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertactin (PRN). Upon intramuscular injection, this vaccine activates the immune system to develop antibodies against tetanus toxin, diphtheria toxin, B. pertussis antigens, polioviruses and HBV. The diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis antigens (inactivated PT, FHA, and pertactin) are adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide; the hepatitis B antigen is adsorbed onto aluminum phosphate.  
^`diphtheria toxoid/tetanus toxoid/acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed:  A vaccine containing detoxified tetanus toxoid, detoxified diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis antigens, adsorbed on aluminum phosphate, with active immunizing activity against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. The acellular pertussis vaccine components, produced by Bordetella pertussis, are detoxified pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin (PRN) and fimbriae types 2 and 3 (FIM). Intramuscular injection with this vaccine activates the immune system to develop antibodies against tetanus toxin, diphtheria toxin and B. pertussis antigens.  
^`diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliomyelitis-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of detoxified diphtheria toxoid (D), detoxified tetanus toxoid (T), acellular pertussis (aP) antigens, inactivated poliovirus (IPV) types 1, 2 and 3, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide (polyribosylribitol phosphate; PRP) covalently bound to tetanus protein, suspended in water for injection and with active immunizing activity against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis and H. influenzae type b. The five purified pertussis antigens in this vaccine are pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin (PRN) and fimbriae types 2 and 3 (FIM). Upon intramuscular injection of the diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliomyelitis-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTaP-IPV-Hib), this vaccine activates the immune system to develop antibodies against diphtheria toxin, tetanus toxin, B. pertussis antigens, polioviruses and Hib, thereby providing active immunization against these diseases. The diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis antigens (inactivated PT, FHA, PRN and FIM) are adsorbed separately onto aluminum phosphate and then combined with IPV and PRP.  
^`Diprivan:  (Other name for~ propofol) 
^`dipyridamole:  A synthetic agent derivative of pyrimido-pyrimidine, with antiplatelet properties. Dipyridamole inhibits adenosine uptake by platelets and endothelial cells, triggering an accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and inhibiting the stimulation of platelet aggregation by agents such as platelet activating factor and collagen.  
^`disaccharide tripeptide glycerol dipalmitoyl:  A lipophilic disaccharide tripeptide derivative of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) with immunomodulatory activity. Disaccharide tripeptide glycerol dipalmitoyl (DTP-GDP)stimulates macrophage activity and increases serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), neopterin, interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12, which may activate host immune system antitumor functions. DTP-GDP may be packaged in liposomes for improved delivery. The immunomodulatory effects of this agent may be superior to those of MDP.  
^`Disalcid:  (Other name for~ sodium salicylate) 
^`distilled water:  An ultra-pure form of water with potential antineoplastic activity. Derived by boiling impure water and condensing the resultant steam in a sterile container, distilled water has been shown to kill bladder cancer cells in vitro through osmotic lysis (cytolysis).  
^`disulfiram:  A carbamoyl derivate used in the treatment of alcoholism. Disulfiram irreversibly inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase that oxidizes the ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde into acetic acid. This leads to an accumulation of acetaldehyde that produces a variety of very unpleasant symptoms referred to as the disulfiram-alcohol reaction. This reaction includes , but is not limited to, flushing, headache, respiratory difficulty, nausea,vomiting, sweating, thirst, chest pain, tachycardia, blurred vision and hypotension.  
^`divalproex sodium:  A stable coordination compound comprised of sodium valproate and valproic acid with anticonvulsant and antiepileptic activities. Divalproex dissociates to the valproate ion in the gastrointestinal tract. This agent binds to and inhibits gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase and its anticonvulsant activity may be exerted by increasing brain concentration of GABA and by inhibiting enzymes that catabolize GABA or block the reuptake of GABA into glia and nerve endings. Divalproex may also work by suppressing repetitive neuronal firing through inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels.  
^`Divine 9 with Carragel:  (Other name for~ carrageenan-containing gel) 
^`DJ-927:  A semi-synthetic, orally bioavailable taxane derivative with potential antineoplastic properties. Oral taxane derivative DJ-927 binds to tubulin, promoting microtubule assembly and stabilization and preventing microtubule depolymerization, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. As it represents poor substrate for P-glycoprotein-related drug resistance mechanisms, this agent may be useful for treating multi-drug resistant tumors. As the first oral taxane derivative, oral taxane derivative DJ-927 is more potent than paclitaxel and docetaxel.  
^`DKK1-neutralizing monoclonal antibody DKN-01:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) with potential anti-osteolytic activity. DKK1-neutralizing monoclonal antibody DKN-01 binds to and inhibits DKK1, which restores Wnt pathway signaling. Reactivation of the Wnt signaling pathway may result in the differentiation and activation of osteoblasts within the bone matrix and the reversal of tumor-induced osteolytic disease. Elevated levels of circulating DKK1, a potent Wnt signaling pathway antagonist, is associated with a number of neoplastic diseases.  
^`DLK1/ EPHA2/HBB/NRP1/RGS5/TEM1 peptide-pulsed alpha-type-1 polarized dendritic cell vaccine: A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of mature polarized dendritic cells (alphaDC1) pulsed with six human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-presented tumor blood vessel antigen (TBVA)-derived peptides, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Dendritic cells (DCs) were treated with a “type-1 polarizing cytokine cocktail”, including interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interferon-alpha (IFN-a), IFN-gamma and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pI: C) to produce mature alpha type-1 polarized DCs (alphaDC1) that are capable of producing high levels of interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70). The alphaDC1 are subsequently pulsed with TBVA-derived peptides, including delta-like homologue 1 (DLK1) 310-318, EPH receptor A2 (EPHA2) 883-891, beta-globin (HBB) 31-39, neuropilin-1 (NRP1) 433-441, regulator of G-protein signaling 5 (RGS5) 5-13 and tumor endothelial marker 1 (TEM1) 691-700. Upon administration, these DCs are able to induce a potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the TBVAs expressed on tumor-associated stromal cells, which results in stromal cell lysis and inhibition of angiogenesis. Disrupting the surrounding tumor vasculature inhibits tumor cell growth and survival. alphaDC1 are able to induce a potent tumor antigen-specific CTL response due to their high co-stimulatory activity and the secretion of anti-cancer cytokines, such as IL-12p70.  
^`DM4-conjugated anti-Cripto monoclonal antibody BIIB015:  A humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface-associated protein Cripto and conjugated to the maytansinoid DM4 with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of DM4-conjugated anti-Cripto monoclonal antibody BIIB015 binds to the tumor associated antigen (TAA) Cripto; upon internalization, the DM4 moiety binds to tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, resulting in inhibition of cell division and cell growth of Cripto-expressing tumor cells. Constitutively expressed during embryogenesis, Cripto belongs to the EGF-CFC family of growth factor-like molecules and plays a key role in signaling pathways of certain transforming growth factor-beta superfamily members; as a TAA, Cripto is overexpressed in carcinomas such as those of the breast, ovary, stomach, lung, and pancreas while its expression is absent in normal tissues.  


^`DM-CHOC-PEN:  A cholesterol carbonate derivative of 4-demethylpenclomedine (DM-PEN) with potential antineoplastic alkylating activity. Upon intravenous administration of 4-demethylcholesteryloxycarbonylpenclomedine, the carbonium moiety binds to and alkylates DNA at the N7 guanine position, thereby causing DNA crosslinks. This prevents DNA replication, inhibits cellular proliferation and triggers apoptosis. In addition, due to its lipophilic cholesteryl moiety this agent is able to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and therefore can be given intravenously compared to other alkylating agents that need to be given intra-cranially.  
^`D-methionine formulation MRX-1024:  A proprietary oral formulation of D-methionine with antioxidant and antimucositis activities. D-methionine formulation MRX-1024 may selectively protect the oral mucosa from the toxic effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy without compromising antitumor activity. D-methionine may be converted into the L- isomer in vivo, particlualry in instances of L-methionine deprivation; both isomers have antioxidant activity which may be due, in part, to their sulfur moieties and chelating properties. L-methionine, an essential amino acid, also may help to maintain the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione in cells undergoing oxidative stress and may provide a source of L-cysteine for glutathione synthesis.  
^`DNA interference oligonucleotide PNT2258:  A liposomal formulation of the 24-mer oligonucleotide PNT100, with potential antineoplastic activity. PNT2258 targets and complements to untranscribed DNA sequence upstream of BCL2 promoters, thereby interfering with DNA replication and transcription of the BCL2 gene. This may promote and restore the apoptotic pathway in BCL2-overexpressing tumor cells. BCL2, an anti-apoptotic protein, is overexpressed in a wide variety of tumors.  
^`DNA minor groove binding agent PM060184:  A marine-derived, synthetically produced compound with potential antineoplastic activity. DNA minor groove-binding agent PM060184 covalently binds to residues lying in the minor groove of DNA, which may result in delayed progression through S phase, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and cell death.  
^`DNA minor groove binding agent SG2000:  A sequence-selective pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer with potential antineoplastic activity. Following intravenous administration, DNA minor groove binding agent SG2000 preferentially and covalently binds to purine-GATC-pyrimidine sequences, with the imine/carbinolamine moieties of SG2000 binding to the N2 positions of guanines on opposite strands of DNA. This induces interstrand cross-links and inhibits both DNA replication and gene transcription, which leads to the inhibition of cell growth. With a preference for binding to purine-GATC-pyrimidine sequences, SG2000 adducts do not appear to be susceptible to p53-mediated DNA excision repair.  
^`DNA plasmid encoding interleukin-12 INO-9012:  A plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the human pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) with potential immunoactivating activity. Upon intramuscular delivery by electroporation of DNA plasmid encoding interleukin-12 INO-9012, IL-12 is translated in cells and activates the immune system by promoting the activation of natural killer cells (NK cells), inducing secretion of interferon-gamma and promoting cytotoxic T-cell responses against tumor cells. This may result in both immune-mediated tumor cell death and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.  
^`DNA plasmid vector pPRA-PSM vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a DNA plasmid encoding epitopes of the human preferential antigen of melanoma (PRAME) and the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon direct administration of this vaccine into lymph nodes, peptides expressed by DNA plasmid vector pPRA-PSM may activate the immune system, resulting in a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against PRAME- and PSMA-expressing cells. PRAME and PSMA are tumor associated antigens upregulated in a number of cancer cell types. As part of the MKC1106-PP regimen exploiting the 'prime-boost strategy', this plasmid is responsible for priming the immune response and is used in conjunction with a peptide vaccine consisting of PRAME and PSMA that boosts the immune system against PRAME- and PSMA-expressing tumor cells.  
^`DNA plasmid-encoding interleukin-12/HPV DNA plasmids therapeutic vaccine INO-3112:  A DNA-based combination immunotherapeutic, INO-3112, composed of VGX-3100, a preparation of DNA plasmids encoding the E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes 16 and 18, combined with INO-9012, a DNA plasmid encoding the immune activator and pro-inflammatory cytokine human interleukin-12 (IL-12) with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular delivery by electroporation of VGX-3100, the HPV E6 and E7 proteins are translated in cells and elicit a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against cancer cells expressing the E6 and E7 antigens, resulting in tumor cell lysis. HPV type 16 and HPV type 18 are associated with the development of certain types of cancer. Upon intramuscular delivery by electroporation of INO-9012, IL-12 is expressed and activates the immune system by promoting the activation of natural killer cells (NK cells), inducing secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-g) and promoting CTL responses against tumor cells. This boosts the immune response and results in increased CTL-mediated tumor cell death as compared with the administration of VGX-3100 alone.  
^`DNA vaccine VB10.16:  A therapeutic DNA vaccine composed of three parts, one encodes the E6/E7 fusion protein of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 (HPV16), the second is a dimerization entity and the third part encodes a protein that specifically binds to antigen presenting cells (APCs), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular administration, the DNA vaccine VB10.16 expresses HPV16 E6/7 and a protein that targets receptors on APCs. Upon binding to APCs and subsequent internalization, the APCs mature and the HPV16 E6/7 antigenic protein is presented by the APCs. This attracts and stimulates B-lymphocytes, CD4-positive T-lymphocytes and elicits a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against cancer cells expressing HPV16-associated E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which result in tumor cell lysis. HPV16 E6/7, a viral antigen, plays a key role in the development of certain types of cancer.  
^`DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitor VX-984:  An ATP-competitive inhibitor of the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), with potential sensitizing and enhancing activities for both chemo- and radiotherapies. Upon administration, DNA-PK inhibitor VX-984 binds to and inhibits the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK, thereby interfering with the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) process and preventing repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) caused by ionizing radiation or chemotherapeutic treatment. This increases chemo- and radiotherapy cytotoxicity and leads to enhanced tumor cell death. The enhanced ability of tumor cells to repair DSBs plays a major role in the resistance of tumor cells to chemo- and radiotherapy; DNA-PK plays a key role in the NHEJ pathway and DSB repair. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`DNA-dependent protein kinase-targeting siDNA DT01:  A proprietary preparation of small interfering DNA (siDNA) molecules with potential chemo/radiosensitizing activity. By mimicking DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), DNA-dependent protein kinase-targeting siDNA DT01 inhibits the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) process, one of the main DNA repair mechanisms, via binding to and activating DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a core component of the NHEJ complex. DNA-PK activation causes hyper-phosphorylation of histone variant H2AX on DNA and results in a different phosphorylated pattern of H2AX upon ionizing radiation treatment. This ultimately interferes with the repair of DNA DSBs during chemo- or radiotherapy, thereby increasing tumor cell death. The enhanced ability of tumor cells to repair DSBs plays a major role in the resistance of tumor cells to chemo- and radiotherapy.  
^`DNAi® drug PNT2258:  (Other name for~ DNA interference oligonucleotide PNT2258) 
^`DNA-PK inhibitor MSC2490484A:  An orally available inhibitor of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), with potential antineoplastic and chemo/radiosensitizing activities. Upon oral administration, the DNA-PK inhibitor MSC2490484A binds to and inhibits the activity of DNA-PK. This inhibits the ability of tumor cells to repair damaged DNA, which may lead to a reduction in cellular proliferation of cancer cells expressing DNA-PK. DNA-PK, a serine/threonine kinase and a member of the PI3K-related kinase subfamily of protein kinases, is activated upon DNA damage and plays a key role in repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) via the DNA nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. The enhanced ability of tumor cells to repair DSBs plays a major role in the resistance of tumor cells to chemo- and radiotherapy.  
^`DNA-PK/TOR kinase inhibitor CC-115:  A dual inhibitor of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), with potential antineoplastic activity. CC-115 binds to and inhibits the activity of DNA-PK and both raptor-mTOR (TOR complex 1 or TORC1) and rictor-mTOR (TOR complex 2 or TORC2), which may lead to a reduction in cellular proliferation of cancer cells expressing DNA-PK and TOR. DNA-PK, a serine/threonine kinase and a member of the PI3K-related kinase subfamily of protein kinases, is activated upon DNA damage and plays a key role in repairing double-stranded DNA breaks via the DNA nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway; mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in a variety of tumors, plays an important role downstream in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`DNP-modified autologous renal cell carcinoma tumor cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of autologous renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumor cells modified with the hapten 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Administration of DNP-modified autologous renal cell carcinoma tumor cell vaccine may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against renal cell carcinoma tumor cells. DNP conjugation may enhance the immunogenicity of weakly immunogenic antigens.  
^`DNR-expressing nasopharyngeal carcinoma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A preparation of autologous, dominant-negative receptor (DNR)-expressing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), with potential antineoplastic activity. The DNR-expressing NPC-specific CTLs specifically target Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), latent membrane proteins (LMP) and BamHIA rightward frame 1 (BARF1), and are transduced with a retroviral vector expressing DNR, a dominant-negative form of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) receptor, which blocks TGF-beta-mediated signaling. Upon administration, the CTLs recognize and target NPC cells, which may result in both CTL-mediated cell lysis and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Tumor-expressed TGF-beta inhibits T-lymphocyte activation and expansion; resistance to TGF-beta allows for optimal CTL activity. EBV infection plays a key role in NPC tumorigenesis.  
^`dobutamine:  A synthetic catecholamine with sympathomimetic activity. Dobutamine is a direct-acting inotropic agent and an adrenergic agonist that stimulates primarily the beta-1 adrenoceptor, with lesser effect on beta-2 or alpha receptors. Via beta-1 adrenoceptor of the heart, this agent induces positive inotropic effect with minimal changes in chronotropic activities or systemic vascular resistance. Dobutamine also causes vasodilation by stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors in blood vessels, augmented by reflex vasoconstriction resulting in increased cardiac output.  
^`Docefrez:  (Other name for~ docetaxel) 
^`docetaxel:  A semi-synthetic, second-generation taxane derived from a compound found in the European yew tree Taxus baccata. Docetaxel displays potent and broad antineoplastic properties; it binds to and stabilizes tubulin, thereby inhibiting microtubule disassembly which results in cell- cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. This agent also inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and displays immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory properties by inducing various mediators of the inflammatory response. Docetaxel has been studied for use as a radiation-sensitizing agent.  
^`docetaxel emulsion ANX-514:  An injectable emulsion formulation containing the taxane docetaxel, a semisynthetic analogue of paclitaxel, with antineoplastic activity. Docetaxel binds specifically to the beta-tubulin subunit of the microtubule, stabilizing tubulin and inhibiting microtubule disassembly, which results in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. This agent also inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and induces various mediators of the inflammatory response. Docetaxel emulsion ANX-514 is formulated without polysorbate 80 or other detergents in order to reduce the incidence and severity of hypersensitivity reactions. In addition, the exclusion of polysorbate 80 in this formulation precludes foaming during the preparation process, thus facilitating preparation and administration.  
^`docetaxel formulation CKD-810:  An injectable formulation containing the taxane docetaxel, a semisynthetic analogue of paclitaxel, with antineoplastic activity. Docetaxel binds specifically to the beta-tubulin subunit of the microtubule, stabilizing tubulin and inhibiting microtubule disassembly, which results in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. This agent also inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and induces various mediators of the inflammatory response.  
^`docetaxel lipid microspheres:  A lipid microsphere (LM)-based formulation containing the poorly water soluble taxane docetaxel, a semi-synthetic analogue of paclitaxel, with antineoplastic activity. Docetaxel binds specifically to the beta-tubulin subunit of the microtubule, stabilizing tubulin and inhibiting microtubule disassembly, which causes cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and leads to cell death. This agent also inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and induces various mediators of the inflammatory response. Compared to docetaxel alone, the LM formulation may enhance stability, improve efficacy and may reduce toxicity; this formulation does not contain toxic detergents needed to solubilize docetaxel which further improves its side effect profile.  
^`docetaxel-loaded nanopharmaceutical CRLX301:  A nanoparticle-based formulation containing the poorly water-soluble, second-generation taxane analog docetaxel, with antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of the docetaxel-loaded nanopharmaceutical CRLX301, the nanoparticles are able to accumulate at the tumor site due to the unique characteristics of the tumor’s vasculature, while avoiding normal, healthy tissue. In turn, CRLX301 is taken up by the tumor cell via macropinocytosis. Subsequently, docetaxel is slowly released into the cytoplasm where it binds to and stabilizes the beta-subunit of tubulin, thereby stabilizing microtubules and inhibiting microtubule disassembly. This prevents mitosis and results in cell death. Compared to the administration of docetaxel alone, this formulation is able to increase docetaxel’s efficacy while avoiding systemic exposure, which minimizes its toxicity.  
^`docetaxel-PNP:  A polymeric nanoparticle (PNP) formulation containing the taxane docetaxel, a semi-synthetic analogue of paclitaxel, with antineoplastic activity. Docetaxel binds specifically to the beta-tubulin subunit of the microtubule, stabilizing tubulin and inhibiting microtubule disassembly, which results in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, preventing cell proliferation. This agent also inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and induces various mediators of the inflammatory response. Compared to docetaxel alone, the PNP formulation may enhance stability and improve delivery.  
^`doconexent:  A polyunsaturated very long-chain fatty acid with a 22-carbon backbone and 6 double bonds, originating from the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 15th and 18th positions from the methyl end.  
^`docosahexaenoic acid:  A polyunsaturated very long-chain fatty acid with a 22-carbon backbone and 6 double bonds. Four separate isomers can be called by this name.  
^`dolasetron mesylate:  An indole derivative with antiemetic activity. As a selective serotonin receptor antagonist, dolasetron mesylate competitively blocks the action of serotonin at 5HT3 receptors, resulting in suppression of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.  
^`dolastatin 10:  A pentapeptide originally isolated from the marine mollusk Dolabella auricularia with potential antineoplastic activity. Binding to tubulin, dolastatin 10 inhibits microtubule assembly, resulting in the formation of tubulin aggregates and inhibition of mitosis. This agent also induces tumor cell apoptosis through a mechanism involving bcl-2, an oncoprotein that is overexpressed in some cancers.  
^`Dolobid:  (Other name for~ diflunisal) 
^`Dolophine:  (Other name for~ methadone hydrochloride) 
^`dolutegravir:  An orally bioavailable integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), with activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Upon oral administration, dolutegravir binds to the active site of integrase, an HIV enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of viral genetic material into human chromosomes. This prevents integrase from binding to retroviral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and blocks the strand transfer step, which is essential for the HIV replication cycle. This prevents HIV-1 replication.  
^`Domestrol:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Domolene-HC:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`donepezil hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a piperidine derivative with neurocognitive-enhancing activity. Donepezil reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, thereby blocking the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and, consequently, increasing its activity. This agent may improve neurocognitive function in Alzheimer's disease, reduce sedation associated with opioid treatment of cancer pain, and improve neurocognitive function in patients who have received radiation therapy for primary brain tumors or brain metastases.  
^`donor lymphocytes:  A population of lymphocytes from the blood of a donor and administered to a patient who has already received a stem cell transplant from the same donor (allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation). The donor lymphocytes may be able to boost the patient's immune system and kill remaining cancer cells.  
^`donor regulatory T lymphocytes:  Donor-derived regulatory T-cells (Tregs), with potential immunomodulating activity. Tregs are a subset of CD4+ T cells that express high levels of CD25 (interleukin 2 receptor) and the transcription factor Foxp3. The donor CD4+CD25+ Tregs modulate immune responses and may induce tolerance to allogeneic organ transplants, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCTs), thereby preventing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).  
^`donor-derived WT1/PRAME/NY-ESO-1/survivin-specific T-lymphocytes:  Allogeneic T-lymphocytes specifically reactive to the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) human Wilms tumor protein-1 (WT1), Preferentially Expressed Antigen in Melanoma (PRAME), the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, and survivin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Donor derived T-cells are mixed, ex vivo, with protein fragments derived from the TAAs WT1, PRAME, NY-ESO-1, and survivin. Upon intravenous administration, the donor-derived WT1/PRAME/NY-ESO-1/Survivin-specific T-lymphocytes recognize and kill cancer cells expressing these TAAs. WT1, NY-ESO-1, PRAME, and survivin, are expressed on certain tumor cell types and play key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`dopamine–somatostatin chimeric molecule BIM-23A760:  A chimeric molecule directed against dopamine and somatostatin receptors with potential antineoplastic activity. Combining two pharmacological moieties, a somatostatin analogue and a dopamine agonist, dopamine–somatostatin chimeric molecule BIM-23A760 binds with high affinity to dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) and somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2), and to a lesser extent to somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5). This agent appears to exert its effect mainly by binding to D2R to activate the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways, thus inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cellular proliferation in non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) and neuroendocrine tumors. By binding to SSTR2, this agent may inhibit the secretion of growth hormone (GH) by the pituitary gland.  
^`Dopar:  (Other name for~ levodopa) 
^`dornase alfa:  A recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNAse) with selective DNA cleaving activity. Upon intrapleural administration, dornase alfa catalyzes the degradation of extracellular DNA in airway secretions, which can reduce their viscosity. Thus, dornase alfa may both promote the clearing of airway mucus and improve pulmonary function.  
^`dornase alfa inhalation solution:  A highly purified solution of recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNAse) with selective DNA cleaving activity. Administrated through inhalation of the nebulized solution, dornase alpha catalyzes DNA degradation in viscous airway secretions, which may render airway secretions less viscous, thus promoting the clearing of airway mucous plugging and improvement in pulmonary function.  
^`Dostinex:  (Other name for~ cabergoline) 
^`DOT1L inhibitor EPZ-5676:  A small molecule inhibitor of histone methyltransferase with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, EPZ-5676 specifically blocks the activity of the histone lysine-methyltransferase DOT1L, thereby inhibiting the methylation of nucleosomal histone H3 on lysine 79 (H3K79) that is bound to the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) fusion protein which targets genes and blocks the expression of leukemogenic genes. This eventually leads to an induction of apoptosis in the leukemic cells bearing the MLL gene translocations. DOT1L, a non-SET domain-containing histone methyltransferase, specifically methylates H3K79 and plays a key role in normal cell differentiation and in the development of leukemia with MLL gene rearrangement on chromosome 11 and promotes the expression of leukemia-causing genes.  
^`DOTAP:chol-Fus1 liposome complex: A formulation composed of DOTAP:cholesterol liposomal nanoparticles complexed with a plasmid expression cassette encoding human FUS1 protein, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, DOTAP:chol-Fus1 liposome complex accumulates mainly in the lungs and particularly in cancer cells. Upon transfer of the Fus1 gene into tumor cells, the expression of Fus1 may induce tumor cell apoptosis and suppress tumor cell proliferation. Fus1, a potent tumor-suppressor protein, is present in normal, healthy cells but often absent in certain cancer cells. DOTAP:cholesterol liposome is composed of cationic lipid dioleoyl-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) and cholesterol at a molar ratio of 1: 1.  
^`DOTAREM:  (Other name for~ gadoterate meglumine) 
^`dovitinib lactate:  The orally bioavailable lactate salt of a benzimidazole-quinolinone compound with potential antineoplastic activity. Dovitinib strongly binds to fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and inhibits its phosphorylation, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell death. In addition, this agent may inhibit other members of the RTK superfamily, including the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; fibroblast growth factor receptor 1; platelet-derived growth factor receptor type 3; FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3; stem cell factor receptor (c-KIT); and colony-stimulating factor receptor 1; this may result in an additional reduction in cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. The activation of FGFR3 is associated with cell proliferation and survival in certain cancer cell types.  
^`Dovonex:  (Other name for~ calcipotriene) 
^`doxazosin mesylate:  The mesylate salt form of doxazosin, a quinazoline compound with smooth muscle relaxing activity. Doxazosin mesylate selectively antagonizes alpha-1-adrenergic receptors in smooth muscle of the bladder neck and prostate, thereby relaxing the smooth muscle and decreasing the obstruction and urethral resistance seen with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). This may improve BPH symptoms. This agent also blocks alpha-1-adrenergic receptors in peripheral vascular smooth muscle, which leads to vasodilatation and a subsequent decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.  
^`doxepin hydrochloride:  A dibenzoxepin derivative and tricyclic antidepressant with antipruritic and sedative activities. Doxepin blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into presynaptic terminals thereby prolonging the availability of the monoaminergic neurotransmitters within the synaptic cleft and enhancing their action leading to sedative effects. Doxepin also has antagonistic effects on histamine (H1 and H2), 5-HT2, alpha-1 adrenergic, and muscarinic receptors. The antipruritic effect of this agent is the result mediated through inhibition of histamine receptors.  
^`doxercalciferol:  A synthetic analog of vitamin D with potential antineoplastic activity. In the liver, doxercalciferol is converted to its biologically active vitamin D metabolites, which control the intestinal absorption of dietary calcium, the tubular reabsorption of calcium by the kidney and, in conjunction with parathyroid hormone (PTH), the mobilization of calcium from the skeleton. Through interaction with specific receptor proteins in target tissues, these vitamin D metabolites act directly on osteoblasts to stimulate skeletal growth, and on the parathyroid glands to suppress PTH synthesis and secretion. This agent has also been shown to inhibit the growth of retinoblastomas, and may exhibit some antiproliferative activity against prostate cancer cells.  
^`doxifluridine:  A fluoropyrimidine derivative and oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with antitumor activity. Doxifluridine, designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-FU by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, is converted into 5-FU in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase. 5-FU interferes with DNA synthesis and subsequent cell division by reducing normal thymidine production and interferes with RNA transcription by competing with uridine triphosphate for incorporation into the RNA strand.  
^`DOXIL:  (Other name for~ pegylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride) 
^`doxorubicin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of doxorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic with antineoplastic activity. Doxorubicin, isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius, is the hydroxylated congener of daunorubicin. Doxorubicin intercalates between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby preventing DNA replication and ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis. Additionally, doxorubicin inhibits topoisomerase II which results in an increased and stabilized cleavable enzyme-DNA linked complex during DNA replication and subsequently prevents the ligation of the nucleotide strand after double-strand breakage. Doxorubicin also forms oxygen free radicals resulting in cytotoxicity secondary to lipid peroxidation of cell membrane lipids; the formation of oxygen free radicals also contributes to the toxicity of the anthracycline antibiotics, namely the cardiac and cutaneous vascular effects.  
^`doxorubicin-eluting beads:  A drug-device combination product consisting of small polymeric beads impregnated with the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin with potential antineoplastic activity. The beads consist of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microspheres modified with sulfonic acid groups and loaded with doxorubicin. During transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), doxorubicin-eluting beads embolize to the tumor vasculature and release cytotoxic doxorubicin, which may result in both ischemic necrosis of tumor tissue due to mechanical blockage of the tumor vasculature and doxorubicin-mediated inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.  
^`doxorubicin-HPMA conjugate:  A copolymer conjugate of the antineoplastic anthracycline doxorubicin and the water-soluble polymer N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA). Doxorubicin, an intercalator and a topoisomerase II inhibitor, prevents DNA replication and ultimately inhibits protein synthesis. This agent also generates oxygen free radicals, resulting in cytotoxic lipid peroxidation of cell membrane lipid. HPMA conjugation enhances the permeability and retention of this agent within the tumor vasculature. Poorly cleared by the lymphatic system, this formulation undergoes increased cleavage by tumor cell lysosomal proteinases, resulting in increased, sustained intracellular concentrations of free doxorubicin. Compared to other doxorubicin-containing formulations, this formulation may exhibit an improved toxicity profile due to the lower concentrations of free doxorubicin to which non-malignant tissues are exposed.  
^`doxorubicin-loaded EGFR-targeting nanocells:  A nanocell formulation targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) using bispecific antibodies (bsAb) against EGFR and containing the antineoplastic anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of doxorubicin-loaded EGFR-targeting nanocells, the nanocells are stable in the bloodstream and the anti-EGFR bsAb moiety targets and binds to EGFR-expressing tumor cells. Upon binding, the nanocell allows for specific delivery of doxorubicin to tumor cells overexpressing EGFR. Upon endocytosis by the tumor cells, the nanocell is broken down and releases doxorubicin, which intercalates into DNA and interferes with topoisomerase II activity, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA synthesis. Compared to doxorubicin alone or liposomal doxorubicin, targeted delivery of doxorubicin improves efficacy while lowering the toxicity profile. EGFR, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed in many cancer cell types. The nanocell is a bacterially derived nanosphere; the bacterial components are unlikely to induce an immune response in the immunosuppressed tumor microenvironment. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`doxorubicin-magnetic targeted carrier complex:  A formulation of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin in which doxorubicin is bound to microscopic beads of activated carbon and iron as a magnetic-targeted carrier (MTC). Doxorubicin, an intercalator and a topoisomerase II inhibitor, prevents DNA replication and ultimately inhibits protein synthesis. This agent also generates oxygen free radicals, resulting in cytotoxic lipid peroxidation of cell membrane lipids. Guided by the placement of a magnet on the body surface overlying a tumor site, the doxorubicin-MTC complex delivers doxorubicin directly to the tumor site, thereby targeting and prolonging the duration of doxorubicin-mediated cytotoxicity to the tumor bed while minimizing systemic toxicity.  
^`Dox-SL:  (Other name for~ pegylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride) 
^`doxycycline:  A synthetic, broad-spectrum tetracycline with antimicrobial activity. Doxycycline binds reversibly to the 30S ribosomal subunit and possibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit, blocking the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, which results in an inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. In addition, this agent may inhibit collagenase activity.  
^`doxycycline hyclate injection:  The hyclate salt form of doxycycline, a synthetic, broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic exhibiting antimicrobial activity. Doxycycline hyclate binds reversibly to the 30S ribosomal subunit, possibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit as well, thereby blocking the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. This leads to an inhibition of protein synthesis. In addition, this agent has exhibited inhibition of collagenase activity.  
^`DPT/BCG/measles/Serratia/pneumococcus vaccine: A proprietary lipid emulsion containing five vaccines:  diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT), Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), measles, Serratia marcescens and pneumococcal, with potential immunostimulating activity. Subcutaneous administration of the DPT/BCG/measles/Serratia/pneumococcus vaccine activates the immune system and may both abrogate tumor-induced immune tolerance and induce an antitumor immune response, which may eradicate the tumor.  
^`DPT/typhoid/Staphylococcus aureus/paratyphoid A/paratyphoid B vaccine: A proprietary lipid emulsion containing five vaccines:  diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT), typhoid, Staphylococcus aureus, paratyphoid A and paratyphoid B, with potential immunostimulating activity. Subcutaneous administration of the DPT/typhoid/Staphylococcus aureus/paratyphoid A/paratyphoid B vaccine activates the immune system and may both abrogate tumor-induced immune tolerance and induce an antitumor immune response, which may eradicate the tumor.  
^`dronabinol:  An isomer of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that is the main and most active isomer found in the cannabis sativa L. plant, with potential anti-emetic, analgesic and appetite stimulating activities. Upon administration, dronabinol, also called delta-9-THC, targets and binds to cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) located in the central nervous system (CNS). Dronabinol acts directly on the appetite and vomiting control centers in the brain to stimulate appetite and prevent emesis. In addition, this agent induces analgesia. Urine levels may be used as a marker to determine the exposure to certain preparations containing parts of the cannabis plant, such as marijuana.  
^`droperidol:  A butyrophenone with anti-emetic, sedative and anti-anxiety properties. Although the exact mechanism through which droperidol exerts its effects is unknown, droperidol may block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), which may lead to its anti-emetic effect. This agent may also bind to postsynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), which increases the inhibitory effect of GABA and leads to sedative and anti-anxiety activities.  
^`Droxia:  (Other name for~ hydroxyurea) 
^`DT(388)IL3 fusion protein:  A recombinant protein consisting of human interleukin 3 (IL3) fused to the first 388 amino acids of diphtheria toxin [DT(388)] (DT388IL3) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the IL3 moiety of the DT(388)IL3 fusion protein SL-401 binds to IL3 receptors on cells expressing the receptor. Subsequently, the DT(388) toxin moiety, which contains both translocation and catalytic domains, is transported across the cell membrane via endocytosis. Within the cytosol, the catalytic domain of the toxin both catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of, and inactivates, translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2), which results in the inhibition of translation during protein synthesis. IL3 may be overexpressed by a variety of cancers, including blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).  
^`DTA-H19 plasmid:  A plasmid DNA encoding the A chain of the diphtheria toxin (DT-A) driven by the transcriptional regulatory sequences of human H19, with potential antineoplastic activity. Because the expression of DT-A is under the control of H19 promotor elements, DT-A is selectively expressed in tumor cells capable of turning on H-19. DT-A catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2), resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and apoptosis. In addition, DT-A protein released from lysed cells cannot enter and kill neighboring cells because of the absence of the DT-B chain, further enhancing the selective cytotoxicity of this agent. Human H19 is a paternally-imprinted, oncofetal gene encoding an RNA product; it acts as a "riboregulator" in gene expression and is found at substantial levels in different human tumor cell types while its expression in normal adult tissue is limited.  
^`DTIC-Dome:  (Other name for~ dacarbazine) 
^`dual PI3 kinase/mTOR inhibitor GDC-0980:  An orally available agent targeting phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase in the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor GDC-0980 inhibits both PI3K kinase and mTOR kinase, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and growth inhibition of cancer cells overexpressing PI3K/mTOR. Activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase downstream of PI3K, may also be activated in a PI3K-independent fashion.  
^`dual variable domain immunoglobulin ABT-165:  A dual-specific, tetravalent immunoglobulin (Ig)G-like molecule targeting two as of yet not publicly known targets, with potential antineoplastic activity. The target-binding variable domains of two monoclonal antibodies, which are not publicly known, are combined, via linkers, to create the tetravalent, dual-targeting single agent ABT-165. Upon administration of dual variable domain immunoglobulin (DVD-Ig) ABT-165, the target-binding variable domains specifically recognize and simultaneously bind to their two antigens expressed on tumor cells. This may both prevent antigen-mediated signaling and lead to an inhibition of cellular proliferation in susceptible tumor cells. The antigen targets are overexpressed on certain tumor cell types. The DVD-Ig may have enhanced physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties as compared to their antibody counterparts.  
^`Duavee:  (Other name for~ conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene) 
^`duborimycin:  An anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic with therapeutic effects similar to those of doxorubicin. Duborimycin exhibits cytotoxic activity through topoisomerase-mediated interaction with DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis.  
^`dulanermin:  A recombinant human soluble protein corresponding to amino acids 114-281 of the Apo2 ligand/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (RhApo2L/TRAIL) with potential antineoplastic activity. Dulanermin binds to and activates TRAIL receptors 1 and 2 (TRAIL-R1/R2), which may activate caspases and induce p53-independent apoptosis in TRAIL-R1/R2-expressing tumor cells. The pro-apoptotic cell surface receptors TRAIL-R1 and -R2, also known as DR4 (death receptor 4) and DR5 (death receptor 5), are members of the TNF receptor family and are overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`duloxetine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of duloxetine, a fluoxetine derivative belonging to the class of selective serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs) and exhibiting antidepressant activity. Duloxetine selectively prevents the reuptake of 5-HT and NE via transporter complexes on the pre-synaptic membrane, thereby increasing the level of these neurotransmitters within the synaptic cleft. As a result, this agent potentiates serotonergic and noradrenergic activities in the central nervous system, and alleviates depression and neuropathy sensations, such as pain and tingling. Furthermore, duloxetine does not show significant affinity for dopaminergic, adrenergic, cholinergic, histaminergic, opioid, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors.  
^`durvalumab:  A Fc optimized monoclonal antibody directed against programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1; B7 homolog 1; B7H1), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, durvalumab binds to PD-L1, thereby blocking its binding to and activation of its receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) expressed on activated T-cells. This may reverse T-cell inactivation and activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against PD-L1-expressing tumor cells. PD-L1, a member of the B7 protein superfamily, is overexpressed on certain tumor cell types and on various tumor-infiltrating immune cells. PD-L1 binding to PD-1 on T-cells suppresses the immune system and results in increased immune evasion. The Fc region of durvalumab is modified in such a way that it does not induce either antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).  
^`dutasteride:  A synthetic 4-azasteroid compound with antiandrogenic activity. Dutasteride competitively and specifically binds to isoenzymes 1 and 2 of 5-alpha-reductase, forming stable enzyme complexes and inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT); the reduction in DHT activity may mitigate or prevent enlargement of the prostate gland. The type 2 5-alpha-reductase isoenzyme is primarily active in the reproductive tissues while the type 1 isoenzyme is also active in skin and the liver.  
^`dUTPase inhibitor TAS-114:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of both deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), with potential antineoplastic adjuvant activity. Upon oral administration in combination with a prodrug of the pyrimidine antagonist 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), TAS-114 inhibits (DPD), the liver enzyme responsible for rapid catabolism of 5-FU into inactive metabolites. This prevents first-pass metabolism of 5-FU, allowing oral administration of the 5-FU prodrug and increasing the efficacy of 5-FU. In addition, as a dUTPase inhibitor, TAS-114 enhances the antitumor activity of 5-FU by preventing the hydrolysis and breakdown of 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine triphosphate (FdUTP) and deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP), which are active metabolites of 5-FU. This promotes DNA polymerase-dependent incorporation of these antimetabolites into DNA and leads to DNA damage and tumor cell death. Co-administration with TAS-114 allows lower dosing of 5-FU prodrugs, which decreases 5-FU-related toxicity, while maintaining therapeutic levels of 5-FU at the tumor site.  
^`duvelisib:  An orally bioavailable, highly selective and potent small molecule inhibitor of the delta and gamma isoforms of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, duvelisib prevents the activation of the PI3K delta/gamma-mediated signaling pathways which may lead to a reduction in cellular proliferation in PI3K delta/gamma-expressing tumor cells. Unlike other isoforms of PI3K, the delta and gamma isoforms are overexpressed primarily in hematologic malignancies and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. By selectively targeting these PI3K isoforms, PI3K signaling in normal, non-neoplastic cells is minimally or not affected which would result in a more favorable side effect profile.  
^`DWJ1319:  An orally available agent that may prevent the formation of gallstones. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Dymelor:  (Other name for~ acetohexamide) 
^`Dynacin:  (Other name for~ minocycline hydrochloride) 
^`Dysport:  (Other name for~ botulinum toxin type A) 


^`E. coli CD-expressing genetically modified neural stem cells:  Genetically-modified neural stem cells (NSCs) transfected with the Escherichia coli (E. coli) suicidal gene cytosine deaminase (CD), with potential antineoplastic adjuvant activity. Upon intracerebral injection, E. coli CD-expressing genetically modified NSCs express the E. coli cytosine deaminase, an enzyme that catalyzes the intracellular conversion of the nontoxic prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into the cytotoxic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Co-administration of this agent with 5-FC and upon local activation of 5-FU in the brain tumor, 5-FU disrupts DNA synthesis in tumor cells thereby impeding cellular proliferation with minimal systemic exposure and toxicity.  
^`E-101 solution:  An oxidant-generating coupled-enzyme system-based, topical solution comprised of two enzymes, Aspergillus niger-derived glucose oxidase (GO) and porcine myeloperoxidase (p-MPO), as well as glucose, sodium chloride and stabilizing amino acids, with potential broad-spectrum microbicidal activity. Following direct administration of E-101 solution into the surgical incisional wound via microspray, the enzyme GO converts oxygen into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In turn, p-MPO catalyzes the reaction of H2O2 with hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which is formed through oxidation of the chloride ion, to generate singlet oxygen (O2*). As p-MPO binds to microorganisms, O2* is able to exert direct oxidative damage to microorganisms, resulting in potent antimicrobial activity. E-101 may act as an anti-bactericidal agent against a variety of microorganisms, including multidrug-resistant strains. This may prevent infection at the surgical site.  
^`E2F1 pathway activator ARQ 171:  A second-generation E2F1 pathway activator with potential antineoplastic activity. ARQ 171 induces the expression of E2F transcription factor 1, thereby activating the E2F1-mediated checkpoint process. As a result, this agent exerts anti-tumor activity through checkpoint activation independent of p53 mediated tumor suppression. E2F1, down-regulated in cancer cells, regulates expression of genes involved in the cell cycle progression from G1 into S phase. The G1/S checkpoint process selectively induces cell cycle arrest in cancer cells with irreparable DNA damages and triggers subsequent apoptosis, while allowing cell division to proceed in cells without or with minor reparable DNA damage.  
^`E7820:  A small molecule and aromatic sulfonamide derivative with potential antiangiogenic and antitumor activities. E7820 inhibits angiogenesis by suppressing integrin alpha 2, a cell adhesion molecule expressed on endothelial cells. Inhibition of integrin alpha 2 leads to an inhibition of cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, vascular endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis.  
^`East Indian sandalwood oil mouth rinse:  A mouth rinse containing 0.25% East Indian sandalwood oil, which is derived from the heartwood of Santalum album, a tree native to southern Asia, with potential anti-inflammatory, anti-infective and anti-mucositis activities. East Indian sandalwood oil (EISO) is primarily comprised of the sesquiterpene alcohols alpha- and beta-santalol. Although the exact mechanisms of action through which EISO exerts its effects have yet to be fully elucidated, upon rinsing the oral cavity with the EISO mouth rinse, the active ingredients in the oil may inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, most likely through the inhibition of the activity of key inflammatory enzymes, including the cyclooxygenases. This prevents inflammation of the mucosal membranes and may prevent or decrease chemotherapy- and/or radiation-induced oral mucositis.  
^`ebselen-containing oral capsule SPI-1005:  An oral capsule containing a proprietary formulation of the organoselenium compound ebselen, with potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activity. Upon oral administration of SPI-1005, this agent mimics the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and can utilize glutathione to reduce other unstable molecules, thus preventing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing oxidative stress on the cell. In the cochlea, this agent may prevent drug-induced injury to the auditory hair cells thereby preventing hearing loss. GPx is the main antioxidant enzyme in the cochlea and protects the inner ear from loud sounds and biochemical damage. In addition, ebselen is able to inhibit the activity of many enzymes involved in inflammation.  
^`echinomycin:  A polypeptide quinoxaline antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces echinatus. Echinomycin intercalates into DNA at two locations simultaneously in a sequence-specific fashion, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA synthesis.  
^`Ecotrin:  (Other name for~ acetylsalicylic acid) 
^`ecromeximab:  A low-fucose, human-mouse chimeric IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the ganglioside GD3, a surface antigen expressed on many malignant melanoma cells, with potential antineoplastic activity. Ecromeximab binds to GD3-positive cells, thereby initiating antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against GD3-positive cells. This agent is prepared by fusing murine immunoglobulin (Ig) light and heavy variable regions derived from the murine IgG3 antibody KM-641 to a human constant (Fc) region. The low fucose content of the oligosaccharide side chains of this antibody may enhance binding of the antibody Fc region to lymphocyte Fc receptors.  
^`eculizumab:  A human monoclonal antibody directed against terminal complement protein C5. Eculizumab binds to terminal complement protein C5, thereby blocking C5 cleavage into pro-inflammatory components and blocking the complement-mediated destruction of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) red blood cells.  
^`edatrexate:  A polyglutamatable folate antagonist analogue of methotrexate with antineoplastic activity. Edatrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, thereby increasing cellular levels of polyglutamates, inhibiting thymidylate synthase and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyl transferase, impairing synthesis of purine nucleotides and amino acids, and resulting in tumor cell death. Edatrexate may overcome tumor resistance to methotrexate, which loses its activity after it is polyglutamated.  
^`Edecrin:  (Other name for~ ethacrynic acid) 
^`edotecarin:  A synthetic indolocarbazole with antineoplastic activity. Edotecarin inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase I through stabilization of the DNA-enzyme complex and enhanced single-strand DNA cleavage, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication and decreased tumor cell proliferation.  
^`edoxaban tosylate:  The tosylate salt form of edoxaban, an orally active inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa (activated factor X) with anticoagulant activity. Edoxaban is administered as edoxaban tosylate. This agent has an elimination half-life of 9-11 hours and undergoes renal excretion.  
^`edrecolomab:  A murine monoclonal IgG2a antibody to tumor-associated epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM, or 17-1A) antigen. Edrecolomab attaches to EpCAM, a human cell surface glycoprotein that is found on normal epithelial cells and some tumor cells, such as those of colon and breast carcinomas. Upon binding, this agent recruits the body's immune effector cells, which may exhibit antitumor cytotoxicity.  
^`EF5:  A fluorinated derivative of the 2-nitroimidazole etanidazole. EF5 is effective in accessing oxygen levels in tumor tissue through its adduct formation to intracellular macromolecules in the absence of oxygen. Reduction of this agent is carried out by a diverse group of enzymes in the cytoplasm, microsomes and mitochondria. Tissue hypoxia detection via EF5 has been reported in several cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and the head and neck, and in sarcoma.  
^`efalizumab:  A humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against CD11a, the alpha subunit of human leukocyte-function-associated antigen type 1 (LFA-1), with immunosuppressant activity. Efalizumab binds to CD11a, which is expressed on all leukocytes, resulting in a reduction in the cell surface expression of CD11a. In addition, this agent inhibits the binding of LFA-1 to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), resulting in the inhibition of leukocyte adherence and the suppression of cell-mediated immunity. LFA-1 binding to ICAM-1 is involved in the activation of T lymphocytes, adhesion of T lymphocytes to endothelial cells, and migration of T lymphocytes to sites of inflammation.  
^`efaproxiral:  A synthetic small molecule with radiosensitizing activity. Efaproxiral increases oxygen levels in hypoxic tumor tissues by binding non-covalently to the hemoglobin tetramer and decreasing hemoglobin-oxygen binding affinity. Increasing tumor oxygenation reduces tumor radioresistance.  
^`efatutazone dihydrochloride:  The dihydrochloride salt of efatutazone, an orally bioavailable agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) with potential antineoplastic activity. Efatutazone binds to and activates PPAR-gamma, a nuclear hormone receptor and a ligand-activated transcription factor controling gene expression involved in macromolecule metabolism and cell differentiation, specifically adipocyte differentiation. Mediated through activation of PPAR-gamma, this agent is capable of inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis, thereby leading to a reduction in cellular proliferation.  
^`efavirenz:  A synthetic non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor with antiviral activity. Efavirenz binds directly to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RT, an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, blocking its function in viral DNA replication. In combination with other antiretroviral drugs, this agent has been shown to significantly reduce HIV viral load, retarding or preventing damage to the immune system and reducing the risk of developing AIDS. Efavirenz induces activity of the cytochrome P450 system, accelerating its own metabolism.  
^`Effexor:  (Other name for~ venlafaxine) 
^`eflornithine:  A difluoromethylated ornithine compound with antineoplastic activity. Eflornithine irreversibly inhibits ornithine decarboxylase, an enzyme required for polyamine biosynthesis, thereby inhibiting the formation and proliferation of tumor cells. Polyamines are involved in nucleosome oligomerization and DNA conformation, creating a chromatin environment that stimulates neoplastic transformation of cells. This agent has been shown to induce apoptosis in leiomyoma cells.  
^`eflornithine hydrochloride ointment:  An ointment formulation of the hydrochloride salt of an ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inhibitor with hair-growth inhibitory and potential chemopreventive activities. When administered topically, eflornithine irreversibly inhibits skin ODC activity, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of polyamines; inhibition of polyamine synthesis may result in diminished hair growth and epidermal cell turnover.  
^`EFS-ADA lentiviral vector-transduced CD34-positive autologous lymphocytes:  A preparation of autologous, CD34-positive stem/progenitor cells transduced with a lentrivral vector encoding the human adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene under the control of the human elongation factor alpha short promoter (EFS), with potential to restore ADA expression and function. Autologous hematopoietic CD34+ cells are isolated from the patient’s own bone marrow, peripheral blood or cord blood, and transduced with the EFS-ADA lentiviral vector ex vivo. Upon re-infusion of the EFS-ADA vector-transduced lymphocytes back into the patient, these cells may both restore ADA activity and prevent severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to ADA deficiency. ADA, an enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of adenosine to inosine, plays a key role in the development and functioning of the immune system.  
^`Efudex:  (Other name for~ topical fluorouracil) 
^`Eg5 kinesin-related motor protein inhibitor 4SC-205:  A small-molecule inhibitor of the human kinesin-related motor protein Eg5 with potential antineoplastic activity. Eg5 kinesin-related motor protein inhibitor 4SC-205 selectively inhibits the activity of Eg5, which may result in mitotic disruption, apoptosis and cell death. The ATP-dependent Eg5 kinesin-related motor protein (also known as KIF11 or kinesin spindle protein-5) is a plus-end directed kinesin motor protein essential for the regulation of spindle dynamics, including assembly and maintenance, during mitosis.  
^`Eg5 kinesin-related motor protein inhibitor ARQ 621:  A small-molecule inhibitor of the kinesin-related motor protein Eg5 with potential antineoplastic activity. Eg5 kinesin-related motor protein inhibitor ARQ 621 selectively inhibits the activity of Eg5, which may result in mitotic disruption, apoptosis and cell death. The ATP-dependent Eg5 kinesin-related motor protein (also known as KIF11 or kinesin spindle protein-5) is a plus-end directed kinesin motor protein involved in the regulation of spindle dynamics, including assembly and maintenance, during mitosis.  
^`EGb761:  A standardized ginkgo biloba extract with antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. EGb761 has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of certain tumor cells in vitro.  
^`EGFR antagonist Hemay022:  An orally available, irreversible inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, Hemay022 covalently binds to and inhibits the activity of EGFR, thereby preventing EGFR-mediated signaling. This may both induce cell death and inhibit tumor growth in EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.  
^`EGFR antisense DNA:  A synthetic sequence of DNA constructed in the antisense orientation to a sequence of DNA in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a member of the erbB gene family. EGFR antisense DNA suppresses the expression of EGFR by tumor cells, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and decreasing tumor growth. This agent also appears to reduce the invasiveness of certain breast cancer cells. Members of the erbB gene family are overexpressed in many cancers and play roles in carcinogenesis and the regulation of cell proliferation.  
^`EGFR CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing autologous T-lymphocytes:  Autologous human T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) chimeric T cell receptor (chimeric antigen receptor or CAR) gene coupled to the signaling domains from both CD3 zeta and CD137 (4-1BB), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the chimeric EGFR antigen receptor-modified autologous T lymphocytes bind to the EGFR antigen on tumor cell surfaces; subsequently, EGFR-expressing tumor cells may be lysed. Following binding to EGFR, the 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances both activation and signaling. Inclusion of the 4-1BB signaling domain may also increase the antitumor activity when compared to the inclusion of the CD3-zeta chain alone. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types, plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`EGFR inhibitor ABT-414:  An epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous infusion, ABT-414 inhibits the activity of EGFR, thereby preventing EGFR-mediated signaling. This may inhibit tumor growth in EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in certain tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.  
^`EGFR inhibitor ASP8273:  An orally available, irreversible, third-generation, mutant-selective, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, ASP8273 covalently binds to and inhibits the activity of mutant forms of EGFR, including the T790M EGFR mutant, thereby preventing EGFR-mediated signaling. This may both induce cell death and inhibit tumor growth in EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization. ASP8273 preferentially inhibits mutated forms of EGFR including T790M, a secondarily acquired resistance mutation, and may have therapeutic benefits in tumors with T790M-mediated resistance when compared to other EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. As this agent is selective towards mutant forms of EGFR, its toxicity profile may be reduced as compared to non-selective EGFR inhibitors which also inhibit wild-type EGFR.  
^`EGFR inhibitor AZD3759:  An orally available inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, AZD3759 binds to and inhibits the activity of EGFR as well as certain mutant forms of EGFR. This prevents EGFR-mediated signaling, and may lead to both induction of cell death and inhibition of tumor growth in EGFR-overexpressing cells. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.  
^`EGFR inhibitor EGF816:  An orally available, irreversible, third-generation, mutant-selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, EGF816 covalently binds to and inhibits the activity of mutant forms of EGFR, including the T790M EGFR mutant, thereby preventing EGFR-mediated signaling. This may both induce cell death and inhibit tumor growth in EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization. EGF816 preferentially inhibits mutated forms of EGFR including T790M, a secondarily acquired resistance mutation, and may have therapeutic benefits in tumors with T790M-mediated resistance when compared to other EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. As this agent is selective towards mutant forms of EGFR, its toxicity profile may be reduced as compared to non-selective EGFR inhibitors which also inhibit wild-type EGFR.  
^`EGFR inhibitor HM61713:  An orally available small molecule, mutant-selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. EGFR inhibitor HM61713 binds to and inhibits mutant forms of EGFR, thereby leading to cell death of EGFR-expressing tumor cells. As this agent is selective towards mutant forms of EGFR, its toxicity profile may be reduced as compared to non-selective EGFR inhibitors, which also inhibit the EGFR wild type form.  
^`EGFR mutation-selective inhibitor AC0010MA:  An orally available, third generation, selective inhibitor of mutant forms of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), including the second-site resistance mutation T790M, with potential antineoplastic activity. EGFR mutant-selective inhibitor AC0010MA specifically and irreversibly binds to and inhibits the activity of mutant forms of EGFR, which prevents EGFR mutant-mediated signaling and leads to cell death in EGFR mutant-expressing tumor cells. Compared to some other EGFR inhibitors, AC0010MA may have therapeutic benefits in tumors with T790M-mediated drug resistance. This agent does not inhibit wild-type EGFR (EGFRwt), and does not cause dose-limiting toxicities that occur during the use of non-selective EGFR inhibitors, which also inhibit EGFRwt. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.  
^`EGFR T790M inhibitor PF-06747775:  An orally available inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant form T790M, with potential antineoplastic activity. EGFR T790M inhibitor PF-06747775 specifically binds to and inhibits EGFR T790M, a secondarily acquired resistance mutation, which prevents EGFR-mediated signaling and leads to cell death in EGFR T790M-expressing tumor cells. Compared to some other EGFR inhibitors, PF-06747775 may have therapeutic benefits in tumors with T790M-mediated drug resistance. This agent shows minimal activity against wild-type EGFR (WT EGFR), and does not cause dose-limiting toxicities that occur during the use of non-selective EGFR inhibitors, which can inhibit WT EGFR. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.  
^`EGFR/HER2 inhibitor AP32788:  An orally available inhibitor of specific mutant forms of both human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; ERBB2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, EGFR/HER2 inhibitor AP32788 specifically and irreversibly binds to and inhibits certain mutant forms of EGFR and HER2. This prevents EGFR- and HER2-mediated signaling and leads to cell death in EGFR mutant- and HER2 mutant-expressing tumor cells. EGFR and HER2, receptor tyrosine kinases mutated in many tumor cell types, play key roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.  
^`EGFR/HER2 inhibitor AV-412:  A second-generation, orally bioavailable dual kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. EGFR/HER2 inhibitor AV-412 binds to and inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which may result in the inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis, and tumor regression in EGFR/HER2-expressing tumors. This agent may be active against EGFR/HER2-expressing tumor cells that are resistant to first-generation kinase inhibitors. EGFR and HER2 are receptor tyrosine kinases that play major roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.  
^`EGFRBi-armed autologous activated T cells:  Autologous activated T cells, loaded with a bispecific antibody produced by heteroconjugation of anti-CD3 and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies, with potential antineoplastic activity. Binding of EGFRBi-armed autologous activated T cells to EGFR-positive tumor cells may result in increased T cell-mediated cytotoxicity towards tumor cells expressing EGFR. Arming activated T cells with this bispecific antibody may significantly increase T cell secretion of anti-tumor associated cytokines such as IL2, RANTES, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha.  
^`eicosapentaenoic acid:  An essential, polyunsaturated, 20-carbon omega-3 fatty acid with anti-inflammatory and potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) may activate caspase 3, resulting in apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations. In addition, this agent may inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and prostaglandin-mediated inflammatory processes.  
^`eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched nutritional supplement:  A nutritional supplement enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which is an essential, polyunsaturated, 20-carbon omega-3 fatty acid found in fish oil, with potential anti-inflammatory and anti-cachectic activities. Upon oral intake of the EPA-enriched nutritional supplement, EPA is incorporated in cell membrane phospholipids and replaces arachidonic acid. This affects the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6, through the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) activity. This inhibits inflammation and may abrogate the cachexia-mediated decrease of lean body mass (LBM), which may lead to increased body weight. Pro-inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-a, interferon-gamma, and certain interleukins, such as IL-6 and IL-1b, play a key role in cachexia.  
^`eIF4E antisense oligonucleotide ISIS 183750:  A second-generation antisense oligonucleotide targeting the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) with potential antitumor activity. Antisense oligonucleotide ISIS EIF4ERx suppresses the expression of eIF4E in fast dividing tumor cells. Blocking the expression of eIF4E results in inhibition of the synthesis of tumor angiogenic factors, thereby leading to the inhibition of cellular proliferation and apoptosis in tumor cells. eIF4E is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, is involved in the mRNA-ribosome binding step of eukaryotic protein synthesis and is the rate-limiting component of the eukaryotic translation apparatus.  
^`elacytarabine:  The lipophilic 5'-elaidic acid ester of the deoxycytidine analog cytosine arabinoside (cytarabine; Ara-C) with potential antineoplastic activity. As a prodrug, CP-4055 is converted intracellularly into cytarabine triphosphate by deoxycytidine kinase and subsequently competes with cytidine for incorporation into DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. Compared to cytarabine, CP-4055 shows increased cellular uptake and retention, resulting in increased activation by deoxycytidine kinase to cytarabine triphosphate, decreased deamination and deactivation by deoxycytidine deaminase, and increased inhibition of DNA synthesis. This agent also inhibits RNA synthesis, an effect not seen with cytarabine.  
^`Eldecort:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`Eldisine:  (Other name for~ vindesine) 
^`Eldopar:  (Other name for~ levodopa) 
^`electrokinetically modified water:  Orally available, nanobubble-based, electrokinetically modified water (EMW) composed of reverse osmosis water where the minerals calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and potassium bicarbonate have been added and with an increased oxygen concentration compared to normal water. Upon consumption, the EMW may have a beneficial effect on fatigue. This water may protect muscle cells against damage and may improve skeletal muscle function. The water is pretreated with strong, controlled turbulence to create charge-stabilized nanostructures.  
^`electrolyte-free parenteral nutrition emulsion:  An electrolyte-free emulsion for infusion consisting of a three chamber bag system containing glucose, amino acids and lipids that can be used to provide parenteral nutritional supplementation. The lipid emulsion portion contains soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil and fish oil; the amino acid solution contains alanine, arginine, glycine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, taurine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine. The electrolyte-free parenteral nutrition emulsion contains no electrolytes, trace elements and vitamins. The three separate bags containing glucose, amino acids and lipids are mixed together before infusion.  
^`elesclomol:  A small-molecule bis(thio-hydrazide amide) with oxidative stress induction, pro-apoptotic, and potential antineoplastic activities. Elesclomol induces oxidative stress, creating high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, in both cancer cells and normal cells. Because tumor cells have elevated levels of ROS compared to normal cells, the increase in oxidative stress beyond baseline levels elevates ROS beyond sustainable levels, exhausting tumor cell antioxidant capacity, which may result in the induction of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Normal cells are spared because the increase in the level of oxidative stress induced by this agent is below the threshold at which apoptosis is induced.  
^`elesclomol sodium:  The water soluble sodium salt of a small-molecule bis(thio-hydrazide amide) with oxidative stress induction, pro-apoptotic, and potential antineoplastic activities. Elesclomol induces oxidative stress, creating high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, in both cancer cells and normal cells. Because tumor cells have elevated levels of ROS compared to normal cells, the increase in oxidative stress beyond baseline levels elevates ROS beyond sustainable levels, exhausting tumor cell antioxidant capacity, which may result in the induction of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Normal cells are spared because the increase in the level of oxidative stress induced by this agent is below the threshold at which apoptosis is induced.  
^`Elidel:  (Other name for~ pimecrolimus cream) 
^`Eliquis:  (Other name for~ apixaban) 
^`elisidepsin:  A marine-derived, synthetic cyclic depsipeptide with potential antineoplastic activity. Elisidepsin is a derivative of a natural marine compound that belongs to a family of dehydro aminobutyric acid-containing peptides (kahalalides) isolated from the herbivorous marine mollusk Elysia rufescens. Although the primary mechanism of action has yet to be elucidated, this agent exhibits anti-proliferative activity in a wide variety of cancer cell types, including breast, colon, pancreas, lung, and prostate; it appears to induce oncolytic rather than apoptotic cell death.  
^`Elitek:  (Other name for~ rasburicase) 
^`Elixophyllin:  (Other name for~ theophylline) 
^`ellagic acid/Annona muricata supplement:  A nutritional supplement containing the phytochemical polyphenol, ellagic acid, and an extract of Annona muricata, with potential chemopreventive activity. Although the exact mechanism of action for ellagic acid has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent acts as an anti-oxidant and reduces oxidative stress. This agent also appears to protect the body against certain carcinogens, either through preventing DNA binding or by increasing the rate of their metabolism and deactivation. Certain extracts of Annona muricata, a member of the custard apple plants and belonging to the Annonaceae family, may have antiviral activity, potential targets include human papilloma virus (HPV), and may be cytotoxic against various types of cancer cells.  
^`Ellence:  (Other name for~ epirubicin hydrochloride) 
^`elliptinium acetate:  Acetate salt of elliptinium, a derivative of the alkaloid ellipticine isolated from species of the plant family Apocynaceae, including Bleekeria vitensis, a plant with anti-cancer properties. As a topoisomerase II inhibitor and intercalating agent, elliptinium stabilizes the cleavable complex of topoisomerase II and induces DNA breakages, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA and protein synthesis.  
^`Elmiron:  (Other name for~ pentosan polysulfate sodium) 
^`Elocon:  (Other name for~ mometasone furoate) 
^`elotuzumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human CS1 (CD2 subset 1, CRACC, SLAMF7) antigen with potential antineoplastic activity. Elotuzumab binds to the CS1 antigen, which may trigger antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in cells expressing CS1. CS1 is a cell surface glycoprotein belonging to the CD2 subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) and is highly expressed by multiple myeloma cells, but minimally expressed by normal cells.  
^`Eloxatin:  (Other name for~ oxaliplatin) 
^`elsamitrucin:  A heterocyclic antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Actinomycete strain J907-21. Elsamitrucin intercalates into DNA at guanine-cytosine (G-C)-rich sequences and inhibits topoisomerase I and II, resulting in single-strand breaks and inhibition of DNA replication.  
^`elsiglutide:  A synthetic glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analogue with potential antidiarrheal and intestinotrophic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, elsiglutide, a 39 amino acid polypeptide, binds to GLP-2 receptors and thereby promotes proliferation of epithelial cells. Regeneration of endothelial cells damaged during chemotherapy may prevent or decrease chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. In addition, elsiglutide may prevent chemotherapy-induced intestinal injury. GLP-2, a peptide hormone primarily produced in the small intestines in response to food, plays a key role in intestinal epithelial growth, metabolism and regeneration of epithelial cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Elspar:  (Other name for~ asparaginase) 
^`eltrombopag olamine:  The orally active ethanolamine salt of eltrombopag, a small-molecule, nonpeptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist with megakaryopoiesis-stimulating activity. Eltrombopag binds to and stimulates the transmembrane domain of the platelet thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R or CD110), a member of the hematopoietin receptor superfamily. Activation of TPO-R leads to the proliferation and differentiation of cells in the megakaryocytic lineage and an increase in platelet production.  
^`Emcyt:  (Other name for~ estramustine phosphate sodium) 
^`Emend:  (Other name for~ aprepitant) 
^`emepepimut-S:  A liposome-encapsulated peptide vaccine consisting of a synthetic peptide derived from the mucin 1 (MUC-1) antigen with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon vaccination, emepepimut-S may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against MUC-1-expressing tumor cells, resulting in growth inhibition. MUC-1 antigen is a high-molecular-weight transmembrane glycoprotein that is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of many epithelial tumor cells as well as on the cell surfaces of some B-cell lymphoma cells and multiple myeloma cells.  
^`Emergent-EZ:  (Other name for~ hydrocortisone sodium succinate) 
^`Empirin:  (Other name for~ acetylsalicylic acid) 
^`Empliciti:  (Other name for~ elotuzumab) 
^`emtricitabine:  A synthetic fluoro derivative of thiacytidine with potent antiviral activity. Emtricitabine is phosphorylated to form emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate within the cell. This metabolite inhibits the activity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase both by competing with the natural substrate deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and by incorporation into viral DNA causing a termination of DNA chain elongation (due to the lack of the essential 3'-OH group).  
^`Emtriva:  (Other name for~ emtricitabine) 
^`E-Mycin:  (Other name for~ erythromycin) 
^`Enacard:  (Other name for~ enalapril maleate) 
^`enadenotucirev:  A complex, replication-selective, E1B and partial E3 gene deleted, adenovirus type 11p (Ad11p)/Ad3 chimeric oncolytic virus with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intralesional injection of enadenotucirev, the adenovirus selectively and rapidly replicates in cancer cells; however, it is unable to replicate in normal, healthy cells. This induces a selective adenovirus-mediated cytotoxicity in cancer cells, which leads to cancer cell lysis. Following the lysis of infected cells, the replicated virus is released and can infect adjacent cells, which both induces further tumor cell oncolysis and may activate the immune system to kill the infected tumor cells. The E1B protein causes p53 inactivation in host cells, which promotes viral replication. Deletion of E1B prevents replication in normal, healthy cells that express wild-type p53. The mutation and subsequent inactivation of p53 in cancer cells enables the E1B-deleted adenovirus to selectively replicate in cancer cells. Partial deletion of the E3 gene, which encodes the adenovirus death protein, enhances the safety profile of the administered adenovirus.  
^`enalapril maleate:  The maleate salt form of enalapril, a dicarbocyl-containing peptide and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with antihypertensive activity. As a prodrug, enalapril is converted by de-esterification into its active form enalaprilat. Enalaprilat competitively binds to and inhibits ACE, thereby blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This prevents the potent vasoconstrictive actions of angiotensin II and results in vasodilation. Enalapril also decreases angiotensin II-induced aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex, which leads to an increase in sodium excretion and subsequently increases water outflow.  
^`enavatuzumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis receptor (TWEAKR) with potential antineoplastic, immunomodulating and antiangiogenic activities. Enavatuzumab binds to TWEAKR and inhibits TWEAK ligand binding and activation of NF-kappaB-mediated cytokine release, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis. TWEAKR is a cell-surface receptor with homology to tumor necrosis factor receptors. Upon binding with its ligand, TWEAKR has been shown to stimulate cytokine release and cell proliferation, migration, and survival; it may also promote apoptosis under some conditions. This receptor may be overexpressed in a variety of tumors including those of the pancreas, colon, lung, kidney, and breast.  
^`Enbrel:  (Other name for~ etanercept) 
^`enclomiphene citrate:  The orally bioavailable citrate salt of enclomiphene, the trans-isomer of the nonsteroidal triphenylethylene compound clomiphene, with tissue-selective estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities. As a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), enclomiphene binds to hypothalamic estrogen receptors, blocking the negative feedback of endogenous estrogens and stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus; released GnRH subsequently stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary, resulting in ovulation. In addition, this agent may bind to estrogen receptors on breast cancer cells, resulting in the inhibition of estrogen-stimulated proliferation in susceptible cell populations.  
^`EndoClot:  (Other name for~ absorbable modified polymer hemostatic powder) 
^`Endometrin:  (Other name for~ progesterone vaginal insert) 
^`endothelin B receptor agonist SPI-1620:  A highly selective peptide agonist of the endothelin-B receptor. Endothelin B receptor agonist SPI-1620 binds to endothelin-B receptors on endothelial cells in tumor blood vessels, which, unlike the angioarchitecture of normal blood vessels, are relatively devoid of smooth muscle. This agent may induce a transient, selective increase in blood flow to a tumor, which may result in an increase in the delivery of anticancer agents to the tumor and, so, an increase in anticancer agent efficacy.  
^`Engerix-B:  (Other name for~ hepatitis B vaccine (recombinant)) 
^`Enhanzyn:  (Other name for~ Detox-B adjuvant) 
^`eniluracil:  An orally-active fluoropyrimidine analogue. Eniluracil inhibits dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme that catabolizes and inactivates 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the liver. Co-administration of ethynyluracil permits the oral administration of 5-FU.  
^`enobosarm:  A non-steroidal agent with anabolic activity. Enobosarm is designed to work like testosterone, thus promoting and/or maintaining libido, fertility, prostate growth, and muscle growth and strength. Mimicking testosterone's action, this agent may increase lean body mass, thereby ameliorating muscle wasting in the hypermetabolic state of cancer cachexia.  
^`enoxaparin:  A low molecular weight, synthetic heparin. As an anticoagulant/antithrombotic agent, enoxaprin's mechanism of action is similar to that of heparin, although it exhibits a higher ratio of anti-Factor Xa to anti-Factor IIa activity. This agent also has anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting monocyte adhesion to tumor necrosis factor alpha- or lipopolysaccharide-activated endothelial cells. Compared to unfractionated heparins, the use of enoxaparin is associated with lower incidences of osteoporosis and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.  
^`ensituximab:  A chimeric monoclonal antibody against human colorectal and pancreatic carcinoma-associated antigens (CPAAs) with potential immunomodulating and anti-tumor activities. Ensituximab binds to CPAAs, which may activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response and an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response against CPAA-expressing tumor cells. CPAAs, cell surface proteins, are upregulated on colon and pancreatic tumor cells. Ensituximab contains the variable region of the heavy and light chain of murine NPC-1 and linked in-frame to constant regions of a human IgG1 isotype.  
^`Ensure:  (Other name for~ nutritional supplement drink) 
^`entecavir:  A synthetic analog of 2-deoxyguanosine with antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Entecavir is activated in vivo to a 5-triphosphate metabolite. In turn, the triphosphate form competes with the natural substrate deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) for incorporation into viral DNA. The incorporation of the activated triphosphate metabolite of entecavir inhibits the reverse transcriptase (RT) viral RNA-dependent HBV DNA polymerase and, so, the replication of viral DNA and transcription.  
^`EnteraGam:  (Other name for~ serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin protein isolate) 
^`Entereg:  (Other name for~ alvimopan) 
^`Enterex Glutapak-10:  (Other name for~ glutamine) 
^`enteric-coated TRPM8 agonist D-3263 hydrochloride:  An enteric-coated orally bioavailable formulation of the hydrochloride salt of a small-molecule agonist for transient receptor potential melastatin member 8 (TRPM8 or Trp-p8) with potential antineoplastic activity. The active ingredient in enteric-coated TRPM8 agonist D-3263 hydrochloride binds to and activates TRPM8, which may result in an increase in calcium and sodium entry; the disruption of calcium and sodium homeostasis; and the induction of cell death in TRPM8-expressing tumor cells. This agent may decrease dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels, which may contribute to its inhibitory effects on prostate cancer and BPH. TRPM8 is a transmembrane calcium channel protein that is normally expressed in prostate cells and appears to be overexpressed in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and in prostate cancer.  
^`enteric-coated zoledronic acid tablet MER-101:  An oral tablet formulation containing zoledronic acid combined with a proprietary absorption enhancer for improved zoledronic acid gastrointestinal absorption with anti-bone-resorption activity. The third-generation bisphosphonate zoledronic acid binds to hydroxyapatite crystals in the bone matrix, slowing their dissolution and inhibiting the formation and aggregation of these crystals. This agent also inhibits farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, an enzyme involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. Inhibition of this enzyme prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids, donor substrates of farnesylation and geranylgeranylation during the post-translational modification of small GTPase signalling proteins, which are important in the process of osteoclast turnover. The proprietary absorption enhancer is a GRAS (generally-recognized-as-safe) food additive.  
^`Entericin:  (Other name for~ acetylsalicylic acid) 
^`entinostat:  A synthetic benzamide derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Entinostat binds to and inhibits histone deacetylase, an enzyme that regulates chromatin structure and gene transcription. This agent appears to exert dose-dependent effects in human leukemia cells including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21/CIP1/WAF1)-dependent growth arrest and differentiation at low drug concentrations; a marked induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS); mitochondrial damage; caspase activation; and, at higher concentrations, apoptosis. In normal cells, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A expression has been associated with cell-cycle exit and differentiation.  
^`entolimod:  A polypeptide derived from the Salmonella filament protein flagellin with potential radioprotective and anticancer activities. As a toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist, entolimod binds to and activates TLR5 thereby stimulating tumor necrosis factor production and activating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). This induces NF-kB-mediated signaling pathways and inhibits the induction of apoptosis. This may prevent apoptosis in normal, healthy cells during radiotherapy of cancerous cells and may allow for increased doses of ionizing radiation. In addition, entolimod may inhibit radiation-independent proliferation in TLR5-expressing tumor cells.  
^`entospletinib:  An orally available inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration of entospletinib, this agent may inhibit the activity of Syk, which inhibits B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and leads to an inhibition of tumor cell activation, migration, adhesion and proliferation. Syk, a non-receptor cytoplasmic, BCR-associated tyrosine kinase, is expressed in hematopoietic tissues and is often overexpressed in hematopoeitic malignancies. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`entrectinib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the tyrosine kinases tropomyosin receptor kinases (Trk) A, B and C, C-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, entrectinib binds to and inhibits TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, ROS1 and ALK. Inhibition of these kinases may result in a disruption of TrkA-, TrkB-, TrkC-, ROS1-, and ALK-mediated signaling. This leads to an induction of apoptosis and an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in tumor cells that express these kinases. TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, ROS1 and ALK are overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`Entyvio:  (Other name for~ vedolizumab) 
^`enzalutamide:  An orally bioavailable, organic, non-steroidal small molecule targeting the androgen receptor (AR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Through a mechanism that is reported to be different from other approved AR antagonists, enzalutamide inhibits the activity of prostate cancer cell ARs, which may result in a reduction in prostate cancer cell proliferation and, correspondingly, a reduction in the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level. AR over-expression in prostate cancer represents a key mechanism associated with prostate cancer hormone resistance.  
^`enzastaurin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of enzastaurin, a synthetic macrocyclic bisindolemaleimide with potential antineoplastic activity. Binding to the ATP-binding site, enzastaurin selectively inhibits protein kinase C beta, an enzyme involved in the induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated neo-angiogenesis. This agent may decrease tumor blood supply and so tumor burden.  
^`enzymatically hydrolyzed whey protein-based nutritional supplement:  An orally available, gluten-free, enzymatically hydrolyzed cysteine-rich whey-protein based nutritional supplement containing essential vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, as well as fat and carbohydrates. Upon oral intake of the nutritional supplement, the whey protein may improve gastric functioning and gastrointestinal health, thereby reducing vomiting and diarrhea. The whey-based hydrolyzed protein helps to alleviate the digestive burden for the pancreas and may be beneficial for patients with a pancreas-associated disease, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Due to the high levels of cysteine in the whey protein, this supplement increases levels of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). The polyunsaturated fatty acids in this supplement are incorporated in cell membranes and affect the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, eliciting an anti-inflammatory effect. Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in this supplement enhance fat absorption and may aid in the prevention of fat malabsorption. Altogether, this supplement may prevent both malnutrition and weight loss.  
^`Eoquin:  (Other name for~ apaziquone) 
^`Eovist:  (Other name for~ gadoxetate disodium) 
^`EP4 receptor antagonist AAT-007:  An orally bioavailable antagonist of the prostaglandin E receptor subtype 4 (EP4), with potential analgesic, immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the EP4 receptor antagonist AAT-007, this agent selectively binds to and inhibits the binding of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prevents the activation of the EP4 receptor. This inhibits PGE2-EP4 receptor-mediated signaling and prevents proliferation in tumor cells in which the PGE2-EP4 signaling pathway is over-activated. In addition, EP4 receptor inhibition modulates the immune system by preventing both interleukin-23 (IL-23) production and the IL-23-mediated expansion of Th17 cells. As EP4 is expressed by peripheral sensory neurons, blockade of EP4-mediated signaling may induce an analgesic effect. EP4, a prostanoid receptor subtype, is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed in certain types of cancers; it promotes tumor cell proliferation and invasion.  
^`epacadostat:  An orally available hydroxyamidine and inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. epacadostat targets and binds to IDO1, an enzyme responsible for the oxidation of tryptophan into kynurenine. By inhibiting IDO1 and decreasing kynurenine in tumor cells, epacadostat increases and restores the proliferation and activation of various immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), NK cells, and T-lymphocytes, as well as interferon (IFN) production, and a reduction in tumor-associated regulatory T cells (Tregs). Activation of the immune system, which is suppressed in many cancers, may inhibit the growth of IDO1-expressing tumor cells. IDO1 is overexpressed by a variety of tumor cell types and DCs.  
^`EpCAM-specific CAR-expressing autologous T lymphocytes:  A preparation of autologous T lymphocytes that have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for the antigen epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the EpCAM-specific CAR-expressing autologous T lymphocytes specifically recognize and bind to EpCAM-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. EpCAM, a cell surface protein, is expressed by a variety of tumor cells.  
^`EphA2-targeting DOPC-encapsulated siRNA:  A liposomal formulation consisting of short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) and encapsulated into 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) neutral liposomes, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon internalization, EphA2-targeting DOPC-encapsulated siRNA can hybridize to EphA2 DNA and mRNA, thereby interfering with both the transcription and translation of EphA2, and thus inhibiting tumor cell growth. The cell-surface receptor EphA2, a member of the ephrin family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) involved in mammalian development, is overexpressed by a variety of different cancer cell types and plays an important role in tumor growth.  
^`EpiCept NP-1:  (Other name for~ ketamine/amitriptyline NP-H cream) 
^`epidermal growth factor ointment:  A topical ointment containing a recombinant form of human epidermal growth factor (EGF) with potential protective activity against EGF receptor (EGFR/HER1) inhibitor-induced cutaneous toxicities. Upon topical application of the EGF ointment, EGF locally activates EGFR, thereby abrogating EGFR inhibition in the skin caused by systemic EGFR inhibiting agents. This may help inhibit the skin rash induced by EGFR antagonists. EGFR, a tyrosine kinase, plays a key role in maintaining epidermal integrity.  
^`epigallocatechin gallate:  A phenolic antioxidant found in a number of plants such as green and black tea. It inhibits cellular oxidation and prevents free radical damage to cells. It is under study as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent.  
^`Epilex:  (Other name for~ divalproex sodium) 
^`epirubicin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of the 4'-epi-isomer of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin. Epirubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent also produces toxic free-radical intermediates and interacts with cell membrane lipids causing lipid peroxidation.  
^`Epitol:  (Other name for~ carbamazepine) 
^`Epival:  (Other name for~ divalproex sodium) 
^`Epivir:  (Other name for~ lamivudine) 
^`eplerenone:  A selective aldosterone receptor antagonist. Eplerenone binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor and blocks the binding of aldosterone, thereby decreasing sodium resorption and subsequently increasing water outflow. This leads to a decrease in blood pressure. Eplerenone is used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.  
^`EPOCH regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of etoposide, prednisone, vincristine (Oncovin) and doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin hycrochloride), which may be used in combination with rituximab (R-EPOCH) for the treatment of various aggressive B cell and T cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`epoetin alfa:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine human erythropoietin (EPO). Produced primarily by cells of the peritubular capillary endothelium of the kidney in response to hypoxia, circulating EPO binds to EPO receptors on the surface of committed erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow resulting in their replication and maturation into functional erythrocytes.  
^`epoetin beta:  A recombinant therapeutic agent that is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine human erythropoietin (EPO). Produced primarily by cells of the peritubular capillary endothelium of the kidney in response to hypoxia, circulating EPO binds to EPO receptors on the surface of committed erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow resulting in their replication and maturation into functional erythrocytes.  
^`epoetin zeta:  A recombinant form of the endogenous human cytokine erythropoietin (EPO) with erythropoiesis-stimulating activity. Similar to EPO, epoetin zeta binds to and activates erythropoietin receptors on the surface of committed erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow resulting in their proliferation and differentiation into functional erythrocytes. This may enhance red blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels. Epoetin zeta differs from other epoetins in its glycosylation profile. EPO is a glycosylated polypeptide primarily produced by renal peritubular cells and its synthesis is regulated by a serum oxygenation feedback mechanism. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Epogen:  (Other name for~ epoetin alfa) 
^`epothilone analog UTD1:  A genetically engineered epothilone analog with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, epothilone analog UTD1 binds to tubulin, induces microtubule polymerization and stabilizes microtubules against depolymerization, which may result in the inhibition of cell division, the induction of G2/M arrest, and apoptosis. Compared to first-generation epothilones, this agent exhibits greater safety and enhanced activity against certain multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumors.  
^`epothilone D:  A natural polyketide compound isolated from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum. Also known as desoxyepothilone B, epothilone D binds to tubulin and inhibits the disassembly of microtubules, resulting in the inhibition of mitosis, cellular proliferation, and cell motility.  
^`epothilone KOS-1584:  A second-generation epothilone with potential antineoplastic activity. Epothilone KOS-1584 binds to tubulin and induces microtubule polymerization and stabilizes microtubules against depolymerization, which may result in the inhibition of cell division, the induction of G2/M arrest, and apoptosis. Compared to first-generation epothilones, this agent exhibits greater safety and efficacy with an enhanced pharmaceutical profile, including enhanced water solubility and tumor penetration, and reduced CNS exposure. In addition, epothilone KOS-1584 is a poor substrate for the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) drug efflux pump.  
^`epratuzumab:  A recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody directed against CD22, a cell surface glycoprotein present on mature B-cells and on many types of malignant B-cells. After binding to CD22, epratuzumab's predominant antitumor activity appears to be mediated through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).  
^`Eprex:  (Other name for~ epoetin alfa) 
^`eprodisate disodium:  The orally available disodium salt form of eprodisate, a negatively charged sulfonated inhibitor of fibrillogenesis, that can be used in the treatment of amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis. Upon administration, eprodisate competitively binds to the glycosaminoglycan binding sites on serum amyloid A (SAA), which inhibits the formation of the glycosaminoglycan-amyloid fibril aggregate. This prevents the formation of amyloid deposits in certain organs, especially the kidneys, in AA amyloidosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`ERa36 modulator icaritin:  A metabolite of A metabolite of icariin, a principal flavonoid glycoside in Herba Epimedii (a traditional Chinese medicine herb used in treating osteoporosis) with potential antineoplastic activity. ERa36 modulator icaritin selectively binds to a novel variant of estrogen receptor alpha, a36, and mediates a membrane-initiated "nongenomic" signaling pathway, which is linked to activated signaling pathways like the MAPK/ERK and the PI3K/Akt pathways. This agent induces cell cycle arrest at G1, or G2/M arrest depending upon the dose. Consistently with G1 arrest, icaritin increases protein expressions of pRb, p27(Kip1) and p16(Ink4a), while decreasing phosphorylated pRb, Cyclin D1 and CDK4. Forty percent of ER-negative breast cancer tumors express high levels of ERa36, and this subset of patients is less likely to benefit from tamoxifen treatment compared with those with ERa66-positive/ERa36-negative tumors.  
^`erastin analogue PRLX 93936:  A structural analogue of erastin with potential antineoplastic activity. Erastin analogue PRLX 93936 appears to inhibit mitochondrial outer membrane protein VDACs (voltage-dependent anion channels) 2 and 3, resulting in an oxidative, non-apoptotic cell death. Erastin analogue PRLX 93936 exhibits greater lethality in cell lines harboring mutations in the GTPase protein oncogenes HRAS and KRAS or the serine-threonine protein kinase oncogene BRAF than in non-tumorigenic cell lines. VDACs 2 and 3 are up-regulated in a wide variety of tumor cell lines.  
^`Eraxis:  (Other name for~ anidulafungin) 
^`erb-38 immunotoxin:  A bivalent fusion protein consisting of disulfide-stabilized Fv fragments of an anti-HER2 (erbB2) monoclonal antibody (e23) and a truncated version of the M(r) 38 fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin that lacks the toxin's cell binding domain. ERB-38 immunotoxin binds specifically to cells that overexpress HER2, the antigenic target of the monoclonal antibody; the exotoxin portion of the immunotoxin then lyses the cells bound by the antibody portion.  
^`ErbB-2 inhibitor ARRY-380:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the human epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB-2 (also called HER2) with potential antineoplastic activity. ErbB-2 inhibitor ARRY-380 selectively binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation of ErbB-2, which may prevent the activation of ErbB-2 signal transduction pathways, resulting in growth inhibition and death of ErbB-2-expressing tumor cells. ErbB-2 is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and plays an important role in cellular proliferation and differentiation.  
^`Erbitux:  (Other name for~ cetuximab) 
^`Ergamisol:  (Other name for~ levamisole hydrochloride) 
^`ergocalciferol:  Vitamin D2, a fat-soluble vitamin important for many biochemical processes including the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. In vivo, ergocalciferol is formed after sun (ultraviolet) irradiation of plant-derived ergosterol, another form of vitamin D. Ergocalciferol is the form of vitamin D usually found in vitamin supplements.  
^`eribulin mesylate:  The mesylate salt of a synthetic analogue of halichondrin B, a substance derived from a marine sponge (Lissodendoryx sp.) with antineoplastic activity. Eribulin binds to the vinca domain of tubulin and inhibits the polymerization of tubulin and the assembly of microtubules, resulting in inhibition of mitotic spindle assembly, induction of cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, and, potentially, tumor regression.  
^`eritoran tetrasodium:  The tetrasodium salt of a synthetic analogue of the lipid A portion of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with potential immunomodulating activity. Eritoran binds to the Toll-like receptor (TLR)/CD14/MD2 receptor complex present on most cells of the immune system, inhibiting the activation of the receptor complex by LPS, which may result in the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and a potentially fatal systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). LPS is found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and binds to the TLR/CD14/MD2 receptor complex of immune cells, especially macrophages, resulting in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.  
^`Erivedge:  (Other name for~ vismodegib) 
^`ERK inhibitor BVD-523:  An orally available inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, BVD-523 inhibits both ERK 1 and 2, thereby preventing the activation of ERK-mediated signal transduction pathways. This results in the inhibition of ERK-dependent tumor cell proliferation and survival. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK pathway is often upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation and survival.  
^`ERK inhibitor CC-90003:  An orally available inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, CC-90003 inhibits ERK activity, and prevents the activation of ERK-mediated signal transduction pathways. This results in the inhibition of ERK-dependent tumor cell proliferation and survival. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK pathway is often upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation and survival.  
^`ERK inhibitor GDC-0994:  An orally available inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, GDC-0994 inhibits both ERK phosphorylation and activation of ERK-mediated signal transduction pathways. This prevents ERK-dependent tumor cell proliferation and survival. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK pathway is upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation and survival.  
^`ERK inhibitor LTT462:  An orally available inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, LTT462 binds to and inhibits ERK, thereby preventing the activation of ERK-mediated signal transduction pathways. This results in the inhibition of ERK-dependent tumor cell proliferation and survival. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK pathway is upregulated in numerous tumor cell types and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation and survival.  
^`erlotinib hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a quinazoline derivative with antineoplastic properties. Competing with adenosine triphosphate, erlotinib reversibly binds to the intracellular catalytic domain of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, thereby reversibly inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation and blocking the signal transduction events and tumorigenic effects associated with EGFR activation.  
^`ertapenem sodium:  The sodium salt of ertapenem, a 1-beta-methyl carbapenem and a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Ertapenem binds to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) located on the bacterial cell wall, in particular PBPs 2 and 3, thereby inhibiting the final transpeptidation step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. Inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis results in weakening and lysis of the cell wall and cell death. In vitro, this agent has shown activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Erapenem is resistant to hydrolysis by a variety of beta-lactamases, including penicillinases, cephalosporinases and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.  
^`ertumaxomab: A murine monoclonal antibody with two antigen-recognition sites:  one for CD3, an antigen expressed on mature T cells, and one for HER-2-neu, a tumor-associated antigen that promotes tumor growth. Ertumaxomab attaches to CD3-expressing T cells and HER-2-neu-expressing tumor cells, selectively cross-linking tumor and immunologic cells which results in the recruitment of cytotoxic T cells to the T cell/tumor cell aggregate.  
^`Erwinaze:  (Other name for~ asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi) 
^`ERYC:  (Other name for~ erythromycin) 
^`Ery-Tab:  (Other name for~ erythromycin) 
^`erythrocyte-encapsulated L-asparaginase suspension:  A suspension of erythrocytes encapsulating L-asparaginase with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of erythrocyte-encapsulated L-asparaginase suspension, L-asparagine is hydrolyzed to L-aspartic acid and ammonia in plasma, thereby depleting tumor cells of asparagine. Due to low asparagine synthetase activity in tumor cells, de novo synthesis of asparagine is suppressed within tumor cells. Shortage of asparagine prevents synthesis of important proteins necessary for tumor cell growth. Encapsulation of asparaginase in erythrocytes decreases the immunogenicity of exogenous protein, enhances its circulation time and may limit toxicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`erythromycin:  A broad-spectrum, topical macrolide antibiotic with antibacterial activity. Erythromycin diffuses through the bacterial cell membrane and reversibly binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. This prevents bacterial protein synthesis. Erythromycin may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal in action, depending on the concentration of the drug at the site of infection and the susceptibility of the organism involved.  
^`erythromycin topical cream:  A topical cream formulation containing the broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic erythromycin with anti-bacterial activity. Erythromycin interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosomal RNA complex resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and bacterial cell death.  
^`escitalopram oxalate:  The oxalate salt of escitalopram, a pure S-enantiomer of the racemic bicyclic phthalane derivative citalopram, with antidepressant activity. As a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), escitalopram blocks the reuptake of serotonin by neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby potentiating CNS serotonergic activity.  
^`E-selectin antagonist GMI-1271:  A synthetic, glycomimetic molecule and E-selectin (CD62E) antagonist, with potential anti-thrombotic, antineoplastic and chemopotentiating activities. Upon administration, GMI-1271 binds to E-selectin expressed on endothelial cells and prevents their interaction with selectin-E ligand-expressing cancer cells. This may prevent tumor cell activation, migration and metastasis. GMI-1271 also interferes with the binding of selectin E-expressing vascular endothelial cells to selectin-E ligand-expressing monocytes and neutrophils, thereby disrupting their activation. Consequently, this inhibits both the activation of the coagulation cascade and thrombus formation. This agent also prevents both leukocyte activation and inflammation. E-selectin is a cell adhesion molecule involved in cell rolling, signaling and chemotaxis; it also plays a crucial role in inflammatory processes and cancer.  
^`Eskalith:  (Other name for~ lithium carbonate) 
^`esmolol:  The hydrochloride salt form of esmolol, a short, rapid-acting, selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, and with anti-arrhythmic, antihypertensive and potential analgesic activities. Upon intravenous administration, esmolol binds to and blocks the beta-1 receptor in the myocardium thereby preventing the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine. This leads to a reduction in the force and rate of cardiac contractions and thereby preventing tachycardia, arrythmias and/or hypertension. At higher doses, esmolol also blocks beta-2 receptors located in bronchial and vascular smooth muscle, thereby leading to smooth muscle relaxation. In addition, esmolol exerts a peripheral analgesic effect and intraoperative use of this agent may decrease the amount of opioid administration postoperatively. As the ester moiety in esmolol is rapidly hydrolyzed byplasma esterases, this agent has a very short half-life.  
^`esomeprazole magnesium:  The magnesium salt of esomeprazole, the S-isomer of omeprazole, with gastric proton pump inhibitor activity. In the acidic compartment of parietal cells, esomeprazole is protonated and converted into the active achiral sulphenamide; the active sulphenamide forms one or more covalent disulfide bonds with the proton pump hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (H+/K+ ATPase), thereby inhibiting its activity and the parietal cell secretion of H+ ions into the gastric lumen, the final step in gastric acid production. H+/K+ ATPase is an integral membrane protein of the gastric parietal cell.  
^`esorubicin:  A synthetic derivative of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin with potential antineoplastic activity. Esorubicin intercalates into DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and ultimately, interfering with RNA and protein synthesis. This agent exhibits less cardiotoxicity than the parent antibiotic doxorubicin, but may cause more severe myelosupression compared to other compounds within the anthracycline class.  
^`Essiac:  An herbal formula containing burdock root (Arctium lappa), Turkey rhubarb root (Rheum palmatum), sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella), and slippery elm bark (Ulmus fulva) with potential immunostimulating, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. The exact chemical profile, their respective concentrations and the mechanism of action of Essiac are largely unknown due to the proprietary nature of the formula and product inconsistency. Several chemical classes in Essiac are consistently represented and may attribute to its therapeutic effect, including anthraquinone derivatives such as rhein and emodin, high molecular polysaccharides, and lignans such as arctigenin. However, all these chemicals are unlikely to occur in high concentrations in Essiac, and its potential therapeutic effect may be attributed to a potential synergistic effect of these various compounds.  
^`Estinyl:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol) 
^`Estrace:  (Other name for~ therapeutic estradiol) 
^`estradiol vaginal ring:  A flexible elastomer ring containing 17 beta-estradiol used for estrogen replacement. Upon vaginal insertion, estradiol vaginal ring releases a consistent low-dose of estrogen which binds to and activates nuclear receptors in estrogen-responsive tissues. By increasing the amount of estradiol locally, symptoms of vaginal dryness or decreased sexual interest may improve. 17 beta-estradiol is the major naturally occurring estrogen produced in the ovaries of premenopausal women.  
^`estradiol valerate:  The parenterally-administered synthetic valerate ester of estradiol, a steroid sex hormone vital to the maintenance of fertility and secondary sexual characteristics in females. As the primary, most potent estrogen hormone produced by the ovaries, estradiol binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors. This agent exhibits mild anabolic and metabolic properties, and increases blood coagulability.  
^`estradiol/norethindrone acetate tablet:  An orally bioavailable tablet formulation containing the semisynthetic estrogen estradiol in combination with the acetate form of the synthetic progestin norethindrone, with estrogenic and progesteronic activities. Estradiol binds to and activates intracellular estrogen receptors found in the reproductive tract and other estrogen-responsive tissues. The activated complex enters the nucleus, binds to the estrogen response elements on DNA, and activates the transcription of genes involved in the maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics, the proliferation of the endometrium, and bone metabolism. Norethindrone binds to the intracellular progesterone receptors in the reproductive system and the activated ligand/receptor complex interacts with specific DNA response elements, resulting in an alteration in protein synthesis; inhibition of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release; inhibition of ovulation; an increase in cervical mucus production; and induction of the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle. Administration of estradiol/norethindrone acetate may abrogate vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause and prevent bone loss associated with the postmenopause. Because chronic estrogen stimulation unopposed by progesterone may increase the risk of endometrial carcinoma, administration of a combination estrogen-progestin in postmenopause may reduce the risk for women who require estrogen replacement therapy.  
^`estramustine phosphate sodium:  The orally available disodium salt, monohydrate, of estramustine phosphate, a synthetic molecule that combines estradiol and nornitrogen mustard through a carbamate link. Estramustine and its major metabolite estramustine bind to microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and tubulin, thereby inhibiting microtubule dynamics and leading to anaphase arrest in a dose-dependent fashion. This agent also exhibits anti-androgenic effects.  
^`ESTRING:  (Other name for~ estradiol vaginal ring) 
^`estriol vaginal gel:  A vaginal gel formulation containing a very low concentration of the estrogen estriol, that can be used for hormone replacement. Upon topical application to the vagina, estriol maintains adequate levels of estrogen in the vagina, and decreases vaginal atrophy and its associated symptoms, such as vaginal dryness and itching.  
^`Estrobene:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`EstroGel:  (Other name for~ transdermal estrogen) 
^`estrogen receptor agonist GTx-758:  An orally available, nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor (ER) alpha agonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of GTx-758, this agent suppresses the secretion of the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the pituitary gland through feedback inhibition. In males, the inhibition of LH secretion prevents the synthesis of androgens, including testosterone, by the testes. This may result in suppressed total serum testosterone to the levels observed in castration.  
^`Estrosyn:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Estybon:  (Other name for~ rigosertib sodium) 
^`eszopiclone:  A nonbenzodiazepine cyclopyrrolone and active dextrorotatory stereoisomer of zopiclone with hypnotic and sedative activities and without significant anxiolytic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated, eszopiclone binds to and activates the omega-1 subtype of the alpha subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine GABA receptor complex (GABA-A), a chloride ionophore complex in the central nervous system (CNS). This leads to the opening of chloride channels, causing hyperpolarization and inhibition of neuronal firing, which may result in a hypnotic effect and the induction of sleep.  
^`etanercept:  A recombinant soluble dimeric fusion protein consisting of the extracellular ligand-binding region of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rhTNF) receptor attached to the constant (Fc) region of human immunoglobulin G (FcIgG). The receptor moiety of etanercept binds to circulating TNF (2 molecules of TNF per receptor) and inhibits its attachment to endogenous TNF cell surface receptors, thereby rendering TNF inactive and inhibiting TNF-mediated mechanisms of inflammation.  
^`etanidazole:  A 2-nitroimidazole with radiosensitizing properties. Etanidazole depletes glutathione and inhibits glutathione transferase, thereby enhancing the cytotoxicity of ionizing radiation. This agent may also be useful as an imaging agent for identifying hypoxic, drug-resistant regions of primary tumors or metastases.  
^`etaracizumab:  A humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody directed against the vitronectin receptor alpha v beta 3 integrin. Etaracizumab blocks the binding of ligands, such as vitronectin, to alpha v beta 3 integrin, resulting in inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. Alpha v beta 3 integrin is a cell adhesion and signaling receptor that is expressed on the surface of tumor vessel endothelial cells, some tumor cells, and a number of other cell types.  
^`ethacrynic acid:  An aryloxy-acetic acid derivative belonging to the class of loop diuretics. Ethacrynic acid interferes with the chloride binding site of the Na+, K+, Cl- cotransporter system in the thick ascending loop of Henle, thereby inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions. This leads to an increase in the excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and water.  
^`ethambutol:  An antibiotic with bacteriostatic, antimicrobial and antitubercular properties. Ethambutol interferes with the biosynthesis of arabinogalactan, a major polysaccharide of the mycobacterial cell wall. It inhibits the polymerization of cell wall arabinan of arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan by blocking arabinosyl transferases and induces the accumulation of D-arabinofuranosyl-P-decaprenol, an intermediate in arabinan biosynthesis. This results in halting bacterial growth.  
^`ethanol:  A colorless organic liquid also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol. Ethanol's primary physiologic effects involve the central nervous system. Depending on the dose delivered, ethanol behaves as an anxiolytic, a depressant, or a general anesthetic. Ethanol-induced immunosuppression involves dysregulation of CD4+ T cells.  
^`ethaselen:  An orally bioavailable organoselenium inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, ethaselen specifically binds to the selenocysteine-cysteine redox pair in the C-terminal active site of TrxR1 and inhibits its activity, which may result in growth inhibition and the induction of apoptosis in TrxR1-overexpressing tumor cells. TrxR1, upregulated in many cancer cell types, plays a key role in various redox-dependent cellular pathways, regulates transcription factor activity, inhibits apoptosis, and promotes cell growth and survival.  
^`Ethinoral:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol) 
^`ethinyl estradiol:  A semisynthetic estrogen. Ethinyl estradiol binds to the estrogen receptor complex and enters the nucleus, activating DNA transcription of genes involved in estrogenic cellular responses. This agent also inhibits 5-alpha reductase in epididymal tissue, which lowers testosterone levels and may delay progression of prostatic cancer. In addition to its antineoplastic effects, ethinyl estradiol protects against osteoporosis. In animal models, short-term therapy with this agent has been shown to provide long-term protection against breast cancer, mimicking the antitumor effects of pregnancy.  
^`ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone:  An oral contraceptive formulation containing the semisynthetic estrogen, ethinyl estradiol, combined with the synthetic progestin, norethindrone, with estrogenic and progestogenic activities, respectively. Ethinyl estradiol binds to and activates intracellular estrogen receptors found in the reproductive tract and other estrogen-responsive tissues. The activated complex enters the nucleus, binds to the estrogen response elements on DNA, activates the transcription of genes involved in the maintenance of the female reproductive system, inhibits the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary, and suppresses the development of the ovarian follicle. Norethindrone binds to intracellular progesterone receptors in progesterone-responsive tissues, such as the pituitary and those found in the reproductive system, and the activated ligand/receptor complex interacts with specific progesterone response elements on DNA, which results in the alteration in protein synthesis, the inhibition of ovulation, an increase in cervical mucus production, the induction of the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle, and the inhibition of luteinizing hormone (LH) release. The combination of an estrogen with a progestin suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary system and alters the structure of the endometrium to discourage implantation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`ethiodized oil:  A synthetic iodine addition product of the ethyl ester of the fatty acids of poppyseed oil. Ethiodized oil contains 37% organically bound iodine and is used as a diagnostic radiopaque medium or, labeled with I-131, as an antineoplastic agent. Selectively retained in tumor vessels for long periods, ethiodized oil is used for imaging organs such as liver, lung, stomach, and thyroid. Labeled with I-131 or other beta emitters (Y-90 or P-32), ethiodol can deliver a high internal radiation dose to certain tumors with minimal effect on healthy tissues.  
^`ethosuximide:  A succinimide with anticonvulsant activity. The exact mechanism of action is not entirely understood, but most likely ethosuximide exerts its effects by partial antagonism of T-type calcium channels of the thalamic neurons. This leads to a decrease in burst firing of thalamocortical neurons, which stabilizes the nerve activity in the brain and prevents seizures.  
^`ethyl alcohol mouthwash:  A mouthwash containing ethyl alcohol, with topical antibacterial activity. Upon rinsing the oral cavity with the ethyl alcohol mouthwash, ethyl alcohol denatures bacterial proteins, and dissolves and disrupts the bacterial lipid membrane, thereby killing the bacteria. This reduces oral colonization with harmful bacteria and may prevent oral mucositis.  
^`ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer-based embolic agent:  A non-adhesive, non-absorbable, permanent liquid embolic agent comprised of ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and of micronized tantalum powder that can be used to occlude blood vessels. Upon administration of the EVOH-based embolic agent, contact with fluids, such as blood, induces the solidification of EVOH into a sponge-like material. This causes occlusion of blood vessels and prevents blood flow to the treated area.  
^`Ethyol:  (Other name for~ amifostine trihydrate) 
^`etidronate-cytarabine conjugate MBC-11:  A synthetic conjugate composed of the bisphosphonate etidronate linked to the cytostatic agent and antimetabolite cytarabine, with potential antineoplastic and antiresorptive activities. Upon intravenous administration of the etidronate-cytarabine conjugate MBC-11, the etidronate moiety targets bone and the two moieties are released upon hydrolysis of the phospho-ester bond locally. Etidronate binds to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone tissues and prevents its resorption. This prevents bone destruction and induces bone cell mineralization. In addition, the bone-targeting nature of this agent allows for the accumulation of cytarabine in bone tissue, where it is able to exert its antitumor effect locally by competing with cytidine for incorporation into DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis, while reducing systemic exposure. This leads to a destruction of bone-associated tumor cells, an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and bone metastasis, and prevents tumor-mediated bone destruction. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Etilamide:  (Other name for~ buserelin) 
^`etodolac:  A pyranocarboxylic acid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic activities. Etodolac inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenase I and II, thereby preventing the formation of prostaglandin which is involved in the induction of pain, fever, and inflammation. It also inhibits platelet aggregation by blocking platelet cyclooxygenase and the subsequent formation of thromboxane A2.  
^`Etopophos:  (Other name for~ etoposide phosphate) 
^`etoposide:  A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin, a substance extracted from the mandrake root Podophyllum peltatum. Possessing potent antineoplastic properties, etoposide binds to and inhibits topoisomerase II and its function in ligating cleaved DNA molecules, resulting in the accumulation of single- or double-strand DNA breaks, the inhibition of DNA replication and transcription, and apoptotic cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.  
^`etoposide phosphate:  A phosphate salt of a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin. Etoposide binds to the enzyme topoisomerase II, inducing double-strand DNA breaks, inhibiting DNA repair, and resulting in decreased DNA synthesis and tumor cell proliferation. Cells in the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle are most sensitive to this agent.  


^`etoposide prodrug CAP7.1:  A prodrug of etoposide, a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin extracted from the mandrake root Podophyllum peltatum, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of the etoposide prodrug CAP7.1, etoposide is released after enzymatic cleavage of CAP7.1 by specific carboxylesterases (CE) 1 and 2, which are upregulated in certain tumor cell types. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. This drug binds to and inhibits topoisomerase II, an enzyme elevated in tumor cells. This results in the accumulation of double-strand DNA breaks, the inhibition of DNA replication and transcription and the induction of apoptotic cell death. The tumor-specific activation of etoposide increases its efficacy while lowering its systemic toxicity.  
^`etoricoxib:  A synthetic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with antipyretic, analgesic ,and potential antineoplastic properties. Etoricoxib specifically binds to and inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in inhibition of the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Inhibition of COX-2 may induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis.  
^`Etrenol:  (Other name for~ hycanthone) 
^`Etretin:  (Other name for~ acitretin) 
^`Ets-family transcription factor inhibitor TK216:  A proprietary biologic that inhibits the transcriptional-promoting activity of E26 transformation-specific (Ets, E-twenty-six) family transcription factors, with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action through which this agent exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, upon administration, Ets-family transcription factor inhibitor TK216 inhibits transcriptional activation mediated by Ets family proteins, including the oncogenic Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1/Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (EWSR1/FLI1; EWS/FLI1) fusion protein. This agent may both inhibit the malignant downstream effects mediated by genomic rearrangements that result in the overexpression of Ets family transcription factors and decrease tumor cell growth and proliferation. A chromosomal translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12) fuses the EWSR1 gene and the FLI1 gene and encodes the EWSR1/FLI1 fusion protein, which is an oncoprotein expressed by peripheral primitive neuroectodermal (pPNET) tumors.  
^`Eucerin:  (Other name for~ therapeutic lotion) 
^`Evacet:  (Other name for~ pegylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride) 
^`Evaux spring water-based cream:  A cream containing Evaux thermal spring water, with potential moisturizing and skin protecting activities. Upon application to the skin, Evaux spring water-based cream forms a protective barrier, which prevents water loss, provides moisture to the skin, protects the skin from damage, and soothes irritated skin. The Evaux thermal spring water contains the trace elements lithium and manganese which may help heal the skin.  
^`Evaux spring water-based topical spray:  A skin spray composed of Evaux thermal spring water, the emulsifier polysorbate 20, the preservatives phenoxyethanol and chlorphenesin, zinc gluconate, and the moisturizer caprylyl glycol with prophylactic and calming activity. Evaux thermal spring water is rich in mineral elements particularly of lithium, strontium and manganese. When sprayed directly onto the skin or scalp, this topical spray may have a calming, moisturizing, healing and nurturing effect. This agent may prevent or decrease skin rashes associated with the administration of EGFR inhibitors or with radiochemotherapy-induced skin reactions. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Evaux thermal spring water-based solution:  A topical solution containing Evaux thermal spring water, with potential moisturizing and skin protecting activities. Upon application to the nails and surrounding skin, Evaux spring water-based solution forms a film on the nails that serves as a protective barrier. This prevents water loss from, provides moisture to, and strengthens the nails, and protects them from damage. The solution also relieves pain caused by cracked, peeled, thinning or soft nails. Evaux thermal spring water contains the elements lithium, manganese and strontium which may help heal the nails and prevent onycholysis. It also contains chlorphenesin and piroctone olamine, both of which have antifungal activity. Some chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy can induce damage to the nails.  
^`everolimus:  A derivative of the natural macrocyclic lactone sirolimus with immunosuppressant and anti-angiogenic properties. In cells, everolimus binds to the immunophilin FK Binding Protein-12 (FKBP-12) to generate an immunosuppressive complex that binds to and inhibits the activation of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), a key regulatory kinase. Inhibition of mTOR activation results in the inhibition of T lymphocyte activation and proliferation associated with antigen and cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, and IL-15) stimulation and the inhibition of antibody production.  
^`everolimus tablets for oral suspension:  Tablets for oral suspension containing everolimus, a derivative of the natural macrocyclic lactone sirolimus, with immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities. After suspension of the everolimus tablets in water and oral administration, this agent inhibits the activation of the serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by binding to mTOR's cytosolic receptor immunophilin FK Binding Protein-12 (FKBP-12). Inhibition of the mTOR complex may result in the inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway and an inhibition in the expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor. Ultimately, this may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. This pediatric formulation can dissolve easily in a small volume of water making it easier to swallow and is available in smaller dose increments thereby allowing for greater dosing flexibility.  
^`Evista:  (Other name for~ raloxifene hydrochloride) 
^`Evomela:  (Other name for~ melphalan hydrochloride) 
^`EvoNail:  (Other name for~ Evaux thermal spring water-based solution) 
^`Evoskin cream:  (Other name for~ Evaux spring water-based cream) 
^`Evoxac:  (Other name for~ cevimeline hydrochloride) 
^`ex vivo-activated autologous lymph node lymphocytes:  Autologous human lymph node T-lymphocytes, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activity. Upon collection of immune cells from the tumor-draining lymph node, the human lymph node lymphocytes are activated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 microbeads, cultured with recombinant, human interleukin-2 (IL-2), expanded and isolated ex vivo. Upon reintroduction into the patient, the ex vivo-activated autologous lymph node lymphocytes recognize and lyse the tumor cells.  
^`ex vivo-expanded HER2-specific T cells:  T cells specific for the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) with potential immunopotentiating activity. T cells directed against HER2, overexpressed on many tumor cells, are collected from HER2-expressing tumor tissue, expanded ex vivo and, then re-introduced in the patient. Re-introduction of ex vivo-expanded HER2-specific T cells may enhance the cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells overexpressing HER2, resulting in inhibition of tumor growth.  
^`exatecan mesylate:  A semisynthetic, water-soluble derivative of camptothecin with antineoplastic activity. Exatecan mesylate inhibits topoisomerase I activity by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA and inhibiting religation of DNA breaks, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and triggering apoptotic cell death. This agent does not require enzymatic activation and exhibits greater potency than camptothecin and other camptothecin analogues.  
^`Exelon:  (Other name for~ rivastigmine tartrate) 
^`exemestane:  A synthetic androgen analogue. Exemestane binds irreversibly to and inhibits the enzyme aromatase, thereby blocking the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone and the peripheral aromatization of androgenic precursors into estrogens.  
^`exenatide:  A 39 amino acid peptide and synthetic version of exendin-4, a hormone found in the saliva of the venomous lizard Gila monster, with insulin secretagogue and antihyperglycemic activity. Exenatide is administered subcutaneously and mimics human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Compared to GLP-1, exenatide has a longer half-life of 2.4 hours.  
^`Exherin:  (Other name for~ ADH-1) 
^`exisulind:  An inactive metabolite of the nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory agent sulindac. After oral administration, sulindac undergoes extensive biotransformation including irreversible oxidation to sulindac sulfone. Approximately, one half of an administered dose of sulindac is eliminated through the urine, mostly as the conjugated sulfone metabolite.  
^`Exjade:  (Other name for~ deferasirox) 
^`expanded umbilical cord blood product HSC835:  An umbilical cord blood product that has been expanded ex vivo and can be used during single umbilical cord blood transplantation.  
^`Exparel:  (Other name for~ bupivacaine hydrochloride liposome injectable suspension) 
^`extended release bupivacaine hydrochloride resorbable matrix formulation:  An extended release (ER) injectable formulation composed of the hydrochloride salt form of bupivacaine, an amide-type, long-acting local anesthetic, in a resorbable sucrose acetate isobutyrate-based matrix, with analgesic activity. Following administration in or around a specific site, ER bupivacaine is released from the matrix over an extended period of time. Upon release, bupivacaine reversibly binds to specific voltage-gated sodium ion channels in the neuronal membrane, resulting in a decrease in the voltage-dependent membrane permeability to sodium ions, membrane destabilization, and depolarization inhibition thus disrupting nerve impulse conduction. This eventually leads to a reversible loss of sensation. This formulation may provide pain relief up to 72 hours.  
^`extended-release flucytosine:  An extended release (ER) oral tablet that contains flucytosine (5-FC), a fluorinated cytosine analog, with antifungal activity and potential anti-cancer activity. Following oral administration of ER 5-FC, the 5-FC is deaminated to its active metabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). 5-FU replaces uracil during RNA synthesis, which consequently inhibits downstream protein synthesis. In addition, 5-FU is metabolized further to 5-fluorodeoxyuridylic acid monophosphate, which inhibits thymidylate synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme interrupts nucleotide synthesis, DNA replication and cell proliferation. Negative regulation of protein synthesis, DNA replication and cell proliferation can lead to cell death. Following ingestion of ER 5-FC, intravenous injection of a retroviral vector encoding cytosine deaminase (TC 511) at a tumor site may result in higher local concentrations of 5-FU and its metabolites, and increased tumor cell death than other 5-FU treatment regimens.  
^`extended-release onapristone:  An extended-release (ER) formulation of onapristone, an orally bioavailable progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist, with antineoplastic activity. Onapristone binds to the PR and inhibits both PR activation and the associated expression of PR-responsive genes. This may inhibit PR-mediated proliferative effects in cancer cells overexpressing PR. PR is expressed on certain cancer cell types and plays a key role in proliferation and survival.  
^`Extren:  (Other name for~ acetylsalicylic acid) 
^`E-Z Prep:  (Other name for~ povidone-iodine solution) 
^`E-Z Scrub:  (Other name for~ povidone-iodine solution) 
^`ezatiostat hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a liposomal small-molecule glutathione analog inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase (GST) P1-1 with hematopoiesis-stimulating activity. After intracellular de-esterification, the active form of ezatiostat binds to and inhibits GST P1-1, thereby restoring Jun kinase and MAPK pathway activities and promoting MAPK-mediated cellular proliferation and differentiation pathways. This agent promotes the proliferation and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells, granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes and platelets.  
^`ezetimibe:  An azetidinone derivative and a cholesterol absorption inhibitor with lipid-lowering activity. Ezetimibe appears to interact physically with cholesterol transporters at the brush border of the small intestine and inhibits the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and related phytosterols. As a result, ezetimibe causes a decrease in the level of blood cholesterol or an increase in the clearance of cholesterol from the bloodstream. Overall, the following effects observed are a reduction of hepatic cholesterol stores and a reduction of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and other triglycerides in the blood.  
^`ezetimibe/simvastatin:  An orally bioavailable combination agent containing the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe and the hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor simvastatin, with lipid-lowering activity. Upon oral administration, ezetimibe binds to the sterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) at the brush border of the small intestine and inhibits the intestinal absorption of biliary and dietary cholesterol and related phytosterols. This decreases blood cholesterol levels, decreases the delivery of intestinal cholesterol to the liver, reduces hepatic cholesterol stores and enhances the clearance of cholesterol from the bloodstream. Upon administration of simvastatin and subsequent hydrolyzation to its active beta-hydroxyacid form, this statin competitively inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, which is an essential step in cholesterol synthesis. Ezetimibe and simvastatin together reduce blood levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and apolipoprotein B (Apo B), and increase the plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Higher cholesterol blood levels appear to be associated with an increased risk in the proliferation of certain cancer cells, such as prostate cancer cells.  
^`EZH1/2 inhibitor DS-3201:  An orally available selective inhibitor of the histone lysine methyltransferases enhancer of zeste homolog 1 (EZH1) and 2 (EZH2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, DS-3201 selectively inhibits the activity of both wild-type and mutated forms of EZH1 and EZH2. Inhibition of EZH1/2 specifically prevents the methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27). This decrease in histone methylation alters gene expression patterns associated with cancer pathways, enhances transcription of certain target genes, and results in decreased proliferation of EZH1/2-expressing cancer cells. EZH1/2, histone lysine methyltransferase (HMT) class enzymes and catalytic subunits of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), are overexpressed or mutated in a variety of cancer cells and play key roles in tumor cell proliferation, progression, stem cell self-renewal and migration. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`EZH2 inhibitor CPI-1205:  An orally available selective inhibitor of the histone lysine methyltransferase EZH2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, CPI-1205 selectively inhibits the activity of both wild-type and mutated forms of EZH2. Inhibition of EZH2 specifically prevents the methylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27). This decrease in histone methylation alters gene expression patterns associated with cancer pathways and results in decreased proliferation of EZH2-expressing cancer cells. EZH2, a histone lysine methyltransferase (HMT) class enzyme and the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), is overexpressed or mutated in a variety of cancer cells and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation; its expression is correlated with tumor initiation, progression, stem cell self-renewal, migration and angiogenesis.  


^`F 18 fluorodeoxygalactose:  A radioconjugate containing the D-galactose analogue 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDGal) labeled with the positron-emitting radioactive isotope fluorine F18, used for imaging upon positron emitting tomography (PET). With cell uptake much higher in tumor cells compared to normal cells, the F18 moiety of fluorodeoxygalactose F-18 can be visualized upon PET imaging and this agent can be used as a tracer for the evaluation of galactose tumor uptake and metabolism.  
^`F16-IL2 fusion protein:  An immunocytokine of the human monoclonal antibody fragment F16 (scFv) against the extra-domain A1 of tenascin-C fused, via a short 5-amino acid linker, to a recombinant form of the human cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. The monoclonal antibody portion of the F16-IL2 fusion protein binds to tumor cells expressing the tumor associated antigen (TAA) tenascin-C. In turn, the IL-2 moiety of the fusion protein stimulates natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages and neutrophils and induces T-cell antitumor cellular immune responses thereby selectively killing tenascin-C-expressing tumor cells. In addition, F16-IL2 may potentiate the cytotoxicity of other chemotherapeutic agents. Tenascin-C, a glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix, is expressed in many cancer cell types.  
^`F-18 16 alpha-fluoroestradiol:  A radiopharmaceutical consisting of an estradiol analogue radiolabeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18. F-18 16 alpha-fluoroestradiol is actively taken up in tumor cells expressing the estrogen receptor (ER), allowing visualization of ER-positive tumor cells with positron emiision tomography (PET). Uptake of this agent depends upon the ER status of target tissues.  
^`F-18 fluoroethyltyrosine:  An amino acid analog radiolabeled with fluorine F 18, a positron emitting isotope, used as a tracer in positron emission tomography (PET). Reflecting the increased amino acid transport capacity of tumor cells, F-18 fluroethyltyrosine (F-18 FET) is actively taken up in tumor cells via amino acid transport system L, but is neither incorporated into proteins nor readily degraded, resulting in high intracellular concentrations of this imaging agent. Radiolableled amino acid-based agents are useful in PET brain tumor imaging because F-18 fluoro-deoxyglucose (F-18 FDG), commonly used in PET tumor imaging, is relatively insensitive for detecting tumors in the brain due the high levels of glycolytic metabolism in the normal cortex and to a lesser extent in white matter.  
^`FACT complex-targeting curaxin CBL0137:  An orally available curaxin-based agent targeting the Facilitates Chromatin Transcription (FACT) complex, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, CBL0137 binds to FACT and sequesters the FACT complex on chromatin, which inhibits its activity. This prevents transcription of certain genes involved in cancer-associated signaling pathways; it specifically inhibits the transcription of both NF-kappa β and heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) and simultaneously activates p53. This causes an increase in tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation, in FACT-positive cancers. In addition, this agent is able to sensitize FACT-positive tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of other chemotherapeutic agents. FACT, a transcription and replication factor composed of the Structure Specific Recognition Protein (SSRP1) and suppressor of Ty 16 (Spt16) proteins, is expressed in a variety of tumor cells while almost absent in normal cells; its expression is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`factor VIIa inhibitor PCI-27483:  A reversible small-molecule inhibitor of activated factor VII (factor VIIa) with potential antineoplastic and antithrombotic activities. FVII, a serine protease, becomes activated (FVIIa) upon binding with TF forming the FVIIa/TF complex, which induces intracellular signaling pathways by activating protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2). Upon subcutaneous administration, factor VIIa inhibitor PCI-27483 selectively inhibits factor FVIIa in the VIIa/TF complex, which may prevent PAR-2 activation and PAR2-mediated signal transduction pathways, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of TF-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, this agent inhibits both the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation cascades, preventing blood clot formation. TF, a blood protein overexpressed on the cell surface of a variety of tumor cell types, may correlate with poor prognosis; PAR-2 (also known as thrombin receptor-like 1) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and a protease-activated receptor.  
^`factor VII-targeting immunoconjugate protein ICON-1:  A human immunoconjugate (ICON) fusion protein composed of a modified version of human factor VII (FVII) which targets tissue factor (TF) that is fused to the Fc domain of the human immunoglobulin G1, with potential antithrombotic and antineoplastic activities. Acting in a similar manner as plasma FVII, the natural ligand of TF, ICON-1 targets and binds to TF expressed on neovascular endothelia, thereby preventing TF-mediated signaling pathways, and leading to the initiation of an immune response and the destruction of neovascular tissue. This prevents angiogenesis, inflammation and blood coagulation. Upon intravitreal administration, ICON-1 may block TF-induced angiogenesis and treat wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and ocular melanoma. TF, a naturally occurring glycoprotein in humans, regulates blood clotting, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`fadrozole hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of the nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor fadrozole with potential antineoplastic activity. Fadrozole specifically inhibits aromatase, blocking the aromatization of androstenedione and testosterone into estrone and estradiol, respectively, the final step in estrogen biosynthesis; the reduction in estrogen levels may inhibit growth in estrogen-dependent cancers. Aromatase, a member of the cytochrome P-450 superfamily, is found in many tissues; overexpression has been linked to the development of preneoplastic and neoplastic changes in breast tissue.  
^`FAK inhibitor GSK2256098:  A focal adhesion kinase-1 (FAK) inhibitor with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. FAK inhibitor GSK2256098 inhibits FAK, which may prevent the integrin-mediated activation of several downstream signal transduction pathways, including ERK, JNK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt, thereby inhibiting tumor cell migration, proliferation and survival, and tumor angiogenesis. The tyrosine kinase FAK is normally activated by binding to integrins in the extracellular matrix (ECM) but may be upregulated and constitutively activated in various tumor cell types.  
^`FAK inhibitor PF-00562271:  An orally bioavailable small molecule and ATP-competitive focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. FAK inhibitor PF-00562271 inhibits the tyrosine kinase FAK, and to a lesser extent, proline-rich tyrosine kinase (PYK2), which may inhibit tumor cell migration, proliferation, and survival. As FAK is a signal transducer for integrins, inhibition of FAK by this agent may prevent integrin-mediated activation of several downstream signals including ERK, JNK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt. FAK and PYK2, upregulated in many tumor cell types, are involved in tumor cell invasion, migration and proliferation.  
^`FAK inhibitor VS-4718:  An orally bioavailable focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, VS-4718 inhibits FAK, blocks fibronectin-stimulated FAK autophosphorylation of Tyr397, and may prevent the integrin-mediated activation of several downstream signal transduction pathways, including ERK, JNK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt. This results in the reduction of the number of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and inhibits tumor cell migration, proliferation and survival. The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase FAK is a signal transducer for integrins and is constitutively activated in various tumor cell types; it is involved in tumor cell invasion, migration and proliferation and plays a key role in the development, function and survival of CSCs.  
^`falimarev:  A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant fowlpox viral vector encoding the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), MUC-1, a transmembrane glycoprotein secreted by glandular epithelial tissues, and TRICOM, comprised of three co-stimulatory molecule transgenes (B7-1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3). This agent may enhance CEA and MUC-1 presentation to antigen-presenting cells (APC) and may activate a cytotoxic T-cell response against CEA- and MUC-1-expressing tumor cells.  
^`famitinib:  An orally bioavailable receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Famitinib binds to and inhibits several RTKs, dysregulated in a variety of tumors, including stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit; SCFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 2 and 3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and FMS-like tyrosine kinases Flt1 and Flt3. Inhibition of these RTKs may result in an inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis, and eventually tumor regression in tumor cells overexpressing these RTKs.  
^`famotidine:  A propanimidamide and histamine H2-receptor antagonist with antacid activity. As a competitive inhibitor of histamine H2-receptors located on the basolateral membrane of the parietal cell, famotidine reduces basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretion, resulting in a reduction in gastric volume, acidity, and amount of gastric acid released in response to various stimuli.  
^`FAP-specific CD8-positive T cells:  A preparation of CD8-positive T cells specific for human fibroblast activating protein (FAP) with potential immunopotentiating activity. T cells have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor specific for FAP. Upon infusion, the FAP-specific CD8-positive T cells bind to FAP-expressing tumor cells and exhibit a selective toxicity to tumor cells. This may result in both tumor cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell growth. FAP, a cell surface glycoprotein, is overexpressed on tumor-associated fibroblasts but minimally expressed on normal, healthy cells.  
^`Fareston:  (Other name for~ toremifene) 
^`Farestone:  (Other name for~ toremifene) 
^`farletuzumab:  A humanized, immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody with potential antitumor activity. Farletuzumab specifically targets at glycoprotein 3 (GP-3), a cell surface antigen that is overexpressed on many epithelial-derived cancer cells. Upon binding to the GP-3 antigen, farletuzumab triggers a host immune response against GP-3 expressing cells resulting in cell lysis.  
^`Farydak:  (Other name for~ panobinostat) 
^`Fas receptor agonist APO010:  A recombinant, soluble, hexameric fusion protein consisting of three human Fas ligand (FasL) extracellular domains fused to the dimer-forming collagen domain of human adiponectin with potential pro-apoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Assembled into a soluble hexameric structure mimicking the ligand clustering of endogenous active FasL, Fas receptor agonist APO010 activates the Fas receptor, resulting in caspase-dependent apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations. FasL is a transmembrane protein of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily and a pro-apoptotic ligand for the death receptor Fas.  
^`Fasigyn:  (Other name for~ tinidazole) 
^`Faslodex:  (Other name for~ fulvestrant) 
^`FASN inhibitor TVB-2640:  An orally bioavailable fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, TVB-2640 binds to and blocks FASN, which prevents the synthesis of palmitate needed for tumor cell growth and survival. This leads to a reduction in cell signaling, an induction of tumor cell apoptosis and the inhibition of cell proliferation in susceptible tumor cells. FASN, an enzyme responsible for the de novo synthesis of palmitic acid, is overexpressed in tumor cells and plays a key role in tumor metabolism, lipid signaling, tumor cell survival and drug resistance; tumor cells are dependent on increased fatty acid production for their enhanced metabolic needs and rapid growth.  
^`fat emulsion:  A liquid composed of two immiscible substances, typically some form of fat and water. In parenteral nutrition, a fat emulsion may contain phospholipids, triglycerides and essential fatty acids. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`fazarabine:  An orally-active pyrimidine analogue of an aza-substituted cytidine in which the ribose moiety is replaced by an arabinose sugar. Similar in action to cytarabine, fazarabine is phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase to a triphosphate form which competes with thymidine for incorporation into DNA; its incorporation into DNA inhibits DNA synthesis, resulting in tumor cell death and tumor necrosis. The presence of deoxycytidine kinase in a tumor is a determinant of tumor sensitivity to this drug.  
^`febuxostat:  An orally available, non-purine inhibitor of xanthine oxidase with uric acid lowering activity. Upon oral administration, febuxostat selectively and noncompetitively inhibits the activity of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme that converts oxypurines, including hypoxanthine and xanthine, into uric acid. By inhibiting xanthine oxidase, uric acid production is reduced and serum uric acid levels are lowered. Febuxostat may provide protection against acute renal failure caused by the excessive release of uric acid that occurs upon massive tumor cell lysis resulting from the treatment of some malignancies. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`FEC Regimen:  A regimen consisting of fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide used in the adjuvant setting and also for the treatment of recurrent and metastatic breast cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`Feldene:  (Other name for~ piroxicam) 
^`Femara:  (Other name for~ letrozole) 
^`Femest:  (Other name for~ conjugated estrogens) 
^`Feminone:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol) 
^`fenofibrate:  A synthetic phenoxy-isobutyric acid derivate and prodrug with antihyperlipidemic activity. Fenofibrate is hydrolyzed in vivo to its active metabolite fenofibric acid that binds to and activates perioxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), resulting in the activation of lipoprotein lipase and reduction of the production of apoprotein C-III, an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase activity. Increased lipolysis and a fall in plasma triglycerides, in turn, leads to the modification of the small, dense low density lipoporotein (LDL) particles into larger particles that are catabolized more rapidly due to a greater affinity for cholesterol receptors. In addition, activation of PPARalpha also increases the synthesis of apoproteins A-I, A-II, and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. Overall, fenofibrate reduces total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, total triglycerides and triglyceride rich lipoprotein (VLDL) while increasing HDL cholesterol.  
^`fenretinide:  An orally-active synthetic phenylretinamide analogue of retinol (vitamin A) with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Fenretinide binds to and activates retinoic acid receptors (RARs), thereby inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis in some tumor cell types. This agent also inhibits tumor growth by modulating angiogenesis-associated growth factors and their receptors and exhibits retinoid receptor-independent apoptotic properties.  
^`fenretinide lipid matrix:  An orally bioavailable powder formulation of a synthetic phenylretinamide analogue of retinol with potential chemopreventive and antineoplastic activities. Fenretinide binds to and activates retinoic acid receptors (RARs), thereby inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis in some tumor cell types, including those of the colon, breast, prostate, and neuroblastoma. Independent of RAR activation, this agent also modulates gene expression that leads to ceramide-induced, caspase-independent programmed cell death (PCD) via effectors such as ganglioside GD3 and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Compared to the capsule form, the powder contains a mixture of wheat flour, fats, and sugar that may contribute to the enhanced bioavailability of fenretinide.  
^`Fenretinide Lym-X-Sorb:  (Other name for~ fenretinide lipid matrix) 
^`fentanyl buccal soluble film:  A transmucosal formulation consisting of a small, mucoadhesive, bioerodible polymer disc formulated with the citrate salt of fentanyl, a synthetic anilidopiperidine opioid with analgesic activity. Upon application, fentanyl buccal soluble film rapidly releases fentanyl which is quickly absorbed into the systemic circulation. Fentanyl selectively binds to and activates mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates.  
^`fentanyl citrate:  The citrate salt of fentanyl, a synthetic opioid related to the phenylpiperidines with analgesic and anesthetic properties. Fentanyl exerts its analgesic effect by selectively binding to the mu-opioid receptor in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates. Additional pharmacological effects of fentanyl include anxiolysis, euphoria, feelings of relaxation, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis, and cough suppression.  
^`fentanyl citrate buccal tablet:  A tablet formulation containing the citrate salt of the synthetic anilidopiperidine opiate fentanyl with analgesic activity. Upon contact with the buccal mucosa, fentanyl citrate buccal tablet rapidly releases fentanyl which is quickly absorbed into the systemic circulation. Fentanyl selectively binds to and activates mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the effects of endogenous opioids.  
^`fentanyl citrate pectin-based nasal spray:  A pectin-based, aqueous nasal spray containing the citrate salt of fentanyl, a synthetic lipophilic phenylpiperidine opioid, with analgesic activity. Fentanyl binds to and stimulates mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the analgesic effect of endogenous opiates. Upon intranasal administration of this agent and contact with the nasal mucosa, pectin in low-viscosity aqueous solution gels in the presence of mucosal calcium ions; from this intranasal gel delivery platform, fentanyl is released into the systemic circulation in a relatively rapid but controlled and sustained manner.  
^`fentanyl citrate-containing nasal spray:  A nasal spray containing a phosphate-buffered solution of the citrate salt form of fentanyl, a short-acting, synthetic, lipophilic anilidopiperidine opioid, with analgesic activity. Upon applying one puff in the nostril, the fentanyl is rapidly absorbed through the nasal mucosa and selectively binds to and activates mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates. Due to its quick onset and short duration of action, the administration of fentanyl nasal spray may relieve breakthrough pain in adults already receiving maintenance opioid therapy for chronic pain.  
^`fentanyl matrix transdermal patch:  A transdermal formulation containing the synthetic phenylpiperidine opioid agonist fentanyl, with analgesic activity. Upon topical administration, fentanyl diffuses from the transdermal patch through the skin, is transported via the systemic circulation, and selectively binds to the mu-receptor in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates. Stimulation of the mu-receptor inhibits adenyl cyclase activity, induces opening of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels, and blocks the opening of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels, resulting in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability; in addition, neuronal release of neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline may decrease.  
^`fentanyl sublingual spray:  A sublingual preparation of a short-acting, synthetic anilidopiperidine opioid with analgesic activity. After rapid sublingual transmucosal absorption, the active ingredient fentanyl selectively binds to and activates mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates.  
^`Fentora:  (Other name for~ fentanyl citrate buccal tablet) 
^`Feraheme:  (Other name for~ ferumoxytol non-stoichiometric magnetite) 
^`Feridex:  (Other name for~ ferumoxides injectable solution) 
^`fermented soybean protein beverage:  A fermented soybean-derived phytochemical beverage with potential antineoplastic activity. Fermented soybean protein beverage is reported to exhibit immunostimulatory, anti-viral, pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities and to enhance the cytotoxic effects of natural killer (NK) cells. The fermentation process is reported to hydrolyze many soybean proteins into amino acids and nitrogen-rich compounds and to protect and enhance the activities of isoflavones such as genistein, protease inhibitors, saponins, phytosterols, inositol hexaphosphate, and other beneficial dietary nutrients and micronutrients found in soybeans.  
^`fermented wheat germ extract:  An extract of fermented wheat germ containing a concentrated, standardized amount of methoxy-substituted benzoquinones with immunomodulatory and potential antineoplastic activities. Fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE) inhibits the activities of several enzymes involved in de novo nucleic acid synthesis and in supplying the dNTP pool required for DNA replication. This agent also induces caspase-3- mediated inactivation of poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP), a key enzyme in DNA repair that is overexpressed in many cancers; cleavage of PARP prevents DNA repair and induces apoptosis. The benzoquinones may contribute to the immunomodulatory effects of FWGE, down-regulating major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-1) protein on the surface of cancer cells, allowing natural killer (NK) cell surveillance; and up-regulating the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on tumor endothelial cells.  
^`Ferndex:  (Other name for~ dextroamphetamine sulfate) 
^`ferric carboxymaltose solution:  A parenteral iron solution containing ferric iron complexed with carboxymaltose polymers, used in parenteral iron-replacement therapy. Upon administration, ferric carboxymaltose is removed from plasma by the reticuloendothelial system. Subsequently, ferric iron binds to transferrin or is stored as ferritin. Transferrin-bound iron is transported in the plasma to the liver, spleen and bone marrow, where it is incorporated into hemoglobin, and to muscle, where it is incorporated into myoglobin.  
^`Ferriprox:  (Other name for~ deferiprone) 
^`Ferrlecit:  (Other name for~ sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose) 
^`ferrous fumarate:  The fumarate salt form of the mineral iron. Administration of ferrous fumarate results in elevation of serum iron concentration, which is then assimilated into hemoglobin, required for the transport of oxygen, or trapped in the reticuloendothelial cells for storage. This agent is used as a dietary supplement, and to prevent or treat iron deficiency related syndromes.  
^`ferrous sulfate:  A sulfate salt of mineral iron formulated for oral administration and used as a dietary supplement, ferrous sulfate is absorbed in the stomach and small intestine and combines with apoferritin to form ferritin, which is stored in the liver, spleen, red bone marrow, and intestinal mucosa. Important in transport of oxygen by hemoglobin to the tissues, iron is also found in myoglobin, transferrin, and ferritin, and is a component of many enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, and cytochromes.  
^`ferumoxides injectable solution:  An injectable, aqueous colloid solution containing a non-stoichiometric magnetite core of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) coated with dextran administered as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast media. Upon intravenous administration, ferumoxides accumulates in phagocytic reticuloendothelial system (RES) cells of the liver (Kupffer cells). When exposed to a strong external magnetic field, ferumoxides exhibits enhanced T2 relaxation, resulting in signal loss in normal tissues (image darkening) on mid T1/T2 or strongly T2-weighted images. Tissues with decreased RES function such as metastases, primary liver cancer, cysts and various benign tumors, adenomas, and hyperplasia, retain their native signal intensity, consequently the contrast between normal tissue (with image darkening) and abnormal tissue is increased.  
^`ferumoxsil oral suspension:  An orally administered aqueous suspension of silicone-coated, superparamagnetic iron oxide used as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. After oral administration, ferumoxsil fills the stomach and intestines. Upon exposure to the strong external magnetic field during MRI, ferumoxsil exhibits strong T1 relaxation properties and a strongly varying local magnetic field; T2 relaxation is enhanced, thereby darkening the contrast agent-containing portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Delineation of the bowel is thus enhanced, distinguishing bowel from organs and tissues adjacent to the upper regions of the gastrointestinal tract.  
^`ferumoxtran-10:  A synthetic ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide composed of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (also known as 'ultrasmall particulate iron oxides' or USPIO). Ferumoxtran-10, which accumulates in non-cancerous lymphatic tissue, is used as a molecular resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent.  
^`ferumoxytol non-stoichiometric magnetite:  A superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle coated with a low molecular weight semi-synthetic carbohydrate, polyglucose sorbitol carboxymethyl ether, with potential anti-anemic and imaging properties. After intravenous administration, ferumoxytol replaces iron stores with fewer side effects compared to the use of oral iron. In addition, this agent generates T1 relaxation, producing a magnetic field and enhancing T2 relaxation, thereby darkening contrast media-containing structures in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Due to small particle size, ferumoxytol remains in the intravasculature for a prolonged period and so may be used as a blood pool agent.  
^`fesoterodine fumarate:  The fumarate salt form of fesoterodine, a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist with muscle relaxant and urinary antispasmodic properties. Fesoterodine is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo into its active metabolite 5-hydroxymethyltolterodine, which binds and inhibits muscarinic receptors on the bladder detrusor muscle, thereby preventing bladder contractions or spasms caused by acetylcholine. This results in the relaxation of bladder smooth muscle and greater bladder capacity, in addition to a reduction in involuntary muscle contractions and involuntary loss of urine. The active metabolite does not interact with alpha-adrenergic, serotonergic, histaminergic and excitatory amino acid receptors and is eliminated via renal excretion.  
^`fexofenadine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of fexofenadine, a carboxylated metabolic derivative of terfenadine and third generation selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist with antihistaminic and non-sedative effects. Fexofenadine competitively binds peripheral H1-receptors, thereby stabilizing an inactive conformation of the receptor. Consequently histamine binding and activity as a result of mast-cell degranulation followed by the release of multiple inflammatory mediators, such as interleukins, prostaglandin and leukotriene precursors, is blocked, thereby preventing the triggering of pro-inflammatory pathways.  
^`FGF/FGFR pathway inhibitor E7090:  An inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the FGF/FGFR pathway inhibitor E7090 selectively interferes with the binding of FGF to FGFR through an as of yet not fully elucidated mechanism. This inhibits FGFR-mediated signaling and leads to both cell proliferation inhibition and cell death in FGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential to tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival; its expression is upregulated in many tumor cell types.  
^`FGF401 inhibitor FGF401:  An inhibitor of human fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, FGF401 binds to and inhibits the activity of FGFR4, which leads to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in FGFR4-overexpressing cells. FGFR4 is a receptor tyrosine kinase upregulated in certain tumor cells and involved in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and survival.  
^`FGFR inhibitor ASP5878:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, FGFR inhibitor ASP5878 binds to and inhibits FGFR, which results in the inhibition of FGFR-mediated signal transduction pathways. This inhibits proliferation in FGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases upregulated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in cellular proliferation and survival.  
^`FGFR inhibitor AZD4547:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 binds to and inhibits FGFR, which may result in the inhibition of FGFR-related signal transduction pathways, and, so, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. FGFR, up-regulated in many tumor cell types, is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential to tumor cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival.  
^`FGFR inhibitor debio 1347:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor subtypes 1 (FGFR-1), 2 (FGFR-2) and 3 (FGFR-3), with potential antineoplastic activity. FGFR inhibitor debio 1347 binds to and inhibits FGFR-1, -2, and -3, which result in the inhibition of FGFR-mediated signal transduction pathways. This leads to the inhibition of both tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and causes cell death in FGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases upregulated in many tumor cell types, is essential for tumor cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival.  
^`FGFR inhibitor INCB054828:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) types 1, 2, and 3 (FGFR1/2/3), with potential antineoplastic activity. FGFR inhibitor INCB054828 binds to and inhibits FGFR1/2/3, which may result in the inhibition of FGFR1/2/3-related signal transduction pathways. This inhibits proliferation in FGFR1/2/3-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases upregulated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in cellular proliferation, migration, and survival.  
^`FGFR inhibitor TAS-120:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. FGFR inhibitor TAS-120 selectively and irreversibly binds to and inhibits FGFR, which may result in the inhibition of both the FGFR-mediated signal transduction pathway and tumor cell proliferation, and increased cell death in FGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential to tumor cell proliferation, differentiation and survival and its expression is upregulated in many tumor cell types.  
^`FGFR1 receptor antagonist HGS1036:  A soluble fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of human fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) fused to the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with potential antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic activities. FGFR1 receptor antagonist FP-1039 prevents FGFR ligands, such as FGF1, FGF2, FGF4, from binding to their cognate receptors, thereby inhibiting the activation of the related FGFR tyrosine kinases. Inhibition of FGFR1 by this agent may retard tumor cell proliferation and induce tumor cell death. FP-1039 may also inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis. FGFR1 is a receptor tyrosine kinase upregulated in certain tumor cells and involved in tumor cellular proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and survival; most ligands that bind to FGFR1 also bind to the related receptors FGFR3 and FGFR4.  
^`FGFR4 inhibitor BLU-554:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of human fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, BLU-554 specifically binds to and blocks the binding of the ligand FGF19 to FGFR4. This prevents the activation of FGFR4, inhibits FGFR4-mediated signaling and leads to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in FGFR4-overexpressing cells. FGFR4 is a receptor tyrosine kinase and is involved in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and survival. FGF19 is overexpressed by certain tumor cell types.  
^`FGFR4 inhibitor H3B-6527:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of human fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, H3B-6527 specifically binds to and blocks FGFR4. This prevents the activation of FGFR4, inhibits FGFR4-mediated signaling and leads to an inhibition of cell proliferation in FGFR4-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR4, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed by certain tumor cell types, is involved in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and survival; FGFR4 expression is associated with poor prognosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`fibrin sealant:  A plasma-derived fibrin biomatrix preparation consisting of two separate solutions that are combined on application. The sealer protein solution contains clottable human fibrinogen and bovine aprotinin, a fibrinolysis inhibitor; the thrombin solution contains human thrombin and calcium chloride. When the solutions are combined, a clot is formed, reproducing the final stages of the coagulation cascade.  
^`Fibrocaps:  (Other name for~ fibrin sealant) 
^`ficlatuzumab:  A monoclonal antibody directed against human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with potential antineoplastic activity. Ficlatuzumab binds to the soluble ligand HGF, preventing the binding of HGF to its receptor c-Met and activation of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway, which may result in cell death in c-Met-expressing tumor cells. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.  
^`fidaxomicin:  A narrow-spectrum, 18-membered macrolide antibiotic isolated from the actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum subsp. hamdenensis with potential antibacterial activity. Although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, fidaxomicin may bind to and inhibit bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby inhibiting the initiation of bacterial RNA synthesis. When orally administered, this agent is minimally absorbed into the systemic circulation, acting locally in the gastrointestinal tract. Tiacumicin B appears to be active against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria, such as clostridia, enterococci, and staphylococci, but does not appear to be active against other beneficial intestinal bacteria.  
^`Fidelin:  (Other name for~ prasterone) 
^`figitumumab:  A human monoclonal antibody directed against the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Figitumumab selectively binds to IGF1R, preventing insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF1) from binding to the receptor and subsequent receptor autophosphorylation. Inhibition of IGF1R autophosphorylation may result in a reduction in receptor expression on tumor cells that express IGF1R, a reduction in the anti-apoptotic effect of IGF, and inhibition of tumor growth. IGF1R is a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed on most tumor cells and is involved in mitogenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor cell survival.  
^`filgrastim:  A recombinant, non-glycosylated cytokine which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) isoform B, with immunomodulating activity. Filgrastim binds to and activates G-CSF receptors with the same biological activity and stability as the endogenous cytokine, thereby controlling the production, differentiation, and function of neutrophilic granulocyte progenitors.  
^`filgrastim-primed peripheral blood progenitor cells:  Peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) primed with a recombinant form of the human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim). As a hematopoietic growth factor, filgrastim is able to mobilize hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) into the peripheral blood which allows for an increased number of HPCs upon collection by leukapheresis. Administration of filgrastim-primed PBPCs following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation provides increased numbers of progenitor cells which may prevent pancytopenia and relapse.  
^`finasteride:  A synthetic 4-azasteroid compound. Finasteride competitively binds to and inhibits steroid type II 5-alpha-reductase in the prostate gland, liver, and skin, thereby interfering with the enzymatic conversion of testosterone to 5-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and reducing serum DHT levels. The reduction in serum DHT levels results in diminished stimulation of androgen receptors in the nuclei of prostate cells and, so, diminished prostate cell proliferation.  
^`Firdapse:  (Other name for~ amifampridine) 
^`fish oil/glycerol/egg lecithin-based emulsion:  An injectable, nutritional lipid emulsion composed of 10% fish oil and high amounts of the fish oil-derived polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Additionally, the fish oil/glycerol/egg lecithin-based emulsion contains myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, octadecatetraenoic acid, eicosaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, docosaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid. This agent supplies essential fatty acids that can be incorporated into cell membranes. The fatty acids may decrease the production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In addition to fish oil, this lipid emulsion contains egg phospholipids to maintain membrane integrity; glycerol to provide energy through glycolysis; and the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E).  
^`Flagyl:  (Other name for~ metronidazole hydrochloride) 
^`flanvotumab:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the melanosomal membrane protein gp75 (or Tyrosinase-Related Protein 1 [TRP1]) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Flanvotumab targets and binds to gp75. This may lead to the induction of cytotoxic T cell immune and antibody-mediated immune responses against melanoma cells expressing gp75. gp75, a pigmentation-associated antigen, is expressed in melanosomes of human melanocytes and melanomas.  
^`flavone acetic acid:  A synthetic flavonoid with vascular targeting properties. Flavone acetic acid exhibits an antiproliferative effect on endothelial cells as a result of a superoxide-dependent mechanism, which induces changes in permeability of the vasculature of the tumor. This agent may stimulate tumor necrosis and promote shunting of blood flow to viable regions of the tumor, increasing their oxygenation and rendering them more susceptible to the antitumor effects of hyperthermia and ionizing radiation.  
^`flavonoid tablet:  A tablet formulation of flavonoids with antioxidant and potential chemopreventive activities. Polyphenolic, soluble plant pigment flavonoids inactivate oxygen radicals, prevent lipid peroxidation, and inhibit DNA oxidation. In vitro, these agents have been shown to increase the rate of apoptosis, and inhibit cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Furthermore, flavonoids can induce conjugating enzymes, such as glutathione transferases and glucuronosyltransferases.  
^`flaxseed:  Seed isolated from one of several species of the plant genus Linum. Flaxseed-derived foods, lignans, and essential fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid, possess anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, antioxidant, and antineoplastic properties.  
^`Flector Patch:  (Other name for~ diclofenac epolamine patch) 
^`Fleet Phospho-soda:  (Other name for~ sodium biphosphate/sodium phosphate oral laxative) 
^`Flexeril:  (Other name for~ cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride) 
^`Flexiban:  (Other name for~ cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride) 
^`Flomax:  (Other name for~ tamsulosin hydrochloride) 
^`Flonase:  (Other name for~ fluticasone propionate) 
^`Florafur:  (Other name for~ tegafur) 
^`Florinef:  (Other name for~ fludrocortisone acetate) 
^`Flovent:  (Other name for~ fluticasone propionate) 
^`floxuridine:  A fluorinated pyrimidine monophosphate analogue of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-phosphate (FUDR-MP) with antineoplastic activity. As an antimetabolite, floxuridine inhibits thymidylate synthetase, resulting in disruption of DNA synthesis and cytotoxicity. This agent is also metabolized to fluorouracil and other metabolites that can be incorporated into RNA and inhibit the utilization of preformed uracil in RNA synthesis.  
^`FLT3/CDK4/6 inhibitor FLX925:  An orally available inhibitor of FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3, STK1, or FLK2) and the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 (CDK4) and 6 (CDK6), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, FLT3/CDK4/6 inhibitor FLX925 specifically binds to and inhibits FLT3, which interferes with the activation of FLT3-mediated signal transduction pathways and reduces cell proliferation in cancer cells that overexpress FLT3. In addition FLX925 inhibits CDK4 and 6 and prevents the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein in early G1 phase. Inhibition of Rb phosphorylation prevents CDK-mediated G1-S phase transition, which causes G1 phase cell cycle arrest, suppresses DNA synthesis and inhibits cancer cell growth. FLT3, a class III tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers. Overexpression of CDK4/6, which is seen in certain types of cancer, causes cell cycle deregulation.  
^`FLT3/KIT kinase inhibitor AKN-028:  An orally bioavailable protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor for FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3; STK1) and stem cell factor receptor (SCFR; KIT), with potential antineoplastic activity. FLT3/KIT kinase inhibitor AKN-028 binds to and inhibits both the wild-type and mutated forms of FLT3 and SCFR. This may result in an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in cancer cell types that overexpress these receptor tyrosine kinases.  
^`flu matrix peptide p58-66:  A short chain synthetic antigenic peptide (GILGFVFTL) derived from the influenza virus A matrix protein and presented by HLA-A2 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Flu matrix peptide p58-66 stimulates the lytic functions of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which may result in the eradication of virus-infected or malignant tumor cells.  
^`Fluarix:  (Other name for~ trivalent influenza vaccine) 
^`Flublok:  (Other name for~ trivalent influenza vaccine) 
^`fluciclatide F 18:  A radiopharmaceutical compound of a small synthetic cyclic peptide containing an RGD-sequence (Arg-Gly-Asp) labeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18 that may be used to selectively image tumor cells and tumor vasculature by PET imaging. The RGD motif of fluciclatide F 18 selectively binds to the alphaVbeta3 integrin receptor, commonly upregulated on the surfaces of tumor cells and endothelial cells of tumor vasculature. This agent may be of use in visualizing and quantifying the development of tumor vascularity in response to antiangiogenic agents.  
^`fluconazole:  A synthetic triazole with antifungal activity. Fluconazole preferentially inhibits fungal cytochrome P-450 sterol C-14 alpha-demethylation, resulting in the accumulation of fungal 14 alpha-methyl sterols, the loss of normal fungal sterols, and fungistatic activity. Mammalian cell demethylation is much less sensitive to fluconazole inhibition.  
^`flucytosine:  A pyrimidine compound and a fluorinated cytosine analog exhibiting antifungal activity. After penetration into the fungal cells, flucytosine is deaminated to its active metabolite 5-fluorouracil. 5-fluorouracil replaces uracil during fungal RNA synthesis, thereby inhibiting fungal protein synthesis. In addition, fluorouracil is further metabolized to 5-fluorodeoxyuridylic acid monophosphate, which inhibits thymidylate synthetase, thereby interrupting nucleotide metabolism, DNA synthesis and ultimately protein synthesis.  
^`fludarabine phosphate:  The phosphate salt of a fluorinated nucleotide antimetabolite analog of the antiviral agent vidarabine (ara-A) with antineoplastic activity. Fludarabine phosphate is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. This metabolite may inhibit DNA polymerase alpha, ribonucleotide reductase and DNA primase, thereby interrupting DNA synthesis and inhibiting tumor cell growth.  
^`Fludase:  (Other name for~ recombinant cell-surface anchored sialidase DAS181) 
^`fludeoxyglucose F 18:  A positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical containing radioactive 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose. With similar cell uptake as glucose (high in tumor cells), fludeoxyglucose F 18 is not dephosphorylated and further metabolized.  
^`fludrocortisone acetate:  The acetate salt of a synthetic fluorinated corticosteroid with antiinflammatory and antiallergic activities. As a glucocorticoid-receptor agonist, fludrocortisone binds to cytoplasmic receptors, translocates to the nucleus, and subsequently initiates the transcription of glucocorticoid-responsive genes such as lipocortins to inhibit phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Inhibition of PLA2 activity prevents the release of arachidonic acid, a precursor of eicosanoids such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes; eicosanoids are important mediators in the pro-inflammatory response mechanism. As a mineralocorticoid-receptor agonist, this agent stimulates Na+ reabsorption and water retention and K+ and H+ secretion in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney.  
^`FluLaval:  (Other name for~ trivalent influenza vaccine) 
^`flumatinib mesylate:  The orally bioavailable, mesylate salt form of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor flumatinib, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, flumatinib inhibits the wild-type forms of Bcr-Abl, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR; c-Kit) and forms of these proteins with certain point mutations. This results in the inhibition of both Bcr-Abl-, PDGFR- and c-Kit-mediated signal transduction pathways, and the proliferation of tumor cells in which these kinases are overexpressed. Bcr-Abl fusion protein is an abnormal, constitutively active enzyme expressed in Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). PDGFR, upregulated in many tumor cell types, is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential to cell migration and the development of the microvasculature. c-kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated and constitutively activated in certain tumors, plays a key role in tumor cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation.  
^`FluMist:  (Other name for~ trivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine) 
^`fluocinonide cream:  A synthetic glucocorticoid and derivative of fluocinolone acetonide with anti-inflammatory and antipruritic activities. Fluocinonide binds the glucocorticoid receptor, followed by translocation of the ligand-receptor complex to the nucleus and transcription activation of genes containing glucocorticoid-responsive elements. Lipocortin-1 is one factor induced by fluocinonide that interacts and inhibits cytosolic phospholipase 2 alpha, thereby preventing phospholipase translocation to the perinuclear membrane and subsequent release and conversion of arachidonic acid to inflammatory prostaglandins. In addition, MAPK phosphatase 1 is induced, thereby preventing the triggering of the MAPK cascade resulting in pro-inflammatory effects via Jun N-terminal kinase and c-Jun. Finally, fluocinonide binds to and inhibits nuclear factor kappa-B directly, resulting in inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 transcription and subsequent prostaglandin synthesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`fluorescein sodium injection:  An injectable form of the sodium salt of the fluorophore fluorescein. Fluorescein responds to electromagnetic radiation between the wavelengths of 465-490 nm and fluoresces, emitting light at wavelengths of 520-530 nm that can be detected visually.  
^`fluorescence imaging agent EMI-137:  A water-soluble compound composed of a 26-amino acid cyclic peptide targeting the human hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-MET) conjugated to a cyanine-based fluorescent dye, with potential fluorescent imaging activity. Upon administration of EMI-137, the peptide moiety specifically targets and binds to the human tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met, which is often overexpressed on cancer cells. Upon imaging, the cancer cells can be visualized.  
^`fluorescent antibody SGM-101:  A near infrared-emitting fluorochrome-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (ACE; anti-CEA) monoclonal antibody, with potential diagnostic imaging activity. Upon administration, the fluorescent antibody SGM-101 binds CEA-overexpressing cancer cells. Upon fluorescence imaging, the fluorochrome can be visualized and CEA-overexpressing cancer cell can be imaged and detected. CEA, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`fluorescent cRGDY PEG-Cy5.5 C dots:  An imaging agent composed of silica-based nanoparticles labeled with a near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore, cyanine 5.5 (Cy5.5) and surrounded by polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains attached to cyclo-[Arg-Gly-Asp-Tyr] (cRGDY) peptides, with potential use as a tumor-selective fluorescent imaging agent. Upon intradermal administration of the fluorescent cRGDY PEG-Cy5.5 C dots, the cRGD moiety selectively binds to alphaVbeta3 integrin expressed on tumor cells. Upon intraoperative fluorescence imaging, alphaVbeta3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and the degree of both tumor metastasis and sentinel lymph node (SLN) trafficking can be assessed. Integrins are transmembrane glycoproteins upregulated on proliferating tumor vessel endothelial cells and various cancer cells; their overexpression has been associated with neovascularization, differentiation, proliferation of tumor cells, metastasis and an overall poor prognosis.  
^`fluorescent imaging ligand OTL38:  A fluorescent imaging agent composed of a folate receptor-alpha (FRa)-targeting ligand conjugated to a fluorescent near infrared (NIR) dye, that can be used for imaging of FRa-expressing tumor cells. Upon administration, the FRa-targeting moiety of OTL38 specifically binds to FRa expressed on tumor cells thus selectively delivering the fluorescent dye to FRa-expressing tumor cells. Upon NIR imaging, tumor cells fluoresce, which allows for the visualization and identification of FRa-overexpressing tumor cells. FRa, a high-affinity folate-binding protein and a member of the folate receptor family, is overexpressed in various cancer cell types.  
^`fluorescent protease-activated peptide AVB-620:  A protease-cleavable peptide linked to a fluorescent probe, with potential imaging activity. Upon intravenous infusion of the fluorescent protease-activated peptide AVB-620 before surgery, the peptide moiety of AVB-620 can be cleaved by proteases overexpressed by tumor cells. This activates the fluorescent probe and the tumor cells expressing the proteases can be detected using a fluorescence imaging system. This allows for the visualization and removal of the tumor during surgery.  
^`Fluorescite:  (Other name for~ fluorescein sodium injection) 
^`fluorine 18 F fludarabine:  A radiopharmaceutical containing the purine analog fludarabine that is labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F18 with potential use as a tumor imaging agent upon positron emission tomography (PET). After intravenous administration, the fludarabine is selectively taken up by tumor cells. The radioisotope moiety is detected using PET, which allows imaging and quantification of both the biodistribution of fludarabine and the presence of tumor cells. This could identify tumors and select patients that will likely respond to fludarabine treatment.  
^`fluorine F 18 4-L-fluoroglutamine (2S,4R):  A radioconjugate and glutamine analog consisting of the fluorine F 18 labeled 2S, 4R stereoisomer of 4-fluoroglutamine with potential use as a metabolic tracer for tumor imaging. Upon intravenous administration, fluorine F 18 4-L-fluoroglutamine (2S,4R) is preferentially taken up by cancer cells, possibly driven by c-Myc upregulation. Upon positron emission tomography (PET), cancer cells can be imaged. Tumor cells use the amino acid glutamine for nutritional purposes necessary for energy production and growth; as tumor cells proliferate more rapidly than normal healthy cells, glutamine uptake is higher in certain cancer cells.  
^`fluorine F 18 5-fluoro-2-deoxycytidine:  A radioconjugate composed of a fluorinated pyrimidine analog, linked to the radioisotope fluorine F 18 with potential imaging activity using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration of fluorine F 18 5-fluoro-2-deoxycytidine ([F-18]-FdCyd), the FdCyd moiety is phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase to 5-fluoro-2’-deoxycytidylate (FdCMP) and deaminated by deoxycytidylate (dCMP) deaminase, an enzyme overexpressed by tumor cells, to 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP). Eventually, FdUMP is metabolized to the triphosphate forms 5-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine-triphosphate (FdCTP) and fluorodeoxyuridine triphosphate (FdUTP). FdCTP and FdUTP inhibit DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and DNA methylation, and induce DNA strand breaks, respectively. FdCyd is coadministered with tetrahydrouridine (THU), an inhibitor of cytidine/deoxycytidine deaminase, which prevents FdCyd breakdown and increases its efficacy. The fluorine F 18 moiety can be imaged upon PET/CT, thereby allowing for the evaluation of the biodistribution of FdCyd and its uptake by tumor cells.  
^`fluorine F 18 6-fluorodopamine:  A radioconjugate consisting of 6-fluorodopamine labeled with fluorine F18 (6-[18F]FDA), with potential diagnostic activity. Upon administration, 6-[18F]FDA is taken up by presynaptic sympathetic nerve endings via the norepinephrine transporter (NET) uptake-1. Once inside, 6-[18F]FDA is rapidly converted by dopamine-beta-hydroxylase into 6-[18F]fluoronorepinephrine (6-[18F]FNE) and stored into neuronal storage vesicles. Upon positron emission tomographic (PET) scanning of the F18, sympathetic innervated regions can be visualized, such as those in pheochromocytoma.  
^`fluorine F 18 alfatide II:  A radiotracer composed of a pegylated, dimeric arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide (PRGD2), radiolabeled, via the chelating agent 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (NOTA), to a fluorine F 18-aluminum complex (AlF), with potential alphaVbeta3 integrin (vitronectin receptor) imaging activity using positron emission topography (PET). Upon administration, the RGD moiety of fluorine F 18 alfatide II selectively binds to alphaVbeta3 integrin. During PET, alphaVbeta3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and the degree of tumor angiogenesis can be determined. AlphaVbeta3 integrin, a cell adhesion and signaling receptor, is upregulated in tumor vessel endothelial cells and has been associated with neovascularization, differentiation, proliferation of tumor cells, and metastasis. Pegylation provides improved drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, thereby increasing efficacy while lowering systemic toxicity.  
^`fluorine F 18 ara-G:  A radioconjugate composed of the guanosine analog arabinosyl guanine (Ara-G), a high-affinity substrate for both cytoplasmic deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) and mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK), labeled with fluorine F 18, that can potentially be used as a tracer for imaging of activated T-lymphocytes during positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, fluorine F 18 ara-G is taken up by and accumulates in activated T-lymphocytes with high levels of DCK and dGK. After phosphorylation by DCK and dGK, the 18F moiety can be visualized by PET imaging. Fluorine F 18 ara-G can potentially be used as an imaging agent to detect anti-tumor immune responses and to predict the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapies. DCK and dGK, both nucleoside salvage pathway enzymes, are overexpressed in activated T-cells.  
^`fluorine F 18 choline:  A radioconjugate composed of choline labeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18, with potential tumor tracer activity using positron emission tomography (PET). Fluorine F 18 fluorocholine incorporates into tumor cells through an active, carrier-mediated transport mechanism for choline and then is phosphorylated intracellularly by choline kinase, yielding a phosphoryl derivative, that is integrated into the cell membrane as part of phosphatidylcholine. Since the proliferation of cancer cells is much higher than normal cells, tumor cells exhibit an increased rate of fluorine F 18 fluorocholine uptake and incorporation, facilitating imaging of the tumor using PET. Choline kinase, the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of choline, is frequently upregulated in human tumor cells. Choline is essential for the production of phosphatidylcholine, which is an important element of phospholipids in cell membranes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`fluorine F 18 clofarabine:  A radioconjugate composed of the nucleoside analog and deoxycytidine kinase (DCK)-dependent pro-drug clofarabine (Cl-F-ara-A) linked to the radioisotope fluorine F 18, with potential imaging activity using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration of fluorine F 18 clofarabine, the clofarabine moiety is preferentially taken up by and accumulates in cells with dysregulated nucleoside metabolism, including tumor cells expressing high levels of DCK. The clofarabine moiety is phosphorylated by DCK into its active triphosphate form, Cl-F-ara-ATP. The 18F moiety can be visualized by PET imaging. As many nucleoside analog prodrugs are chemotherapeutic agents that require DCK for their phosphorylation and activation, fluorine F 18 clofarabine can potentially be used as a marker to measure DCK activity and to predict the chemotherapeutic efficacy of DCK-dependent prodrugs. DCK, a rate-limiting enzyme in the deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway for DNA synthesis, is overexpressed in certain solid tumors, lymphoid and myeloid malignancies and certain immune cells, such as proliferating T-lymphocytes. Compared to other nucleoside analogs, clofarabine is not susceptible to deamination by cytidine deaminase (CDA).  
^`fluorine F 18 CP18 peptide:  A triazole containing pentapeptide labeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18, used as a tracer for positron emitting tomography (PET) imaging. As a caspase-3 specific substrate, fluorine F 18 CP18 peptide is preferentially taken up by and accumulates in tumor cells with high caspase-3 activity. Upon PET imaging, apoptotic cells can be detected and apoptotic activity can be assessed. Caspase-3 is a cysteine protease that plays a key role in the induction of apoptosis.  
^`fluorine F 18 dabrafenib:  A radioconjugate containing dabrafenib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the V600 mutated version of the B-raf (BRAF) protein and labeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18 with potential prostate tumor imaging upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the dabrafenib moiety of fluorine F 18 dabrafenib specifically targets and binds to the BRAF V600-mutated form, expressed on tumor cells, thereby allowing the visualization of tumor cells expressing BRAF V600 upon PET. BRAF is constitutively activated in a variety of cancers due to BRAF gene mutations. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`fluorine F 18 DCFBC:  A radioconjugate containing a low molecular weight tracer, DCFBC, specific for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and labeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18 with potential prostate tumor imaging upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the DCFBC moiety of fluorine F 18 DCFBC specifically targets and binds to the tumor associated antigen PSMA, thereby allowing the visualization of tumor cells expressing PSMA upon PET. PSMA is a transmembrane glycoprotein highly expressed on malignant prostate epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells of various solid tumors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`fluorine F 18 DCFPyL:  A urea-based radiotracer composed of the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting agent DCFPyL and labeled with the positron-emitting isotope, fluorine F 18, that can potentially be used for positron emitting tomography (PET) imaging. Upon administration of fluorine F 18 DCFPyL, the DCFPyL moiety binds to PSMA expressed on tumor cells. The fluorine F 18 moiety facilitates PET imaging of PSMA-expressing tumor cells. PSMA, a cell-surface antigen, is abundantly present on the surface of prostate cancer cells and on the neovasculature of most solid tumors.  
^`fluorine F 18 d-FMAU:  A radioconjugate comprised of the synthetic pyrimidine analogue 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)thymine (d-FMAU) labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F 18 (18F-d-FMAU), that can potentially be used as an imaging agent upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, fluorine F 18 d-FMAU is distributed and taken up by cells based on the rate of the cell’s DNA synthesis. Upon PET imaging, cell proliferation in tumors can be assessed as tumor cells have a higher rate of DNA synthesis than normal, healthy cells. This agent is not catabolized and has a long half-life compared to the radioconjugate carbon C 11 thymidine.  
^`fluorine F 18 EF5:  A radioconjugate consisting of EF5, a fluorinated derivative of etanidazole, conjugated to fluorine F 18, a positron emitting isotope. EF5 binds to hypoxic tissue; conjugation to Fluorine F 18 allows imaging of hypoxic regions within tumors.  
^`fluorine F 18 FDHT:  A radioconjugate containing a derivative of the androgen testosterone, 16-beta-fluoro-5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (FDHT), labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F18 (18F-FDHT), with potential use as an imaging agent for positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, 18F-FDHT binds to the androgen receptor (AR). Upon PET imaging, AR-expressing prostate tumor cells can be imaged and assessed.  
^`fluorine F 18 FEQA:  The anilinoquinazoline derivative FEQA radiolabeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope fluorine F 18 with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) binding and radioisotopic activities. Fluorine F 18 FEQA irreversibly binds to (EGFR), allowing imaging of EGFR-positive tumor cells with positron emission tomography (PET).  
^`fluorine F 18 fluciclovine:  A radiotracer containing a synthetic amino acid analogue of L-leucine radiolabeled with fluorine F 18 with potential diagnostic imaging use. Similar to most amino acids, fluorine F 18 fluciclovine ([18]FACBC) appears to enter cells through the energy-independent L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) system. As an amino acid analogue, this agent is preferentially accumulated by tumor cells due to their increased metabolic needs; however, unlike naturally occuring amino acids, this non-natural amino acid-analogue radiotracer is not metabolized. Accordingly, [18]FACBC accumulates in tumor cells and can potentially be used to image tumors using positron emission tomography (PET).  
^`fluorine F 18 fluoro furanyl norprogesterone:  The progesterone derivative fluoro furanyl norprogesterone (FFNP), radiolabeled with fluorine F 18, with positron-emitting radioligand activity. Upon injection, fluorine F 18 fluoro furanyl norprogesterone (F18-FFNP) binds to progesterone receptors (PgR) in progesterone-responsive tissues. In PgR-positive breast cancer, positron emission tomography (PET) may then be used to quantitate hormone receptor status.  
^`fluorine F 18 fluorobenzyl triphenyl phosphonium:  A radioconjugate and cationic lipophilic agent consisting of fluorobenzyl triphenyl phosphonium (FBnTP), labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F 18, with potential use as a tracer for both mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and apoptosis, and as a tumor imaging agent using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, fluorine F 18 FBnTP is taken up by cells and its uptake and accumulation within mitochondria is directly correlated with MMP. Apoptosis causes a loss of membrane potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane which decreases FBnTP mitochondrial uptake. As apoptosis is suppressed in tumor cells, the FBnTP uptake is increased as compared to normal cells. This allows, upon PET, for the imaging of cancer cells. As apoptosis-inducing chemotherapeutic agents cause a collapse of MMP, this agent can also be used to assess the response of tumor cells to those chemotherapeutic agents. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`fluorine F 18 fluorodopa:  The amino acid analog fluorodopa (FDOPA) labeled with fluorine F 18, a positron-emitting isotope, with potential tumor tracer property. Fluorine F 18 fluorodopa is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and is taken up by brain tumor cells. As uptake is higher in tumor cells, tumors may then be imaged using positron emission tomography (PET). Assessing tumor uptake of FDOPA may be beneficial for diagnosis, localization and in determining further treatment.  
^`fluorine F 18 fluoroethylcholine:  Ethylcholine labeled with fluorine F 18, a positron-emitting isotope. Fluorine F 18 fluoroethylcholine incorporates into tumor cells through an active, carrier-mediated transport mechanism for choline and then is phosphorylated intracellularly by choline kinase, yielding a phosphoryl derivative, and finally is integrated into cellular phospholipids, probably primarily into a phosphatidyl derivative; concentration of this agent in tumor cells as various fluorine F 18 fluoroethylcholine derivatives enables tumor imaging using positron emission tomography (PET). Choline kinase, the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of choline, is frequently up-regulated in human tumor cell lines.  
^`fluorine F 18 fluoropaclitaxel:  A radiotracer containing paclitaxel labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F 18 with potential use as an imaging agent. After cellular uptake, the paclitaxel moiety of fluorine F18 fluoropaclitaxel binds to tubulin. Upon uptake, the radioisotope moiety may be detected using positron emission tomography (PET), thereby allowing imaging and quantification of the biodistribution of paclitaxel. This could identify multidrug resistant (MDR) status of tumor cells and select patients that will likely respond to paclitaxel treatment. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`fluorine F 18 fluoro-PEG6-IPQA:  A radioconjugate containing the tracer PEG6-IPQA labeled with fluorine F 18 for potential tumor imaging using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the IPQA moiety of fluorine F 18 fluoro-PEG6-IPQA selectively targets and irreversibly binds to the constitutively active mutant L858R of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase, thereby allowing the visualization of tumor cells expressing the active mutant L858R EGFR using PET. This can be used to select EGFR kinase inhibitors that bind in a similar manner as this tracer and may allow individualized therapy for patients that respond well to these types of EGFR kinase inhibitors. The presence of the L858R EGFR mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells is correlated with a better response to EGFR kinase inhibitors compared to wild-type (WT) or L858R/T790M EGFR dual-mutant. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`fluorine F 18 fluorothymidine:  A radioconjugate consisting of a thymidine analogue radiolabeled with fluorine F 18, a positron emitting isotope. Phosphorylated by S-phase-specific thymidine kinase 1, fluorine F 18 fluorothymidine is trapped intracellularly by entering the salvage pathway of DNA synthesis without incorporation into DNA. 18F-FLT serves a marker of tumor cell proliferation for imaging with positron emission tomography (PET); as a marker of proliferation rather than metabolism, it is more specific to tumor tissue than 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG). This agent is metabolically stable, accumulates in the normal bone marrow and the liver, and does not cross the blood-brain barrier.  
^`fluorine F 18 fluorthanatrace:  A radiotracer consisting of an analogue of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor rucaparib radiolabeled with the positron emitting isotope fluorine F 18, which can potentially be used for the imaging of PARP1 expression using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, fluorine F 18 fluorthanatrace targets and binds to PARP1. Upon PET, PARP1-expressing tumor cells can be visualized. PARP1, which is overexpressed in many cancer cell types, catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins and plays a key role in the repair of DNA strand breaks.  
^`fluorine F 18 FMDHT:  A radioconjugate containing a derivative of the androgen testosterone (FMDHT) and labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F 18, with potential use as an imaging agent for positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, fluorine F 18 FMDHT binds to the androgen receptor (AR). Upon PET imaging, AR-expressing prostate tumor cells can be imaged and assessed.  
^`fluorine F 18 FP-R01-MG-F2:  A radiotracer composed of the integrin alphaVbeta6 (aVb6) ligand and cystine knot peptide R01 variant R01-MG-F2 radiolabeled with [18F]-fluoropropionate (F 18 FP), with potential integrin aVb6 imaging activity using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the R01-MG-F2 moiety of fluorine F 18 FP-R01-MG-F2 selectively binds to integrin aVb6-positive cancer cells. During PET, aVb6-expressing tumor cells can be visualized. Integrin aVb6, a cell adhesion and signaling receptor, is upregulated in certain cancer cell types and has been associated with increased proliferation of tumor cells. The cystine knot peptide shows high stability and allows for rapid and high uptake into aVb6-expressing tumor cells.  
^`fluorine F 18 galacto-RGD peptide:  A radiotracer composed of a cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide that is conjugated with galactose and radiolabeled with fluorine 18, for potential noninvasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of alphaVbeta3 integrin expression. Upon administration, the RGD moiety of the fluorine 18 galacto-RGD peptide selectively binds to alphaVbeta3 integrin. During PET imaging, alphaVbeta3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and the degree of tumor angiogenesis can be determined. Use of a hydrophilic glycopeptide-based agent may increase retention in the blood and reduce clearance by the liver. This leads to both increased uptake of fluorine 18 galacto-RGD peptide by tumor cells and enhanced PET imaging efficiency, when compared to other agents that are constructed using lipophilic conjugates. AlphaVbeta3 integrin, a cell adhesion and signaling receptor, is upregulated in tumor vessel endothelial cells and has been associated with proliferation of tumor cells, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.  
^`Fluorine F 18 ISO-1:  A radioconjugate consisting of the benzamide ligand ISO-1 labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F18 with positron-emitting radioisotope activity. Upon administration, fluorine [F18]ISO-1 binds to sigma-2 receptors, located on tumor cells, allowing visualization of sigma-2 receptor-expressing tumor cells with positron emission tomography (PET). Sigma-2 receptors, expressed in a variety of normal healthy tissues such as liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, and in the central nervous system, may be overexpressed in tumor cells.  
^`fluorine F 18 L-glutamate derivative BAY94-9392:  A radioconjugate composed of the radionuclide fluorine F 18 conjugated to the L-glutamate derivative, (S)-4-(3-fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid (FSPG), targeting the cystine/glutamate transporter protein (xCT or SLC7A11), which is a subunit of the transport system xc(-), with potential imaging activity upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon intravenous administration, the FSPG moiety of BAY94-9392 specifically binds to xCT and BAY94-9392 is subsequently taken up by the cell via xc(-). Upon uptake, xc(-) activity can be assessed and tumor cells can be detected and imaged by PET. System xc(-), a sodium-independent, heterodimeric transporter, mediates the cellular uptake of cystine in exchange for intracellular glutamate at the plasma membrane; although, it will take up glutamate as well. Xc(-) shows increased activity in certain tumor cells compared to normal, healthy cells due to increased metabolic activity in tumor cells; it plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, progression and chemoresistance as well as in the management of oxidative stress.  
^`fluorine F 18 RGD-based integrin peptide-polymer AH111585:  A small synthetic peptide containing an RGD-sequence (Arg-Gly-Asp) attached to the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18 that may be used to selectively image tumor cells and tumor vasculature by PET imaging. The RGD motif of fluorine F 18 RGD-based integrin peptide-polymer AH111585 selectively binds to the alphaVbeta3 integrin receptor, commonly upregulated on the surfaces of tumor cells and tumor vasculature endothelial cells. This agent may be of use in visualizing and quantifying a decrease in tumor vascularity in response to antiangiogenic agents.  
^`fluorine F 18 RGD-K5:  A radiotracer composed of a cyclic triazole-containing the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide (RGD-K5) radiolabeled with fluorine F 18, with potential alphaVbeta3 integrin imaging activity upon positron emission topography (PET). Upon administration, the RGD moiety of fluorine F 18 RGD-K5 selectively binds to alphaVbeta3 integrin. During PET, alphaVbeta3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and the degree of tumor angiogenesis can be determined. AlphaVbeta3 integrin, a cell adhesion and signaling receptor, is upregulated in tumor vessel endothelial cells and has been associated with neovascularization, differentiation, proliferation of tumor cells, and metastasis.  
^`fluorine F 18 SKI-249380:  A radioconjugate composed of a derivative of the multi-targeted kinase inhibitor dasatinib conjugated to the radioisotope fluorine F 18, with potential imaging activity during positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of fluorine F 18 SKI-249380, the SKI-249380 moiety targets and binds to Bcr/Abl, SRC-family protein-tyrosine kinases, c-Kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). Upon binding, the fluorine F 18 moiety allows PET imaging of tumor cells and can be used as a tracer for the biodistribution of dasatinib. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`fluorine F 18 sodium fluoride:  A radiopharmaceutical consisting of the sodium salt of fluorine F 18 fluoride with radioisotopic and bone mineralizing activities. Fluoride binds to calcium ions in hydroxyapatite crystals in bone. The uptake and incorporation of positron-emitting fluorine F 18 fluoride into bone can be imaged using positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), allowing visualization of malignant bone lesions in which regional blood flow and bone turnover are increased.  
^`fluorine F 18-AV-133:  A radioconjugate composed of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) targeting agent AV-133, a dihydrotetrabenazine analog, labeled with the positron-emitting isotope fluorine F 18, that can potentially be used as a tracer using positron emitting tomography (PET) imaging. Upon administration, the AV-133 moiety of fluorine F 18-AV-133 binds to VMATs expressed on monoamine neurons and pancreatic beta-cells within the islets of Langerhans. Upon PET imaging, VMAT2-expressing cells can be detected and the level of functional monoamine neurons can be assessed, which can be used in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, this radiotracer can be used to assess the function of pancreatic beta-cells. VMAT2, a transporter that loads monoamine neurotransmitters into secretory vesicles, is expressed on biogenic amine-containing neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and pancreatic beta cells.  
^`fluorine F 18-labeled S-(3-Fluoropropyl)homocysteine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of a radioconjugate composed of a synthetic derivative of the amino acid methionine radiolabeled with fluoride F 18, with potential use as a tumor imaging agent during positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, fluorine F 18-labeled S-(3-fluoropropyl) homocysteine is preferentially taken up by tumor cells through an amino acid transporter, which is overexpressed by cancer cells. Because tumor cells have a higher rate of proliferation than normal cells, these cancer cells have increased rates of protein synthesis and thus an increased demand for amino acids. This allows for visualization of tumors cells upon PET.  
^`Fluorofur:  (Other name for~ tegafur) 
^`Fluoroplex:  (Other name for~ topical fluorouracil) 
^`fluorouracil implant:  An implant containing a sustained release particle of fluorouracil, an antimetabolite fluoropyrimidine analog of the nucleoside pyrimidine, with antineoplastic activity. Upon implantation and subsequent release, fluorouracil is converted into the active metabolite 5-fluoroxyuridine monophosphate that competes with the pyrimidine uracil during RNA synthesis while another active metabolite, 5-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate, inhibits thymidylate synthase and thus DNA synthesis.  
^`fluorouracil injection:  An antimetabolite fluoropyrimidine analog of the nucleoside pyrimidine with antineoplastic activity. Fluorouracil and its metabolites possess a number of different mechanisms of action. In vivo, fluoruracil is converted to the active metabolite 5-fluoroxyuridine monophosphate (F-UMP); replacing uracil, F-UMP incorporates into RNA and inhibits RNA processing, thereby inhibiting cell growth. Another active metabolite, 5-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate (F-dUMP), inhibits thymidylate synthase, resulting in the depletion of thymidine triphosphate (TTP), one of the four nucleotide triphosphates used in the in vivo synthesis of DNA. Other fluorouracil metabolites incorporate into both RNA and DNA; incorporation into RNA results in major effects on both RNA processing and functions.  
^`fluorouracil-e therapeutic implant:  An injectable collagen matrix gel containing the antimetabolite fluorouracil and the sympathicomimetic agent epinephrine with potential antineoplastic activity. After intratumoral injection, fluorouracil is converted into the active metabolite 5-fluoroxyuridine monophosphate that competes with uracil during RNA synthesis while another active metabolite, 5-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate, inhibits thymidylate synthase and, so, DNA synthesis. Epinephrine, a potent vasoconstrictor, is added to the gel to enhance penetration of fluorouracil into tumor tissue and reduce dispersion to surrounding tissues, thus enhancing the local concentration of fluorouracil. Compared to systemic administration, the intratumoral injection of fluorouracil combined with epinephrine may increase fluorouracil's chemotherapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity.  
^`fluoxymesterone:  A halogenated derivative of 17-alpha-methyltestosterone. Similar to testosterone, fluoxymesterone binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an increase in protein anabolism, a decrease in amino acid catabolism, and retention of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. This agent also may competitively inhibit prolactin receptors and estrogen receptors, thereby inhibiting the growth of hormone-dependent tumor lines. Fluoxymesterone is approximately five times more potent than methyltestosterone.  
^`fluphenazine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of fluphenazine, a phenothiazine with antipsychotic activity and potential antineoplastic activity. Fluphenazine blocks postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors in the limbic system, cortical system and basal ganglia, resulting a reduction of schizophrenia-associated hallucinations and delusions. In addition, as a serotonin antagonist, this agent may inhibit lymphocyte and myeloma cell proliferation by blocking 5-hydroxytrptamine type 1B (5-HT type 1B) receptors for serotonin.  
^`flurbiprofen:  A derivative of propionic acid, and a phenylalkanoic acid derivative of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with analgesic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic effects. Flurbiprofen non-selectively binds to and inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX). This results in a reduction of arachidonic acid conversion into prostaglandins that are involved in the regulation of pain, inflammation and fever. This NSAID also inhibits carbonic anhydrase, thereby reducing the production of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. Upon ocular administration, flurbiprofen may reduce bicarbonate ion concentrations leading to a decrease in the production of aqueous humor, thereby lowering intraocular pressure.  
^`Flurizan:  (Other name for~ tarenflurbil) 
^`Flushield:  (Other name for~ trivalent influenza vaccine) 
^`flutamide:  A toluidine derivative and nonsteroidal antiandrogen that is structurally related to bicalutamide and nilutamide. Flutamide and its more potent active metabolite 2-hydroxyflutamide competitively block dihydrotestosterone binding at androgen receptors, forming inactive complexes which cannot translocate into the cell nucleus. Formation of inactive receptors inhibits androgen-dependent DNA and protein synthesis, resulting in tumor cell growth arrest or transient tumor regression.  
^`flutemetamol F-18:  A radiopharmaceutical containing flutemetamol, a thioflavin derivative of Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F18 that can be used to detect beta-amyloid deposition upon positron emission tomography (PET). After intravenous administration of flutemetamol F 18, the flutemetamol moiety selectively accumulates in and binds to cerebral fibrillar amyloid-beta in the brain. The fluorine F18 radioisotope moiety is detected using PET, which allows imaging and quantification of amyloid-beta density. Amyloid plaque deposition is linked to cognitive decline, including Alzheimer’s disease, and may be linked to chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI).  
^`fluticasone propionate:  The propionate salt form of fluticasone, a synthetic trifluorinated glucocorticoid receptor agonist with antiallergic, antiinflammatory and antipruritic effects. Binding and activation of the glucocorticoid receptor results in the activation of lipocortin that in turn inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2, which triggers cascade of reactions involved in synthesis of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Secondly, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 1 is induced, thereby leads to dephosphorylation and inactivation of Jun N-terminal kinase directly inhibiting c-Jun mediated transcription. Finally, transcriptional activity of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa-B is blocked, thereby inhibits the transcription of cyclooxygenase 2, which is essential for prostaglandin production.  
^`fluvastatin sodium:  The sodium salt of a synthetic lipid-lowering agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Fluvastatin competitively inhibits hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a key step in cholesterol synthesis. This agent lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels, and modulates immune responses through the suppression of MHC II (major histocompatibility complex II) on interferon gamma-stimulated, antigen-presenting cells such as human vascular endothelial cells. Through the inhibition of mevalonate synthesis, statins, like fluvastatin, have been shown to inhibit the production of dolichol, geranylpyrophosphate (GPP) and farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) and the isoprenylation of the intracellular G-proteins Ras and Rho, which may result in antiangiogenic, apoptotic, and antimetastatic effects in susceptible tumor cell populations.  
^`Fluvirin:  (Other name for~ trivalent influenza vaccine) 
^`fluvoxamine maleate:  The maleate salt form of fluvoxamine, a 2-aminoethyl oxime ether of aralkylketones, with antidepressant, antiobsessive-compulsive, and antibulimic activities. Fluvoxamine blocks serotonin reuptake by inhibiting the serotonin reuptake pump of the presynaptic neuronal membrane leading to an increase of serotonin levels within the synaptic cleft. This results in facilitated serotonergic transmission and decreased serotonin turnover leading to antidepressant and antiobsessive-compulsive effects.  
^`Fluzone:  (Other name for~ trivalent influenza vaccine) 
^`fluzoparib:  An orally available inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) types 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, fluzoparib inhibits PARP 1 and 2 activity, which inhibits PARP-mediated repair of damaged DNA via the base excision repair (BER) pathway, enhances the accumulation of DNA strand breaks, promotes genomic instability, and leads to an induction of apoptosis. The PARP family of proteins catalyze post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins, which then transduce signals to recruit other proteins to repair damaged DNA. PARP inhibition may enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents and may reverse tumor cell chemoresistance and radioresistance.  
^`FMS inhibitor JNJ-40346527:  A small molecule and orally available inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R; FMS) with potential antineoplastic activity. FMS tyrosine kinase inhibitor JNJ-40346527 blocks the receptor-ligand interaction between FMS and its ligand CSF1, thereby preventing autophosphorylation of FMS. As a result, unphosphorylated FMS cannot activate FMS-mediated signaling pathways, thus potentially inhibiting cell proliferation in FMS-overexpressed tumor cells. FMS, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed in certain tumor cell types and plays an essential role in macrophage differentiation, recruitment, and activation as well as the regulation of cell proliferation.  
^`Fms/Trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor PLX7486:  The tosylate salt form of PLX7486, a selective inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R; fms) and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor types 1, 2 and 3 (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC, respectively) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, PLX7486 binds to and inhibits the activity of these tyrosine kinases. This inhibits Fms and Trk-mediated signaling transduction pathways that are upregulated in certain cancer cell types. This may eventually halt tumor cell proliferation in Fms and TrkA, TrkB, and/or TrkC-overexpressing tumor cells. Fms and TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC are receptor tyrosine kinases that are upregulated or mutated in a variety of tumors and promote tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`folate binding protein E39 peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A2 restricted folate binding protein (FBP) epitope E39 (amino acids 191 to 199), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activity. Upon intradermal injection, FBP E39 peptide vaccine may induce a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against FBP-expressing tumor cell types. FBP is a membrane-bound, tumor-associated antigen highly overexpressed in various tumor cell types, such as in breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers; E 39 is a strong immunogenic peptide.  
^`folate binding protein J65 peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted folate binding protein (FBP) epitope J65 (9 amino acids; EIWTFSTKV), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal injection, FBP J65 peptide vaccine may induce a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against J65 FBP-expressing tumor cell types. FBP is a membrane-bound, tumor-associated antigen overexpressed in various tumor types, including breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers. J65 is a strongly immunogenic peptide.  
^`folate receptor alpha-loaded dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based vaccine composed of autologous-monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with five immunogenic peptide epitopes, derived from the tumor-associated antigen human folate receptor alpha (FR alpha or FOLR1), including FR30, FR56, FR76, FR113, and FR238, with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activity. Ex vivo treatment of the DCs with a p38 inhibitor decreases p38-mediated signaling and enhances ERK activation. This may allow, upon intradermal administration of the multi-epitope FR alpha-loaded DC vaccine into the patient, for decreased activation and expansion of CD4+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs), increased differentiation and expansion of interleukin-17 secreting T helper cells (Th17) and activation of CD8+ CTLs, which induces a strong anti-tumor T-cell immune response against FR alpha-overexpressing tumor cells. FR alpha is a high-affinity folate-binding protein and a member of the folate receptor family; this receptor is overexpressed in the majority of ovarian cancers and in about approximately 50% of breast cancers.  
^`folate receptor-targeted epothilone BMS753493:  A folate receptor-targeting antimitotic agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Folate receptor-targeted epothilone BMS753493 contains an epothilone moiety linked to a single folate molecule. Mediated through the folate moiety, this agent delivers the antimitotic epothilone component into cells expressing folic acid receptors, frequently upregulated in many types of tumor cells. After ligand-receptor internalization, the epothilone moiety induces microtubule polymerization and stabilizes microtubules against depolymerization, resulting in the inhibition of mitosis and cellular proliferation.  
^`folate receptor-targeted technetium Tc 99m EC20:  A folate receptor-targeting radiopharmaceutical consisting of a folate-containing tetrapeptide chelator to which technetium Tc 99m is linked. The folate component of folate receptor-targeted technetium Tc 99m EC20 binds to folic acid receptors, which are frequently upregulated in many types of tumor cells and activated macrophages. Gamma scintigraphy may then be used to image folate receptor-positive tumors.  
^`folate receptor-targeted tubulysin conjugate EC1456:  An injectable targeted small molecule drug conjugate (SMDC) consisting of folate (vitamin B9) covalently linked to the potent mitotic poison and cytotoxic agent, tubulysin B hydrazide (Tub-B-H) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the folate moiety of folate receptor-targeted tubulysin conjugate EC1456 preferentially binds to tumor cells expressing folate receptors (FR). After binding to FR, the agent is internalized by tumor cells and the Tub-B-H moiety inhibits the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules. This may lead to both cell cycle arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. FR, the membrane-bound, high-affinity receptor for folate, is overexpressed on a wide range of primary and metastatic human cancers.  
^`folate receptor-targeted vinca alkaloid EC0489:  A folate receptor-targeting cytotoxic drug conjugate consisting of a folate vitamin analogue linked to a vinca alkaloid microtubule destabilizing agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Mediated through its folate moiety, folate receptor-targeted Vinca alkaloid EC0489 delivers the cytotoxic vinca alkaloid moiety directly to cells expressing folic acid receptors, frequently upregulated in many types of tumor cells. After ligand-receptor internalization, the vinca alkaloid moiety binds to tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly-disassembly dynamics, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The relative tumor cell specificity of this agent reduces the toxicity profile of its Vinca alkaloid moiety.  
^`folate receptor-targeted vinca alkaloid/mitomycin C EC0225:  A folate receptor-targeting cytotoxic agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Folate receptor-targeted vinca alkaloid/mitomycin C EC0225 contains two potent cytotoxic agents, a vinca alkaloid and mitomycin C, linked to a single folate molecule. Mediated through the folate moiety, this agent delivers the cytotoxic agents directly into cells expressing folic acid receptors, frequently upregulated in many types of tumor cells. After ligand-receptor internalization, the vinca alkaloid moiety binds to tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly-disassembly dynamics, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Mitomycin C alkylates DNA, producing DNA cross-links and inhibiting DNA replication. The relative tumor cell specificity of EC0225 reduces the toxicity profiles of its cytotoxic agent moieties.  
^`folate-FITC:  A conjugate consisting of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated with folate with potential antineoplastic activity. Folate-FITC binds to folate receptors, which are overexpressed on the surfaces of many cancer cells including kidney and ovarian cancer cells. Once bound to the cancer cell through the folate moiety of the conjugate, curculating anti-fluorescein antibodies.may recognize and bind to the FITC moiety, resulting in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.  
^`Folex:  (Other name for~ methotrexate) 
^`Folex PFS:  (Other name for~ methotrexate) 
^`FOLFIRI regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of leucovorin calcium (calcium folinate), 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan used in the treatment of advanced-stage and metastatic colorectal cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`FOLFIRI-bevacizumab regimen:  A first-line chemotherapy regimen consisting of folinic acid (leucovorin), fluorouracil, irinotecan and bevacizumab used for the treatment of advanced-stage colorectal cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`FOLFIRI-cetuximab regimen:  A chemoimmunotherapy regimen consisting of leucovorin (folinic acid), 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan plus cetuximab used for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer that is positive for the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the wild-type form of KRAS. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`FOLFIRINOX regimen:  A regimen consisting of leucovorin calcium, fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and oxaliplatin used for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`FOLFOX regimen:  One of several chemotherapy regimens that include leucovorin calcium (calcium folinate), 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin and which may be used in the treatment of advanced-stage and metastatic colorectal cancer. FOLFOX regimens differ in agent dosing and administration schedule and include FOLFOX 4, FOLFOX 6, modified FOLFOX 6 (mFOLFOX 6) and FOLFOX 7. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`folic acid:  A collective term for pteroylglutamic acids and their oligoglutamic acid conjugates. As a natural water-soluble substance, folic acid is involved in carbon transfer reactions of amino acid metabolism, in addition to and purine and pyrimidine synthesis, and is essential for hematopoiesis and red blood cell production.  
^`folitixorin:  A folate-based biomodulator with potential antineoplastic activity. Folitixorin stabilizes the covalent binding of the fluorouracil metabolite 5-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate (FdUMP) to its target enzyme, thymidylate synthase, which results in inhibition of thymidylate synthase, depletion of thymidine triphosphate (TTP), a necessary constituent of DNA, and tumor cell death. Unlike leucovorin, folitixorin, as the active form of folate, does not require metabolic activation and may increase the chemotherapeutic effects of fluorouracil with lower toxicity.  
^`Follutein:  (Other name for~ recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin) 
^`FOLOTYN:  (Other name for~ pralatrexate) 
^`Fonatol:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`fondaparinux sodium:  The sodium salt form of fondaparinux, a synthetic glucopyranoside with antithrombotic activity. Fondaparinux sodium selectively binds to antithrombin III, thereby potentiating the innate neutralization of activated factor X (Factor Xa) by antithrombin. Neutralization of Factor Xa inhibits its activity and interrupts the blood coagulation cascade, thereby preventing thrombin formation and thrombus development.  
^`Forane:  (Other name for~ isoflurane) 
^`foretinib:  An orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. MET/VEGFR2 inhibitor GSK1363089 binds to and selectively inhibits hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor c-MET and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. The proto-oncogene c-MET has been found to be over-expressed in a variety of cancers. VEGFR2 is found on endothelial and hematopoietic cells and mediates the development of the vasculature and hematopoietic cells through VEGF signaling.  
^`Forfivo XL:  (Other name for~ bupropion hydrochloride) 
^`formestane:  A synthetic steroidal substance with antineoplastic activity. Formestane binds irreversibly to and inhibits the enzyme aromatase, thereby blocking the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone and the peripheral aromatization of androgenic precursors into estrogens.  


^`formoterol fumarate oral:  The orally bioavailable fumarate salt of formoterol, a long-acting, selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist with bronchodilating and potential anti-cachexia and anabolic activities. In addition to formoterol’s bronchodilating activity, formoterol exhibits anti-cachexia activity through the inhibition of the ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system, which may result in a decrease in protein degradation and muscle cell apoptosis. In addition, formoterol may also increase insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling, resulting in an increase in protein synthesis. This agent may also inhibit the calcium-dependent calpain system, resulting in the inhibition of muscle wasting.  
^`formoterol fumarate/roxithromycin:  A combination preparation of the fumarate salt of a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist and a macrolide antibiotic, with muscle-sparing and anti-cachexia effects. Formoterol appears to antagonize cachexia by reducing proteolysis mediated through the ubiquitin-protease pathway. Roxithromycin strongly inhibits inflammatory cytokine production and secretion from T cells and macrophages in vitro and in vivo. The combination exhibits a greater muscle sparing effect than either drug given individually at comparable doses.  
^`forodesine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of the synthetic high-affinity transition-state analogue forodesine. Forodesine binds preferentially to and inhibits purine nucleotide phosphorylase (PNP), resulting in the accumulation of deoxyguanosine triphosphate and the subsequent inhibition of the enzyme ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase and DNA synthesis. This agent selectively causes apoptosis in stimulated or malignant T-lymphocytes. A transition state analogue is a substrate designed to mimic the properties or the geometry of the transition state of reaction.  
^`Fortamet:  (Other name for~ metformin hydrochloride) 
^`Fortaz:  (Other name for~ ceftazidime sodium) 
^`Fosamax:  (Other name for~ alendronate sodium) 
^`fosbretabulin disodium:  The disodium salt of a water-soluble phosphate derivative of a natural stilbenoid phenol derived from the African bush willow (Combretum caffrum) with potential vascular disrupting and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the prodrug fosbretabulin is dephosphorylated to its active metabolite, the microtubule-depolymerizing agent combretastatin A4, which binds to tubulin dimers and prevents microtubule polymerization, resulting in mitotic arrest and apoptosis in endothelial cells. In addition, this agent disrupts the engagement of the endothelial cell–specific junctional molecule vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) and so the activity of the VE-cadherin/β-catenin/Akt signaling pathway, which may result in the inhibition of endothelial cell migration and capillary tube formation. As a result of fosbretabulin's dual mechanism of action, the tumor vasculature collapses, resulting in reduced tumor blood flow and ischemic necrosis of tumor tissue.  
^`fosbretabulin tromethamine:  The tromethamine salt form of prodrug fosbretabulin, a water-soluble phosphate derivative of a stilbenoid phenol derived from the African bush willow (Combretum caffrum) with antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, fosbretabulin is dephosphorylated to its active metabolite, combretastatin A4, which targets and binds to tubulin dimers and prevents microtubule polymerization, thereby resulting in mitotic arrest and apoptosis in endothelial cells. As apoptotic endothelial cells detach from their substrata, tumor blood vessels collapse; the acute disruption of tumor blood flow may result in tumor necrosis.  
^`fosfomycin tromethamine:  The tromethamine salt form of fosfomycin, a synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic. Fosfomycin tromethamine binds to and inactivates the enzyme enolpyruvyl transferase. This leads to an irreversible blockage of the condensation of uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine with p-enolpyruvate, which is one of the first steps of bacterial cell wall synthesis, thereby eventually causing cell lysis. In addition, fosfomycin tromethamine reduces the adherence of bacteria to uroepithelial cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`fosquidone:  A water-soluble pentacyclic pyrolloquinone analogue of mitoquidone with potential antineoplastic activity. Currently, the mechansim of action of fosquidone is unknown. In vitro studies indicate that this agent does not bind to DNA or inhibit topoisomerases.  
^`fostamatinib disodium:  An orally available disodium salt of the Syk kinase inhibitor fostamatinib with potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities. Fostamatinib inhibits Syk kinase-mediated IgG Fc gamma receptor signaling, resulting in inhibition of the activation of mast cells, macrophages, and B-cells and related inflammatory responses and tissue damage. Syk kinase, widely expressed in hematopoietic cells, is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in coupling activated immunoreceptors to signal downstream events that mediate diverse cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, and phagocytosis.  
^`fostriecin:  An anti-tumor antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces pulveraceus. Fostriecin inhibits topoisomerase II catalytic activity, resulting in protein-associated strand breaks and impaired DNA and RNA synthesis in various malignant cell types. This agent also inhibits serine/threonine protein phosphatase type 2A in some tumor cell types, thereby interfering with cellular proliferation and differentiation.  
^`fotemustine:  A chloroethylating nitrosourea with antineoplastic activity. Fotemustine alkylates guanine by forming chloroethyl adducts at the 6 position of guanine, resulting in N1-guanine and N3-cytosine cross linkages, inhibition of DNA synthesis, cell cycle arrest, and finally apoptosis. This agent is lipophilic and crosses the blood-brain barrier.  
^`fowlpox virus vaccine vector:  A recombinant fowlpox virus-based vaccine vector designed to express various tumor-associated peptide antigens. Strong CD8 cytotoxic T cell responses may be induced after prolonged immunization with fowlpox virus vaccines and have been associated with tumor regression. Fowlpox virus is an attractive vector because its genome is easy to manipulate and it does not multiply in human tissues.  
^`fowlpox-NY-ESO-1 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a recombinant fowlpox virus vector encoding an immunogenic peptide derived from the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, an antigen found in normal testis and various tumors, including bladder, breast, hepatocellular, melanoma, and prostate cancers. Vaccination with NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing NY-ESO-1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`Fragmin:  (Other name for~ dalteparin) 
^`freeze-dried black raspberry bioadhesive gel:  A bioadhesive gel containing 10% freeze-dried black raspberries (FBR) with potential chemopreventive and antioxidant activities. The four main constituent black raspberry anthocyanins that contribute significantly to the chemopreventive effects are cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3GLU), cyanidin 3-rutinoside (C3RUT), cyanidin 3-sambubioside (C3SAM) and cyanidin 3-(2(G)-xylosyl) rutinoside (C3XRUT). Upon mucosal application, the anthocyanins from the gel penetrate the oral mucosa and are able to modulate expression of certain proapoptotic and terminal differentiation genes, and reduce the expression of epithelial cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein. In addition, this gel may also reduce vascular densities in the superficial connective tissues.  
^`French maritime pine bark extract:  A nutritional supplement containing an extract obtained from the French maritime pine bark Pinus pinaster, with potential immunomodulating and antioxidant activities. The French maritime pine bark extract contains high amounts of the phytochemicals proanthocyanidins. Proanthocyanidins are able to scavenge free radicals, and therefore may inhibit cellular damage. This extract may also ameliorate the symptoms of lymphedema and improve blood flow. It might also stimulate the immune system and have antioxidant effects.  
^`fresolimumab:  A pan-specific, recombinant, fully human monoclonal antibody directed against human transforming growth factor (TGF) -beta 1, 2 and 3 with potential antineoplastic activity. Fresolimumab binds to and inhibits the activity of all isoforms of TGF-beta, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell growth, angiogenesis, and migration. TGF-beta, a cytokine often over-expressed in various malignancies, may play an important role in promoting the growth, progression, and migration of tumor cells.  
^`fructooligosaccharide supplement:  A supplement containing oligosaccharide fructans, with gastrointestinal (GI) protective and immumopotentiating activities. Upon oral administration of the supplement, the oligosaccharides stimulate the growth of certain GI bacteria and activate the immune system. This improves the intestinal microflora, strengthens the immune system and increases the protective function of the GI barrier.  
^`fructooligosaccharide/Lactobacillus paracasei/Lactobacillus rhamnosus/Lactobacillus acidophilus/Bifidobacterium lactis:  A synbiotic nutritional supplement containing fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which are linear chains of fructose units that are linked by beta (2-1) bonds, and probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei), L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis (B. lactis), with gastrointestinal (GI) protective and immunomodulating activities. Upon oral administration, the bacteria in this probiotic supplement help maintain adequate colonization of the GI tract and modulate the composition of the normal microflora. Upon colonization of the GI tract, the probiotic bacteria form a protective barrier that helps maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. This will interfere with the attachment of pathogenic bacteria and other harmful substances, prevent inflammation and improve GI function. Additionally, the reconstituted microflora may metabolize FOS, which may promote calcium mobilization into the bloodstream by maintaining a neutral pH in the lower gut.  
^`fruit and vegetable extracts:  Extracts from fruits and vegetables that contain fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other natural substances with antioxidant, lipid-lowering, and antiproliferative properties. Used in chemoprevention therapy, these extracts may prevent the development or recurrence of cancer.  
^`fruquintinib:  An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs), with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, fruquintinib inhibits VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFRs 1, 2, and 3 which may result in the inhibition of migration, proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, microvessel formation, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and tumor cell death. Expression of VEGFRs may be upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`FUDF:  (Other name for~ floxuridine) 
^`fulranumab:  A monoclonal antibody directed against nerve growth factor (NGF) with potential analgesic activity. Upon administration, fulranumab binds to NGF, preventing its binding to and activation of the NGF receptors TrkA and p75NTR. Inhibition of the NGF pathway may prevent the perception of pain and may induce analgesia. NGF, a neurotrophic factor that plays a key role in neuropathic and inflammatory-induced pain, promotes hyperalgesia and allodynia.  
^`FU-LV regimen:  A regimen consisting of fluorouracil and leucovorin, used in both the adjuvant and metastatic disease setting, for the treatment of colorectal cancer. This regimen is also combined with radiation for the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancer. 
^`fulvestrant:  A synthetic estrogen receptor antagonist. Unlike tamoxifen (which has partial agonist effects) and the aromatase inhibitors (which reduce the estrogen available to tumor cells), fulvestrant binds competitively to estrogen receptors in breast cancer cells, resulting in estrogen receptor deformation and decreased estrogen binding. In vitro studies indicate that fulvestrant reversibly inhibits the growth of tamoxifen-resistant, estrogen-sensitive, human breast cancer cell lines.  
^`fumagillin-derived polymer conjugate XMT-1107:  A polymeric prodrug consisting of the fumagillol-derived small molecule XMT-1191 tethered to the hydrophilic, biodegradable70 kDa polymer poly[1- hydroxymethylethylene hydroxymethylformal] (PHF) with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, fumagillin-derived polymer conjugate XMT-1107 releases XMT-1191, which may inhibit angiogenesis through the irreversible inhibition of the methionine aminopeptidase 2 (METAP2); although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent appears to induce cell cycle arrest in endothelial cells, inhibiting their proliferation and migration. Compared to an unconjugated fumagillin analog, XMT-1107 exhibits improved solubility and an extended half life due to its PHF backbone. METAP2, a member of the methionyl aminopeptidase family, binds two cobalt or manganese ions and protects the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (EIF2) from inhibitory phosphorylation by removing the amino-terminal methionine residue from nascent protein; this aminopeptidase may be overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`Fungizone:  (Other name for~ amphotericin B deoxycholate) 
^`furosemide:  An anthranilic derivative and loop diuretic with antihypertensive effect. Furosemide blocks the Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) in the luminal membrane of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney, by binding to the Cl-binding site located in the cotransporter's transmembrane domain, thereby inhibiting reabsorption of sodium, chloride, potassium ions and water. This agent reduces plasma and extracellular fluid volume resulting in decreased blood pressure and cardiac output.  
^`fursultiamine:  A nutritional supplement and vitamin B1 derivative, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, fursultiamine inhibits the expressions of octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT-4), SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX-2), and Nanog homeobox (NANOG) in cancer stem cells (CSCs). This may inhibit the proliferation of CSCs thereby preventing tumor cell growth. In addition, fursultiamine inhibits the expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) and subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) in cancer CSCs, which may abrogate resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy in CSCs. CSCs promote tumor initiation, progression and metastasis; they play a key role in cancer recurrence and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation.  
^`fusidic acid/betamethasone valerate topical cream:  A topical cream formulation of the bacteriostatic antibiotic fusidic acid and the synthetic, long-acting glucocorticoid betametasone valerate with potential anti-bacterial and immunomodulating activities. Fusidic acid/betamethasone valerate topical cream inhibits Gram-positive bacterial protein synthesis and replication and inhibits the inflammatory response by preventing phospholipid release, inhibiting eosinophil activity, and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.  
^`Fusilev:  (Other name for~ levoleucovorin calcium) 
^`Fycompa:  (Other name for~ perampanel) 


^`G2 checkpoint inhibitor CBP501:  A peptide with G2 checkpoint-abrogating activity. G2 checkpoint inhibitor CBP501 inhibits multiple serine/threonine kinases, including MAPKAP-K2, C-Tak1, and CHK1, that phosphorylate serine 216 of the dual-specific phosphatase Cdc25C (cell division checkpoint 25 C); disruption of Cdc25C activity results in the inhibition of Cdc25C dephosphorylation of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase complex Cdc2/cyclin B, preventing entry into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle.  
^`G207:  A neuroattenuated, replication-competent, recombinant herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) with potential oncolytic activity. Upon intracerebral administration, oncolytic HSV-1 G207 preferentially replicates within glioma cells, which may elicit tumor-specific systemic immune and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in addition to direct cytopathic effects. Derived from wild-type HSV-1 strain F, this agent has been neuroattenuated by deletions in both copies of the gamma34.5 gene, the major determinant of HSV neurovirulence. In addition, the HSV-1 gene UL39, encoding the viral ribonucleotide reductase large subunit infected cell protein 6 (ICP6), has been inactivated through the insertion of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene. By inactivating UL39, viral ribonucleotide reductase activity is disrupted, resulting in the inhibition of nucleotide metabolism and viral DNA synthesis in nondividing cells but not in dividing cells.  
^`G250 peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing of a synthetic form of the renal cell carcinoma (RCC)-associated antigen G250 with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with G250 peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells positive for the G250 antigen, resulting in decreased tumor growth. Found in the majority of renal cell carcinomas, G250 is a cell surface tumor-associated antigen (TAA) that contains an HLA-A2.1-restricted epitope that is recognized by CTLs.  
^`Ga-68-labeled F(ab') 2- trastuzumab:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of a trastuzumab fragment labeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope gallium Ga 68 with radioisotopic and antibody activities. Upon administration, Ga-68-labeled F(ab')2-trastuzumab may bind to HER2-positive tumor cells, allowing radioimmunolocalization with positron emission tomography (PET). Trastuzumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), overexpressed by many adenocarcinomas, particularly breast adenocarcinomas.  
^`gabapentin:  A synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid with anticonvulsant activity. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, gabapentin appears to inhibit excitatory neuron activity. This agent also exhibits analgesic properties.  
^`Gadavist:  (Other name for~ gadobutrol) 
^`gadobenate dimeglumine:  A gadolinium-based paramagnetic contrast agent. When placed in a magnetic field, gadobenate dimeglumine produces a large magnetic moment and so a large local magnetic field, which can enhance the relaxation rate of nearby protons; as a result, the signal intensity of tissue images observed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be enhanced. Because this agent is preferentially taken up by normal functioning hepatocytes, normal hepatic tissue is enhanced with MRI while tumor tissue is unenhanced. In addition, because gadobenate dimeglumine is excreted in the bile, it may be used to visualize the biliary system using MRI.  
^`gadobutrol:  A gadolinium-based, hydrophilic, macrocyclic, electrically neutral contrast agent used in contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI). Gadobutrol is a non-ionic, paramagnetic complex consisting of gadolinium (Gd3+) chelated with the macrocyclic compound dihydroxy-hydroxymethylpropyl-tetraazacyclododecane-triacetic acid (butrol). Following intravenous administration, gadobutrol may increase MRI sensitivity for the detection of tumors and inflammatory and demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) which are associated with areas with blood-brain barrier defects due to altered perfusion or an enlarged extracellular space. This agent is eliminated in an unchanged form via the kidneys; extra-renal elimination is negligible.  
^`gadodiamide:  A paramagnetic gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA), with imaging activity upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). When placed in a magnetic field, gadodiamide generates a large local magnetic field, which can enhance the relaxation rate of nearby protons. This change in proton relaxation dynamics, iincreases the MRI signal intensity of tissues in which gadodiamide has accumulated; therefore, visualization of those tissues is enhanced.  
^`gadofosveset trisodium:  The trisodium salt form of gadofosveset, an injectable, intravascular, amphiphilic gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) used with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) imaging. Gadofosveset is a stable gadolinium diethylenet triaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) chelate derivative with a diphenylcyclohe xylphosphate group. Upon injection, gadofosveset binds reversibly to endogenous serum albumin which increases its intravascular retention time compared to non-protein binding contrast agents. The serum albumin binding also increases T1-relaxivity of gadofosveset. This produces an increase in signal intensity of blood, thereby enhancing the visualization of blood vessels upon MRA and may aid in the diagnosis of certain blood vessels and heart disorders.  
^`gadolinium-based contrast agent P03277:  A gadolinium-based paramagnetic contrast agent, with potential imaging enhancing activity upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Upon administration of P03277 and placement in a magnetic field, this agent produces a large magnetic moment and creates a large local magnetic field, which can enhance the relaxation rate of nearby protons. This change in proton relaxation dynamics, increases the MRI signal intensity of tissues in which this agent has accumulated; therefore, contrast and visualization of those tissues is enhanced compared to unenhanced MRI.  
^`gadolinium-chelate:  A coordination complex consisting of a gadolinium ion bound to a hexadentate organic chelating agent such as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. Chelates of gadolinium are frequently utilized as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents and can be used to track nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery.  
^`gadopentetate dimeglumine:  A gadolinium complex of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid with ionic paramagnetic properties. Gadopentetate dimeglumine may provide contrast enhancement during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of intracranial lesions with abnormal vascularity or of abnormalities in the blood-brain barrier (BBB).  
^`gadoterate meglumine:  A gadolinium chelate paramagnetic contrast agent. When placed in a magnetic field, gadoterate meglumine produces a large magnetic moment and so a large local magnetic field, which can enhance the relaxation rate of nearby protons; as a result, the signal intensity of tissue images observed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be enhanced. Because this agent is preferentially taken up by normal functioning hepatocytes, normal hepatic tissue is enhanced with MRI while tumor tissue is unenhanced. In addition, because gadobenate dimeglumine is excreted in the bile, it may be used to visualize the biliary system using MRI.  
^`Gadovist:  (Other name for~ gadobutrol) 
^`gadoxetate disodium:  A paramagnetic contrast agent consisting of the disodium salt of the gadolinium ion chelated with the lipophilic moiety ethoxybenzyl (EOB) bound to diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). When placed in a magnetic field, gadolinium produces a large magnetic moment and so a large local magnetic field, which can enhance the relaxation rate of nearby protons; as a result, the signal intensity of tissue images observed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be enhanced. Because this agent is preferentially taken up by normal functioning hepatocytes, normal hepatic tissue is enhanced with MRI while tumor tissue is unenhanced. In addition, because this agent is excreted in the bile, it may be used to visualize the biliary system using MRI.  
^`Gag:267-274 peptide vaccine: A peptide vaccine containing the amino acids 267 through 274 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gag core protein (gag:267-274), with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon vaccination, the immune system may exert a potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the xenoantigen gag:267-274 and produces pro-inflammatory cytokines. The concomitant administration of a cancer peptide vaccine may benefit from an already activated immune system and may augment an immune response against the administered tumor associated antigen(s). Gag: 267-274 peptide is highly immunogenic and may potentially be used as a cancer immunoadjuvant.  
^`galactomannan derivative:  A carbohydrate polymer composed of mannose and galactose, with chemotherapeutic enhancing activity. Galactomannan derivative binds to galectins on cell surfaces and may promote the transport of certain chemotherapeutics, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), into tumor cells. This may increase the antineoplastic effect of 5-FU when administered concomitantly. Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins, upregulated on the surface of certain types of tumor cells, and may mediate cell association, survival and metastasis.  
^`galactose:  A hexose which is almost identical to glucose except that orientation of -H and -OH on carbon 4 are exchanged, making it an epimer at C-4 of glucose (in Fisher projection).  
^`galantamine hydrobromide:  The hydrobromide salt form of galantamine, a tertiary alkaloid obtained synthetically or naturally from the bulbs and flowers of Narcissus and several other genera of the Amaryllidaceae family with anticholinesterase and neurocognitive-enhancing activities. Galantamine competitively and reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, thereby increasing the concentration and enhancing the action of acetylcholine (Ach). In addition, galantamine is a ligand for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which may increase the presynaptic release of Ach and activate postsynaptic receptors. This agent may improve neurocognitive function in mild and moderate Alzheimer' s disease and may reduce abstinence-induced cognitive symptoms that promote smoking relapse. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`galectin inhibitor GR-MD-02:  A carbohydrate-based galectin inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Galectin inhibitor GR-MD-02 binds to the carbohydrate-binding domain of galectins, especially galectin-3, and may result in an induction of apoptosis mediated through activation of both mitochondria and caspases. This may reduce tumor growth in galectin-overexpressing tumor cells. Galectins, often overexpressed on tumor cells, play a key role in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor angiogenesis and evasion of immune responses.  
^`galectin-1 inhibitor OTX008:  A calixarene-based compound and galectin-1 (Gal-1) inhibitor with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, galectin-1 inhibitor OTX008 binds Gal-1 which leads to Gal-1 oxidation and proteosomal degradation through a not yet fully elucidated mechanism, and eventually downregulates Gal-1. This decreases tumor cell growth and inhibits angiogenesis. Gal-1, a multifunctional carbohydrate-binding protein, is often overexpressed on tumor cells and plays a key role in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor angiogenesis and evasion of immune responses.  
^`galeterone: An orally bioavailable small-molecule androgen receptor modulator and CYP17 lyase inhibitor with potential antiandrogen activity. Galeterone exhibits three distinct mechanisms of action:  1) as an androgen receptor antagonist, 2) as a CYP17 lyase inhibitor and 3) by decreasing overall androgen receptor levels in prostate cancer tumors, all of which may result in a decrease in androgen-dependent growth signaling. Localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP17 (P450C17 or CYP17A1) exhibits both 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities, and plays a key role in the steroidogenic pathway that produces progestins, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens.  
^`galiximab:  A humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against CD80, the natural ligand for the T-cell antigen CD28 which mediates T-cell and B-cell adhesion. Galiximab binds to CD80 expressed on the cell surfaces of follicular lymphomas, resulting in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). CD80 is expressed on activated B-cells and gamma-interferon-stimulated monocytes and is often expressed at low levels on the surfaces of follicular lymphoma cells and other lymphoid malignancies.  
^`gallium citrate Ga 67:  The citrate salt of the radioisotope gallium Ga 67. Although the mechanism is unknown, gallium Ga 67 concentrates in lysosomes and is bound to a soluble intracellular protein in certain viable primary and metastatic tumors and focal sites of inflammation, allowing scintigraphic localization. Ga-67 scintigraphy (GS) cannot differentiate between tumor and acute inflammation.  
^`gallium Ga 68 citrate:  A radiopharmaceutical citrate salt form of the positron-emitting radioisotope gallium Ga 68, with potential imaging activity upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of Gallium Ga 68 citrate, the gallium Ga 3+ ion dissociates from the weak citrate chelator. As Ga3+ is very similar to iron (Fe3+) in chemical properties, this ion acts as an iron analogue. Ga3+ binds to the iron-binding protein transferrin, distributes in blood, and enters and accumulates in the extracellular fluid space of inflamed or tumor-bearing tissue. In turn, the Ga3+-transferrin complex binds to transferrin receptors and is taken up by tumor cells. Tumor cells can then be imaged upon PET. Compared to healthy cells, tumor cells have increased iron metabolism and transferrin receptor expression. Increased Ga3+ uptake is seen in inflamed and infected tissues as well.  
^`gallium Ga 68 OPS202:  A radioconjugate consisting of the somatostatin antagonistic peptide OPS202 that is labeled with the positron-emitting radionuclide gallium Ga 68, which may be used as a somatostatin receptor (SSTR) imaging agent in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET) to image neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Gallium Ga 68 OPS202 binds to SSTR subtype 2 present on the cell membranes of many types of NETs. This allows for visualization of SSTR-positive cells upon imaging. SSTR subtypes have been shown to be present in large numbers on NETs and their metastases, while most other normal tissues express low levels of SSTR subtypes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`gallium Ga 68-DOTA-exendin-4:  A radiopharmaceutical composed of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist exendin-4 linked by the macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to the positron-emitting radionuclide gallium Ga 68, with potential use in diagnostic imaging upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of gallium Ga 68-DOTA-exendin-4, the exendin-4 moiety binds to GLP-1R and is subsequently internalized. The radionuclide moiety can be detected using PET and GLP-1R-expressing tumors can be localized. GLP-1R, located on beta cells, is overexpressed on insulinomas, which are insulin-secreting neuroendocrine tumors.  
^`gallium Ga 68-DOTANOC:  A gallium Ga 68-radiolabeled analogue of somatostatin that may be used in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET) to image neuroendocrine tumors and metastases. Gallium Ga 68-DOTANOC is a conjugate of the somatostatin analogue 1-Nal3-octreotide (NOC) and gallium Ga 68-labeled 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). The somatostatin analogue NOC has a high affinity for somatostatin receptor subtypes 2, 3, and 5; these receptor subtypes have been shown to be present in large numbers on neuroendocrine tumors and their metastases, while most other normal tissues express low levels of these somatostatin receptor subtypes.  
^`gallium Ga 68-DOTATATE:  A radioconjugate consisting of the somatostatin analogue tyrosine-3-octreotate (Tyr3-octreotate or TATE) labeled with the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer gallium Ga 68 via the macrocyclic chelating agent dodecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA), which may be used as a somatostatin receptor (SSTR) imaging agent in conjunction with PET to image neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Gallium Ga 68-DOTATATE binds to SSTRs, with a much higher affinity for type 2 SSTR, present on the cell membranes of many types of NETs. This allows for visualization of SSTR-positive cells upon imaging. SSTR subtypes have been shown to be present in large numbers on NETs and their metastases, while most other normal tissues express low levels of SSTR subtypes.  
^`gallium Ga 68-edotreotide:  A radioconjugate consisting of the octreotide derivative edotreotide labeled with gallium 68 (Ga-68) with potential application in somatostatin receptor (SSTR) imaging in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET). Similar to octreotide, gallium Ga 68-edotreotide binds to SSTRs, especially type 2 receptors, present on the cell membranes of many types of neuroendocrine tumor cells and their metastases, thereby allowing for imaging of SSTR-expressing cells upon PET. Gallium Ga 68-edotreotide is produced by substituting tyrosine for phenylalanine at the 3 position of the somatostatin analogue octreotide (Tyr3-octreotide or TOC) and chelating the substituted octreotide to Ga-68 via the macrocyclic chelating agent dodecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`gallium Ga 68-labeled affibody molecule ABY-025: A radioconjugate composed of an optimized affibody conjugated, via its C-terminal cysteine, to maleimide-DOTA, and linked to the radioisotope gallium Ga 68, with potential use as a tracer for human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2; ErbB2)-expressing tumors using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon intravenous administration of the gallium Ga 68-labeled affibody ABY-025, the affibody targets HER2-expressing tumor cells. This facilitates both detection of HER2-expressing tumor cells and assessment of responses to HER2-targeting chemotherapeutic agents during PET imaging. The affibody is an optimized antibody mimetic based on a 6.5-kDa 3-helical bundle Z domain derived from the staphylococcal protein A (Z her2:342); the nonbinding surface of the Z domain is reengineered (Z her2: 2891) to increase binding affinity for HER2 and to improve tumor imaging. HER2 is overexpressed in many cancer cell types.  
^`gallium Ga 68-labeled BNOTA-PRGD2:  A radiopharmaceutical agent comprised of a pegylated arginine-glycine-aspartic acid dimer (PRGD2) labeled with gallium Ga 68, with potential alphaVbeta3 integrin imaging activity upon positron emission topography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). This radiopharmaceutical is prepared by conjugating PRGD2 with chelator S-2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (BNOTA) which is capable of forming a six-coordinate complex with Ga 68. After intravenous administration, gallium Ga 68-labeled BNOTA-PRGD2 binds to alphaVbeta3 integrin on the cell membrane via the cyclic tri-amino acids RGD motif. Upon PET imaging, alphaVbeta3 integrin-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and expression levels can be quantified. Compared to other radiolabeled RGD-containing peptides, this agent shows increased affinity to alphaVbeta3 integrin, enhanced tumor uptake as well as improved pharmacokinetics. alphaVbeta3 integrin is overexpressed on certain tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells while minimally or not expressed on healthy, normal cells and plays a key role in angiogenesis, tumor proliferation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`gallium Ga 68-labeled DOTA Di-HSG peptide IMP-288:  A radiolabeled divalent histamine-succinyl-glycine (HSG) hapten-peptide linked with the macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to the radionuclide gallium (Ga) 68 with potential use in diagnostic imaging. After pretargeting with a bispecific monoclonal antibody (BiMoAB) directed against both a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and the HSG hapten-peptide, the HSG portion of administered gallium Ga 68-labeled di-HSG-DOTA peptide IMP-288 binds the anti-HSG portion of the BiMoAB; Ga-68 radioisotopic activity localized to tumor cells bearing the TAA can then be visualized upon positron emission tomography (PET).  
^`gallium Ga 68-labeled GRPR antagonist BAY86-7548:  A radioconjugate containing a synthetic bombesin receptor antagonist targeting the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), that is linked by the macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to the radionuclide gallium (Ga) 68, with potential use in diagnostic imaging using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration of gallium Ga 68 GRPR antagonist BAY86-7548, the peptide moiety targets and binds to GRPR. Upon PET/CT, GRPR-expressing tumor cells can then be visualized. GRPR, also called bombesin receptor 2 (BB2), is a G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptor belonging to the bombesin receptor family. It is overexpressed in certain types of cancers.  
^`gallium Ga 68-labeled MLN6907:  A radioconjugate containing a monoclonal antibody directed against guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) labeled with the radioisotope gallium Ga 68, with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of MLN6907 selectively binds to GCC, a transmembrane receptor normally found on intestinal cells and dopaminergic neurons in the brain, that is also overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Upon internalization of the agent and PET, tumors expressing GCC can be visualized.  
^`gallium Ga 68-labeled NODAGA-MJ9:  A radiopharmaceutical agent comprised of a peptide targeting the gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) chelated with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7 acetic acid (NODAGA) and radiolabeled with gallium Ga 68, with potential tumor imaging activity upon positron emission tomography (PET). After administration of gallium Ga 68-labeled-NODAGA-MJ9, the MJ9 moiety binds to GRPR located on tumor cells. Upon PET imaging, GRPR-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and expression levels can be quantified. GRPR is overexpressed on certain tumor cells and plays a key role in tumor proliferation and survival.  
^`gallium Ga 68-labeled PSMA ligand Glu-urea-Lys(Ahx):  A radioconjugate composed of a human prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting ligand, Glu-urea-Lys(Ahx) (Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys(Ahx)), conjugated, via the acyclic radiometal chelator N,N'-bis [2-hydroxy-5-(carboxyethyl)benzyl] ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid (HBED-CC), to the radioisotope gallium Ga 68, with potential use as a tracer for PSMA-expressing tumors during positron emission tomography (PET). Upon intravenous administration of the gallium Ga 68-labeled PSMA ligand, the Glu-urea-Lys(Ahx) moiety targets and binds to PSMA-expressing tumor cells. Upon internalization, PSMA-expressing tumor cells can be detected during PET imaging. PSMA, a tumor-associated antigen and type II transmembrane protein, is expressed on the membrane of prostatic epithelial cells and overexpressed on prostate tumor cells.  
^`gallium Ga 68-NEB:  A radiotracer composed of a truncated form of the azo dye Evans blue (EB) conjugated, via a 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N"-triacetic acid (NOTA) linker (NEB), to the radioisotope gallium Ga 68, with potential blood pool imaging activity for use in positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of gallium Ga 68-NEB, the NEB moiety, which has high affinity for serum albumin, targets and forms a complex with albumin. Upon PET, the lymph nodes (LN) and lymphatic vessels as well as other desired tissues can be visualized.  
^`gallium Ga 68-NOTA-Aca-BBN(7-14):  A radioconjugate containing the bombesin (BBN) fragment BBN(7-14) comprised of the amino acid sequence of Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-Met-NH2, which targets the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), bound to aminocaproic acid (Aca), and linked by the macrocyclic chelating agent, 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (NOTA), to the radionuclide gallium (Ga) 68, with potential use in diagnostic imaging using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration of gallium Ga 68-NOTA-Aca-BBN(7-14), the peptide moiety targets and binds to GRPR. Upon PET/CT, GRPR-expressing tumor cells can then be visualized. GRPR, also called bombesin receptor 2 (BB2), is a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor belonging to the bombesin receptor family. It is overexpressed in certain types of cancers.  
^`gallium Ga 68-NOTA-AE105:  A radiotracer composed of AE105, an urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) peptide antagonist, conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (NOTA) and labeled with the radionuclide gallium Ga 68, with potential imaging activity using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the AE105 moiety of gallium Ga 68-NOTA-AE105 targets and binds, with high affinity, to uPAR expressed on tumor cells. Upon PET imaging, uPAR-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and the degree of tumor aggressiveness can be assessed. uPAR expression is correlated with increased tumor invasiveness and aggressiveness, as well as a poor prognosis.  
^`gallium Ga 68-NOTA-BBN-RGD:  A radioconjugate containing the bombesin (BBN) fragment BBN(7-14) comprised of the amino acid sequence Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-Met-NH2, which targets the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), and linked, via a glutamate linker, to the cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence-based peptide cyclo[Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Lys] (c(RGDyK)), which targets integrin alphaVbeta3 (aVb3), and labeled with the radionuclide gallium (Ga) 68 through the macrocyclic chelating agent, 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (NOTA), with potential use in diagnostic imaging using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration of gallium Ga 68-NOTA-BBN(7-14)-RGD, the BBN peptide moiety of the RGD-BBN heterodimer specifically targets and binds to GRPR while the RGD moiety specifically binds to the aVb3. Upon PET/CT, GRPR- and/or aVb3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and expression levels can be quantified. GRPR, also called bombesin receptor 2 (BB2), is a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor belonging to the bombesin receptor family. aVb3, an integrin receptor, plays a key role in angiogenesis, tumor proliferation and survival. Both are overexpressed in certain types of cancers.  
^`gallium Ga 68-NOTA-NFB:  A radioconjugate composed of a derivative of the CXCR4 peptide antagonist T140, in which the N-terminal 4-fluoro-benzoyl group (NFB) is substituted with the chelating agent 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid (NOTA) and radiolabeled with gallium Ga 68, with potential CXCR4 imaging activity during positron emission topography (PET). Upon administration, gallium Ga 68-NOTA-NFB selectively binds to CXCR4 and CXCR4-expressing tumor cells can then be visualized upon PET imaging. CXCR4, a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene family, plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis, and is upregulated in several tumor cell types. CXCR4 expression is correlated with tumor aggressiveness and high metastatic potential. Unmodified T140 binds non-specifically to red blood cells (RBCs); replacing the fluoro-benzoyl group with NOTA (NOTA-NFB) prevents the RBC binding almost entirely, while only minimally reducing the binding to CXCR4-positive tumor cells.  
^`gallium Ga 68-RGD:  A radiopharmaceutical agent comprised of a cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp/RGD) peptide labeled with gallium Ga 68, with potential alphaVbeta3 integrin (avb3) imaging activity during positron emission topography (PET). After intravenous administration, gallium Ga 68-RGD selectively binds to avb3 on the cell membrane via the cyclic RGD motif. Upon PET imaging, avb3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and their expression levels can be quantified. avb3, a member of the integrin receptor family, is overexpressed on certain tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells while minimally or not expressed on healthy, normal cells; it plays a key role in angiogenesis, tumor proliferation and survival.  
^`gallium nitrate:  A hydrated nitrate salt of the group IIIa element gallium with potential use in the treatment of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. Gallium nitrate localizes preferentially to areas of bone resorption and remodeling and inhibits osteoclast-mediated resorption by enhancing hydroxyapatite crystallization and reduction of bone mineral solubility. This agent also increases calcium and phosphorous deposition into bone and may increase collagen synthesis.  
^`GalNAc-Anti-C5 siRNA ALN-CC5:  A proprietary formulation composed of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against terminal complement component 5 (C5) of the complement pathway conjugated to a N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand, which has potential use in the treatment of complement-mediated diseases, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Upon subcutaneous administration of ALN-CC5, the GalNAc ligand moiety specifically binds to and is taken up by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) expressed on hepatocytes. Inside the cell, the siRNAs bind to C5 mRNAs, which results in the inhibition of both the translation and expression of the C5 protein. This lowers plasma C5 levels, prevents C5 cleavage into pro-inflammatory components and blocks complement-mediated hemolysis. C5, a complement pathway protein, is expressed at high levels by the liver.  
^`galunisertib:  An orally available, small molecule antagonist of the tyrosine kinase transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b) receptor type 1 (TGFBR1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, galunisertib specifically targets and binds to the kinase domain of TGFBR1, thereby preventing the activation of TGF-b-mediated signaling pathways. This may inhibit the proliferation of TGF-b-overexpressing tumor cells. Dysregulation of the TGF-b signaling pathway is seen in a number of cancers and is associated with increased cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor progression.  
^`gamboge resin extract TSB-9-W1:  An orally bioavailable extract from the yellow to brown gum-resin of the gamboge tree (genus Garcinia) belonging to the Clusiaceae (or Guttiferae) family, with potential anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Gamboge resin extract TSB-9-W1 contains various active ingredients, including gambogic acid, formoxanthone A, betulin, betulinic acid, morellic acid, isomorellic acid, isogambogic acid, isomorellinol and desoxymorellin. Upon oral administration, the various active components of the gamboge resin extract TSB-9-W1 may bind to and inhibit the activity of a variety of cancer-related proteins, may induce apoptosis, and may exert cytotoxic activity on tumor cells, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. TSB-9 is derived from TSB-14, which is the acetone-extract of gamboge resin, and pulverized into powder form; TSB-9 is 90% extract and 10% brown sugar. TSB-9-W1 is a milled form of TSB-9 with a particle size of 5 micrometers.  
^`Gamimune N:  (Other name for~ therapeutic immune globulin) 
^`gamma secretase inhibitor PF-03084014:  A selective gamma secretase (GS) inhibitor with potential antitumor activity. Gamma secretase inhibitor PF-03084014 binds to GS, blocking proteolytic activation of Notch receptors; Notch signaling pathway inhibition may follow, which may result in the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress Notch. The integral membrane protein GS is a multi-subunit protease complex that cleaves single-pass transmembrane proteins, such as Notch receptors, at residues within their transmembrane domains. Overexpression of the Notch signaling pathway has been correlated with increased tumor cell growth and survival.  
^`gamma-delta tocotrienol:  An orally available nutritional supplement containing the gamma and delta forms of the vitamin E family member tocotrienol, with hypocholesterolemic, antithrombotic, antioxidant, and potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, gamma-delta tocotrienol accumulates in cancer cells and may exert their anti-cancer activity in part through 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase downregulation and/or degradation, cell cycle arrest, and induction of caspase-mediated apoptosis. In addition, this agent may inhibit angiogenesis partially through the blockage of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and the inhibition of tumor cell-induced vessel formation. Altogether, this may result in the inhibition of tumor cell growth. Further, this agent prevents free radical formation and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Tocotrienols contain 3 double bonds, absent in tocopherols, on its farnesyl isoprenoid side chain that likely contribute to its anti-cancer activities.  
^`Gammagard S/D:  (Other name for~ therapeutic immune globulin) 
^`Gammar-P:  (Other name for~ therapeutic immune globulin) 
^`gamma-secretase/Notch signalling pathway inhibitor RO4929097:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule gamma secretase (GS) inhibitor with potential antitumor activity. Gamma secretase inhibitor RO4929097 binds to GS and blocks activation of Notch receptors, which may inhibit tumor cell proliferation. The integral membrane protein GS is a multi-subunit protease complex that cleaves single-pass transmembrane proteins, such as Notch receptors, at residues within their transmembrane domains. Overexpression of the Notch signaling pathway has been correlated with increased tumor cell growth.  
^`gamma-tocopherol:  The orally bioavailable gamma form of the naturally-occurring fat-soluble vitamin E, found in certain nuts and seeds, with potential antioxidant activity. Although the exact mechanism of action of this tocopherol has yet to be fully identified, gamma-tocopherol appears to have the ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby protecting against oxidative damage.  
^`ganciclovir:  A synthetic guanine derivative with antiviral activity. As the active metabolite of ganciclovir, ganciclovir-5-triphosphate (ganciclovir-TP) appears to inhibit viral DNA synthesis by competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerases and incorporation into viral DNA, resulting in eventual termination of viral DNA elongation.  
^`gandotinib:  An orally bioavailable imidazopyridazine and inhibitor of Janus kinase 2 mutant V617F (JAK2V617F), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, gandotinib selectively and competitively inhibits the activation of JAK2V617F, which may result in the inhibition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and the induction of apoptosis in JAK2V617F-expressing tumor cells. JAK2V617F has a substitution of phenylalanine for valine at amino acid position 617 and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`ganetespib:  A synthetic small-molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) with potential antineoplastic activity. Ganetespib binds to and inhibits Hsp90, resulting in the proteasomal degradation of oncogenic client proteins, the inhibition of cell proliferation and the elevation of heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72); it may inhibit the activity of multiple kinases, such as c-Kit, EGFR, and Bcr-Abl, which as client proteins depend on functional HsP90 for maintenance. Hsp90, a 90 kDa molecular chaperone upregulated in a variety of tumor cells, plays a key role in the conformational maturation, stability and function of "client" proteins within the cell, many of which are involved in signal transduction, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, including kinases, transcription factors and hormone receptors. Hsp72 exhibits anti-apoptotic functions; its up-regulation may be used as a surrogate marker for Hsp90 inhibition.  
^`Ganite:  (Other name for~ gallium nitrate) 
^`ganitumab:  A recombinant, fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Ganitumab binds to membrane-bound IGF-1R, preventing binding of the ligand IGF-1 and the subsequent triggering of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; inhibition of this survival signaling pathway may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. IGF-1R is a tyrosine kinase and a member of the insulin receptor family. IGF-1R activation stimulates cell proliferation, enables oncogenic transformation, and suppresses apoptosis; IGF-1R signaling has been highly implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis.  
^`Gardasil:  (Other name for~ quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine) 
^`Gardasil 9:  (Other name for~ recombinant human papillomavirus nonavalent vaccine) 
^`garlic:  A bulbous herb isolated from the plant Allium sativum with potential antineoplastic activity. Garlic contains a number of different organosulfur compounds, some of which have displayed antineoplastic activity.  
^`GarliPure Maximum Allicin:  (Other name for~ garlic) 
^`Gastrimmune:  (Other name for~ gastrin immunotoxin) 
^`gastrin immunotoxin:  An immunotoxin containing an epitope of human gastrin conjugated to diphtheria toxin, with antineoplastic activity. The gastrin epitope in this vaccine is chemically identical or similar to the endogenous gastrin-17 (G-17), a 17-amino acid peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the stomach. Diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis via modifying translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2). Vaccination with this immunotoxin may elicit production of antibodies against gastrinoma cells overexpressing gastrin, in addition to the toxic effects on protein synthesis exerted by the diphtheria toxin moiety.  
^`GastroMARK:  (Other name for~ ferumoxsil oral suspension) 
^`gataparsen sodium:  A second-generation antisense oligonucleotide directed against survivin mRNA with potential antitumor activity. Gataparsen sodium hybridizes to survivin mRNA, thereby blocking translation of survivin protein, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. Silencing the expression of survivin may result in the restoration of the apoptotic process in tumor cells, facilitating chemotherapeutic treatment. Survivin, expressed during embryonal development, is upregulated in a variety of human cancers while absent in most normal adult cells; its expression in tumors is associated with a more aggressive phenotype, shorter survival times, and a decreased response to chemotherapy.  
^`gavilimomab:  A murine IgM monoclonal antibody (MoAb) developed for the potential treatment of graft versus host disease (GvHD). Gavilimomab recognizes human CD147 antigen, weakly expressed on human leukocytes and up-regulated on activated lymphocytes. This MoAb is capable of neutralizing inflammatory reactions via a complement-dependent cytotoxic mechanism. However, gavilimomab does not offer an improvement over antithymocyte globulin in the treatment of acute steroid resistant GVHD.  
^`gavinostat:  An orally bioavailable hydroxymate inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) with potential anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and antineoplastic activities. Gavinostat inhibits class I and class II HDACs, resulting in an accumulation of highly acetylated histones, followed by the induction of chromatin remodeling and an altered pattern of gene expression. At low, nonapoptotic concentrations, this agent inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and interferon-gamma. HDAC inhibitor ITF2357 has also been shown to activate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, inducing apoptosis in hepatoma cells and leukemic cells. This agent may also exhibit anti-angiogenic activity, inhibiting the production of angiogenic factors such as IL-6 and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) by bone marrow stromal cells.  
^`Gazyva:  (Other name for~ obinutuzumab) 
^`GD2 lactone/GD3 lactone-KLH conjugate bivalent vaccine:  A cancer vaccine, containing epitopes of the gangliosides GD2 and GD3 conjugated with the immunostimulant keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with GD2 lactone/GD3 lactone-KLH conjugate bivalent vaccine may elicit antibodies against tumor cells expressing either epitope, resulting in complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Located primarily in the nervous system, gangliosides, such as GD2 and GD3, are cell membrane components involved in cellular recognition and cell-cell communication.  
^`GD2-CAR-expressing autologous T-lymphocytes:  Genetically modified, autologous T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a 14g2a.zeta chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) directed against the disialoganglioside GD2, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, the activated T-lymphocytes target the GD2 antigen on tumor cells and selectively kill those cells. The tumor-associated antigen GD2 is overexpressed on the surface of almost all tumors of neuroectodermal origin.  
^`gedatolisib:  An agent targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, gedatolisib inhibits both PI3K and mTOR kinases, which may result in apoptosis and growth inhibition of cancer cells overexpressing PI3K/mTOR. Activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase downstream of PI3K, may also be activated independent of PI3K.  
^`gefitinib:  An anilinoquinazoline with antineoplastic activity. Gefitinib inhibits the catalytic activity of numerous tyrosine kinases including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which may result in inhibition of tyrosine kinase-dependent tumor growth. Specifically, this agent competes with the binding of ATP to the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR, thereby inhibiting receptor autophosphorylation and resulting in inhibition of signal transduction. Gefitinib may also induce cell cycle arrest and inhibit angiogenesis.  
^`Gelclair:  (Other name for~ polyvinylpyrrolidone-sodium hyaluronate gel) 
^`Gelfoam:  (Other name for~ absorbable gelatin sponge) 
^`GEM640:  (Other name for~ AEG35156) 
^`gemcitabine 5'-elaidic acid ester:  A lipophilic, unsaturated fatty acid ester derivative of gemcitabine (dFdC), an antimetabolite deoxynucleoside analogue, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon hydrolysis intracellularly by esterases, the prodrug gemcitabine is converted into the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine di- and tri-phosphate (dFdCDP and dFdCTP) by deoxycytidine kinase. dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA synthesis; dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA, resulting in DNA strand termination and apoptosis. Due to its lipophilicity, gemcitabine 5'-elaidic acid ester exhibits an increased cellular uptake and accumulation, resulting in an increased conversion to active metabolites, compared to gemcitabine. In addition, this formulation of gemcitabine may be less susceptible to deamination and deactivation by deoxycytidine deaminase.  
^`gemcitabine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of an analogue of the antimetabolite nucleoside deoxycytidine with antineoplastic activity. Gemcitabine is converted intracellularly to the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine di- and triphosphate (dFdCDP, dFdCTP). dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA synthesis; dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA, resulting in DNA strand termination and apoptosis.  
^`gemcitabine hydrochloride emulsion:  An orally available nanoparticle-based formulation containing the hydrochloride salt form of gemcitabine, a broad-spectrum antimetabolite and deoxycytidine analogue, with antineoplastic activity. The formulation consists of an oil-in-water emulsion in which gemicitabine is solubilized in the excipient matrix containing a mixture of oil and (co)surfactants. Upon oral administration, gemcitabine is converted into the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine diphosphate (dFdCDP) and difluorodeoxycytidine triphosphate (dFdCTP) by deoxycytidine kinase. dFdCTP competes with deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) and is incorporated into DNA, resulting in premature termination of DNA replication and the induction of apoptosis. Further, dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and reduces the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA synthesis. Compared to gemcitabine alone, the emulsion allows for increased oral bioavailability and decreases its susceptibility to deamination and deactivation by cytidine deaminase.  
^`gemcitabine prodrug LY2334737:  An orally available valproic acid ester of gemcitabine, a broad-spectrum antimetabolite with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, gemcitabine prodrug LY2334737 is hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) and releases gemcitabine systemically over a period of time consistent with formation rate-limited kinetics. In turn, gemcitabine is converted into the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine diphosphate and triphosphate (dFdCDP and dFdCTP) by deoxycytidine kinase. dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA replication; dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA, resulting in premature termination of DNA replication and eventually the induction of apoptosis. Compared to gemcitabine, this prodrug is able to avoid hydrolysis in enterocytes and the portal circulation thus avoiding first pass metabolism and increasing systemic gemcitabine availability. In addition, the slow release of gemcitabine may enhance efficacy while lowering toxicity. CES2, a serine ester hydrolase, is expressed in certain tumors which may allow for increased conversion of gemcitabine at the tumor site, thus increasing cytotoxicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`gemcitabine-cisplatin regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of gemcitabine hydrochloride and cisplatin used in the treatment of advanced-stage non-small cell lung, advanced-stage bladder, advanced-stage cervical, pancreatic, and epithelial ovarian cancers; this regimen is also used in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`gemcitabine-erlotinib regimen:  A first-line chemotherapy regimen consisting of gemcitabine and erlotinib used for the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`gemcitabine-oxaliplatin regimen:  A regimen consisting of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin used for the treatment of biliary adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular cancer, and testicular cancer. This regimen is currently being studied in a variety of other cancers. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`gemcitabine-phosphoramidate NUC-1031: A pyrimidine analogue and a proprietary prodrug based on an aryloxy phosphoramidate derivative of gemcitabine with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration and cellular uptake, NUC-1031 is converted into the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine di- and triphosphate (dFdCDP, dFdCTP). dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA replication; dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA, resulting in premature termination of DNA replication and eventually induction of apoptosis. With the phosphoramidate moiety on the gemcitabine monophosphate group, NUC-1031 has improved properties over its parent molecule:  1) is more lipophilic and accumulates in cancer cells by passive diffusion and does not require a nucleoside transporter, 2) as the agent is delivered in the monophosphate form, the first phosphorylation step by deoxycytidine kinase is not required, 3) this agent is not susceptible to deactivation by cytidine deaminase cleavage of the monophosphorylated form. Altogether, this may help overcome resistance to gemcitabine.  
^`gemfibrozil:  A fibric acid derivative with hypolipidemic effects. Gemfibrozil interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARalpha) resulting in PPARalpha-mediated stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and an increase in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) synthesis. This enhances triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance and reduces the expression of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III). The reduction in hepatic production of apoC-III results in subsequent reduction of serum levels of very-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). In addition, gemfibrozil-mediated PPARalpha stimulation of apoA-I and apoA-II expression results in an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).  
^`gemigliptin:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic and potential renoprotective activities. Upon administration, gemigliptin binds to DPP-4 and inhibits the breakdown of the incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). This prolongs incretin activity, increases postprandial insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, decreases glucagon secretion, delays gastric emptying and lowers blood glucose levels. In addition, gemigliptin exerts a renoprotective effect, probably through enhanced GLP-1 signaling, may prevent apoptosis and acute kidney injury induced by nephrotoxic agents, and may protect against diabetic nephropathy.  
^`gemtuzumab ozogamicin:  A recombinant, humanized anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody attached to the cytotoxic antitumor antibiotic calicheamicin. In this conjugate, the antibody binds to and is internalized by tumor cells expressing CD33 antigen (a sialic acid-dependent glycoprotein commonly found on the surface of leukemic blasts), thereby delivering the attached calicheamicin to CD33-expressing tumor cells. Calicheamicin binds to the minor groove of DNA, causing double strand DNA breaks and resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis.  
^`Gemzar:  (Other name for~ gemcitabine hydrochloride) 
^`Genasense:  (Other name for~ oblimersen sodium) 
^`Gencept:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) 
^`genetically engineered HSV-1 expressing IL-12:  A genetically engineered, replication selective, infected cell protein (ICP) 34.5 gene-deleted, oncolytic human simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) expressing the human immunostimulating cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intratumoral administration of HSV-1 expressing IL-12, the IL-12-expressing HSV-1 preferentially infects and replicates in tumor cells of neuronal origin causing viral-mediated tumor cell lysis. The released virus particles, in turn, infect and replicate in neighboring tumor cells. In addition, the IL-12-expressing HSV-1 promotes the secretion of IL-12 by the tumor cells. IL-12 promotes the activation of natural killer cells, which induces both the secretion of interferon-gamma and a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the tumor cells. This results in both immune-mediated tumor cell death and further inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Deletion of the gene encoding for ICP34.5 imparts tumor selectivity by preventing replication in healthy cells.  
^`genetically-modified MAGE-A3-expressing MG1 Maraba virus vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of the attenuated, genetically-modified, oncolytic form of the Maraba virus, MG1, which has been engineered to express a gene encoding the cancer testis antigen melanoma antigen family A3 (MAGE-A3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of genetically-modified MAGE-A3-expressing MG1 Maraba virus vaccine, the attenuated Maraba virus selectively and rapidly replicates in cancer cells; however, it is unable to replicate in normal, healthy cells. This induces a selective Maraba virus-mediated cytotoxicity in those cancer cells, and leads to cancer cell lysis. In addition, the expression of MAGE-A3 further stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing MAGE-A3. The tumor-associated antigen MAGE-A3 is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types. The attenuated virus is a double mutant strain with single amino acid substitutions occurring in both G protein (Q242R) and M protein (L123W).  
^`Genexol-PM:  (Other name for~ paclitaxel-loaded polymeric micelle) 
^`Gengraf:  (Other name for~ cyclosporine) 
^`genistein:  A soy-derived isoflavone and phytoestrogen with antineoplastic activity. Genistein binds to and inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase, thereby disrupting signal transduction and inducing cell differentiation. This agent also inhibits topoisomerase-II, leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, and induces G2/M cell cycle arrest. Genistein exhibits antioxidant, antiangiogenic, and immunosuppressive activities.  
^`Genotropin:  (Other name for~ somatotropin) 
^`Gesterol 100:  (Other name for~ therapeutic progesterone) 
^`ghrelin peptide analogue:  A ghrelin peptide analogue with potential anti-cachexia activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, ghrelin peptide analogue binds to and stimulates the G protein-coupled growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the appetite-stimulating and growth hormone-releasing effects of endogenous ghrelin. Stimulation of GHSR may also reduce the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and interleukin-6, which may play direct roles in cancer-related loss of appetite. Ghrelin, naturally secreted by gastric endocrine cells, is a 28 amino acid peptide and an endogenous ligand for GHSR.  
^`GI-4000 vaccine:  A vaccine containing a heat-killed recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast transfected with mutated forms of Ras, an oncogene frequently found in solid tumors, with potential immunostimulant and antitumor activity. Upon administration, GI-4000 vaccine elicits an immune response by stimulating a specific cytotoxic T-cell response against the mutated forms of Ras. This may lead to a destruction of cancer cells expressing a Ras mutation.  
^`Gilotrif:  (Other name for~ afatinib dimaleate) 
^`gilteritinib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3, STK1, or FLK2), AXL (UFO or JTK11) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK or CD246), with potential antineoplastic activity. Gilteritinib binds to and inhibits both the wild-type and mutated forms of FLT3, AXL and ALK. This may result in an inhibition of FLT3, AXL, and ALK-mediated signal transduction pathways and reduction of tumor cell proliferation in cancer cell types that overexpress these RTKs. FLT3, AXL and ALK, overexpressed or mutated in a variety of cancer cell types, play a key role in tumor cell growth and survival.  
^`gimatecan:  An orally bioavailable, semi-synthetic lipophilic analogue of camptothecin, a quinoline alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminate, with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. Gimatecan binds to and inhibits the activity of topoisomerase I, stabilizing the cleavable complex of topoisomerase I-DNA, which inhibits the religation of single-stranded DNA breaks generated by topoisomerase I; lethal double-stranded DNA breaks occur when the topoisomerase I-DNA complex is encountered by the DNA replication machinery, DNA replication is disrupted, and the tumor cell undergoes apoptosis. Although the mechanism of its antiangiogenic activity has yet to be full elucidated, this agent may inhibit endothelial cell migration, tumor neovascularization, and the expression of proangiogenic basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF).  
^`gimeracil:  A pyridine derivative with antitumor activity. Gimeracil enhances the antitumor activity of fluoropyrimidines by competitively and reversibly inhibiting the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase causing decreased degradation of the fluoropyrimidines.  
^`ginger extract:  An extract of the rhizome of the perennial plant Zingiber officinale with potential antineoplastic activity. Ginger extract contains a number of different phenolic compounds, some of which have displayed antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This agent also exhibits antiemetic properties.  
^`ginseng compound:  A compound containing the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) ginseng, a herb belonging to the Araliaceae family, with potential antioxidant, chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the ginseng compound, the active ingredients, mainly ginsenosides, inhibit various signal transduction pathways that play key roles in carcinogenesis and inflammation. This leads to the induction of apoptosis in and inhibits proliferation of tumor cells. In addition, ginsenosides enhance the activity of various antioxidant enzymes, induce nitric oxide (NO) formation, inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protect against free radical-induced DNA damage. Ginseng also modulates various components of the immune system, including the activation of dendritic cells (DCs).  
^`girentuximab:  A chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against G250, a cell surface antigen found in the majority of renal cell carcinomas. Following binding, girentuximab may be internalized by G250 antigen-expressing renal carcinoma cells; mAb G250 may be useful as a carrier for radioisotopes and other antineoplastic therapeutic agents.  
^`GITR agonist MEDI1873:  An agonist of human glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 18; TNFRSF18; GITR), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, GITR agonist MEDI1873 binds to GITR found on multiple types of T-cells, thereby inducing both the activation and proliferation of tumor antigen-specific T effector cells. This abrogates the suppression of T effector cells which is induced by inappropriately activated T regulatory cells (Tregs), and activates the immune system to help eradicate tumor cells. GITR, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is expressed on the surface of multiple types of immune cells, including regulatory T cells, effector T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells.  
^`GITRL RNA-transfected autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  An autologous dendritic cell (DC) cancer vaccine with potential immunostimulatory activity. GITRL RNA-transfected autologous DC vaccine is prepared by transfecting DCs with RNAs encoding tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 18 (TNFSF18 or GlTRL); expression of GlTRL results in modulating T lymphocyte survival in peripheral tissues. Co-vaccination of this vaccine with melanoma antigen specific vaccine may eliminate the adverse effects associated with systemic administration of immune modulators, while also enhancing vaccine-induced immune responses.  
^`Gleevec:  (Other name for~ imatinib mesylate) 
^`glembatumumab vedotin:  An antibody-drug conjugate, consisting of the fully human monoclonal antibody CR011 directed against glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB) and conjugated via a cathepsin B-sensitive valine-citrulline (vc) linkage to the cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the monoclonal antibody CR011 moiety binds to glycoprotein nmb (GPNMB), expressed on the surfaces of a variety of cancer cell types; upon endocytosis, the synthetic dolastin analogue MMAE is released via enzymatic cleavage into the tumor cell cytosol, where it binds to tubulin and inhibits tubulin polymerization, which may result in G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. The vc linkage system is highly stable in serum, rendering the cytotoxicity of glembatumumab vedotin specific for GPNMB-positive cells. GPNMB is a transmembrane protein overexpressed on the surfaces of various cancer cell types, including melanoma, breast, and prostate cancer cells.  
^`Gleostine:  (Other name for~ lomustine) 
^`Gliadel:  (Other name for~ polifeprosan 20 with carmustine implant) 
^`Gliadel wafer:  (Other name for~ polifeprosan 20 with carmustine implant) 
^`gliclazide:  A short-acting, relatively high-potency, second-generation sulfonylurea compound with hypoglycemic activity. Gliclazide also increases peripheral insulin sensitivity. This agent is metabolized by CYP2C9.  
^`glimepiride:  A long-acting, third-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Compared to other generations of sulfonylurea compounds, glimepiride is very potent and has a longer duration of action. This agent is metabolized by CYP2C9 and shows peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonistic activity.  
^`glioblastoma cancer vaccine ERC1671:  A cancer vaccine composed of a combination of autologous glioblastoma (GBM) tumor cells, allogeneic GBM tumor cells, generated from three different GBM donor cancer patients, and the lysates of all of these cells, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intradermal administration of GBM cancer vaccine ERC1671, the mixture of the autologous and allogeneic cells and lysates stimulates the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against GBM-associated antigens, which leads to the destruction of glioblastoma cells.  
^`glioblastoma multiforme multipeptide vaccine IMA950: A cancer vaccine comprising 11 peptides associated with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with glioblastoma multiforme multi-antigen vaccine IMA950 stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response as well as a T-helper (Th) immune response against tumor cells expressing these peptides, potentially resulting in decreased tumor growth of GBM. Peptides in IMA950 comprise the following:  brevican (BCAN); chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4); fatty acid binding protein 7, brain (FABP7); insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3); neuroligin 4, X-linked (NLGN4X); neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NRCAM); protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type, Z polypeptide 1 ( PTPRZ1); tenascin C (TNC); Met proto-oncogene (MET); baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5); and hepatitis B virus core antigen.  
^`glioma-associated antigen peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of autologous dendritic cells pulsed with synthetic glioma-associated antigen (GAA) peptides with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, this vaccine may stimulate anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against GAA peptide-expressing glioma cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`glioma-associated peptide-loaded dendritic cell vaccine SL-701:  A cell-based cancer vaccine comprised of dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with various synthetic glioma-associated antigen (GAA) peptides, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, the glioma-associated peptide-loaded DC vaccine SL-701 exposes the immune system to various GAA peptides. This may stimulate both anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against the GAA-expressing glioma cells, which may result in tumor cell lysis.  
^`glipizide:  A short-acting, second-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Glipizide is rapidly absorbed, has a very quick onset of action and a short half-life. This agent is extensively metabolized in the liver and the metabolites as well as the unchanged form are excreted in the urine.  
^`gliquidone:  A potent, second-generation sulfonylurea with antihyperglycemic activity. Like other second-generation compounds, gliquidone exerts greater binding affinity to SUR1 and increased potency compared to first-generation compounds. In addition, this agent exerts peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonistic activity.  
^`glisoxepide:  A second-generation sulfonylurea with antihyperglycemic activity. Like other second-generation compounds, glisoxepide exerts greater binding affinity than the first-generation compounds. Glisoxepide shows peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonistic activity, has a short half-life and is excreted in both the bile and urine.  
^`Globo H-DT vaccine OBI-833:  A carbohydrate-based vaccine comprised of the Globo H hexasaccharide 1 (Globo H) antigen conjugated to DT-CRM197, a non-toxic, mutated form of diphtheria toxin (DT), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of Globo H-DT vaccine OBI-833, the carbohydrate antigen Globo H may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against Globo H-expressing tumor cells, thereby decreasing tumor cell proliferation. The hexasaccharide Globo H is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) commonly found on a variety of tumor cells. DT-CRM197 is used to increase the immunogenicity of the Globo H carbohydrate antigen.  
^`Globo H-KLH immunostimulant OPT-822:  A carbohydrate-based immunostimulant comprised of the Globo H hexasaccharide 1 (Globo H) epitope linked to the immunostimulant carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of Globo H-KLH immunostimulant OPT-822, the carbohydrate antigen Globo H may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against Globo H-expressing tumor cells, thereby decreasing tumor cell proliferation. Globo H is a tumor associated antigen (TAA) commonly found on a variety of tumor cells including breast cancer cells. KLH improves antigenic immune recognition and T-cell responses. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Globo-H-GM2-Lewis-y-MUC1-32(aa)-sTn(c)-TF(c)-Tn(c)-KLH conjugate vaccine:  A heptavalent vaccine consisting of the tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens globohexaosylceramide (globo-H), GM2, Lewis-y, MUC1-32(aa), sTn(c), TF(c), and Tn(c) conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), an immunomodulator. This vaccine may induce the production of IgG and IgM antibodies and an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumors expressing these antigens.  
^`globulin component macrophage-activating factor:  A recombinant form of GC (group-specific component) protein-derived macrophage-activating factor (GC-MAF) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, globulin component macrophage-activating factor is able to stimulate macrophages to kill cancer cells, inhibit angiogenesis and stimulate the immune system. This decreases tumor cell proliferation. GC, also known as vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), is converted to GC-MAF by enzymes located in the membrane of B- and T-lymphocytes. However, deglycosylated GC protein cannot be converted to GC-MAF. Endogenous GC-MAF is often not activated in patients with cancer due to an increased activity of nagalase (also called alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase), an enzyme secreted by cancer cells that mediates the deglycosylation of GC; thus preventing macrophage activation and immunosuppression.  
^`glucarpidase:  A zinc-dependent enzyme isolated from a strain of the bacterium Pseudomonas. Because glucarpidase rapidly hydrolyzes methotrexate into inactive metabolites, it may be useful as a rescue agent for methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity. In antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), this agent is conjugated with an antibody that binds to a specific tumor cell type, allowing for glucarpidase-catalyzed activation of a co-administered prodrug at the site of the tumor.  
^`Glucidex:  (Other name for~ maltodextrin) 
^`glucocorticoid receptor antagonist CORT125134:  An orally available antagonist of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, CORT125134 competitively binds to and blocks GRs. This inhibits the activity of GRs, and prevents both the translocation of the ligand-GR complexes to the nucleus and gene expression of GR-associated genes. This decreases the negative effects that result from excess levels of endogenous glucocorticoids, like those seen when tumors overproduce glucocorticoids. In addition, by binding to GRs and preventing their activity, inhibition with CORT125134 also inhibits the proliferation of GR-overexpressing cancer cells. GRs are overexpressed in certain tumor cell types and promote tumor cell proliferation.  
^`Glucodry:  (Other name for~ maltodextrin) 
^`Glucophage:  (Other name for~ metformin hydrochloride) 
^`Glucophage XR:  (Other name for~ metformin hydrochloride) 
^`glucosamine sulfate/chondroitin sulfate tablet:  An oral tablet formulation of a dietary supplement containing the sulfate salts of the amino sugar glucosamine and the glucosaminoglycan chondroitin with potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic activities. Both glucosamine and chondroitin are naturally occurring substances that play a key role in cartilage formation and repair. Glucosamine is an essential substrate for glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid, needed for formation of the joint proteoglycan structural matrix, and may prevent chondrocytic catabolic activity and inhibit production of inflammatory mediators. Chondroitin is the major glycosaminoglycan in cartilage, responsible for the elasticity of cartilage; it may reduce the IL-1beta-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) translocation in chondrocytes, inhibiting NF-kB-mediated inflammatory processes.  
^`Glucotrol:  (Other name for~ glipizide) 
^`glucuronic acid:  A carboxylic acid with structural similarity to glucose with detoxifying activity. The xenobiotic metabolism of various substances such as drugs, pollutants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, fatty acid derivatives, retinoids, and bile acids involves glucuronidation, a process in which water-soluble, excretable glucuronides of these substances are formed via glycosidic linkages to glucuronic acid. UDP-glucuronic acid, formed in the liver through the linkage of glucuronic acid to uridine diphosphate (UDP) via a glycosidic bond, is an intermediate in the process of glucuronidation.  
^`Glumetza:  (Other name for~ metformin hydrochloride) 
^`glutaminase inhibitor CB-839:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of glutaminase, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, CB-839 selectively and irreversibly inhibits glutaminase, a mitochondrial enzyme that is essential for the conversion of the amino acid glutamine into glutamate. By blocking glutamine utilization, proliferation in rapidly growing cells is impaired. Glutamine-dependent tumors rely on the conversion of exogenous glutamine into glutamate and glutamate metabolites to both provide energy and generate building blocks for the production of macromolecules, which are needed for cellular growth and survival.  
^`glutamine:  A nonessential amino acid. Glutamine can donate the ammonia on its side chain to the formation of urea (for eventual excretion by the kidneys) and to purines (necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids). Glutamic acid-to-glutamine conversion, in which an ammonia group is added to glutamic acid (catalyzed by glutamine synthase), is of central importance in the regulation of toxic levels of ammonia in the body. This agent is a substrate for the production of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (glutamate and GABA) and is also an important source of energy for the nervous system. Glutamine may become a conditionally essential amino acid during certain catabolic states.  
^`Glutapak-10:  (Other name for~ glutamine) 
^`GlutaSolve:  (Other name for~ glutamine) 
^`Glutasolve Resource:  (Other name for~ glutamine) 
^`glutathione:  A tripeptide comprised of three amino acids (cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine) present in most mammalian tissue. Glutathione acts as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger and a detoxifying agent. Glutathione is also important as a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, in the uptake of amino acids, and in the synthesis of leukotrienes. As a substrate for glutathione S-transferase, this agent reacts with a number of harmful chemical species, such as halides, epoxides and free radicals, to form harmless inactive products. In erythrocytes, these reactions prevent oxidative damage through the reduction of methemoglobin and peroxides. Glutathione is also involved in the formation and maintenance of disulfide bonds in proteins and in the transport of amino acids across cell membranes.  
^`glutathione disulfide NOV-002: A stabilized formulation of disodium glutathione disulfide (GSSG; oxidized glutathione) and cisplatin (1000: 1) with potential chemoprotective and immunomodulating activities. Mimicking endogenous GSSG, glutathione disulfide NOV-002 acts as a competitive substrate for gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT), which may result in the S-glutathionylation of proteins, predominantly actin, a redox stress on endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and ER stress-induced apoptosis; S-glutathionylation may be stimulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) liberated by a glutathione disulfide NOV-002-induced increase in GGT activity. Glutathione disulfide NOV-002 may also induce phosphorylation of proteins such as ERK and p38, two kinases that play critical regulatory roles in cell proliferation and apoptosis. The cisplatin component of this agent does not provide an effective therapeutic concentration of cisplatin in vivo.  
^`glutathione pegylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride formulation 2B3-101:  A glutathione (GSH) pegylated, liposome-encapsulated preparation of the hydrochloride salt form of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin, with potential anetineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the glutathione pegylated liposomal formulation 2B3-101 specifically delivers doxorubicin into the brain. Doxorubicin intercalates between DNA base pairs and interferes with topoisomerase II activity, which inhibits both DNA replication and RNA synthesis, resulting in cancer cell death and tumor regression. Doxorubicin also generates reactive oxygen species, which causes cell membrane lipid peroxidation leading to cytotoxicity. The pegylated liposomal delivery of doxorubicin improves drug penetration into tumors and prolongs circulation time, thereby increasing doxorubicin's efficacy and decreasing its toxicity. Conjugation of GSH to the PEG molecules directs the liposomes to the GSH transporters on the blood brain barrier (BBB) and improves the delivery of doxorubicin into the brain.  
^`gluten-free compact nutritional supplement drink:  A gluten-free, calorie-dense, milkshake-like nutritional supplement drink containing all essential vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, as well as protein, fat and carbohydrates. Upon oral intake, gluten-free compact nutritional supplement drink may aid in the prevention of malnutrition and weight loss. The drink is provided in a reduced volume (125 ml) but with the same complete nutrition as the standard drink (200 ml); the reduced volume may increase patient compliance.  
^`gluten-free DHA/EPA/GLA/antioxidant-rich nutritional liquid:  A gluten- and lactose-free, energy-rich, calorie-dense, non-complete liquid nutritional supplement enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and antioxidants, with potential anti-cachexic and anti-inflammatory activities. The nutritional liquid also contains protein, in the form of sodium and calcium caseinates, carbohydrates, as maltodextrin and sucrose, fat, as canola, borage, and marine oils, L-carnitine, taurine, and several other vitamins and minerals. Upon oral intake of the gluten-free DHA/EPA/GLA/antioxidant-rich nutritional liquid, the essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA and DHA, derived from refined marine oil, and GLA, derived from borage oil, are incorporated into cell membranes and affect the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, which elicits an anti-inflammatory effect and may also prevent infections. The antioxidants, including ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, and tocopherols, neutralize free radicals, thereby protecting tissues and organs from oxidative damage. Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and large chain triglycerides (LCT) in this supplement enhance fat absorption and increase calorie intake. Additionally, this nutritional supplement may prevent malnutrition and weight loss.  
^`gluten-free/fiber enriched compact nutritional supplement drink:  A gluten-free, calorie-dense, fiber-enriched milkshake-like nutritional supplement drink containing all essential vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, as well as protein, fat and carbohydrates. Upon oral intake, gluten-free, fiber-enriched compact nutritional supplement drink may aid in the prevention of malnutrition and weight loss. The drink is provided in a reduced volume (125 ml) but with the same complete nutrition as the standard drink (200 ml); the reduced volume may increase patient compliance. The fiber, acting as a prebiotic, promotes beneficial bacterial growth in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, increases digestive health and may reduce the incidence of constipation and/or diarrhea.  
^`glyburide:  A sulfonamide urea derivative with antihyperglycemic activity that can potentially be used to decrease cerebral edema. Upon administration, glyburide binds to and blocks the sulfonylurea receptor type 1 (SUR1) subunit of the ATP-sensitive inwardly-rectifying potassium (K(ATP)) channels on the membranes of pancreatic beta cells. This prevents the inward current flow of positively charged potassium (K+) ions into the cell, and induces a calcium ion (Ca2+) influx through voltage-sensitive calcium channels, which triggers exocytosis of insulin-containing granules. In addition, glyburide also inhibits the SUR1-regulated nonselective cation (NC) Ca-ATP channel, melastatin 4 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4; (TRPM4)), thereby preventing capillary failure and brain swelling. SUR1-TRPM4 channels are formed by co-assembly of SUR1 with TRPM4 in neurons, astrocytes, and capillary endothelium during cerebral ischemia. Upon ischemia-induced ATP depletion, channels open which results in sodium influx, cytotoxic edema formation, capillary fragmentation and necrotic cell death. SUR1-TRPM4 is not expressed in normal, uninjured tissues. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`glycerin enema:  An enema solution containing 5% glycerin, a trihydroxy alcohol with osmotic laxative activity. Upon rectal administration, glycerin enema creates an osmotic gradient thereby attracting water into the rectum. This increases volume, increases peristalsis, stimulates evacuation, and relieves constipation.  
^`glycine:  A non-essential, non-polar, non-optical, glucogenic amino acid. Glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, triggers chloride ion influx via ionotropic receptors, thereby creating an inhibitory post-synaptic potential. In contrast, this agent also acts as a co-agonist, along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is an important component and precursor for many macromolecules in the cells.  
^`glycooptimized trastuzumab-GEX:  A glycoengineered form of a monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Glycooptimized trastuzumab-GEX specifically binds to the extracellular domain of HER2, thereby inducing an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against HER2-expressing tumor cells. This eventually results in apoptosis and growth inhibition of tumor cells. HER2, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR superfamily, is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumors. This agent has a specific glycosylation profile that may enhance its ADCC response against HER2-expressing tumor cells.  
^`glycopeptide antibiotic:  One of a class of antibiotics originally isolated from plant and soil bacteria with structures containing either a glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptide. These antibiotics inhibit the cell wall structure of susceptible organisms (principally Gram-positive cocci) by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. First-generation glycopeptide antibiotics include vancomycin, teicoplanin, and ramoplanin; second-generation semi-synthetic glycopeptide antibiotics include oritavancin, dalbavancin, and telavancin.  
^`glycopyrrolate:  A synthetic quaternary ammonium that is an anticholinergic agent with antispasmodic activity. Glycopyrrolate competitively binds to peripheral muscarinic receptors in the autonomic effector cells of, and inhibits cholinergic transmission in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node, exocrine glands and in the autonomic ganglia. Blockage of cholinergic transmission, in smooth muscle cells located in the gastrointestinal tract and the bladder, causes smooth muscle relaxation and prevents the occurrence of painful spasms. In addition, glycopyrrolate inhibits the release of gastric, pharyngeal, tracheal, and bronchial secretions.  
^`glycosylated recombinant human G-CSF AVI-014:  A glycosylated form of a recombinant agent that is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and is produced using transgenic biotechnology. Transgenic hens carrying recombinant human G-CSF cDNA express the naturally glycosylated recombinant human protein in egg albumen from which glycosylated recombinant human G-CSF AVI-014 is isolated. Produced endogenously by monocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, G-CSF binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors, stimulating neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation and selected neutrophil functions.  
^`glycosylated recombinant human interleukin-7:  A glycosylated recombinant protein which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous human interleukin-7 (IL-7) with hematopoietic and immunopotentiating activities. Naturally produced by bone marrow, thymic stromal, and spleen cells, the cytokine interleukin-7 is a hematopoietic growth factor for progenitor B cells and T cells, stimulating proliferation and differentiation of mature T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells. As with glycosylated endogenous proteins, glycosylation of recombinant proteins may fundamentally affect their biological activity, function, clearance from circulation, and antigenicity; glycosylation of recombinant proteins that are chemically identical to similar to endogenous proteins may render protein structures and biological activities that are more similar to those of glycosylated endogenous proteins.  
^`glymidine:  A sulfapyrimidine derivative,also known as glycodiazine, with antihyperglycemic activity. Like sulfonylureas, glymidine is able to lower blood glucose levels by increasing the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells and increasing the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin.  
^`Glyset:  (Other name for~ miglitol) 
^`GlyT2/5HT2a antagonist VVZ-149:  An antagonist of both glycine transporter type 2 (GlyT2) and serotonin receptor 2A (5HT2A), with potential anti-nociceptive activity. Upon administration, GlyT2/5HT2A antagonist VVZ-149 binds to and blocks both GlyT2 and 5HT2A. Blockage of GlyT2 prevents the re-uptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine in the synaptic cleft, thereby potentiating glycine-mediated inhibitory signaling, and inhibiting the firing of neurons, which suppresses the transmission of pain signals to the brain and induces analgesia. Blockage of 5HT2A prevents both the binding of its ligand serotonin and 5HT/5HT2A-mediated signaling. This also suppresses pain signaling and induces analgesia. GlyT2 and 5HT2A play key roles in the induction and transmission of pain signals. GlyT2, a glycine plasma membrane transporter, modulates glycine-mediated inhibition of synaptic transmission in the spinal cord and mediates pain signal transmission to the brain; inhibition of GlyT2 potentiates glycinergic mediated pain signaling. Serotonin and its 5HT2A receptor are involved in both serotonin receptor-mediated signaling and the perception of pain.  
^`GM.CD40L cell vaccine:  A cell-based vaccine composed of irradiated tumor cells transduced with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and CD40-ligand (CD40L) genes. Upon administration, this vaccine may stimulate an anti-tumoral dendritic cell-mediated host immune response.  
^`GM2/GD2/GD3 lactone-KLH conjugate trivalent vaccine:  A trivalent cancer vaccine containing the ganglioside lactones GM2, GD2 and GD3 conjugated with the immunostimulant keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with GM2 lactone/GD2 lactone/GD3 lactone-KLH conjugate trivalent vaccine may elicit antibodies against tumor cells expressing any of these epitopes, resulting in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells expressing these gangliosides. GM2, GD2 and GD3 are tumor associated antigens (TAAs) that are overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell membranes.  
^`GM2-KLH vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of GM2 ganglioside, a melanoma-specific antigen, conjugated with the immunostimulant keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Vaccination with GM2-KLH vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against GM2 ganglioside-expressing melanoma cells, resulting in tumor growth inhibition.  
^`GM-CSF-encoding oncolytic adenovirus CGTG-102:  A recombinant, oncolytic serotype 5/3 capsid-modified adenovirus encoding the immunostimulatory cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the oncolytic adenovirus selectively infects and replicates in tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell lysis. Synergistically, GM-CSF (sargramostim) expressed by the oncolytic adenovirus enhances antigen presentation, promotes natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing and causes a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response against tumor cells harboring the oncolytic adenovirus, resulting in an immune-mediated tumor cell death. CGTG-102 is designed to replicate only in cells with defects in the p16/Rb/E2F pathway, attributed to a mutation common in many solid tumors. Replacement of the Ad5 capsid protein knob with a knob domain from serotype 3 causes higher transduction in cancer cells as compared to normal cells.  
^`GM-K562 cell vaccine:  A cell-based vaccine comprised of K562 cells transfected with the granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene with potential immunopotentiating properties. Vaccination with GM-K562 cells may stimulate the host immune system to produce an antitumoral T-lymphocyte response, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. K562 cells are derived from the human erythroleukemia cell line K562. GM-CSF (also known as sagramostim) expressed by vaccine cells binds to specific cell surface receptors, modulating the proliferation and differentiation of a variety of hematopoietic progenitor cells with some specificity towards stimulation of leukocyte production. GM-CSF also promotes antigen presentation, up-regulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin-2-mediated lymphokine-activated killer cell function; it may also augment host antitumoral immunity.  
^`GnRH antagonist TAK-385:  An orally available, non-peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)) antagonist, with potential antineoplastic activity. GnRH antagonist TAK-385 competitively binds to and blocks the GnRH receptor in the anterior pituitary gland, which both prevents GnRH binding to the GnRH receptor and inhibits the secretion and release of both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In males, the inhibition of LH secretion prevents the release of testosterone from Leydig cells in the testes. Since testosterone is required to sustain prostate growth, reducing testosterone levels may inhibit hormone-dependent prostate cancer cell proliferation.  
^`gold sodium thiomalate:  The sodium salt of gold thiomalic acid, an organogold compound with antirheumatic and potential antineoplastic activities. Gold sodium thiomalate (GST) appears to inhibit the activity of atypical protein kinase C iota (PKCiota) by forming a cysteinyl-aurothiomalate adduct with the cysteine residue Cys-69 within the PB1 binding domain of PKCiota. This prevents the binding of Par6 (Partitioning defective protein 6) to PKCiota, thereby inhibiting PKCiota-mediated oncogenic signaling, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, the promotion of tumor cell differentiation, and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Atypical PKCiota, a serine/threonine kinase overexpressed in numerous cancer cell types, plays an important role in cancer proliferation, invasion, and survival; Par6 is a scaffold protein that facilitates atypical PKC-mediated phosphorylation of cytoplasmic proteins involved in epithelial and neuronal cell polarization.  
^`goldenrod:  A group of North American weedy herbs belonging to the genus Solidago (family Asteraceae) with potential chemopreventive activities. Goldenrod may also possess anti-inflammatory, antiseptic properties, diuretic and antifungal properties, and may relieve chemotherapy-induced side-effects.  
^`golnerminogene pradenovec:  A recombinant agent consisting of a genetically-modified adenovirus 5 vector encoding the protein cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. TNF exhibits potent anti-tumor cytolytic properties; the adenovirus 5 vector efficiently infects tumor cells, delivering tumor-specific TNF.  
^`golotimod:  An orally bioavailable synthetic peptide containing the amino acids D-glutamine and L-tryptophan connected by a gamma-glutamyl linkage with potential immunostimulating, antimicrobial and antineoplastic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, golotimod appears to inhibit the expression of STAT-3, reversing immunosuppression and stimulating an anti-tumor immune response. This agent may stimulate the production of T-lymphocytes (in particular the helper T [Th1] cells), activate macrophages, and increase levels of interleukin 2 and interferon gamma. STAT-3, a transcription factor upregulated in many cancer cell types, is involved in tumor cell growth and survival and immunosuppression.  
^`golvatinib:  An orally bioavailable dual kinase inhibitor of c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) and VEGFR-2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2) tyrosine kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Golvatinib binds to and inhibits the activities of both c-Met and VEGFR-2, which may inhibit tumor cell growth and survival of tumor cells that overexpress these receptor tyrosine kinases. c-Met and VEGFR-2 are upregulated in a variety of various tumor cell types and play important roles in tumor cell growth, migration and angiogenesis.  
^`gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue:  A synthetic analog of the endogenous hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, GnRH analog mimics endogenous GnRH and strongly binds to and activates pituitary GnRH receptors, which stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropic hormones, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Continuous, prolonged activation by the GnRH analog results in pituitary GnRH receptor desensitization and receptor downregulation. This causes inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin secretion of LH and FSH. In males, the inhibition of LH secretion prevents the production and release of testosterone from Leydig cells in the testes and causes a significant decline in testosterone production that is near the levels seen after castration. This may inhibit androgen receptor-positive tumor progression. In females, this results in a decrease in estradiol production. GnRH, also called luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), is normally synthesized in and secreted by the hypothalamus. Synthetic analogs of GnRH have a stronger receptor binding affinity than the endogenous form.  
^`Goodbelly Probiotic:  (Other name for~ Lactobacillus plantarum 299v/Lactobacillus acidophilus/Bifidobacterium lactis probiotic supplement) 
^`goserelin acetate:  The acetate salt of a synthetic decapeptide analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). Continuous, prolonged administration of goserelin in males results in inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin secretion, leading to a significant decline in testosterone production; in females, prolonged administration results in a decrease in estradiol production. (NCI04)  
^`gossypol:  An orally-active polyphenolic aldehyde with potential antineoplastic activity. Derived primarily from unrefined cottonseed oil, gossypol induces cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and inducing apoptosis. This agent also inhibits cell-signaling enzymes, resulting in inhibition of cell growth, and may act as a male contraceptive.  
^`gp100 antigen:  A melanoma-associated antigen. When administered in a vaccine formulation, gp100 antigen may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell HLA-A2.1-restricted immune response against tumors that express this antigen, which may result in a reduction in tumor size.  
^`gp100:154-162 peptide vaccine: A peptide consisting of amino acid residues 154 through 162 of the melanoma-melanocyte antigen gp100. Vaccination with gp100: 154-162 peptide may enhance tumor-specific T-cell immunity. gp100 antigen is a self-antigen expressed by melanocytes, pigmented retinal cells, and most melanoma lesions and is recognized via class I and II HLA-restricted mechanisms.  
^`gp100:209-217(210M) peptide vaccine: A synthetic peptide cancer vaccine consisting of amino acid residues 209 through 217 of the glycoprotein 100 (gp100) melanoma antigen, with a methionine substitution at position 210 designed to improve immunogenicity. Vaccination with gp100: 209-217(210M) peptide may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing gp100.  
^`gp100:209-217(210M) peptide vaccine: A synthetic peptide cancer vaccine consisting of amino acid residues 209 through 217 of the glycoprotein 100 (gp100) melanoma antigen, with a methionine substitution at position 210 designed to improve immunogenicity. Vaccination with gp100: 209-217(210M) peptide may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing gp100.  
^`gp100:280-288(288V) peptide vaccine: A peptide vaccine consisting of the amino acids 280 through 288 of the melanoma antigen glycoprotein 100 (gp100) with potential antineoplastic activity. gp100:280-288(288V) peptide has a valine substitution at amino acid position 288 to improve immunogenicity. Vaccination with gp100: 280-288(288V) peptide may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells positive for the gp100 antigen, resulting in decreased tumor growth.  
^`gp100-fowlpox vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant fowlpox virus vector encoding the melanoma antigen glycoprotein 100 (gp 100) with potential antineoplastic activity. The expression of gp100 may generate a cellular immune response to melanoma cells; this effect is enhanced by the co-administration of interleukin 2 (IL-2).  
^`GP2 peptide/GM-CSF vaccine:  A vaccine containing a HER2/Neu-derived epitope (amino acids 654-662) (GP2), and combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential antineoplastic and immunoadjuvant activity. Upon vaccination, GP2 may activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against HER2/Neu expressing cancer cells. GM-CSF may potentiate a tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against cancer cells expressing the HER2/Neu antigen. HER2/neu, a tumor associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and is highly immunogenic.  
^`gp96-secreting allogeneic bladder cancer cell vaccine HS-410:  An allogeneic urothelial bladder cancer cell vaccine expressing a recombinant secretory form of the immunoadjuvant heat shock protein gp96 fused with an immunoglobulin Fc domain (gp96-Ig) protein, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of the gp96-Ig-secreting allogeneic bladder cancer cell vaccine HS-410, the live, irradiated tumor cells continuously secrete gp96-Ig along with its chaperoned tumor associated antigens (TAAs). This enhances antigen cross presentation to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and, upon expansion, leads to the induction of a potent CTL response against the TAAs on the endogenous bladder cancer cells. This vaccine also induces a memory T cell response that could fight recurring cancer cells. gp96-Ig is constructed by replacing the KDEL endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence of gp96 with the Fc portion of the IgG1 protein. This allows for gp96, normally an ER-resident chaperone peptide, to be released from cells.  
^`GPI-0100:  A semi-synthetic triterpene glycoside, derived from the naturally occurring saponins. GPI-0100 functions as an adjuvant when given as part of a vaccine preparation to improve the immunogenicity of antigens such as proteins, carbohydrates. GPI-0100 containing vaccines have been used with both viral and tumor antigens to elicit a Type 1 helper T cell response for those diseases in which a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is desired.  
^`GPX-100:  An analogue of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin. GPX-100 intercalates DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. GPX-100 was designed to be a non-cardiotoxic anthracycline antibiotic.  
^`G-quadruplex stabilizer BMVC:  A carbazole derivative (3,6-bis[2-(1-methylpyridinium)vinyl]carbazole diiodide) that selectively targets to the G-quadruplex DNA structure, used as a fluorescent probe for cancer cytological diagnosis and with potential antitumor activity. G-quadruplex stabilizer BMVC, preferentially uptaken by cancer cells, binds to and stabilizes the telomeric G-quadruplex structure at the end of DNA; when visualized with fluorescent imaging device, BMVC emits bright fluorescent light and can be used to differentiate tumor cells from normal cells. The BMVC/G-quadruplex complexes also interfere with the activity of telomerase, which is highly active in tumor cells and plays a key role in tumorigenesis while expressed at very low levels in most somatic cells.  
^`Gralise:  (Other name for~ gabapentin) 
^`granisetron hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of an indazole derivative with antiemetic properties. As a selective serotonin receptor antagonist, granisetron competitively blocks the action of serotonin at 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptors, resulting in the suppression of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.  
^`granisetron hydrochloride nasal spray:  An intranasal formulation containing the hydrochloride salt form of the indazole derivative granisetron, a selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptor antagonist, with antinauseant and antiemetic activities. Upon administration to the nostril, granisetron selectively binds to and inhibits 5-HT subtype 3 receptors (5-HT3R) located peripherally on vagus nerve terminals and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the area postrema, which may result in suppression of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).  
^`granisetron transdermal system:  A transdermal system containing the selective serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonist granisetron with antinauseant and antiemetic activities. Upon application of the transdermal system (patch) to the skin and the subsequent sustained release of granisetron into the bloodstream, granisetron selectively binds to and inhibits 5-HT subtype 3 (5-HT3) receptors located peripherally on vagus nerve terminals and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the area postrema, which may result in suppression of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.  
^`Granocyte:  (Other name for~ lenograstim) 
^`green tea:  Tea derived from the dried leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis with potential antioxidant, chemopreventive, and lipid-lowering activities. Green tea contains polyphenols that may be responsible for its chemopreventive effect. The polyphenol fraction contains mainly epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and other catechins, such as epicatechin (EC), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epicatechin gallate (ECG). Green tea polyphenols act as antioxidants and free radical scavengers and may affect enzymes involved in cellular replication and tumor angiogenesis by modulating angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).  
^`green tea extract:  A defined, decaffeinated green tea polyphenol mixture isolated from Camellia sinensis, a plant native to Asia, with antiviral and antioxidant activities and potential chemopreventive activity. Green tea extract contains antioxidant compounds, including flavonoids, vitamins and polyphenols such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which may have antineoplastic properties. Consumption of green tea extract may confer chemopreventive protection against various cancers including those of the prostate, stomach, and esophagus.  
^`green tea extract-based antioxidant supplement:  A dietary supplement containing a green tea extract including the catechin epigallocatechin gallate and other vitamins and antioxidants, with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. The polyphenols in green tea act as antioxidants and scavenge free radicals which may inhibit cellular oxidation and prevent free radical damage to cells. In addition, polyphenols may affect enzymes involved in cellular reproduction and tumor angiogenesis by modulating angiogenic factors. Other ingredients in green tea extract-based antioxidant supplement include dry cinnamon extract, germanium, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, arginine, cysteine, malic acid, ascorbic acid (vitamin c), glycyrrhizinic acid, glycine, glucosamine, pyridoxal (vitamin B6), calcium pantothenate (vitamin B5), folic acid, cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12).  
^`green tea lozenge:  A lozenge formulation of green tea, derived from the dried leaves of Camellia sinensis, with potential antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Green tea lozenge contains polyphenols that may be responsible for its chemopreventive effect. The polyphenol fraction contains mainly epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and other catechins, such as epicatechin (EC), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epicatechin gallate (ECG). Green tea polyphenols act as antioxidants and free radical scavengers, protecting cells from the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS).  
^`GS/pan-Notch inhibitor BMS-906024:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule gamma secretase (GS) and pan-Notch inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, GS/pan-Notch inhibitor BMS-906024 binds to GS and blocks activation of Notch receptors, which may inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells with an overly-active Notch pathway. The integral membrane protein GS is a multi-subunit protease complex that cleaves single-pass transmembrane proteins, such as Notch receptors, at residues within their transmembrane domains that lead to their activation. Overexpression of the Notch signaling pathway has been correlated with increased tumor cell growth. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`GS-pan Notch inhibitor BMS-986115:  An orally bioavailable, gamma secretase (GS) and pan-Notch inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, GS/pan-Notch inhibitor BMS 986115 binds to GS and blocks the proteolytic cleavage and release of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), which would normally follow ligand binding to the extracellular domain of the Notch receptor. This prevents both the subsequent translocation of NICD to the nucleus to form a transcription factor complex and the expression of Notch-regulated genes. This results in the induction of apoptosis and the inhibition of growth of tumor cells that overexpress Notch. Overexpression of the Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation and survival. The integral membrane protein GS is a multi-subunit protease complex that cleaves single-pass transmembrane proteins, such as Notch receptors, at residues within their transmembrane domains and leads to their activation.  
^`GTI-2040:  A 20-mer antisense oligonucleotide complementary to a coding region in the mRNA of the R2 small subunit component of human ribonucleotide reductase. GTI-2040 decreases mRNA and protein levels of R2 in vitro and may inhibit tumor cell proliferation in human tumors in vivo.  
^`GTN transdermal patch:  (Other name for~ nitroglycerin transdermal patch) 
^`guadecitabine:  A dinucleotide antimetabolite of a decitabine linked via phosphodiester bond to a guanosine, with potential antineoplastic activity. Following metabolic activation by phosphorylation and incorporation into DNA, guadecitabine inhibits DNA methyltransferase, thereby causing genome-wide and non-specific hypomethylation and inducing cell cycle arrest at S-phase. This agent is resistant to cytidine deaminase, hence may result in gradual release of decitabine both extra- and intracellularly, leading to more prolonged exposures to decitabine.  


^`guanabenz acetate:  The orally bioavailable, acetate salt form of guanabenz, a centrally-acting alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, with anti-hypertensive and potential antineoplastic, cytoprotective and bone resorption inhibitory activities. Upon oral administration, guanabenz suppresses endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by inhibiting the stress-induced dephosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2a), thereby enhancing the phosphorylation level of eIF2a. This causes elF2a-mediated downregulation of the Rac1 pathway, upregulates the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which plays a key role in osteoblastogenesis, and downregulates the expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), which is a transcription factor that plays a key role in osteoclastogenesis. This enhances osteoblastogenesis and suppresses osteoclastogenesis. Altogether, this promotes new bone formation and prevents bone degradation. In addition, guanabenz blocks the proliferation, survival, motility and invasiveness of tumor cells through the eIF2a-mediated downregulation of Rac1 signaling. Rac1, a Ras-related small GTPase belonging to the Rho family, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, survival and motility.  
^`guanazole:  A cytostatic triazole derivative antimetabolite. Guanazole scavenges tyrosine free radicals, thereby inhibiting mammalian ribonucleotide reductase activity and DNA synthesis.  
^`guarana supplement:  An herbal supplement containing an extract from guarana (Paullinia cupana), a climbing plant of the Sapindaceae family which is native to the Amazon basin, with stimulant, antioxidant and potential chemoprotective activities. Guarana supplement contains various phytochemicals, including caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, tannins, saponins, catechins, epicatechins, proanthocyanidols and other compounds in minor concentrations. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant and may reduce chemotherapy-related fatigue. Tannins and other polyphenols may have chemopreventive activity. Intake of the guarana supplement may prevent cancer-related anorexia. In addition, animal studies have demonstrated that the ingestion of guarana resulted in decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of tumor cells.  
^`gusperimus:  A derivative of the antitumor antibiotic spergualin with immunosuppressant activity. Gusperimus inhibits the interleukin-2-stimulated maturation of T cells to the S and G2/M phases and the polarization of the T cells into IFN-gamma-secreting Th1 effector T cells, resulting in the inhibition of growth of activated naive CD4 T cells; this agent may suppress growth of certain T-cell leukemia cell lines.  
^`GVAX lung cancer vaccine:  An autologous lung cancer vaccine consisting of patient-specific lung cancer cells genetically modified to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), an immunostimulatory cytokine. GM-CSF modulates the proliferation and differentiation of a variety of hematopoietic progenitor cells with some specificity towards stimulation of leukocyte production and may reverse treatment-induced neutropenias. This agent also promotes antigen presentation, up-regulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin-2-mediated lymphokine-activated killer cell function and may augment host antitumoral immunity. For safety, cells are irradiated prior to vaccination.  
^`GVAX pancreatic cancer vaccine:  A whole cell vaccine expressing human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with potential antineoplastic activity. Tumor cells from prostate cancer patients are harvested and then genetically modified to secrete GM-CSF, an immune stimulatory growth factor that plays a key role in stimulating the body's immune responses against tumor cells. Because the vaccine is derived from allogeneic cells, it has demonstrated a favorable side effect profile than other approaches of delivering long-lasting GM-CSF.  
^`Gyne-Lotrimin:  (Other name for~ clotrimazole) 


^`H1299 tumor cell lysate vaccine:  A cell lysate derived from a lung cancer cell line, H1299, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular administration, the H1299 tumor cell lysate exposes the immune system to an undefined amount of tumor associated antigens (TAA), particularly cancer testis antigens (CTAs), which may result in the induction of both anti-tumoral cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and antibody-dependent responses against TAA-expressing cells, leading to tumor cell lysis. CTAs, such as MAGE, are selectively expressed in a variety of cancers but are not expressed in normal, healthy cells outside the testis.  
^`Haelan 951:  (Other name for~ fermented soybean protein beverage) 
^`Haemophilus influenzae b vaccine:  A vaccine against serotype b of the Gram-negative bacterium H. influenzae (Hib). Hib vaccines contain polysaccharide-protein conjugate antigens that produce greater host immune responses than first-generation purified polysaccharide vaccine. These vaccines may differ with regard to use of protein carriers, polysaccharides, diluents, and preservatives.  
^`hafnium oxide-containing nanoparticles NBTXR3:  A suspension of nanoparticles containing inert inorganic hafnium oxide (HfO2) crystals with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon injection of NBTXR3 into the tumor, the hafnium oxide-containing nanoparticles accumulate in the tumor cells. Subsequent application of radiation beams to the tumor tissue causes HfO2 particles to emit huge amounts of electrons. This results in the formation of free radicals within the tumor cells, which in turn causes targeted destruction of the cancer cells. Compared to standard radiotherapy, because of the inert nature of NBTXR3, this agent emits electrons only during its exposure to radiation which improves radiotherapy efficiency.  
^`Halaven:  (Other name for~ eribulin mesylate) 
^`Haldol:  (Other name for~ haloperidol) 
^`Halodrin:  (Other name for~ fluoxymesterone) 
^`halofuginone hydrobromide:  The hydrobromide salt of halofuginone, a semisynthetic quinazolinone alkaloid anticoccidial derived from the plant Dichroa febrifuga, with antifibrotic and potential antineoplastic activities. Halofuginone specifically inhibits collagen type I gene expression and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) gene expression, which may result in the suppression of angiogenesis, tumor stromal cell development, and tumor cell growth. These effects appear to be due to halofuginone-mediated inhibition of the collagen type I and MMP-2 promoters. Collagen type I and MMP-2 play important roles in fibro-proliferative diseases.  
^`haloperidol:  A phenylbutylpiperadine derivative with antipsychotic, neuroleptic, and antiemetic activities. Haloperidol competitively blocks postsynaptic dopamine (D2) receptors in the mesolimbic system of the brain, thereby eliminating dopamine neurotransmission and leading to antidelusionary and antihallucinagenic effects. Antagonistic activity mediated through D2 dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptive trigger zone (CTZ) accounts for its antiemetic activity.  
^`Halotestin:  (Other name for~ fluoxymesterone) 
^`Havrix:  (Other name for~ hepatitis A vaccine) 
^`HCV DNA vaccine INO-8000:  A multi-antigen DNA vaccine consisting of plasmids encoding the hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural proteins 3 (NS3), 4A (NS4A), 4B (NS4B) and 5A (NS5A), with potential immunomodulating and cancer preventive activities. Administered via intramuscular injection followed by electroporation, cells transfected with the HCV DNA vaccine INO-8000 express the encoded HCV proteins, which may elicit a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against HCV-infected liver cells expressing the NS3, NS4A, NS4B or NS5A proteins. This results in the eradication of HCV-infected cells. HCV, a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).  
^`HDAC inhibitor 4SC-202:  An orally bioavailable benzamide and inhibitor of human class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) isoenzymes 1, 2 and 3, with potential antineoplastic activity. HDAC inhibitor 4SC-202 selectively binds to and inhibits class I HDACs leading to an accumulation of highly acetylated histones. This may result in an induction of chromatin remodeling, the selective transcription of tumor suppressor genes, and the tumor suppressor protein-mediated inhibition of tumor cell division and eventually the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This may inhibit tumor cell proliferation in susceptible tumor cells. HDACs, upregulated in many tumor types, are a class of enzymes that deacetylate chromatin histone proteins. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`HDAC inhibitor ACY-241:  An orally available histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, ACY-241 inhibits the activity of HDACs; this results in an accumulation of highly acetylated chromatin histones, the induction of chromatin remodeling and an altered pattern of gene expression. This leads to the inhibition of tumor oncogene transcription, and the selective transcription of tumor suppressor genes, which inhibit tumor cell division and induce tumor cell apoptosis. HDAC, an enzyme upregulated in many tumor types, deacetylates chromatin histone proteins.  
^`HDAC inhibitor AR-42:  An orally available phenylbutyrate-derived histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, AR-42 inhibits the catalytic activity of HDAC, which results in an accumulation of highly acetylated chromatin histones, the induction of chromatin remodeling and an altered pattern of gene expression. This leads to the inhibition of tumor oncogene transcription, and the selective transcription of tumor suppressor genes, which inhibits tumor cell division and induces tumor cell apoptosis. HDAC, an enzyme upregulated in many tumor types, deacetylates chromatin histone proteins.  
^`HDAC inhibitor CG200745:  A histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. CG200745 inhibits the catalytic activity of HDAC, resulting in an accumulation of highly acetylated chromatin histones, followed by the induction of chromatin remodeling and an altered pattern of gene expression. In particular, this agent enhances the histone acetylation of the tumor suppressor gene p53. This results in an accumulation of p53, p53-dependent transactivation and apoptosis in tumor cells. HDAC, an enzyme upregulated in many tumor types, deacetylates chromatin histone proteins.  
^`HDAC inhibitor CHR-2845:  A hydroxamic acid-derived histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. CHR-2845 inhibits HDAC leading to an accumulation of highly acetylated histones, which may result in chromatin remodeling, inhibition of tumor oncogene transcription, inhibition of tumor cell division, and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. HDAC, an enzyme upregulated in many tumor types, deacetylates chromatin histone proteins; this agent may specifically target HDACs in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage.  
^`HDAC inhibitor CHR-3996:  An orally bioavailable, second-generation hydroxamic acid-based inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) with potential antineoplastic activity. HDAC inhibitor CHR-3996 inhibits HDAC, resulting in an accumulation of highly acetylated histones, the induction of chromatin remodeling, and the selective transcription of tumor suppressor genes; these events may result in the inhibition of tumor cell division and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This agent may upregulate HSP70 and downregulate anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins more substantially than some first-generation HDAC inhibitors. HDACs, upregulated in many tumor cell types, are a family of metalloenzymes responsible for the deacetylation of chromatin histone proteins.  
^`HDAC inhibitor CXD101:  A novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the exact therapeutic mechanism of action for CXD101 is not known, oral administration of this agent should inhibit the catalytic activity of HDAC, which results in an accumulation of highly acetylated histones, followed by the induction of chromatin remodeling and an altered pattern of gene expression. HDAC, a family of enzymes upregulated in many tumor types, deacetylates chromatin-associated histone proteins.  
^`HDAC inhibitor MPT0E028:  An orally bioavailable N-hydroxyacrylamide-derived inhibitor of both human pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes and the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, HDAC inhibitor MPT0E028 selectively binds to and inhibits HDACs, which inhibits deacetylation of histone proteins and leads to the accumulation of highly acetylated histones. This may result in both an induction of chromatin remodeling, and the selective transcription of tumor suppressor genes. This prevents cell division and induces both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which may inhibit the proliferation of susceptible tumor cells. In addition, MPT0E028 inhibits the phosphorylation and activation of Akt, which prevents the activation of downstream signaling pathways, independent of its HDAC inhibitory activity. HDACs, upregulated in many tumor cell types, are a family of enzymes that deacetylate histone proteins. Akt, overexpressed in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`HDAC inhibitor OBP-801:  An inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, OBP-801 inhibits the activity of HDACs; this results in an accumulation of highly acetylated chromatin histones, the induction of chromatin remodeling and an altered pattern of gene expression. This leads to selective transcription of tumor suppressor genes, tumor suppressor protein-mediated inhibition of tumor cell division and induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This may inhibit proliferation of susceptible tumor cells. HDAC, which is upregulated in many tumor cell types, deacetylates chromatin histone proteins.  
^`HDAC inhibitor SHP-141:  A topical formulation containing the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon cutaneous administration, SHP-141 selectively binds to and inhibits HDAC, resulting in an accumulation of highly acetylated histones in the skin (dermis and epidermis), the induction of chromatin remodeling, and the selective transcription of tumor suppressor genes. These events may result in the inhibition of tumor cell division and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. HDACs, upregulated in many tumor cell types, are a family of metalloenzymes responsible for the deacetylation of chromatin histone proteins. Topical administration of SHP-141 allows for high concentrations of this agent locally while minimizing systemic toxicity.  
^`HDAC/EGFR/Her2 inhibitor CUDC-101:  A multi-targeted, small-molecule inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC), epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR/ErbB1), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 tyrosine kinase (HER2/neu or ErbB2) with potential antineoplastic activity. HDAC/EGFR/HER2 inhibitor CUDC-101 inhibits the activity of these three enzymes but the exact mechanism of action is presently unknown. This agent may help overcome resistance to inhibition of EGFR and Her2 through a simultaneous, synergistic inhibition of EGFR, Her2, and HDAC.  
^`HDM2 antagonist JNJ-26854165:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule HDM2 antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. HDM2 antagonist JNJ-26854165 inhibits the binding of the HDM2–p53 complex to the proteasome, blocking the degradation of p53; p53 signaling and p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis may thus be restored. In addition to p53, degradation of other HDM2 client proteins may be inhibited. HDM2 (human homolog of double minute 2), a zinc finger protein, is a negative regulator of the p53 pathway; often overexpressed in cancer cells, this oncoprotein has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.  
^`HDM2 inhibitor HDM201:  An orally bioavailable human double minute 2 homolog (HDM2) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. HDM2 inhibitor HDM201 inhibits the binding of the HDM2 protein to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing this HDM2-p53 interaction, the proteosome-mediated enzymatic degradation of p53 is inhibited, which may result in the restoration of both p53 signaling and p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. HDM2, a zinc finger protein and negative regulator of the p53 pathway, is often overexpressed in cancer cells and has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.  
^`HDM2 inhibitor MK-8242:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of human homolog of double minute 2 (HDM2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, HDM2 inhibitor MK-8242 inhibits the binding of the HDM2 protein to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing this HDM2-p53 interaction, the degradation of p53 is inhibited, which may result in the restoration of p53 signaling. This induces p53-mediated tumor cell apoptosis. HDM2 is a member of the RING finger-type family of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases and targets p53 for degradation; it is often overexpressed in cancer cells and has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.  
^`heat-treated varicella-zoster virus vaccine V212:  A heat-treated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon vaccination with heat-treated varicella-zoster virus vaccine V212, this vaccine may activate the immune system to generate specific anti-VZV antibodies and an active immunity against VZV infection.  
^`Hecoria:  (Other name for~ tacrolimus) 
^`Hectorol:  (Other name for~ doxercalciferol) 
^`Hedgehog inhibitor PF-04449913:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway with potential antineoplastic activity. Hedgehog inhibitor PF-04449913 appears to inhibit Hh pathway signaling. The Hh signaling pathway plays an important role in cellular growth, differentiation and repair. Constitutive activation of Hh pathway signaling has been observed in various types of malignancies.  
^`Hemangeol:  (Other name for~ propranolol hydrochloride) 
^`Hematide:  (Other name for~ synthetic peptide-based erythropoiesis stimulating agent) 
^`hematoporphyrin derivative:  A complex mixture of monomeric and aggregated porphyrins with photosensitizing activity. Upon systemic administration, hematoporphyrin derivatives accumulate in tumor cells and, once activated by red laser light (630 nm), in the presence of oxygen, produce singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen radicals, resulting in local radical-mediated tumor cell death.  
^`hemiasterlin analogue E7974:  An analogue of the sponge-derived anti-microtubule tripeptide hemiasterlin with antimitotic and potential antineoplastic activities. Hemiasterlin analogue E7974 binds to the Vinca domain on tubulin, resulting in inhibition of tubulin polymerization and microtubule assembly; depolymerization of exsiting microtubules; inhibition of mitosis; and inhibition of cellular proliferation. This agent may have more affinity for the beta-3 tubulin isotype.  
^`henatinib maleate:  The maleate salt form of henatinib, an orally bioavalable, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antitumor and antiangiogenic activities. Henatinib inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2), a tyrosine kinase receptor upregulated in many tumor cells that plays a key role in angiogenesis. This may result in an inhibition of angiogenesis and eventually tumor cell proliferation. Henatinib, structurally similar to sunitinib, also inhibits, though to a lesser extent, mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (c-Kit) and, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) alpha and beta.  
^`heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan mimetic M402:  A low molecular weight heparin derivative and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) mimetic with no or minimal anticoagulant activity and potential antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, M402 mimics HSPGs by binding to and inhibiting various heparin-binding growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines such as VEGF, HGF, FGF2, SDF-1a, heparanase and P-selectin all of which are essential for tumor angiogenesis and metastasis to occur. This inhibits heparin binding growth factor-mediated signaling and disrupts tumor-stromal interactions eventually leading to an inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor cell progression. In addition, M402 may enhance the cytotoxic effect of other chemotherapeutic agents.  
^`heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan mimetic nanopolymer mouthwash:  A nanopolymer-based mouthwash formulation containing a mimetic of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) heparan sulfate, with potential anti-mucositic and protective activities. Upon rinsing with the mouthwash, GAGs bind to heparan sulfate binding sites on macromolecules within the extracellular matrix (EMC), which prevents the destruction of the ECM and protects both growth factors and cytokines from being degraded. By replacing the GAGs damaged by chemotherapy and/or radiation, this mouthwash may protect healthy tissue against the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy and radiation and may prevent against radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-induced mucositis.  
^`heparin:  A sulfur-rich glycosaminoglycan with anticoagulant property. Heparin binds to antithrombin III to form a heparin-antithrombin III complex. The complex binds to and irreversibly inactivates thrombin and other activated clotting factors, such as factors IX, X, XI, and XII, thereby preventing the polymerization of fibrinogen to fibrin and the subsequent formation of clots.  
^`hepatitis A vaccine:  An inactivated virus vaccine that provides active immunization against hepatitis A virus (HAV). Immunization with hepatitis A vaccine induces the formation of anti-HAV antibodies which provide protection against hepatitis A infection.  
^`hepatitis B vaccine (recombinant):  A non-infectious mixture containing recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in a liquid vehicle. Immunization with the hepatitis B vaccine induces the formation of specific anti-hepatitis B antibodies and an active immunity against hepatitis B infection.  
^`hepatitis C immune globulin intravenous:  A human plasma-derived, polyclonal, intravenous immunoglobulin G (IgG) formulation containing high levels of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV), a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, with potential immunomodulating and antiviral activities. The hepatitis C IgG is isolated from donors expressing high amounts of HCV antibodies. Upon intravenous administration, the anti-HCV antibodies bind to the virus and provide passive immunization against HCV. This may prevent both infection by HCV in immunocompromised patients and hepatitis C-related liver disease. The polyclonal anti-HCV antibodies are able to target various viral epitopes.  
^`Hepsera:  (Other name for~ adefovir dipivoxil) 
^`hepsulfam:  A bisulfamic ester which is similar in structure to busulfan and belongs to the family of drugs known as alkylsulfonate alkylating agents. Hepsulfam forms covalent linkages with nucleophilic centers in DNA, resulting in depurination, base miscoding, strand scission, DNA-DNA and DNA-protein cross-linking, and cytotoxicity.  
^`HER2 ECD+TM virus-like replicon particles vaccine AVX901:  A cancer vaccine based on virus-like replicon particles (VRP) packaged with an alphaviral vector encoding the extracellular domain (ECD) and transmembrane (TM) regions of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (EGFR2, NEU or HER2), with potential antineoplastic activity. After immunization with HER2 ECD+TM virus-like replicon particles vaccine AVX901, the VRPs infect cells and express HER2 ECD+TM protein that may activate the immune system to elicit a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against HER2-expressing tumor cells. The alphaviral replicon of this vaccine is an attenuated strain of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) in which 3 of the 7 viral genes were substituted with a truncated HER2 gene to create a self-amplifying replicon RNA. HER2, a tyrosine kinase involved in several cell growth signaling pathways, is dysregulated or overexpressed in a wide variety of cancer cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`HER-2/neu intracellular domain protein:  The cytoplasmic domain or intracellular domain (ICD) of the HER2/neu protein that exhibits tyrosine kinase activity. Based on sensitization theory, co-administration of trastuzumab (anti-HER-2/neu monoclonal antibody) and HER-2/neu intracellular domain protein may result in the potentiation of a HER2/neu-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells overexpressing the HER2/neu protein. HER-2/neu protein, a glycoprotein cell surface receptor that is composed of an extracellular domain (ECD), a transmembrane domain, and an ICD, is overexpressed by many adenocarcinomas including breast adenocarcinoma.  
^`HER-2/neu peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of peptides derived from the extracellular domain of the tumor-associated antigen Her-2/neu with potential antineoplastic activity. HER-2/neu peptide vaccine may induce antibodies with anti-tumor activity and may also elicit a specific CD8 T-cell response against specific tumor cell types.  
^`HER2Bi-armed activated T cells:  Activated T cells (ATC) that have been coated with bispecific antibodies (BiAb), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. In vitro, T cells are activated through exposure to the anti-CD3 murine monoclonal antibody OKT3 and interleukin 2 for 14 days and then armed with anti-CD3 × anti-Her2 bispecific antibody (Her2Bi). Upon administration, HER2Bi-armed activated T cells attach to CD3-expressing T cells and HER2/neu-expressing tumor cells, selectively cross-linking T cells and tumor cells; this may result in the recruitment and activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), CTL perforin-mediated tumor cell cytolysis, and the secretion of antitumor cytokines and chemokines.  
^`HER-2-neu, CEA peptides, GM-CSF, Montanide ISA-51 vaccine:  A vaccine comprised of HER-2-neu and carcinoembryonic antigen synthetic (CEA) peptides, combined with the adjuvants granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and Montanide ISA-51 with potential antineoplastic activity. HER-2-neu, CEA peptides, GM-CSF, Montanide ISA-51 vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T-cell response against HER-2-neu- and CEA-expressing tumor cells. The GM-CSF adjuvant stimulates the proliferation of monocytes and monocyte differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells, immunohematopoietic elements with important antitumoral functions. Montanide ISA-51, also known as incomplete Freund's adjuvant or IFA, is a stabilized water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant containing mineral oil with mannide oleate added as a surfactant that non-specifically stimulates cell-mediated immune responses to antigens.  
^`HER-2-positive B-cell peptide antigen IMU-131:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a fusion peptide, composed of three peptides derived from the extracellular domain (ECD) of the HER2 peptide antigen found on B-cells (P4, P6 and P7; P467), conjugated to the carrier protein DT-CRM197, a non-toxic, mutated form of diphtheria toxin (DT), and combined with the immunoadjuvant montanide ISA 51, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, IMU-131 vaccine induces the production of polyclonal antibodies against the HER2 protein. In turn, the antibodies bind to three separate binding sites on HER2 expressed on tumor cells and inhibit HER2 dimerization and activity, resulting in the inhibition of HER2-mediated signal transduction pathways. This induces apoptosis in and reduces cellular proliferation of HER2-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, IMU-131 induces a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the HER2-expressing tumor cells. The tumor-associated antigen (TAA) HER2, also called Neu or ErbB2, is a tyrosine kinase receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and is often overexpressed by a variety of tumor cell types. Montanide ISA 51, also known as incomplete Freund's adjuvant or IFA, is a stabilized water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion adjuvant containing mineral oil with mannide oleate added as a surfactant that non-specifically stimulates cell-mediated immune responses to antigens. DT-CRM197 is used to increase the immunogenicity of the HER2/neu peptide antigen. In P467, the three B-cell epitopes were combined in a specific order into a single 49 amino acid peptide antigen.  
^`HER2-pulsed type-1 polarized autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous, type-1 polarized dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted HER-2-derived peptides, with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Autologous DCs were treated with GM-CSF, interleukin-4, interferon-gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toll-like receptor type 4 agonist, to produce highly polarized DCs (alphaDC1) that are capable of producing high levels of interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70). Upon administration, HER2-pulsed autologous DC vaccine may stimulate a potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against HER-2-positive tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell death and decreased tumor growth. HER-2, a tyrosine kinase receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) (also known as neu and ErbB2), is overexpressed by a variety of cancers.  
^`HER2-targeted liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride MM-302:  An antibody-targeted lipidic nano-carrier containing the antineoplastic anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin encapsulated within liposomes, and conjugated to a monoclonal antibody against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), with potential antitumor activity. Upon administration of HER2-targeted liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride MM-302, the immunoliposome allows for specific delivery of doxorubicin to tumors overexpressing the HER2 receptor. Once inside the HER2-expressing tumor cells, doxorubicin intercalates into DNA and interferes with topoisomerase II activity, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA synthesis. Compared to doxorubicin alone or liposomal doxorubicin, targeted liposomal delivery of doxorubicin improves efficacy while lowering the toxicity profile. HER2, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed in many cancer cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`HER2-targeting antibody Fc fragment FS102:  A proprietary, antibody fragment composed of a constant (Fc) region that is engineered to bind to the tumor-associated antigen human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), with potential antineoplastic activity. HER2-targeted antibody Fc fragment FS102 specifically binds to its HER2 epitope, and causes downregulation of HER2-mediated signaling. This leads to tumor cell apoptosis. HER2, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) superfamily, is overexpressed on the cell surface of various solid tumors.  
^`herba scutellaria barbata:  A Chinese herb isolated from the plant Scutellaria barbata D. Don (Lamiaceae) with potential antineoplastic activity. Containing the antioxidant flavone scutellarin, herba Scutellaria barbata has been shown to induce apoptosis of ovarian and breast tumor cells in vitro.  
^`herbal polysaccharide saliva substitute:  A plant-based, proprietary formulation of saliva substitute with potential anti-xerostomia activity. Extracted from the plant called yerba santa (holy herb), herbal polysaccharide saliva substitute contains plant mucins, which is nearly identical to that of human mucous membranes. Upon direct application using the polysaccharide-containing spray, a protective film of moisture is deposited over the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. The xylitol in this preparation protects against the formation of harmful oral flora and thus helps to prevent cavities. Moreover, this agent has shown a demineralization effect on dentin.  
^`Herceptin:  (Other name for~ trastuzumab) 
^`herpes zoster vaccine GSK1437173A:  A recombinant, subunit herpes zoster (HZ) vaccine containing varicella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein E (gE), that can potentially be used to prevent HZ infection, also called shingles. Upon administration, HZ vaccine GSK1437173A stimulates the host immune system to induce both specific CD4-positive T-cells and antibodies against VZV gE, thereby protecting against infection with HZ. VZV gE, the most common antigen in VZV viral particles, plays a key role in VZV infection. Compared to live-attenuated vaccines, the subunit vaccine prevents the risk of vaccine-induced HZ in immunocompromised patients.  
^`Herplex:  (Other name for~ idoxuridine) 
^`hetastarch:  A synthetic, nonionic hydroxyethyl derivative of starch used as a plasma expander when prepared in an isotonic solution. Upon intravenous administration, hydroxyethyl starch colloid increases blood volume and thus improves circulation. This agent is almost exclusively excreted by the kidneys and is potentially nephrotoxic. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`heterodimeric interleukin-15: A fusion protein complex composed of heterodimeric IL-15 (hetIL-15), which consists of a synthetic form of the endogenous cytokine interleukin-15 chain (IL-15) complexed to the soluble IL-15 binding protein IL-15 receptor alpha chain (IL-15Ra) (IL15: sIL-15Ra), with potential immunomodulatory, anti-infective and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, hetIL-15 binds to the IL-2/IL-15 receptor beta-common gamma chain (IL-2Rbeta-gamma) receptor on natural killer (NK) and T-lymphocytes, which activates and increases the levels of NK cells and CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. The T cells enhance the secretion of the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-g), which further potentiates the immune response against tumor cells. Altogether, this enhances tumor cell killing and decreases tumor cell proliferation. By coupling IL-15 to IL15Ra, this agent has an improved pharmacokinetic profile, shows an increased ability to bind IL-2Rbeta-gamma, and shows increased immunostimulatory activity as compared to IL-15 alone.  
^`Hexa-Betalin:  (Other name for~ pyridoxine hydrochloride) 
^`Hexalen:  (Other name for~ altretamine) 
^`hexamethylene bisacetamide:  A hybrid polar-planar compound with potential antineoplastic activity that induces terminal differentiation, inhibits cell growth, and causes apoptosis in several tumor cell lines. Its precise mechanism of action is unknown.  
^`hexamethylmelamine:  (Other name for~ altretamine) 
^`hexaminolevulinate:  The hexyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) with photodynamic properties. As a precursor of photoactive porphorins, hexaminolevulinate induces the endogenous production of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) which accumulates selectively in tumor tissue. When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, PPIX is activated and, depending on the wavelength and/or intensity of light, either fluoresces, thereby allowing tumor imaging, or induces tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`hexaminolevulinate hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of hexaminolevulinate, a hexyl ester of the heme precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) with potential photosensitizing activity. Hexaminolevulinate serves as a precursor of photoactive porphyrins (PAPs), particularly protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which selectively accumulate in rapidly proliferating cells, such as those seen in tumor tissue. When exposed to blue light, PAPs are activated and emit red light thereby allowing tumor imaging.  
^`Hextend:  (Other name for~ hetastarch) 
^`HibTITER:  (Other name for~ Haemophilus influenzae b vaccine) 
^`HIF-1alpha inhibitor PX-478:  An orally active small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Although its mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, HIF1-alpha inhibitor PX-478 appears to inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A) expression, which may result in decreased expression of HIF1A downstream target genes important to tumor growth and survival, a reduction in tumor cell proliferation, and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. The inhibitory effect of this agent is independent of the tumor suppressor genes VHL and p53 and may be related to derangements in glucose uptake and metabolism due to inhibition of glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1).  
^`HIF-2alpha inhibitor PT2385:  An orally active, small molecule inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2alpha, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, HIF-2alpha inhibitor PT2385 allosterically binds to HIF-2alpha, thereby preventing HIF-2alpha heterodimerization and its subsequent binding to DNA. This results in decreased transcription and expression of HIF-2alpha downstream target genes, many of which regulate tumor cell growth and survival. Blocking HIF-2alpha reduces the proliferation of HIF-2alpha-expressing tumor cells. HIF-2alpha, a heterodimeric transcription factor overexpressed in many cancers, promotes tumorigenesis.  
^`highly purified Staphylococcal protein A PRTX-100:  A proprietary formulation containing a highly purified form of Staphylococcal protein A (SpA; protein A), with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration of PRTX-100, this protein is able to specifically bind to both the subset of B lymphocytes that express the heavy chain variable region 3 (VH3)-encoded immunoglobulin (Ig) (VH3-B-cells) and macrophages. This prevents B-cell activation, induces apoptosis, prevents VH3-derived antibody formation, antibody-mediated immune responses, and destruction by macrophages. This may modulate specific immune signaling pathways and restore normal immune system functions caused by certain immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. In patients with the autoimmune-mediated disease immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), PRTX-100 prevents destruction of platelets, increases platelet production and platelet blood levels, and decreases the risk of bleeding. SpA, a 42 kDa bacterial membrane protein produced by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, consists of five nearly identical Ig binding domains; each SpA domain binds with high affinity to the Igs containing regions encoded by the VH3 gene family. B-lymphocytes that express VH3-encoded Igs are specifically involved in various auto-immune diseases.  
^`high-selenium baker's yeast:  A baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) containing high levels of the trace element selenium (Se) with potential chemopreventive, immunomodulating and antioxidant activities. Selenium is introduced into yeast during fermentation and incorporated into selenocompounds, such as selenomethionine and glutamyl SE methylselenocysteine. Selenium functions as a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductase.  
^`high-selenium Brassica juncea:  A formulation of the mustard plant Brassica juncea grown in a medium that has been enriched with the trace element selenium with potential chemopreventive and chemopotentiating activities. Brassica juncea hyperaccumulates trace elements in soil. Selenium amino acid species found in selenized Brassica juncea include methylselenomethionine (MeSeMet) and methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys); both may be incorporated into selenoproteins in vivo. Selenium functions as a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductase, which protect cells from the free radical damage. In addition, in vitro MeSeCys has been shown to potentiate the antitumor effects of the irinotecan metabolite SN-38, by inducing phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 2 (chk2) at threonine 68, which results in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, caspase 3 activation, and DNA fragmentation.  
^`high-titer RSV immune globulin RI-001:  A plasma-derived, polyclonal, intravenous immunoglobulin formulation (IVIG) containing standardized high levels of antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a single-stranded, enveloped paramyxovirus, with potential immunomodulating activity. The high-titer RSV immune globulin RI-001 is derived from healthy donors with high amounts of RSV antibodies. Upon intravenous administration, the antibodies against RSV may provide passive immunization against RSV. This may prevent lower respiratory tract infections by RSV in immunocompromised patients. The polyclonal antibodies in RI-001 are able to target various viral epitopes.  
^`Hiltonol:  (Other name for~ poly ICLC) 
^`histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2 inhibitor GSK2816126:  A small molecule selective and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) competitive inhibitor of histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2 inhibitor GSK2816126 inhibits the activity of EZH2 and specifically prevents the methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27). This decrease in histone methylation alters gene expression patterns associated with cancer pathways and results in decreased tumor cell proliferation in cancer cells that overexpress this enzyme. EZH2, which belongs to the class of histone methyltransferases (HMTs), is overexpressed or mutated in a variety of cancers and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation.  
^`histrelin acetate:  The acetate salt form of histrelin, a long-acting, synthetic nonapeptide analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) with potential anti-tumor activity. Upon administration, histrelin binds to and activates GnRH receptors; prolonged administration results in pituitary GnRH receptor desensitization and inhibition of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, leading to a significant decline in testosterone production in males and may inhibit androgen receptor-positive tumor progression; in females, prolonged administration results in decreased estradiol production.  
^`Hivid:  (Other name for~ zalcitabine) 
^`HLA-A*0201-restricted TERT(572Y)/TERT(572) peptides vaccine Vx-001:  A peptide-based cancer vaccine consisting of two human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 restricted 9-mer epitopes derived from the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), TERT 572Y (YLFFYRKSV; TYR-Vx001) and TERT 572 (RLFFYRKSV; ARG-Vx001), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Subcutaneous injection of TERT(572Y) peptide followed by subcutaneous administration of the TERT(572) peptide may elicit a specific and possibly optimal cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response against hTERT-expressing tumor cells. hTERT, the catalytic subunit of human telomerase, is a human leukocyte antigen-A*0201-restricted cryptic epitope of telomerase. TERT is expressed in the majority of human cancer cells, is not expressed or is expressed at very low levels in normal cells and plays a key role in tumorigenesis. TERT572Y is the optimized variant of the native cryptic peptide TERT572 in which tyrosine has been substituted for an arginine at position 1; TERT572Y shows increased HLA-A*0201 binding affinity compared to TERT572.  
^`HLA-A*0201-restricted TRP2-gp100-EphA2-HER2 multipeptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing four HLA-A*0201-restricted peptide epitopes with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Vaccine peptide epitopes are derived from the tumor associated antigens (TAAs) tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2), glycoprotein 100 (gp100), Ephrin receptor A2 (EphA2) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Upon administration, HLA-A*0201-restricted TRp2-gp100-EphA2-HER2 multipeptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against TRP2-gp100-EphA2-HER2-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor cell proliferation. HLA-A*0201 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*0201 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*0201-restricted URLC10-VEGFR1-VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing three HLA-A*2402-restricted peptide epitopes with potential immunostimulatory, antiangiogenic, and antitumor activities. Vaccine peptide epitopes are derived from the tumor associated antigen (TAA) URLC (up-regulated in lung cancer 10) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) 1 and 2. Upon administration, HLA-A*0201-restricted URLC10-VEGFR1-VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against URLC10-expressing tumor cells and the tumor microvasculature expressing VEGFR 1 and 2 peptides; this may result in tumor cell lysis, the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, and decreased tumor growth. HLA-A*0201 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*0201 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*0201-restricted VEGFR1 peptide vaccine: A cancer vaccine containing an HLA-A*0201-restricted vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) peptide (sequence:  TLFWLLLTL) with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Upon administration, HLA-A*0201-restricted VEGFR1-derived peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing VEGFR1, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor growth. HLA-A*0201 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*0201 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*0201-restricted VEGFR1-VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine: A cancer vaccine containing two HLA-A*0201-restricted peptide epitopes with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Peptide epitopes in this vaccine are derived from:  vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) 1 and 2. Upon administration, HLA-A*0201-restricted VEGFR1-VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing VEGFR 1 and 2 peptides, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor growth. HLA-A*0201 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*0201 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*2402-restricted CDCA1-A24-56 peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing the HLA-A*2402-restricted peptide epitope derived from cell division associated gene 1 (CDCA1), with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Upon administration, HLA-A*2402-restricted CDCA1-A24-56 peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against CDCA1-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor cell proliferation. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*2402-restricted CDCA1-KIF20A multipeptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing two HLA-A*2402-restricted peptide epitopes derived from cancer-testis antigens with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. The peptide epitopes are derived from cell division associated 1 (CDCA1) and kinesin-like family member 20A (KIF20A). Upon administration, HLA-A*2402-restricted CDCA1-KIF20A multipeptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against CDCA1- and KIF20A-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor cell proliferation. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*2402-restricted KOC1-TTK-CO16-DEPDC1-MPHOSPH1 multipeptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing five HLA-A*2402-restricted peptide epitopes with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Peptide epitopes in this vaccine are derived from IGF II mRNA binding protein 3 (KOC1); TTK protein kinase (TTK); URLC10 (up-regulated lung cancer 10); DEP domain containing 1 (DEPDC1); and M phase phosphoprotein 1 (MPHOSPH1). Upon administration, HLA-A*2404-restricted KOC1-TTK-CO16-DEPDC1-MPHOSPH1 multipeptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing KOC1, TTK, CO16, DEPDC1 and MPHOSPH1 peptides, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor growth. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*2402-restricted multipeptide vaccine S-488410:  A cancer vaccine composed of HLA-*2402-restricted epitopic peptides derived from three cancer/testis (CT) antigens, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, HLA-A*2402-restricted multipeptide vaccine S-488410 may elicit a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing these CT antigens. CT antigens, normally expressed only in germ cells of the testis, are overexpressed in a wide variety of human cancers.  
^`HLA-A*2402-restricted URLC10 peptides vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing HLA-A*2402-restricted epitope peptides URLC10 (up-regulated lung cancer 10) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, HLA-A*2402-restricted URLC10 peptides vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against URLC10-expressing tumor cells. URLC10, a tumor associated antigen, is often overexpressed in lung, esophageal and gastric cancers. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*2402-restricted URLC10-CDCA1-KIF20A multipeptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing three HLA-A*2402-restricted peptide epitopes derived from cancer-testis antigens with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. The peptide epitopes are derived from up-regulated lung cancer 10 (URLC10); cell division cycle associated 1 (CDCA1); and kinesin-like family member 20A (KIF20A). Upon administration, HLA-A*2402-restricted URLC10-CDCA1-KIF20A multipeptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against URL10-, CDCA1-, and KIF20A-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor cell proliferation. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*2402-restricted URLC10-CDCA1-VEGFR1-VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing four HLA-A*2402-restricted peptide epitopes with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. The peptide epitopes are derived from URLC10 (up-regulated lung cancer 10); CDCA1 (cell division associated 1); and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1 and 2. Upon administration, HLA-A*2402-restricted URLC10-CDCA1-VEGFR1-VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against URL10-, CDCA1-, VEGFR1- and VEGFR2-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor cell proliferation. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*2402-restricted URLC10-KOC1-VEGFR1-VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing four HLA-A*2402-restricted peptide epitopes with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Peptide epitopes in this vaccine are derived from URLC10 (up-regulated lung cancer 10 or CO16); KOC1 (IGF II mRNA Binding Protein 3); and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1 and 2. Upon administration, this multipeptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against URL10-, KOC1-, VEGFR1- and VEGFR2-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor growth. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*2402-restricted URLC10-TTK-KOC1 multipeptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing three HLA-A*2402-restricted peptide epitopes with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Peptide epitopes in this vaccine are derived from URLC10 (up-regulated lung cancer 10); TTK (TTK protein kinase); and KOC1 (IGF II mRNA Binding Protein 3). Upon administration, URLC10-TTK-KOC1 multipeptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing URLC10, TTK and KOC1 peptides, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor growth. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*2402-restricted URLC10-TTK-VEGFR1-VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine: A cancer vacine containing four HLA-A*2402-restricted peptide epitopes with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Peptide epitopes in this vaccine are derived from:  URLC10 (up-regulated lung cancer 10), TTK (TTK protein kinase), and VEGFRs (vascular endothelial growth factor receptors) 1 and 2. Upon administration, URLC10-TTK-KOC1-VEGFR1-VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing URLC10, TTK, VEGFR 1 and 2 peptides, resulting in cell lysis and decreased tumor growth. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*2402-restricted VEGFR1 peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing the HLA-A*2402-restricted vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) peptide epitope with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Upon administration, HLA-A*2402-restricted VEGFR1 peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing VEGFR 1 peptide, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor growth. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*2402-restricted VEGFR1/2 multipeptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing two HLA-A*2402-restricted peptide epitopes with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Peptide epitopes in this vaccine are derived from vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1 and 2. Upon administration, this peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against VEGFR1- and VEGFR2-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor growth. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A*2404-restricted RNF43-TOMM34-VEGFR1-VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing four HLA-A*2402-restricted peptide epitopes with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Peptide epitopes in this vaccine are derived from ring finger protein 43 (RNF43); translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 34 (TOMM34); and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) 1 and 2. Upon administration, HLA-A*2404-restricted RNF43-TOMM34-VEGFR1-VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing RNF43, TOMM34, and VEGFR 1 and 2 peptides, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor growth. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A1, A2, B35-restricted survivin peptides/Montanide ISA-51 vaccine:  A peptide vaccine comprised of synthetic HLA-A1, -A2 and -B35 restricted survivin epitopes combined with the adjuvant Montanide ISA-51 with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, HLA-A1, A2, B35-restricted survivin peptides/Montanide ISA-51 vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells that overexpress survivin, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Montanide ISA-51, also known as incomplete Freund's adjuvant or IFA, is a stabilized water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant containing mineral oil with mannide oleate added as a surfactant that non-specifically stimulates cell-mediated immune responses to antigens.  
^`HLA-A1-binding MAGE-1/MAGE-3 multipeptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A1-binding melanoma-associated antigen peptides MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. Upon vaccination, HLA-A1-binding MAGE-1/MAGE-3 multipeptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount an anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against MAGE1- and MAGE-3-expressing cancer cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. HLA-A1 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A1 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A2, A3-restricted FGF-5 peptides/Montanide ISA-51 vaccine:  A peptide vaccine comprised of synthetic HLA-A2- and HLA-A3-binding peptides, derived from amino acid sequences of fibroblast growth factor-5 (FGF-5), combined with the adjuvant Montanide ISA-51 with potential antineoplastic activity. HLA-A2, A3-restricted FGF-5 peptides contain motifs recognized by the MHC class I molecules HLA-A2 and HLA-A3 and may stimulate a cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells that overexpress FGF-5. Montanide ISA-51 (also known as incomplete Freund's adjuvant or IFA), a stabilized water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant containing mineral oil with mannide oleate added as a surfactant, non-specifically stimulates cell-mediated immune responses to antigens.  
^`HLA-A2-binding TYR/MART-1/gp100 multipeptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted melanoma-associated antigen peptides tyrosinase (TYR), MART-1(melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells) and melanoma antigen glycoprotein 100 (gp100), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. Upon vaccination, HLA-A2-binding TYR/MART-1/gp100 multipeptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount an anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against Tyr-, MART-1 and gp100-expressing cancer cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. HLA-A2 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A2 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-A2-restricted melanoma-specific peptides vaccine GRN-1201:  A cancer peptide vaccine composed of four human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 (HLA-A*02)-restricted peptides derived from four specific and separate tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) expressed by melanoma cells, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of the HLA-A2-restricted melanoma-specific peptides vaccine, the melanoma specific antigens in the vaccine activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the HLA-A2-positive melanoma cells.  
^`HLA-A2-restricted synthetic glioma antigen peptides vaccine:  A synthetic peptide cancer vaccine consisting of HLA-A2-restricted peptides derived from glioma-associated antigens (GAA) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, HLA-A2-restricted synthetic glioma antigen peptides vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the corresponding GAAs, resulting in glioma tumor cell lysis. HLA-A2 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A2 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`HLA-DP0401/0402-restricted, MAGE-A3-reactive T cell receptor-transduced autologous T cells:  Human autologous T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DP0401/0402-restricted, melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3), with potential antineoplastic activity. CD4-positive cells are isolated from a patient, transduced with an anti-MAGE-A3-DP0401/0402 restricted TCR, expanded ex vivo, and reintroduced into the HLA-DP0401/0402 positive patient. Then, the HLA-DP0401/0402-restricted, MAGE-A3-reactive TCR-transduced autologous T cells bind to tumor cells expressing the MAGE-A3 antigen, which may result in both an inhibition of growth and increased cell death for MAGE-A3-expressing cancer cells. The tumor-associated antigen MAGE-A3 is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`HO/02/02:  A topical formulation that can be used to relieve radiation dermatitis.  
^`Hodgkin's antigens-GM-CSF-expressing cell vaccine:  An allogeneic vaccine consisting of Hodgkin lymphoma cells transfected with the granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon vaccination, Hodgkin antigens-GM-CSF-expressing cell vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against Hodgkin lymphoma-associated antigens, which may result in the lysis of tumor cells expressing these antigens. In addition, transfected Hodgkin lymphopma cells secrete GM-CSF, which may potentiate the CTL response against Hodgkin lymphoma-associated antigens.  
^`honey:  A sweet and viscous fluid produced by honey bees from flower nectar and other plant fluids.  
^`honey-containing mouthwash:  A mouthwash containing honey with potential antimucositis activity. Upon rinsing with this mouthwash, honey modulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines which may kill bacteria thus potentially preventing inflammation of the mucosal membranes and may decrease chemotherapy- and/or radiation-induced oral mucositis. In addition, honey may have a protective and healing effect on the oral mucosa.  
^`host dendritic cell vaccine-001 MSSM/BIIR:  A dendritic cell (DC) vaccine containing ex vivo expanded autologous DCs obtained from a patient with leukemia with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon reintroduction into the host, the host dendritic cell vaccine-001 MSSM/BIIR may stimulate the immune system to mount a leukemia-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response.  
^`HPPH:  A lipophilic, second-generation, chlorin-based photosensitizer. Upon intravenous administration, HPPH selectively accumulates in the cytoplasm of cancer or pre-cancerous cells. When laser light is applied, a photodynamic reaction between HPPH and oxygen occurs, resulting in the production of cytotoxic free radicals and singlet oxygen and free radical-mediated cell death. Compared to the first-generation photosensitizer porfimer sodium, HPPH shows improved pharmacokinetic properties and causes only mild skin photosensitivity which declines rapidly within a few days after administration.  
^`HPV 16 E6 peptides vaccine/candida albicans extract:  A human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 vaccine containing four E6 peptides in combination with the extract of Candida albicans, with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration of HPV-16 E6 peptides vaccine/Candida albicans extract, the four HPV-16 E6 peptides and the candida albicans may activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against cells expressing the E6 oncoprotein, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The HPV 16 transforming protein E6 is expressed in precancerous and malignant cervical lesions. Candida albicans allergenic extract may be used as a recall antigen to stimulate the immune system against HPV.  
^`HPV 16 E7 antigen-expressing Lactobacillis casei vaccine BLS-ILB-E710c:  An orally available Lactobacillis casei (L. casei)-based vaccine expressing the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 isoform E7 protein linked to the poly-gamma-glutamate synthetase complex gene PgsA, with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon oral administration, the expressed HPV 16 E7 may stimulate the immune system to mount a mucosal cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against HPV 16 E7-expressing tumor cells. The poly-glutamic acid synthetase PgsA from Bacillus subtilis acts as an anchoring motif that facilitates the expression of the HPV antigen protein on the surface of the bacteria. HPV 16 E7, a cell surface glycoprotein and tumor associated antigen, is overexpressed in various viral-related cancers.  
^`HPV 16 E7:86-93 peptide vaccine: A synthetic peptide vaccine consisting of amino acids 86 through 93 (TLGIVCPI) of the viral oncoprotein human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E7. Vaccination with HPV-16 E7: 86-93 peptide, which binds to HLA-A* 0201 molecule, may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells positive for HPV-16 E7.  
^`HPV DNA plasmids therapeutic vaccine VGX-3100:  A DNA vaccine consisting of plasmids encoding the E6 and E7 genes of human papilloma virus (HPV) subtypes 16 and 18, respectively, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Administered via intramuscular electroporation, HPV DNA plasmids therapeutic vaccine VGX-3100 expresses E6 and E7 proteins, which may elicit a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against cervical cancer cells expressing E6 and E7 proteins, resulting in tumor cell lysis. HPV type 16 and HPV type 18 are the most common HPV types involved in cervical carcinogenesis.  
^`HPV E1/E2 interaction inhibitor gel AP611074: A topical gel composed of a human papillomavirus (HPV) E1/E2 protein: protein interaction (PPI) inhibitor with potential antiviral activity. Upon topical application of AP611074, this agent prevents binding of the HPV viral proteins E1 to E2, thereby preventing viral DNA replication and growth of HPV. This inhibits viral proliferation and may prevent the formation of anogenital warts caused by HPV. The HPV proteins E1 and E2 are essential for HPV viral replication.  
^`HPV E6/E7 DNA vaccine GX-188E:  A therapeutic DNA vaccine encoding the E6/E7 fusion protein of human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes 16 and 18, plus the immune-enhancer, Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (FLT3L), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. DNA vaccine GX-188E is administered using a proprietary delivery system that electroporates the vaccine into cervical cells. Expression of the E6/E7 fusion product may elicit a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against cervical cancer cells expressing E6 and E7 oncoproteins, resulting in tumor cell lysis. FLT3L is a ligand for the FLT3 tyrosine kinase receptor, which upon activation stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. HPV types 16 and 18 are the most common HPV types involved in cervical carcinogenesis.  
^`HPV L1 VLP vaccine V504:  A vaccine formulation consisting of several types of human papillomavirus (HPV)-derived noninfectious virus-like particles (VLPs) with potential immunoprophylactic activity. Upon administration, HPV L1 VLP vaccine V504 may generate humoral immunity against various HPV L1 major capsid proteins, thereby preventing cervical infection upon exposure to the associated HPV types. VLPs are composed of self-assembling L1 major capsid proteins or functional L1 major capsid protein derivatives.  
^`HPV-16 E7 TCR-expressing T lymphocytes: A preparation of allogeneic, genetically engineered T lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector MSGV1 that encodes a T-cell receptor (TCR) targeting a specific epitope of the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 oncoprotein E7 (HPV-16 E7 TCR), with potential antineoplastic activity. The TCR especially recognizes and binds with high affinity to the HPV 16 E7 11-19 epitope. Upon administration, HPV-16 E7-expressing T cells target and bind to tumor cells expressing the HPV-16 E7 antigen leading to selective cytotoxicity in HLA-A2-positive, HPV-16 E7-expressing tumor cells. HPV16 E7, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types while not expressed in normal, healthy cells, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation. E7 11-19 is a naturally processed epitope of HPV-16 E7 that binds specifically to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02:01 and that has been isolated from the surface of HPV-16 positive, HLA-A*02: 01-positive tumor cells.  
^`HPV16 L2/E6/E7 fusion protein vaccine TA-CIN:  A recombinant human papillomavirus (HPV), genetically engineered fusion protein vaccine in which the three HPV16 viral proteins L2, E6 and E7 are fused together in a single tandem fusion protein (TA-CIN; HPV16 L2\E6\E7), with potential immunoprotective and antineoplastic properties. Upon administration, HPV16 L2/E6/E7 fusion protein vaccine TA-CIN may stimulate the immune system to generate HPV16 E6\E7-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses as well as the induction of L2-specific antibodies. In addition, this vaccine may prevent infection and the development of other HPV16-associated diseases. L2, a minor viral capsid protein, is able to induce a strong antibody response against certain HPV types.  
^`HPV-6-targeting immunotherapeutic vaccine INO-3106:  A DNA vaccine consisting of plasmids encoding the E6 and E7 genes of human papilloma virus subtype 6 (HPV-6), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Administered via intramuscular electroporation, HPV-6-targeting immunotherapeutic vaccine INO-3106 expresses the HPV-6 E6 and E7 proteins, which may elicit a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that are expressing those proteins, resulting in tumor cell lysis. HPV-6 infections are associated with aerodigestive malignancies.  
^`Hsp70-peptide TKD/IL-2-activated autologous natural killer cells:  A preparation of autologous natural killer (NK) cells that are stimulated ex vivo by a 14-mer heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) TKD peptide and interleukin-2 (IL-2), with potential tumor-selective cytolytic activity. Upon re-infusion into the patient, the treated NK cells recognize and bind to Hsp70-expressing tumor cells, which induces NK-mediated tumor cell lysis. Hsp70, a membrane-bound, stress-inducible protein, is overexpressed on almost all tumor cells; however, it is absent or minimally present on normal, healthy cells. TKD is the C-terminal substrate-binding domain of Hsp70 and is the structure recognized by the activated NK cells.  
^`Hsp90 antagonist KW-2478:  An agent that targets the human heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated, Hsp90 antagonist KW-2478 appears to inhibit Hsp90, resulting in impaired signal transduction, inhibition of cell proliferation, and the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. HSP90 is a molecular chaperone that plays a key role in the conformational maturation of oncogenic signaling proteins, such as HER2/ERBB2, AKT, RAF1, BCR-ABL, and mutated p53, as well as many other molecules that are important in cell cycle regulation or immune responses.  
^`Hsp90 inhibitor AB-010:  An orally bioavailable nanoparticle albumin-bound inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) with potential antineoplastic activity. Hsp90 inhibitor AB-010 selectively binds to Hsp90, inhibiting its chaperone function and promoting the degradation of oncogenic signaling proteins involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival. This agent may inhibit the growth of a wide variety of cancer cell types; the incorporation of albumin into its formulation may facilitate its endothelial transcytosis through the gp60-regulated albumin transport pathway. Hsp90, a chaperone protein upregulated in a variety of tumor cells, regulates the folding and degradation of many oncogenic signaling proteins.  
^`Hsp90 inhibitor AT13387:  A synthetic, orally bioavailable, small-molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) with potential antineoplastic activity. Hsp90 inhibitor AT13387 selectively binds to Hsp90, thereby inhibiting its chaperone function and promoting the degradation of oncogenic signaling proteins involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival. Hsp90, a chaperone protein upregulated in a variety of tumor cells, regulates the folding, stability and degradation of many oncogenic signaling proteins.  
^`Hsp90 inhibitor AUY922:  A derivative of 4,5-diarylisoxazole and a third-generation heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Hsp90 inhibitor AUY922 has been shown to bind with high affinity to and inhibit Hsp90, resulting in the proteasomal degradation of oncogenic client proteins; the inhibition of cell proliferation; and the elevation of heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) in a wide range of human tumor cell lines. Hsp90, a 90 kDa molecular chaperone, plays a key role in the conformational maturation, stability and function of other substrate or "client" proteins within the cell, many of which are involved in signal transduction, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, including kinases, transcription factors and hormone receptors. Hsp72 exhibits anti-apoptotic functions; its up-regulation may be used as a surrogate marker for Hsp90 inhibition.  
^`Hsp90 inhibitor BIIB028:  A small-molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 with potential antineoplastic activity. Hsp90 inhibitor BIIB028 blocks the binding of oncogenic client proteins to Hsp90, which may result in the proteasomal degradation of these proteins and so the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that plays a key role in the conformational maturation of oncogenic signaling proteins, such as Her2/Erbb2, Akt, Raf1, Bcr-Abl, and mutated p53, in addition to other molecules involved in cell cycle regulation and immune responses.  
^`Hsp90 inhibitor CNF2024:  An orally active, purine-scaffold, small-molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) with potential antineoplastic activity. HSP90 inhibitor CNF2024 specifically blocks active HSP90, inhibiting its chaperone function and promoting the degradation of oncogenic signaling proteins involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival; this may result in the inhibition of cellular proliferation in susceptible tumor cell populations. HSP90, a chaperone protein upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types, regulates the folding and degradation of many oncogenic signaling proteins.  
^`Hsp90 inhibitor debio 0932:  An orally active and small molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) with potential antineoplastic activity. Hsp90 inhibitor Debio 0932 specifically blocks Hsp90, thereby inhibiting its chaperone function and promoting the degradation of its client proteins, many of which are oncogenic signaling proteins involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival. This may lead to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Hsp90, a chaperone protein upregulated in a variety of tumor cells, regulates the folding, stabilization and degradation of many oncogenic signaling proteins.  
^`Hsp90 inhibitor DS-2248:  An orally active and small molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, Hsp90 inhibitor DS-2248 specifically blocks Hsp90, which inhibits its chaperone function and promotes the proteasomal degradation of oncogenic signaling proteins involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival. This may lead to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Hsp90, a chaperone complex protein upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types, regulates the folding and degradation of many oncogenic signaling proteins.  
^`HSP90 inhibitor HSP990:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of human heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) with potential antineoplastic activity. Hsp90 inhibitor Hsp990 binds to and inhibits the activity of Hsp90, which may result in the proteasomal degradation of oncogenic client proteins, including HER2/ERBB2, and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Hsp90, upregulated in a variety of tumor cells, is a molecular chaperone that plays a key role in the conformational maturation, stability and function of oncogenic signaling proteins, such as HER2/ERBB2, AKT, RAF1, BCR-ABL, and mutated p53, as well as many other molecules that are important in cell cycle regulation and/or immune responses.  
^`Hsp90 inhibitor MPC-3100:  An orally bioavailable, synthetic, second-generation small-molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) with potential antineoplastic activity. Hsp90 inhibitor MPC-3100 selectively binds to Hsp90, thereby inhibiting its chaperone function and promoting the degradation of oncogenic signaling proteins involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival; this agent may inhibit the growth and survival of a wide variety of cancer cell types. Hsp90, a chaperone protein upregulated in a variety of tumor cells, regulates the folding, stability, and degradation of many oncogenic signaling proteins.  
^`HSP90 inhibitor PU-H71:  A purine-based heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Hsp90 inhibitor PU-H71 specifically inhibits active Hsp90, thereby inhibiting its chaperone function and promoting the proteasomal degradation of oncogenic signaling proteins involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival. This may result in the inhibition of cellular proliferation in susceptible tumor cell populations. Hsp90, a molecular chaperone protein, is upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`Hsp90 inhibitor SNX-5422 mesylate:  The orally bioavailable mesylate salt of a synthetic prodrug targeting the human heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated, Hsp90 inhibitor SNX-5422 is rapidly converted to SNX-2112, which accumulates more readily in tumors relative to normal tissues. SNX-2112 inhibits Hsp90, which may result in the proteasomal degradation of oncogenic client proteins, including HER2/ERBB2, and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that plays a key role in the conformational maturation of oncogenic signaling proteins, such as HER2/ERBB2, AKT, RAF1, BCR-ABL, and mutated p53, as well as many other molecules that are important in cell cycle regulation or immune responses.  
^`Hsp90 inhibitor XL888:  An orally bioavailable, ATP-competitive, small-molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) with potential antineoplastic activity. Hsp90 inhibitor XL888 specifically binds to Hsp90, inhibiting its chaperone function and promoting the proteasomal degradation of oncogenic signaling proteins involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival; inhibition of tumor cell proliferation may result. Hsp90, a chaperone complex protein upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types, regulates the folding and degradation of many oncogenic signaling proteins, including Her-2 and Met.  
^`HspE7:  A recombinant chimeric protein composed of the heat shock protein 65 (Hsp65) from Mycobacterium bovis, and the human papilloma viral (HPV) protein E7. Hsp65, similar to other members of its family of proteins, elicits a strong immune response and may be used to design vaccines against a number of different cancers. E7 protein is involved in carcinogenesis of anal and cervical tumors, and represents a tumor antigen that may be specifically targeted by lymphocytes.  
^`HSV-1 HF10:  A non-engineered, naturally oncolytic, replication-competent spontaneous herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I mutant variant. Upon intratumoral injection, HSV1 HF10 transfects, replicates in, and lyses rapidly dividing cells such as tumor cells. In addition, this agent may increase host immune responses that may kill non-infected tumor cells.  
^`HSV-TK-transduced donor lymphocytes:  A preparation of donor lymphocytes transduced with the "suicide" gene herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) with potential immunomodulating activity. Administration of HSV-TK-transduced lymphocytes after T cell-depleted allogeneic stem cell transplantation allows an early controllable immune reconstitution, which takes advantage of the antitumor effect of donor lymphocytes and helps to mitigate the risk of post-transplant opportunistic infection. To control graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) due to donor lymphocyte infusion, HSV-TK-transduced donor lymphocytes are selectively eliminated by administration of the antiviral agent ganciclovir. Ganciclovir, a prodrug, is readily phosphorylated by the suicide gene HSV-TK within HSV-TK-transduced lymphocytes to its monophosphate form and, subsequently, converted into its active triphosphate form, which specifically kills HSV-TK- transduced donor lymphocytes.  
^`hTERT I540/R572Y/D988Y multipeptide vaccine:  A peptide vaccine consisting of multiple epitopes derived from the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of human telomerase, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. hTERT I540/R572Y/D988Y multipeptide vaccine contains strongly antigenic peptide epitopes I540 (9-mer), R572Y (9-mer) and D988Y (10-mer). Vaccination with this agent may elicit a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response against telomerase-expressing tumor cells. Directly linked to tumorigenesis, telomerase is expressed in the majority of human cancer cells but is infrequently expressed in normal cells.  
^`hTERT mRNA /survivin peptide-double-loaded autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing autologous dendritic cells (DCs) that are pulsed with mRNA encoding human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and survivin peptide, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, hTERT mRNA/survivin peptide-double-loaded autologous dendritic cell vaccine may elicit an immune response against cancer cells expressing hTERT and survivin by activating cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs), natural killer cells (NKs), and B-lymphocytes. The tumor associated antigens (TAAs) hTERT, the catalytic subunit of human telomerase, and survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins, may be upregulated in certain tumor cell types and play key roles in tumor cell growth and survival.  
^`hTERT multipeptide/Montanide ISA-51 VG/imiquimod GX 301:  A therapeutic cancer vaccine consisting of four epitopes derived from the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of human telomerase, including hTERT (540-548) acetate, hTERT (611-626) acetate, hTERT (672-686) acetate and hTERT (766-780) acetate, emulsified individually in the adjuvant montanide ISA-51 VG and administered with the immune response modifier (IRM) imiquimod, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Each hTERT peptide emulsion is administered individually by intradermal injection. Subsequently, imiquimod is applied topically to the injection site(s). Vaccination with GX 301 may elicit a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against telomerase-expressing tumor cells. Telomerase is expressed in the majority of human cancer cells, infrequently expressed in normal cells, and is directly linked to tumorigenesis. Imiquimod stimulates cytokine production through the activation of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7), and also exhibits antiproliferative effects. Montanide ISA-51, also known as incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), is a stabilized water-in-oil emulsion containing mineral oil with mannide oleate, which contains vegetable-grade (VG) oleic acid derived from olive oil. ISA-51 non-specifically stimulates cell-mediated immune responses to antigens.  
^`hTERT vaccine V934/V935:  A cancer vaccine directed against human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of human telomerase, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, hTERT vaccine V934/V935 may elicit a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response against telomerase-expressing tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell death. Telomerase is involved in the restoration and maintenance of telomere length and so the functional lifespan of cells. Abnormally reactivated in tumorigenesis, telomerase is expressed in the majority of human cancer cells but is not expressed or is expressed at very low levels in normal cells.  
^`hTERT/survivin/CMV multipeptide vaccine:  A vaccine containing multiple peptides derived from the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), survivin and cytomegalovirus (CMV), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, hTERT/survivin/CMV multipeptide vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response against tumor cells espressing hTERT, survivin and CMV. hTERT, the catalytic subunit of telomerase, and the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family member survivin, both often upregulated in tumor cells, play key roles in tumor cell growth and survival. Further, CMV expression is correlated with certain types of cancer.  
^`hTERT/survivin/melanoma tumor cell-derived mRNA-transfected dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing dendritic cells (DCs) that are transfected with messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and survivin in addition to patient-specific melanoma-derived mRNA with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, hTERT/survivin/melanoma tumor cell-derived mRNA-transfected dendritic cell vaccine may elicit a highly specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against melanoma cells expressing hTERT, survivin, and patient-specific melanoma-associated antigens. hTERT, the catalytic subunit of human telomerase, and survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins, may be upregulated in certain tumor cell types, playing key roles in tumor cell growth and survival.  
^`hTERT-encoding DNA vaccine INVAC-1:  A DNA vaccine consisting of a plasmid encoding a modified, inactive form of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of human telomerase which synthesizes telomeric DNA at the chromosome ends, fused to ubiquitin, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal vaccination of the hTERT encoding DNA vaccine INVAC-1 in combination with electroporation, hTERT protein is expressed and activates the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against telomerase-expressing tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell death. Telomerase prolongs the functional lifespan of cells via the restoration and maintenance of telomere length. Abnormally activated in tumorigenesis, telomerase is expressed in the majority of human cancer cells, but its expression is low or non-existent in normal cells. hTERT conjugation to ubiquitin, a 76 amino-acid peptide involved in the regulation of normal protein intracellular turnover in the cytoplasm, enhances proteasome-dependent degradation of the hTERT protein, increases hTERT presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and results in an increased immune response against hTERT.  
^`hu14.18-IL2 fusion protein:  A recombinant protein consisting of the hu14.18 monoclonal antibody fused to the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL2) with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody portion of the hu14.18-IL2 fusion protein binds to tumor cells expressing the GD2 antigen (melanoma, neuroblastoma and certain other tumors); the Fc component of the fusion protein antibody moiety and natural killer (NK) cells mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (CDCC) towards GD2-expressing tumor cells. The localized IL2 moiety of the fusion protein stimulates NK and T-cell antitumor cellular immune responses.  
^`huachansu:  A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) containing a water soluble Bufo toad skin extract that includes the cardiac glycosides bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action of this TCM has yet to be fully elucidated, huachansu, which may be administered in an injectable form, may induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by suppressing the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-2, while inducing the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as BAX.  
^`Huaier extract granule:  An orally bioavailable traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) composed of a granule containing an aqueous extract of Trametes robiniophila murr (Huaier), a mushroom found on hardwood tree trunks, with potential antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action through which Huaier exerts its effects is largely unknown, upon administration, this agent induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibits proliferation and migration of susceptible cancer cells through the modulation of various signal transduction pathways involved in carcinogenesis and angiogenesis.  
^`huBC1-huIL12 fusion protein AS1409:  An immunoconjugate consisting of the anti-tumor cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) fused to the tumor-targeting antibody BC1 with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. The antibody moiety of huBC1-huIL12 fusion protein AS1409 binds to the human fibronectin splice variant ED-B, delivering IL-12 directly to the tumor vasculature; tumor vasculature-targeted IL-12 initiates localized immune cascade responses and exhibits cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic activity while minimizing the systemic side effects of IL-12. The human fibronectin splice variant ED-B is over-expressed in the extracellular matrix and blood vessels of tumor tissues.  
^`Humalog:  (Other name for~ insulin lispro) 
^`human combinatorial antibody library-based antibody VAY736:  A fully human combinatorial antibody library (HuCAL)-derived monoclonal antibody targeting the B-cell-activating factor receptor (BAFF-R), with potential anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of HuCAL-based antibody VAY736, the antibody targets and binds to BAFF-R, which inhibits both BAFF/BAFF-R interaction and BAFF-R-mediated signaling. This may decrease cell growth in tumor cells expressing BAFF-R. BAFF-R, also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13C, is overexpressed in certain tumor cell types and autoimmune diseases. In cancer cells, BAFF-R plays a key role in B-cell proliferation and survival. VAY736 was developed using HuCAL technology.  
^`human gp100 plasmid DNA vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of a plasmid DNA encoding the human melanoma-associated antigen gp100. Upon adminsistration, expressed gp100 antigen may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell HLA-A2.1-restricted immune response against tumor cells that express this antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`human lactoferrin peptide hLF1-11:  A synthetic peptide corresponding to the first 11 N-terminal amino acids of human lactoferrin (hLF1-11) with potential antimicrobial activity. Although the exact mechanism through which this peptide exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, hLF1-11 binds ferric iron, limiting the availability of free iron for microbial functions. hLF1-11 may be effective against a variety of bacteria and fungi, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus, and fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains. Human lactoferrin, a 692 amino acid glycoprotein belonging to the transferrin family of metal-binding proteins, can be found in human milk and other secretory fluids, and the secondary granules of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells. Human lactoferrin plays a role in the innate defense of mucosal surfaces.  
^`human MHC non-restricted cytotoxic T-cell line TALL-104:  An allogeneic human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte cell line with potential antineoplastic activity. Human MHC non-restricted cytotoxic T-cell line TALL-104 is an IL-2-dependent human leukemic T cell line, expressing CD8 and CD3 but not CD16. Upon administration, human MHC non-restricted cytotoxic T-cell line TALL-104 interacts with tumor cells and activates apoptotic and necrotic pathways, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Endowed with MHC-non-restricted killer activity, these cells are cytotoxic against a broad range of tumor cells, sparing normal cells. In addition, TALL-104 may induce secretion of various cytokines, such as interferon-gamma, potentially enhancing its cytotoxic activity.  
^`human monoclonal antibody 216:  A naturally-occurring human IgM monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Human monoclonal antibody 216, derived from the gene VH4-34, binds to the glycosylated epitope CDIM on the surface of both malignant and normal B cells. Upon binding to B cells, this antibody may crosslink two or more CDIM molecules, resulting in the formation of cell membrane pores, the disruption of cell membrane integrity, and B cell lysis; this mechanism of antibody-mediated cell death is direct and does not involve mechanisms of complement-mediated cytotoxicity or antibody-depndent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). CDIM is the glyco-moiety of a 75 kD MW B-cell cell surface glycoprotein.  
^`human monoclonal antibody B11-hCG beta fusion protein CDX-1307:  A human monoclonal antibody (B11) directed against the mannose receptor and linked to the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG beta) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. The monoclonal antibody moiety of human monoclonal antibody B11-hCG beta fusion protein CDX-1307 binds to mannose receptors on antigen presenting cells (APCs), including human dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Upon internalization and processing, APCs present the processed hCG beta antigen on their cell surfaces, which may initiate an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) response against hCG beta-expressing tumor cells. The tumor-associated antigen (TAA) hCG beta is selectively overexpressed by a number of tumors including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, bladder and ovarian tumors; its expression may correlate with the stage of disease.  
^`human myeloid progenitor cells CLT-008:  Early- to late-stage myeloid progenitor cells derived from adult human stem cells with potential hematopoietic activity. Upon infusion, human myeloid progenitor cells CLT-008 proliferate into mature myeloid cells, including granulocytes, macrophages, platelets, and erythrocytes. These myeloid progenitor cells die within forty-five days after a burst of hematopoiesis. This agent cannot create lymphoid cells, including T cells associated with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).  
^`human papillomavirus 16 E7 peptide:  A synthetic peptide sequence of human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 nuclear protein which is used to produce vaccines against HPV infection and HPV-related neoplasms. HPV E7 oncogenic protein binds the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein, pRB, as well as a number of other cellular proteins, and serves as a transcriptional activator. This protein is important in the induction and maintenance of cellular transformation and is co-expressed in the majority of HPV-containing carcinomas.  
^`human papillomavirus 16/18 L1 virus-like particle/AS04 vaccine:  A recombinant, bivalent, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, containing virus-like particles for HPV types 16 and 18 linked to the adjuvant ASO4, with potential immunoprotective and antineoplastic properties. Upon administration, HPV 16/18 L1 virus-like particle/ASO4 vaccine may generate humoral and cellular immunity against HPV types-16 and -18 antigens, thereby preventing cervical infection upon exposure to HPV types 16 and 18. In addition, this agent may stimulate an antitumoral cellular immune response against cervical cancer associated with HPV infection.  
^`human papillomavirus vaccine V503:  A vaccine consisting of noninfectious, recombinant virus-like particles (VLP) containing the major viral capsid protein L1 of nine strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), with potential immunoprotective activity. Vaccination with HPV V503 may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against cells positive for any of these nine strains of HPV, thereby preventing cervical infection upon exposure to certain HPV subtypes.  
^`human prostate-specific membrane antigen plasmid DNA vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of a plasmid DNA encoding the human prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Upon administration, expressed PSMA may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells that express this antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`human trefoil factor 1-secreting Lactococcus lactis AG013:  An oral rinse solution containing a strain of the bacteria Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) genetically modified to express human Trefoil Factor 1 (hTFF1) with potential cytoprotective activity. With oral rinsing, human trefoil factor 1-secreting Lactococcus lactis AG013 may secrete and deliver hTFF1 to oral mucosal tissue, protecting or promoting the healing of damaged oral mucosa. hTFF1, a peptide belonging to the Trefoil factors family (TFF), is normally secreted by mucous epithelia and is involved in protecting mucosal tissue and maintaining mucosal surface integrity.  
^`human varicella zoster immune globulin:  A human plasma-derived immunoglobulin G (IgG) formulation containing high levels of antibodies against varicella zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus that causes chickenpox and herpes zoster (shingles), with potential immunomodulating and antiviral activities. VZV IgG (VZIG) is isolated from donors expressing high amounts of VZV antibodies. Upon intramuscular (IM) administration, the anti-VZV antibodies provide passive immunization against VZV. This may prevent infection by VZV in immunocompromised patients.  
^`humanized monoclonal antibody 3F8:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human tumor-associated antigen GD2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon vaccination, the humanized monoclonal antibody 3F8 stimulates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against GD2-expressing tumor cells. GD2, a disialoganglioside with expression in normal tissues restricted primarily to the cerebellum and peripheral nerves, is commonly expressed at high levels on tumors of neuroectodermal origins such as melanomas and neuroblastomas. Compared to the murine monoclonal antibody 3F8 (m3F8), the humanized form does not cause a human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) response and shows enhanced ADCC activity.  
^`Humatin:  (Other name for~ paromomycin sulfate) 
^`Humulin N:  (Other name for~ insulin, NPH) 
^`Humulin R Insulin:  (Other name for~ insulin, regular) 
^`Hyalo GYN:  (Other name for~ hyaluronic acid-based hydrating vaginal gel) 
^`hyaluronic acid:  A glucosaminoglycan consisting of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine disaccharide units that is a component of connective tissue, skin, vitreous humour, umbilical cord, synovial fluid and the capsule of certain microorganisms contributing to adhesion, elasticity, and viscosity of extracellular substances.  
^`hyaluronic acid-based hydrating vaginal gel:  A clear, colorless water-based vaginal gel containing the partial benzyl ester of hyaluronic acid (HA) with potential hydrating activity. Upon vaginal application, HA adheres to the vaginal mucosa where it retains water, provides moisture to the vagina and protects the vaginal mucosa. This gel may provide relief in vaginal dryness and may prevent sexual discomfort, itching and irritation. This HA derivative is less susceptible to enzymatic breakdown and provides longer lasting activity compared to HA. HA is naturally present in the vaginal epithelium.  
^`hyaluronic acid-containing topical cream:  A topical cream formulation containing hyaluronic acid (HA) with wound repair-promoting, skin moisturizing, and potential radioprotective activities. Upon application of the topical cream, HA adheres to injured tissues, provides hydration to the skin, and protects against dehydration and chemical or mechanical irritation. Hyaluronate, a non-sulfated glucosaminoglycan, is a major component of the extracellular matrix in connective, epithelial, and neural tissues and contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration.  
^`Hycamtin:  (Other name for~ topotecan hydrochloride) 
^`Hycamtin Capsules:  (Other name for~ oral topotecan hydrochloride) 
^`hycanthone:  A thioxanthene derivative of lucanthone with anti-schistosomal activity and potential antineoplastic activity. Hycanthone interferes with parasite nerve function, resulting in parasite paralysis and death. This agent also intercalates into DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis in vitro.  
^`Hydeltra:  (Other name for~ prednisolone) 
^`Hydeltrasol:  (Other name for~ prednisolone) 
^`hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate:  A naturally occurring, highly mineralized phyllosilicate clay used as a nutritional supplement with mycotoxin binding and protective activities. Upon ingestion prior to each meal, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate is not absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract but rather binds certain food contaminants, including aflatoxin (AF) and fumonisin B1 (FB1), thereby reducing the bioavailability of these substances. Dietary exposure of AF and FB1 has been associated with an increased risk of certain cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`hydrazine sulfate:  The synthetic sulfate salt of hydrazine, a derivative of ammonia. Hydrazine inhibits the enzyme phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase, thereby blocking gluconeogenesis. This agent has been reported to decrease the excessive energy needs and cachexia of cancer patients. Classified as a likely human carcinogen, hydrazine sulfate is also a weak inhibitor of mono-amine oxidase (MAO).  
^`Hydrea:  (Other name for~ hydroxyurea) 
^`hydrocodone/acetaminophen:  A combination preparation of the analgesic acetaminophen and the semisynthetic opioid agonist hydrocodone with analgesic and antitussive activities. Acetaminophen exerts its analgesic activity by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis while hydrocodone exerts its analgesic activity by binding to the mu-receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of endogenous opioids.  
^`hydrocortisone sodium succinate:  The sodium salt of hydrocortisone succinate with glucocorticoid property. Hydrocortisone sodium succinate is chemically similar to the endogenous hormone that stimulates anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities, in addition to exhibiting minor mineralocorticoid effects. This agent binds to intracellular glucocorticoid receptors and is translocated into the nucleus, where it initiates the transcription of glucocorticoid-responsive genes, such as various cytokines and lipocortins. Lipocortins inhibit phospholipase A2, thereby blocking the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, both potent mediators of inflammation.  
^`Hydrocortone:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`hydrogen peroxide-hyaluronic acid tumor injectable formulation:  A gel-based formulation composed of a very dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) combined with hyaluronic acid (HA), with potential radiosensitizing activity. Upon intratumoral injection and slow-release (SR) of H2O2 from the gel, H2O2 releases oxygen and inactivates anti-oxidative enzymes, thereby increasing the oxygen concentration in the tumor environment, which increases the efficacy of radiotherapeutic treatment. HA increases viscosity of the formulation and allows for the SR of H2O2; as compared to the injection of H2O2 alone, the addition of HA decreases diffusion of H2O2 to surrounding areas and enhances intratumoral H2O2 concentration over an increased period of time. Hypoxic tumors show a decreased response to radiotherapy; thus, increasing oxygen content increases tumor response to radiotherapy. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`hydromorphone hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of the semi-synthetic opioid hydromorphone with analgesic activity. Hydromorphone, the hydrogenated ketone of morphine, selectively binds the mu-opioid receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor. Binding stimulates the exchange of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) for guanosine diphosphate (GDP) on the G-protein complex, resulting in inhibition of plasma membrane-associated adenylate cyclase (AC) and a reduction in intracellular cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. Due to a reduction in cAMP levels, voltage-gated potassium channels are activated, resulting in neuronal hyperpolarization and a reduction in neuronal excitability. In addition, this agent inhibits the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels, resulting in inhibition of calcium entry into neuronal cells and a reduction in the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P and glutamate.  
^`Hydrostat:  (Other name for~ hydromorphone hydrochloride) 
^`hydroxychloroquine:  A 4-aminoquinoline with immunosuppressive, antiautophagy, and antimalarial activities. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, hydroxychloroquine may suppress immune function by interfering with the processing and presentation of antigens and the production of cytokines. As a lysosomotropic agent, hydroxychloroquine raises intralysosomal pH, impairing autophagic protein degradation; hydroxychloroquine-mediated accumulation of ineffective autophagosomes may result in cell death in tumor cells reliant on autophagy for survival. In addition, this agent is highly active against the erythrocytic forms of P. vivax and malariae and most strains of P. falciparum but not the gametocytes of P. falciparum.  
^`hydroxytyrosol:  A phenolic phytochemical naturally occurring in extra virgin olive oil, with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cancer preventive activities. Although the mechanisms of action through which hydroxytyrosol exerts its effects have yet to be fully determined, this agent affects the expression of various components of the inflammatory response, possibly through the modulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) pathway. The effects include the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as the inhibition of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1a), IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a); increased secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10; inhibition of the production of certain chemokines, such as C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10/IP-10), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2/MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (CCL4/MIP-1b); and inhibition of the expression of the enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS2) and prostaglandin E2 synthase (PGES), which prevent the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E (PGE2), respectively. In addition, hydroxytyrosol is able to regulate the expression of other genes involved in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation, such as extracellular signal-regulated and cyclin-dependent kinases. Also, hydroxytyrosol scavenges free radicals and prevents oxidative DNA damage. This induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in susceptible cancer cells.  
^`hydroxyurea:  A monohydroxyl-substituted urea (hydroxycarbamate) antimetabolite. Hydroxyurea selectively inhibits ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, an enzyme required to convert ribonucleoside diphosphates into deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates, thereby preventing cells from leaving the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. This agent also exhibits radiosensitizing activity by maintaining cells in the radiation-sensitive G1 phase and interfering with DNA repair.  
^`HylaCare™ cream:  (Other name for~ hyaluronic acid-containing topical cream) 
^`Hymorphan:  (Other name for~ hydromorphone hydrochloride) 
^`Hyperacute Melanoma:  (Other name for~ B16alphaGal melanoma vaccine) 
^`HyperAcute-Lung Cancer Vaccine:  (Other name for~ alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase-expressing allogeneic lung tumor cell vaccine) 
^`Hyperacute-Pancreatic Cancer Vaccine:  (Other name for~ algenpantucel-L) 
^`HyperAcute™ Renal:  (Other name for~ alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase-expressing allogeneic renal cell carcinoma vaccine) 
^`hyperbaric oxygen:  Oxygen that is administered at a higher pressure compared to standard (i.e. sea-level) atmospheric pressure. Administration of oxygen under hyperbaric conditions enhances the delivery of oxygen to hypoxic tumor cells, thereby increasing their sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy. In addition, hyperbaric oxygen may improve the healing of radiation-induced injuries by improving oxygen delivery to damaged tissue.  
^`Hyper-CVAD regimen:  A regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone, administered on a hyperfractionated schedule, used to treat adult L3 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL3 or Burkitt's-type) and adult small non-cleaved cell (Burkitt's) lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`hyperimmune bovine colostrum:  A dietary supplement consisting of bovine colostrum, containing high titers of immunoglobulins (Igs), with immunostimulating and anti-infective activities. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum is harvested during the first days after calving from cows that have been inoculated repeatedly with specific pathogens during pregnancy. In addition to high titers of anti-pathogen specific antibodies, hyperimmune colostrum is also rich in other immune factors, proline-rich polypeptides (PRP), lactoferrin, glycoproteins, lactalbumins, cytokines, growth factors, vitamins, and minerals. This dietary supplement may exhbit anti-infective activity in immunocompromised patients.  
^`hyperpolarized helium 3:  A contrast agent composed of hyperpolarized helium He 3 gas (HP3He), with potential usage in diagnostic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based imaging (MRI). Upon inhalation, the hyperpolarized helium He 3 gas is distributed throughout the lungs. MRI, immediately following HP3He administration, allows for the visualization of lung structures based on the distribution pattern of the gas. This may aid in the diagnosis of certain lung abnormalities. Hyperpolarization of He 3 enhances NMR signals and thus improves imaging and assessment of lung function.  
^`hyperpolarized xenon 129:  A contrast agent composed of hyperpolarized xenon Xe 129 gas (HP129Xe), with potential usage in diagnostic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based imaging (MRI). Upon inhalation, the hyperpolarized xenon 129 gas is distributed throughout the lungs. MRI, immediately following HP129Xe administration, allows for the visualization of lung structures based on the distribution pattern of the gas. This may aid in the diagnosis of certain lung abnormalities. Hyperpolarization of Xe 129 enhances NMR signals and thus improves imaging and assessment of lung function.  
^`hypertonic saline: Any solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water with a concentration of NaCl higher than that found in physiological saline (0.9% w/v). When administered in vivo, hypertonic saline (HTS) exhbits several physiological effects beneficial to cerebral injury including:  1) osmotic and vasoregulatory - by promoting the flow of excess water from cerebral tissue to the blood via osmosis and decreasing edema in the vascular endothelium of injured tissues, thus lowering vascular resistance and allowing more blood flow; 2) hemodymanic - by effectively expanding plasma volume; 3) immunomodulatory - by preventing leukocytes from becoming activated and adhering to injured neurons and; 4) neurochemical - by counteracting detrimental excitatory amino acids through the normalization of neuronal cell membranes and by restoration of normal electrolyte and neurotransmitter levels in brain cells, and normal cell volumes.  
^`hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302:  A hypoxia-activated prodrug consisting of a 2-nitroimidazole phosphoramidate conjugate with potential antineoplastic activity. The 2-nitroimidazole moiety of hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302 acts as a hypoxic trigger, releasing the DNA-alkylating dibromo isophosphoramide mustard moiety within hypoxic regions of tumors. Normoxic tissues may be spared due to the hypoxia-specific activity of this agent, potentially reducing systemic toxicity.  
^`hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-4000:  A proprietary, hypoxia-activated prodrug with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-4000 is activated in the hypoxic cells within tumors into an irreversible pan-HER inhibitor via a mechanism of action not yet fully elucidated. As a result, this agent inhibits cellular proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells overexpressing HER kinases, which belong to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Healthy, normal tissues may be spared due to the hypoxia-specific activity of this agent, potentially reducing systemic toxicity.  
^`Hypoxin:  (Other name for~ hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-4000) 
^`Hytone:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 


^`I 131 monoclonal antibody CC49:  A radioimmunoconjugate of the humanized monoclonal antibody CC49 labeled with iodine I 131. Iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody CC49 delivers beta and gamma radiation-emitting I 131 radionuclide specifically to tumor cells that express tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG)-72, allowing localization of TAG-72-expressing tumor cells with radioimaging devices in diagnostic applications or resulting in specific TAG-72-expressing tumor cell radiocytotoxicity in therapeutic applications. Monoclonal antibody CC49 binds to TAG-72, a pancarcinoma antigen, with high affinity.  
^`IAP inhibitor AT-406:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of IAP (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) family of proteins with potential apoptotic inducing and antineoplastic activity. IAP inhibitor AT-406 selectively inhibits the biological activity of IAP proteins, including X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP), the cellular IAPs 1 (c-IAP1) and 2 (c-IAP2) and melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis protein (ML-IAP). This may restore and promote the induction of apoptosis through apoptotic signaling pathways. AT-406 may work synergistically with cytotoxic drugs to overcome tumor cell resistance to apoptosis. IAPs are overexpressed by many cancer cell types, suppressing apoptosis by binding and inhibiting active caspases-3, -7 and -9 via their BIR (baculoviral lAP repeat) domains.  
^`IAP inhibitor HGS1029:  The hydrochloride salt of a small-molecule inhibitor of IAP (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) family proteins with potential antineoplastic activity. IAP inhibitor HGS1029 selectively inhibits the biological activity of IAP proteins, which may restore apoptotic signaling pathways; this agent may work synergistically with cytotoxic drugs to overcome tumor cell resistance to apoptosis. IAPs are overexpressed by many cancer cell types, suppressing apoptosis by binding and inhibiting active caspases-3, -7 and -9 via their BIR (baculoviral lAP repeat) domains.  
^`iAPA-based dendritic cells/cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A cell-based product composed of dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and devoid of the inhibitory effect of antigen presentation attenuators (iAPA) combined with cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) (iAPA-DC/CTL), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. DCs are transduced with a viral vector containing small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against APAs, which prevents the expression of APA genes and inhibits attenuation of antigen presentation. Upon administration of iAPA-DC/CTL, the DCs are able to efficiently present antigens to the immune system, stimulate the immune system against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and hyperactivate TAA-specific CTLs and T-helper cells. Also, the iAPA-based DCs inhibit the activity of the T-regulatory cells (Tregs), thereby abrogating their negative effect on CTL activation and preventing their immunosuppressive activity against TAAs. Altogether, this inhibits tumor cell proliferation. Additionally, the administered CTLs induce direct cancer cell lysis. APAs negatively regulate antigen presentation, activate Tregs and their immunosuppressive activity, affect inflammatory cytokine production by DCs, and negatively regulate the immunostimulatory activity of DCs; they have an overall inhibitory effect on the stimulation of the immune system.  
^`ibandronate sodium:  The sodium salt of ibadronic acid, a synthetic nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate. Ibandronic acid inhibits farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, resulting in a reduction in geranylgeranyl GTPase signaling proteins and apoptosis of osteoclasts. This agent increases bone mineral density, decreases bone remodeling, inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, and reduces metastases-related and corticosteroid-related bone pain.  
^`Ibrance:  (Other name for~ palbociclib) 
^`ibritumomab tiuxetan:  An immunoconjugate of the monoclonal antibody ibritumomab conjugated with the linker-chelator tiuxetan, a high affinity, conformationally restricted chelation site for radioisotopes. When bound to indium In 111 or yttrium Y 90, ibritumomab tiuxetan, targeting the CD20 antigen on B cell surfaces, specifically delivers a potentially cytotoxic dose of radiation to B lymphocytes. Ibritumomab is a murine IgG1 kappa monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen, which is found on the surface of normal and malignant B lymphocytes.  
^`ibrutinib:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, ibrutinib binds to and irreversibly inhibits BTK activity, thereby preventing both B-cell activation and B-cell-mediated signaling. This leads to an inhibition of the growth of malignant B cells that overexpress BTK. BTK, a member of the src-related BTK/Tec family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, is required for B cell receptor signaling, plays a key role in B-cell maturation, and is overexpressed in a number of B-cell malignancies. The expression of BTK in tumor cells is also associated with increased proliferation and survival.  
^`ibuprofen:  A propionic acid derivate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. Ibuprofen inhibits the activity of cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in a decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. This leads to decreased prostaglandin synthesis, by prostaglandin synthase, the main physiologic effect of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen also causes a decrease in the formation of thromboxane A2 synthesis, by thromboxane synthase, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation.  
^`ibuprofen intravenous:  A formulation for intravenous injection containing ibuprofen, a propionic acid derivative and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. Upon intravenous injection, ibuprofen inhibits the activity of the enzymes cyclooxygenase I (COX-1) and II (COX-2), resulting in a decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Inhibition of COX-2 specifically blocks the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandins, which mediate inflammation, fever and pain.  
^`iC9-GD2-CD28-OX40-expressing T lymphocytes:  Modified T-lymphocytes expressing a 3rd generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for the disialoganglioside GD2, which contains the CD3zeta chain, the signaling domains of the co-stimulatory molecules CD28 and CD134 (OX-40) and the suicide gene inducible caspase 9 (iCasp9), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, iC9-GD2-CD28-OX40-expressing T lymphocytes target the GD2 antigen on tumor cells, thereby providing selective toxicity towards GD2-expressing tumor cells. iCasp9 consists of a human FK506 drug-binding domain with an F36V mutation (FKBP12-F36V) linked to human caspase 9. If the administered T cells lead to unacceptable side effects, the chemical homodimerizer AP1903 can be administered, which binds to the drug binding FKBP12-F36V domain and activates caspase 9, resulting in the apoptosis of the administered T-cells. The tumor-associated antigen GD2 is overexpressed on the surface of almost all tumors of neuroectodermal origin. OX40 and CD28, both T-cell surface-associated co-stimulatory molecules, are required for full T-cell activation.  
^`ICE regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide used in the treatment of relapsed and refractory non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`IC-GREEN:  (Other name for~ indocyanine green solution) 
^`Iclusig:  (Other name for~ ponatinib hydrochloride) 
^`icodextrin solution:  An isosmotic solution containing icodextrin, a starch-derived, water-soluble glucose polymer, used in peritoneal dialysis and for the prevention of adhesion after surgery. Due to its isoosmotic nature and inability to cross the peritoneal membrane, the icodextrin solution, upon administration into the peritoneal cavity, is able to exert osmotic pressure. This allows for the removal of excess fluids and waste products in dialysis patients. In addition, icodextrin can provide a barrier between tissue surfaces when administered during surgery. This physically separates tissues, prevents adhesion after surgery and promotes wound healing.  
^`icotinib hydrochloride:  An orally available quinazoline-based inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Icotinib selectively inhibits the wild-type and several mutated forms of EGFR tyrosine kinase. This may lead to an inhibition of EGFR-mediated signal transduction and may inhibit cancer cell proliferation. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`icrucumab:  A fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR-1/FLT-1) with potential antiangiogenesis and antineoplastic activities. Icrucumab specifically binds to and inhibits the activity of VEGFR-1, which may prevent the activation of downstream signaling pathways and so inhibit tumor angiogenesis; the subsequent reduction in tumor nutrient supply may inhibit tumor cell proliferation. Tumor cell overexpression of VEGFR-1 may be associated with tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation and invasion; VEGFR-1 may modulate VEGFR-2 signaling.  
^`Idamycin:  (Other name for~ idarubicin hydrochloride) 
^`idarubicin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic idarubicin. Idarubicin intercalates into DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and ultimately, interfering with RNA and protein synthesis. Due to its high lipophilicity, idarubicin penetrates cell membranes more efficiently than other anthracycline antibiotic compounds.  
^`idarubicin-eluting beads:  A sustained-release drug delivery embolization system containing small polymeric beads impregnated with the anthracycline antibiotic idarubicin with potential antineoplastic activity. The beads consist of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microspheres modified with sulfonic acid groups and loaded with idarubicin. During transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the hepatic artery, idarubicin-eluting beads embolize to the tumor vasculature, occlude tumor blood vessels and induce ischemic necrosis of tumor tissue due to mechanical blockage of the tumor vasculature. Simultaneously, idarubicin-eluting beads release cytotoxic idarubicin locally and in a sustained manner. This may result in idarubicin-mediated inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.  
^`idasanutlin:  An orally available, small molecule, antagonist of MDM2 (mouse double minute 2; Mdm2 p53 binding protein homolog), with potential antineoplastic activity. Idasanutlin binds to MDM2 blocking the interaction between the MDM2 protein and the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing the MDM2-p53 interaction, p53 is not enzymatically degraded and the transcriptional activity of p53 is restored. This may lead to p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. MDM2, a zinc finger nuclear phosphoprotein and negative regulator of the p53 pathway, is often overexpressed in cancer cells and has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.  
^`idelalisib:  An orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of the delta isoform of the 110 kDa catalytic subunit of class I phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Idelalisib inhibits the production of the second messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), preventing the activation of the PI3K signaling pathway and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, motility, and survival. Unlike other isoforms of PI3K, PI3K-delta is expressed primarily in hematopoietic lineages. The targeted inhibition of PI3K-delta is designed to preserve PI3K signaling in normal, non-neoplastic cells.  
^`IDH mutant inhibitor AG-881:  An orally available inhibitor of mutated forms of both isocitrate dehydrogenase type 1 (IDH1, IDH1 [NADP+] soluble) in the cytoplasm and type 2 (IDH2, isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP+], mitochondrial) in the mitochondria, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, pan-IDH mutant inhibitor AG-881 specifically inhibits mutant forms of IDH1 and IDH2, thereby inhibiting the formation of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) from alpha-ketoglutarate (a-KG). This prevents 2HG-mediated signaling and leads to both an induction of cellular differentiation and an inhibition of cellular proliferation in tumor cells expressing IDH mutations. In addition, AG-881 is able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). IDH1 and 2, metabolic enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate into a-KG, play key roles in energy production and are mutated in a variety of cancer cell types. In addition, mutant forms of IDH1 and 2 catalyze the formation of 2HG and drive cancer growth by blocking cellular differentiation and inducing cellular proliferation.  
^`IDH1 inhibitor AG-120:  An orally available inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase type 1 (IDH1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, AG-120 specifically inhibits a mutated form of IDH1 in the cytoplasm, which inhibits the formation of the oncometabolite, 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). This may lead to both an induction of cellular differentiation and an inhibition of cellular proliferation in IDH1-expressing tumor cells. IDH1, an enzyme in the citric acid cycle, is mutated in a variety of cancers; it initiates and drives cancer growth by both blocking cell differentiation and catalyzing the formation of 2HG.  
^`IDH1(R132) inhibitor IDH305:  An inhibitor of the citric acid cycle enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] cytoplasmic (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1; IDH1) with mutations at residue R132 (IDH1(R132)), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, IDH305 specifically inhibits IDH1(R132) mutant forms in the cytoplasm, which inhibits the formation of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). This may lead to both an induction of cellular differentiation and an inhibition of cellular proliferation in IDH1(R132)-expressing tumor cells. IDH1(R132) mutations are highly expressed in certain malignancies, including gliomas. They initiate and drive cancer growth by both blocking cell differentiation and catalyzing the formation of 2HG.  
^`IDH1R132H mutation-targeting IDH1 peptide vaccine:  A peptide vaccine consisting of a 20-mer peptide derived from isocitrate dehydrogenase type 1 (IDH1) containing the point mutation R132H (IDH1R132H), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon subcutaneous vaccination with the IDH1R132H mutation-targeting IDH1 peptide vaccine, the vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that express the IDH1R132H protein. R132H is a point mutation, which contains an amino acid substitution where arginine is replaced by histidine at position 132 of IDH1, and is highly expressed in gliomas as well as other tumor types; this mutation is associated with increased production of the oncometabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG).  
^`IDH1R132H-specific peptide vaccine PEPIDH1M:  A peptide vaccine consisting of a peptide derived from isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) containing the point mutation R132H (IDH1R132H), with potential antineoplastic activity. Intradermal vaccination with the IDH1R132H-specific peptide vaccine PEPIDH1M may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that express the IDH1R132H protein. The IDH1 point mutation of amino acid residue 132 is highly expressed in gliomas and is associated with increased production of the oncometabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG).  
^`IDH2 inhibitor AG-221:  An orally available inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase type 2 (IDH2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, AG-221 specifically inhibits IDH2 in the mitochondria, which inhibits the formation of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). This may lead to both an induction of cellular differentiation and an inhibition of cellular proliferation in IDH2-expressing tumor cells. IDH2, an enzyme in the citric acid cycle, is mutated in a variety of cancers; It initiates and drives cancer growth by blocking differentiation and the production of the oncometabolite 2HG.  
^`idiotype-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine APC8020:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with tumor-derived clonal immunoglobulin (Ig) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, idiotype-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine APC8020, containing idiotype (Id) protein structures that can be recognized by antibodies and by CD41 T lymphocytes and CD81 T lymphocytes, may stimulate antitumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against Id-expressing tumor cells. The Id represents the unique antigenic determinants in the variable regions of the clonal Ig.  
^`IDO inhibitor NLG919:  An orally available inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, NLG919 targets and binds to IDO1, a cytosolic enzyme responsible for the oxidation of the essential amino acid tryptophan into kynurenine. By inhibiting IDO1 and decreasing kynurenine in tumor cells, this agent increases tryptophan levels, restores the proliferation and activation of various immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, T-lymphocytes, and causes a reduction in tumor-associated regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Activation of the immune system, which is suppressed in many cancers, may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the IDO1-expressing tumor cells. IDO1 is overexpressed by a variety of tumor cell types and plays an important role in immunosuppression. Tryptophan depletion is associated with immunosuppression caused by T-cell suppression.  
^`IDO-1 inhibitor PF-06840003:  An orally available hydroxyamidine and inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, IDO1 inhibitor PF-06840003 targets and binds to IDO1, an enzyme responsible for the oxidation of tryptophan into kynurenine. By inhibiting IDO1 and decreasing kynurenine in tumor cells, PF-06840003 increases and restores the proliferation and activation of various immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and T lymphocytes; PF-06840003 also induces increased interferon (IFN) production, and causes a reduction in tumor-associated regulatory T cells (Tregs). Activation of the immune system, which is suppressed in many cancers, may inhibit the growth of IDO1-expressing tumor cells. IDO1, a cytosolic enzyme responsible for tryptophan catabolism and the conversion of tryptophan into kynurenine, is overexpressed by a variety of tumor cell types and antigen presenting cells (APCs); it plays an important role in immunosuppression. Tryptophan depletion inhibits T-lymphocyte proliferation and activation, and subsequently suppresses the immune system. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`idoxuridine:  An iodinated analogue of deoxyuridine, with antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) and potential radiosensitizing activities. Upon ocular administration, idoxuridine (IUdR) is converted to its mono-, di-, and triphosphate forms, is incorporated into DNA and disrupts viral replication. Upon oral administration of the idoxuridine prodrug ropidoxuridine and hepatic conversion by aldehyde oxidase into idoxuridine, this agent incorporates into DNA and sensitizes cells to ionizing radiation by increasing DNA strand breaks.  
^`idronoxil:  A synthetic flavonoid derivative. Idronoxil activates the mitochondrial caspase system, inhibits X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), and disrupts FLICE inhibitory protein (FLIP) expression, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis. This agent also inhibits DNA topoisomerase II by stabilizing the cleavable complex, thereby preventing DNA replication and resulting in tumor cell death.  
^`Ifex:  (Other name for~ ifosfamide) 
^`ifosfamide:  A synthetic analogue of the nitrogen mustard cyclophosphamide with antineoplastic activity. Ifosfamide alkylates and forms DNA crosslinks, thereby preventing DNA strand separation and DNA replication. This agent is a prodrug that must be activated through hydroxylation by hepatic microsomal enzymes.  
^`Ifosfamidum:  (Other name for~ ifosfamide) 
^`IGF ligand neutralizing antibody BI 836845:  A humanized IgG1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF) monoclonal antibody targeting the IGF ligands 1 (IGF-1) and 2 (IGF-2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, IGF ligand neutralizing antibody BI 836845 binds to both IGF-1 and IGF-2 and inhibits the binding of these ligands to their receptor, IGF-1R. This blocks the insulin growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway, which is upregulated in a number of cancer cell types and plays a key role in cancer cell proliferation and chemoresistance. In addition, BI 836845 prevents the binding of IGF-2 to insulin receptor variant A (IR-A), preventing its activation.  
^`IGF-1R antagonist BMS-754807:  An oral small molecule inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (InsR) tyrosine kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Dual IGF-IR/InsR inhibitor BMS-754807 binds reversibly to and inhibits the activities of IGF-1R and InsR, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. IGF-1R and InsR tyrosine kinases, overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, play significant roles in mitogenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor cell survival.  
^`IGF-1R antisense oligodeoxynucleotide-treated autologous glioma cells:  Autologous glioma cells treated ex vivo with an 18-mer antisense oligodeoxynucleotide of insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R/AS ODN), with potential antineoplastic activity. IGF-1R/AS ODN pre-treated glioma cells encapsulated in small Lucite diffusion chambers are implanted into a subcutaneous pocket in the patient’s abdominal rectus sheath. Within the diffusion chambers, IGF-1R/AS ODN binds to IGF-1R mRNA, and shuts down the translation of IGF-1R in the glioma cells. Downregulation of IGF-1R induces apoptosis and causes the release of exosomes, which contain tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). The diffusion of exosomes and IGF-1R/AS ODN from the Lucite chambers may active the patient’s immune system and mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against cells expressing these TAAs. IGF-1R, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and is essential for tumor cell growth, transformation and survival.  
^`IGF-1R inhibitor PL225B:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. IGF-1R inhibitor PL225B selectively binds to and inhibits the activities of IGF-1R, which may result in both the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis in IGF-1R-overexpressing tumor cells. IGF-1R, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, plays a significant role in the stimulation of cellular proliferation, oncogenic transformation, and suppression of apoptosis.  
^`IGF-1R/IR inhibitor KW-2450:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. IGF-1R/IR inhibitor KW-2450 selectively binds to and inhibits the activities of IGF-1R and IR, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. IGF-R1 and IR tyrosine kinases, overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, play significant roles in the stimulation of cellular proliferation, oncogenic transformation, and suppression of apoptosis.  
^`IGF-methotrexate conjugate:  A conjugate containing the antimetabolite and antifolate agent methotrexate conjugated to insulin-like growth factor (IGF), with potential antineoplastic activity. After intravenous administration, the IGF moiety of the IGF-methotrexate conjugate binds to and is internalized by IGF receptors (IGFR) on the surface of tumor cells. Following cell entry, the methotrexate then binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. This results in both the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and the induction of death in rapidly dividing cells. Binding to IGFR can localize the cytotoxic effect of methotrexate in tumor cells. This may increase its efficacy while decreasing its toxicity to normal, healthy cells. IGFR is overexpressed on many types of cancer cells and has been implicated in metastasis and resistance to apoptosis.  
^`IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract:  An oligomeric proanthocyanidin extracted from grape seeds. IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract exhibits dose-dependent free-radical scavenging and antioxidant properties.  
^`IL-10 immunomodulator MK-1966:  An agent that downregulates the activity of the anti-inflammatory cytokine human interleukin-10 (IL-10), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, IL-10 immunomodulator MK-1966 blocks the activity of IL-10 and may abrogate the IL-10-induced immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This activates cell-mediated immunity against cancer cells, increases cytokine production, including interferon-gamma (IFN-g), decreases T regulatory cell (Treg) activity, and induces a tumor-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell-mediated immune response, which enhances tumor cell death.  
^`IL-12-expressing mesenchymal stem cell vaccine GX-051:  Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a modified form of the cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, IL-12-expressing MSC vaccine GX-051 secretes IL-12. IL-12 activates the immune system by both promoting the secretion of interferon-gamma, which activates natural killer cells (NKs), and inducing cytotoxic T-cell responses, which may result in both decreased cell proliferation and increased cell death in tumor cells.  
^`IL13Ralpha2-specific hinge-optimized 41BB-co-stimulatory CAR truncated CD19-expressing autologous T-lymphocytes:  A preparation of ex vivo expanded, genetically modified autologous central memory-enriched T-cells (Tcm) transduced with a replication-incompetent, self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vector expressing a hinge-optimized, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL13Ra2), and containing the cluster of differentiation 137 (CD137; 4-1BB) co-stimulatory signaling domain fused to the signaling domain of the T cell antigen receptor complex zeta chain (CD3-zeta), and a truncated form of human cluster of differentiation 19 (CD19t), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral or intracavitary administration, IL13Ra2-specific, hinge-optimized, 41BB-co-stimulatory CAR/truncated CD19 expressing T-lymphocytes are directed to, and induce selective toxicity and cytolysis in IL13Ra2-expressing tumor cells. IL13Ra2, overexpressed by a variety of tumor cell types, is associated with increased tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasiveness. The costimulatory signaling domain enhances both proliferation of T cells and antitumor activity. Hinge optimization prevents the recognition and clearance of the CAR by endogenous Fc receptors (FcRs). CD19t is used as a surface marker to both quantify and track the gene-modified T cells in vivo.  
^`IL-2 plasmid DNA/lipid complex: An immunotherapeutic agent consisting of a plasmid DNA encoding human Interleukin-2 (IL-2) complexed with a cationic lipid, 1,2-dimyristyloxypropyl-3-dimethyl-hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide/dioleyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DMRIE/DOPE), in a 5: 1 ratio. Due to the lipophilic nature of this cation liposome complex, this gene transfer system may improve the efficiency of introducing the IL-2 gene into the cells, thereby increasing the production of IL-2 and inducing an immune response.  
^`IL-2 recombinant fusion protein ALT-801:  A recombinant protein consisting of the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) fused to a humanized soluble T-cell receptor (TCR) directed against a tumor suppressor p53-derived antigen with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. The TCR moiety of IL-2 recombinant fusion protein ALT-801 binds to tumor cells displaying p53 epitope/MHC complexes; subsequently, the tumor cell-localized IL-2 moiety may stimulate natural killer (NK) cell and T cell cytotoxic immune responses against p53-expressing tumor cells.  
^`IL-2/Lptn gene-modified allogeneic neuroblastoma tumor cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of allogeneic neuroblastoma tumor cells have been genetically modified to secrete the human cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the human chemokine lymphotactin (Lptn) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, IL-2 and Lptn are secreted by the IL-2/Lptn gene-modified allogeneic neuroblastoma tumor cell vaccine, potentially enhancing the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response elicited by vaccine neuroblastoma tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) against host neuroblastoma tumor cells. Produced by activated progenitor T cells, Lptn belongs to the C chemokine subfamily and is a potent chemotactic factor for lymphocytes; IL-2 stimulates natural killer (NK) cells and may enhance a vaccine-elicited CTL immune response against tumor cells.  
^`IL4-Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion protein PRX321:  A fusion protein consisting of the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) linked to a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon specific, high-affinity binding to IL-4 receptors (IL-4Rs) located on the tumor cell surface., IL4-Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion protein PRX321 is internalized; the exotoxin moiety then binds to translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2), which may result in ADP ribosylation, deactivation of EF-2, inhibition of protein synthesis, and tumor cell apoptosis. The Pseudomonas exotoxin moiety of this agent has been engineered to reduce non-specific binding to cells expressing its receptor, the multiligand cell surface receptor alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (alpha 2MR/LRP). IL-4R is a type I transmembrane protein that binds IL-4 and IL-13 and may be overexpressed by cancers such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and glioma.  
^`ilaprazole:  A substituted benzimidazole prodrug with selective and irreversible proton pump inhibitor activity. A weak base, ilaprazole accumulates in the acidic environment of the secretory canaliculus of the gastric parietal cell where it is converted to an active sulfenamide form that binds to cysteine sulfhydryl groups on the luminal aspect of the proton pump hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (H+/K+ ATPase), thereby inhibiting the pump's activity and the parietal cell secretion of H+ ions into the gastric lumen, the final step in gastric acid production.  
^`Ilopan:  (Other name for~ dexpanthenol cream) 
^`iloprost:  A prostacyclin analogue with potential chemopreventive activity. Iloprost binds to the prostacyclin receptor in various target cells, thereby causing vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and decreased tumor cell adhesion to endothelium among other effects. Prostacyclin is a naturally occurring eicosanoid with anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, and anti-metastatic properties.  
^`ilorasertib:  An orally bioavailable, adenosine triphospate mimetic, and inhibitor of Aurora kinases, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFRs), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ilorasertib selectively binds to and inhibits Aurora kinases A, B and C, which may disrupt both the assembly of the mitotic spindle apparatus and chromosome segregation, and inhibit both cellular division and proliferation in Aurora kinase-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, ilorasertib selectively binds to and inhibits VEGFRs and PDGFRs, which may result in the inhibition of both angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation in VEGFR/PDGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. This agent also inhibits the Src family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. Aurora kinases A, B and C, are serine/threonine kinases that play essential roles in mitotic checkpoint control and are overexpressed by a wide variety of tumor cell types. Both VEGFRs and PDGFRs are receptor tyrosine kinase families whose members may be upregulated in various tumor cell types.  
^`Ilotycin:  (Other name for~ erythromycin) 
^`Imagent:  (Other name for~ perflubron) 
^`imalumab:  A human, recombinant monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), with potential immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, imalumab binds to MIF, blocking its activity and preventing the MIF-mediated secretion of certain cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. This may lead to an inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in MIF-overexpressing tumor cells. MIF, a pro-inflammatory cytokine overexpressed in some cancers, plays a key role in inflammation, immune responses and cancer cell proliferation.  
^`imatinib mesylate:  The mesylate salt of imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. Imatinib binds to an intracellular pocket located within tyrosine kinases (TK), thereby inhibiting ATP binding and preventing phosphorylation and the subsequent activation of growth receptors and their downstream signal transduction pathways. This agent inhibits TK encoded by the bcr-abl oncogene as well as receptor TKs encoded by the c-kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) oncogenes. Inhibition of the bcr-abl TK results in decreased proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in malignant cells of Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) hematological malignancies such as CML and ALL; effects on c-kit TK activity inhibit mast-cell and cellular proliferation in those diseases overexpressing c-kit, such as mastocytosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).  
^`Imbruvica:  (Other name for~ ibrutinib) 
^`imetelstat sodium:  The sodium salt of imetelstat, a synthetic lipid-conjugated, 13-mer oligonucleotide N3' P5'-thio-phosphoramidate with potential antineoplastic activity. Complementary to the template region of telomerase RNA (hTR), imetelstat acts as a competitive enzyme inhibitor that binds and blocks the active site of the enzyme (a "telomerase template antagonist"), a mechanism of action which differs from that for the antisense oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of telomerase activity through telomerase mRNA binding. Inhibition of telomerase activity in tumor cells by imetelstat results in telomere shortening, which leads to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis.  
^`imexon:  A 2-cyanoaziridine derivative with antitumor activity in multiple myeloma. Although its mechanism of action is not clearly known, imexon may induce apoptosis via a pathway involving cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, and/or caspase-8. Other cytotoxic mechanisms of action of this agent may involve thiol depletion, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreases in the mitochondrial membrane potential.  
^`imidazole mustard:  A synthetic derivative of imidazole with potent antineoplastic properties. Imidazole mustard alkylates DNA, preferentially at guanine residues, resulting in DNA interstrand crosslinks and inhibition of DNA replication and RNA and protein synthesis.  
^`imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid:  An orally bioavailable small molecule, with potential hematopoiesis inducing and antiviral activities. Upon oral administration, myelo001 stimulates the differentiation of bone marrow cells of the leukocytic, lymphocytic, and erythrocytic lineages, and prevents apoptosis of hematopoietic cells. This prevents chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN), inhibits the risk of infections, increases tolerance and allows for the continuation of the neutropenia-inducing chemotherapeutic agent. In addition, myelo 001 has antiviral properties.  
^`imipenem:  A broad-spectrum, semi-synthetic beta-lactam carbapenem derived from thienamycin, produced by Streptomyces cattleya. Imipenem binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes that are involved in the last stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. This inactivation results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and eventually causes cell lysis. Imipenem has the greatest affinity for PBP 1A, 1B, and 2, and its lethal effect is related to binding to PBP 2 and 1B. This antibiotic is active against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms and is stable in the presence of beta-lactamases.  
^`imiquimod:  A synthetic agent with immune response modifying activity. As an immune response modifier (IRM), imiquimod stimulates cytokine production, especially interferon production, and exhibits antitumor activity, particularly against cutaneous cancers. Imiquimod's proapoptotic activity appears to be related to Bcl-2 overexpression in susceptible tumor cells.  
^`imisopasem manganese:  A manganese-based non-peptidyl mimetic of the human mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), with potential antioxidant and chemo/radioprotective activities. Upon administration, imisopasem manganese mimics the activity of MnSOD and scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion, which prevents oxygen free radical damage to macromolecules such as DNA. This reduces ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation, prevents apoptosis and protects against oxygen free radical-induced toxicity in normal tissues.  
^`Imitrex:  (Other name for~ sumatriptan succinate) 
^`Imlygic:  (Other name for~ talimogene laherparepvec) 
^`immediate-release afuresertib:  An immediate-release (IR) tablet formulation containing afuresertib, an inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration of the IR formulation, afuresertib binds to and inhibits the activity of Akt, which may result in the inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, decreased tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis in Akt-expressing tumor cells. Activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis and dysregulated PI3K/Akt signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`immediate-release onapristone:  An immediate-release (IR) formulation of onapristone, an orally bioavailable progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist, with antineoplastic activity. Onapristone binds to the PR and inhibits both PR activation and the associated expression of PR-responsive genes. This may inhibit PR-mediated proliferative effects in cancer cells overexpressing PR. PR is expressed in certain cancer cell types and plays a key role in proliferation and survival.  
^`ImmTher:  (Other name for~ disaccharide tripeptide glycerol dipalmitoyl) 
^`Immucell WGP:  (Other name for~ beta-glucan) 
^`Immun-Aid:  (Other name for~ arginine/omega-3 fatty acids/nucleotides oral supplement) 
^`immunoadjuvant QS-DG:  A synthetic saponin, chemically identical to the natural saponin QS-21, with immunoadjuvant activity. When co-administered with vaccine antigens, immunoadjuvant QS-DG may increase total antitumoral vaccine-specific antibody responses and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses.  
^`Immunocal:  (Other name for~ whey protein isolate) 
^`immunoconjugate RO5479599:  An immunoconjugate containing a glycoengineered, humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor HER3 (ErbB3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, RO5479599 binds to the extracellular domain of HER3 and inhibits HER3 dimerization; thereby, preventing EGFR-dependent signaling. In addition, RO5479599 stimulates the immune system to exert antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This may decrease proliferation of HER3-overexpressing tumor cells. HER3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is frequently overexpressed in tumors; it has no active kinase domain but is activated through heterodimerization with other members of the EGFR receptor family, such as HER2. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`immunocytokine NHS-IL12:  A fusion protein consisting of the heavy-chains of the human antibody NHS76, raised against DNA released by necrotic tumor cells, and fused to two molecules of a genetically modified human interleukin-12 (IL-12) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the antibody moiety of immunocytokine NHS-IL12 binds to DNA released from necrotic tumor cells located primarily at the core of necrotic solid tumors, thereby delivering the IL-12 moiety. In turn, the IL-12 moiety of this agent stimulates the host immune system to mount an immune response against tumor cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. IL-12 is a proinflammatory cytokine with numerous immunoregulatory functions and may augment host immune responses to tumor cells. By targeting tumor cells, NHS-IL-12 may reduce the toxicity associated with systemic administration of recombinant human IL-12.  
^`immunocytokine NHS-IL2-LT:  A fusion protein consisting of a mouse-human chimeric antibody directed against DNA released by necrotic tumor cells fused to two molecules of a genetically modified human interleukin-2 (IL-2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the antibody moiety of immunocytokine NHS-IL2-LT binds to DNA released by necrotic tumor cells located primarily at the core of necrotic solid tumors, delivering the IL-2 moiety. In turn, the IL-2 moiety of this agent activates the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against nearby tumor cells.  
^`immunological adjuvant OPT-821:  A purified, natural saponin isolated from the soapbark tree Quillaja saponaria Molina with potential immunoadjuvant activity. When co-administered with vaccine peptides, OPT-821 may increase the antibody and cytotoxic T-cell responses against the targeted antigen(s).  
^`immunomodulator OHR/AVR118:  A peptide-nucleic acid immunomodulator with proinflammatory, broad-spectrum antiviral, and potential antineoplastic activities. Immunomodulator OHR/AVR118 stimulates the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) production of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-y, IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-a. This agent may reduce HIV-1 p24 antigen; viral reverse transcriptase activity; syncitial cell formation; and viral mRNA in infected PBMCs and human CD4+ lymphocyte H9 cells, and may decrease viral loads and increase CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts in HIV patients. In vitro, immunomodulator OHR/AVR118 has been shown to induce the maturation of HL60 leukemic cells and to inhibit the invasive and metastatic properties of a highly malignant breast cancer cell line.  
^`immunomodulatory agent CC-11006:  A proprietary, orally available, small molecule and thalidomide analog, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. CC-11006 appears to have a similar mechanism to thalidomide and may modulate the expression of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`immunotherapeutic combination product CMB305:  An immunotherapeutic combination product composed of LV305, an engineered lentiviral vector that both targets dendritic cells (DCs) and contains nucleic acids encoding the human tumor-associated cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 (CTAG1), and G305, a cancer vaccine comprised of an NY-ESO-1 recombinant protein and glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA)-stable emulsion (GLA-SE), with potential synergistic immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration of LV305, the DC-targeting lentiviral vector targets and binds to dermal DCs via the DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) receptor. Upon internalization of the vector, the NY-ESO-1 protein is expressed, which stimulates DC maturation, and activates the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against NY-ESO-1-expressing cells; this may result in tumor cell lysis. Upon the sequential intramuscular injection of G305, the adjuvant portion of G305 binds to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) expressed on various immune cells, including DCs, monocytes, macrophages and B-cells. The activated DCs present the NY-ESO-1 antigen to CD4-positive Th1 T-lymphocytes. The induction of antigen-specific CD4-positive T-lymphocytes further induces a CTL response against NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells. In addition, G305 induces an NY-ESO-1-specific antibody response. NY-ESO-1, expressed in normal testes and on the surfaces of various tumor cells, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`immunotherapeutic GSK1572932A:  An immunotherapeutic containing a proprietary adjuvant system combined with a melanoma-associated antigen peptide MAGE-A3 epitope with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Intramuscular administration with GSK1572932A may stimulate the immune system to exert both humoral and cellular immune responses against MAGE-A3-expressing tumor cells. MAGE-A3, a tumor associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), melanoma, head and neck cancer, and bladder cancer.  
^`immunotherapy regimen MKC-1106-MT: An immunotherapy regimen containing three components:  a plasmid encoding portions of the two melanoma-associated antigens Melan A (also called MART-1) and tyrosinase and two synthetic analogs of Melan-A and tyrosinase antigen epitopes with potential immunostimulating and antitumor activities. First, the plasmid is injected directly into lymph nodes in order to sensitize or prime antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and central memory T cells in lymph nodes to plasmid-expressed Melan A and tyrosinase. After several priming injections with plasmids, the Melan A and tyrosinase synthetic epitope analogs are injected directly into lymph nodes; upon binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on APC cell surfaces, these synthetic epitope analogs may stimulate a "primed" cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against melanoma tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Melan-A and tyrosinase are overexpressed by melanoma tumor cells.  
^`immunotoxin CMD-193:  A humanized immunotoxin directed against the Lewis Y antigen conjugated with calicheamicin, a hydrophobic enediyne antibiotic, with potential antineoplastic activity. CMD193 binds to the Lewis Y antigen, a tetrasaccharide expressed on the cell surfaces of many tumor cell types. Upon binding, CMD-193 is internalized, thereby delivering the attached calicheamicin to Lewis Y antigen-expressing tumor cells. Calicheamicin binds non-covalently to the minor groove of DNA and prompts conformational changes and DNA oxidation, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and inducing apoptosis.  
^`immunotoxin D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL:  A recombinant immunotoxin fusion protein consisting of single-chain variable-region antibody fragments (scFvs), which contain disulfide stabilized heavy- (Vh) and light- (Vl) chain variable regions of the monoclonal antibody D2C7 (D2C7-scdsFv), targeting both the wild-type form (EGFRwt) and the in-frame deletion mutant form (EGFRvIII) of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and fused, via a 15-amino acid peptide linker to domains II and III of the Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38KDEL) (D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intratumoral administration by convection-enhanced delivery, the scFv moiety of immunotoxin anti-EGFR scFv monoclonal antibody fragment immunotoxin D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL targets and binds to a specific amino acid epitope present in the extracellular domain of both the EGFRwt and EGFRvIII proteins. This binding facilitates the internalization of the immunotoxin by tumor cells. Inside the cells, the exotoxin portion of the fusion protein binds to translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2), and deactivates EF-2 through ADP ribosylation. This results in the inhibition of protein synthesis, the induction of apoptosis and a reduction in cell proliferation of EGFRwt/EGFRvIII-expressing tumor cells. Compared to intact IgG antibodies and single-chain antibodies, scFvs are smaller with increased tumor-penetrating capacity which may enhance therapeutic efficacy. The EGFR gene, a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, and its mutant form, EGFRvIII, which contains a deletion of exons 2–7 of the EGFR gene, are frequently amplified and overexpressed in a variety of cancers. KDEL increases the toxin’s intracellular retention, thereby enhancing its cytotoxicity.  
^`Immunox:  (Other name for~ thymopentin) 
^`Imodium A-D:  (Other name for~ loperamide hydrochloride) 
^`IMP321:  A T-cell immunostimulatory factor derived from the soluble form of lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) protein with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, alone or in combination with tumor antigens, IMP321 binds, with high affinity, to MHC class II molecules expressed by dendritic cells (DC), which may result in DC maturation, DC migration to lymph nodes, enhanced DC cross-presentation of antigens to T cells, and antitumor cytotoxic T cell responses.  
^`Impact:  (Other name for~ arginine/omega-3 fatty acids/nucleotides oral supplement) 
^`Imprime PGG:  (Other name for~ PGG beta-glucan) 
^`IMT-1012 immunotherapeutic vaccine:  A multi-peptide cancer vaccine with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. IMT-1012 immunotherapeutic vaccine contains twelve different synthetic peptides or tumor associated antigens (TAAs), including cyclin I (CCNI), cyclin-dependent kinase CDC2, EDDRI and TACE/ADAM17, each of which is involved in a different pathway associated with tumor growth, survival, and metastasis. Each antigen in the vaccine elicits a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against tumor cells expressing that antigen. This multi-antigen/multi-pathway targeting strategy provides broad immunotherapeutic coverage with respect to tumor complexity and heterogeneity and may result in enhanced vaccine efficacy.  
^`Imuran:  (Other name for~ azathioprine sodium) 
^`inactivated poliovirus vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of inactivated poliovirus (IPV) types 1,2 and 3, with active immunizing activity against poliomyelitis. Upon intramuscular vaccination, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) activates the immune system to develop antibodies against polioviruses.  
^`inalimarev:  A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant vaccinia viral vector encoding the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), MUC-1 (mucin-1), a transmembrane glycoprotein secreted by glandular tissues, and TRICOM, comprised of the three co-stimulatory molecule transgenes B7-1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3. Upon administration, inalimarev may enhance CEA and MUC-1 presentation to antigen presenting cells (APC) and may activate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against CEA- and MUC-1-expressing tumor cells.  
^`Inapsine:  (Other name for~ droperidol) 
^`Incel:  (Other name for~ biricodar dicitrate) 
^`Incivek:  (Other name for~ telaprevir) 
^`incomplete Freund's adjuvant:  A water-in-oil emulsion that stimulates the T-cell immune response to antigens and may be used in various types of cancer vaccines.  
^`incyclinide:  A chemically-modified tetracycline with potential antineoplastic activity. Incyclinide inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thereby inducing extracellular matrix degradation, and inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion, and metastasis. This agent also causes mitochondrial depolarization in tumor cells and induces both cellular apoptosis and tissue necrosis.  
^`Inderal:  (Other name for~ propranolol hydrochloride) 
^`indibulin:  A synthetic small molecule with antimitotic and potential antineoplastic activities. Indibulin binds to a site on tubulin that is different from taxane- or Vinca alkaloid-binding sites, destabilizing tubulin polymerization and inducing tumor cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This agent has been shown to be active against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and taxane- resistant tumor cell lines.  
^`indicine-N-oxide:  A natural pyrrolizidine alkaloid with antineoplastic properties. Indicine-N-oxide alkylates and crosslinks DNA.  
^`indinavir sulfate:  A synthetic antiviral agent. Indinavir selectively binds to the active site of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease and inhibits its activity, preventing the protease-mediated cleavage of gag-pol viral polyproteins; as a result immature, noninfectious virions are produced.  
^`Indium 111 ProstaScint:  (Other name for~ indium In 111 capromab pendetide) 
^`indium In 111 anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody BC8:  A radioimmunoconjugate containing the murine IgG1 anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) BC8 labeled with the gamma-emitting isotope indium 111 (In 111), with potential radioimaging application. Upon administration, indium In 111 anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody BC8 binds to CD45 antigen, a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed on the surface of most of the normal and malignant hematopoietic cells. After binding and internalization by CD45-expressing tumor cells, radioactive In 111 allows for the detection of BC8 distribution and tumor localization using gamma scintigraphy.  
^`indium In 111 anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody ABT-806:  A radioimmunoconjugate composed of a humanized monoclonal antibody IgG1 directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and labeled with the radioisotope indium In 111, with potential radioimaging activity. Indium In 111 anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody ABT-806 binds to a specific epitope of either wild-type or EGFR variant III mutant on tumor cells, thereby allowing imaging of EGFR-expressing tumor cells using gamma scintigraphy. ABT-806 is the humanized version derived from the predecessor chimeric monoclonal antibody 806. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed on the cell surfaces of many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation.  
^`indium In 111 bevacizumab:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody bevacizumab conjugated with the gamma-emitting radioisotope indium In 111. Indium I 111 bevacizumab binds to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), allowing the detection of VEGF distribution using gamma scintigraphy.  
^`indium In 111 capromab pendetide:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of the murine IgG1 kappa monoclonal antibody capromab (7E11-C5.3), conjugated to the linker-chelator glycyl-tyrosyl-(N,-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)-lysine hydrochloride (GYK-DTPA-HCl) and labeled with radioisotope indium In 111, with ligand-binding and gamma-emitting activities. Upon intravenous administration, indium In 111-capromab pendetide binds to a cytoplasmic epitope of human prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expressed on prostate tumor cell surfaces via its capromab moiety and, upon internalization, allows radioimmunolocalization with gamma scintigraphy. PSMA is a cell surface glycoprotein abundantly expressed by prostate epithelium and is typically overexpressed by prostate cancer cells.  
^`indium In 111 chimeric monoclonal antibody 806:  A recombinant chimeric, mouse-human monoclonal antibody IgG1, directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and labeled with the radioisotope indium-111, with potential radioimaging activity. Indium 111 chimeric monoclonal antibody 806 binds to a specific epitope on EGFR-expressing tumor cells, allowing imaging of EGFR-expressing tumor cells using gamma scintigraphy. EGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in the regulation of cell growth and is found to be overexpressed on the cell surfaces of many tumor cell types.  
^`indium In 111 CHX-A DTPA trastuzumab:  An indium I 111-labeled trastuzumab with potential use as an imaging agent. Indium In 111 CHX-A DTPA trastuzumab is chemically conjugated via a bifunctional metal chelator molecule, 2-(p-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-cyclohexyl-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (CHX-A DTPA), a backbone-substituted derivative of DTPA. This agent may allow radioimmunolocalization of HER2-positive cells. Trastuzumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively binds with high affinity to the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), may elicit an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells that overexpress HER2.  
^`indium In 111 ibritumomab tiuxetan:  A targeted radioimmunoconjugate composed of a murine monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody (ibritumomab) linked by a chelator (tiuxetan) to the imaging radioisotope indium-111. This radioimmunoconjugate binds to CD20-positive cells, permitting radioimmuno-localization of CD20-positive cell biodistribution.  
^`indium In 111 monoclonal antibody BrE-3:  A humanized monoclonal antibody conjugated to the imaging radioisotope (indium-111). This radioimmunoconjugate binds to the breast epithelial mucin antigen, which is found primarily on breast cancer cells, permitting radioimmmuno-localization of mucin-positive tumor cells and an estimate of radiation dosimetry prior to administration of cytotoxic radiotherapy.  
^`indium In 111 monoclonal antibody huPAM4:  The humanized monoclonal antibody huPAM4, directed against the pancreatic cancer antigen MUC-1 and radiolabled with the gamma-emitting radioisotope indium I 111, with radioisotopic and antibody activities. Upon administration, indium In 111 monoclonal antibody huPAM4 may bind to MUC-1-positive tumor cells, allowing radioimmunolocalization with gamma scintigraphy. Overexpressed by many tumor cell types, MUC-1 antigen, a mammary-type apomucin, is a high-molecular-weight transmembrane glycoprotein.  
^`indium In 111 pentetate:  A sterile, non-pyrogenic, isotonic solution of radioactive indium In 111 diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA). When administered intrathecally, indium In 111 pentetate percolates up the spinal canal with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the basal cisterns of the posterior and middle cranial fossas. This agent is used in radionuclide cisternography to image the flow of CSF, for the identification of abnormalities in CSF circulation, for location of sites of CSF leakage, and for evaluation of CSF shunt patency. Normally, this agent does not penetrate into the brain ventricles.  
^`indium In 111 pentetreotide:  An indium 111 radioconjugate of pentetreotide, the diethylenetriaminopentaacetic (DTPA) conjugate of the human hormone somatostatin peptide analogue (octreotide), used for radioimaging neuroendocrine tumor cells. The pentetreotide moiety of indium In 111 pentetreotide binds to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), especially type 2 receptors, present on the cell membranes of many types of neuroendocrine tumor cells. Upon binding and internalization, this radioconjugate allows for specific imaging of neuroendocrine tumors that overexpress somatostatin using scintigraphic imaging techniques. In addition, high dose indium In 111 pentetreotide may specifically deliver a cytotoxic dose of gamma radiation to SSTR-positive cells thereby killing SSTR-expressing tumor cells.  
^`indium In 111 pertuzumab:  A radioimmunoconjugate composed of a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular dimerization domain of the tyrosine kinase receptor human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER-2) and linked to the gamma-emitting radioisotope indium In 111, with potential use in radioimaging. Upon administration, indium In 111 pertuzumab binds to HER-2. After binding and internalization into HER-2-expressing tumor cells, radioactive In 111 facilitates the detection of HER-2-expressing tumor cells using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). This may predict or evaluate the tumor's response to certain HER-2-targeting chemotherapeutics.  
^`indium In 111-CMD-193:  A radiolabeled antibody-targeted antineoplastic antibiotic consisting of the enediyne antibiotic calicheamicin conjugated with anti-Lewis Y antibody and labeled with indium In 111. In 111 CMD-193 binds to Lewis Y antigen-expressing tumor cells via its antibody moiety and is internalized; subsequently, the calicheamicin moiety binds to the minor groove of tumor cell DNA, causing double-strand DNA breaks, the inhibition of DNA synthesis, and apoptosis. The indium In 111 radiolabel allows the detection of CMD-193 distribution and tumor localization using gamma scintigraphy.  
^`indium In 111-DOTA-biotin:  A radioimmunoconjugate of biotin conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with indium 111 (In-111). Biotin is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, present in minute amounts in every living cell, while its level in cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. In 111-DOTA-Biotin could be used in 3-step pre-targeting radioimmunotherapy that employs tumor targeting antibody conjugated with streptavidin, the natural ligand of biotin.  
^`indium In 111-DOTA-exendin-4:  A radiopharmaceutical composed of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist exendin-4 linked by the macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to the positron-emitting radionuclide indium In 111, with potential use in diagnostic imaging upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of indium In 111-DOTA-exendin-4, the exendin-4 moiety binds to GLP-1R and is subsequently internalized. The radionuclide moiety can be detected using PET and GLP-1R-expressing tumors can be localized. GLP-1R, located on beta cells, is overexpressed on insulinomas, which are insulin-secreting neuroendocrine tumors.  
^`indium In 111-DOTA-girentuximab:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the chimeric monoclonal antibody girentuximab conjugated with the gamma-emitting radioisotope indium In 111. Indium In 111-DOTA-girentuximab binds to G250, allowing the localization of G250-expressing tumor cells using gamma scintigraphy. Found in the majority of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), G250 or carbonic anhydrase isozyme IX (CA IX) is a cell surface tumor-associated antigen (TAA).  
^`indium In 111-labeled autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells:  A preparation of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) radiolabeled with indium In 111 with radioisoptoic activity. Autologous PBMCs are isolated, expanded ex vivo, radiolabeled with indium In 111, and then infused back into the patient. Gamma scintigraphy may then be used to image gamma ray-emitting indium In 111 PBMCs localized in lymhoma tissue.  
^`indium In 111-labeled autologous polymorphonuclear leukocytes:  A preparation of autologous peripheral polymorphonuclear (PMNLs) radiolabeled with indium In 111 with radioisoptic activity. Autologous PMNLs are isolated, expanded ex vivo, radiolabeled with indium In 111, and then infused back into the patient. Gamma scintigraphy may then be used to image gamma ray-emitting indium In 111 PMNLs localized in lymphoma tissue.  
^`indium In-111-DOTA-di-HSG peptide IMP-288:  A radiolabeled divalent histamine-succinyl-glycine (HSG) hapten-peptide linked with the macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to the radionuclide indium (In) 111. After pretargeting with a bispecific monoclonal antibody (BiMoAB) directed against both a tumor associated antigen (TAA) and the HSG hapten-peptide, the HSG portion of administered indium-In-labeled di-HSG-DOTA peptide IMP-288 binds the anti-HSG portion of the BiMoAB; In-111 radioisotopic activity localized to tumor cells bearing the TAA can then be visualized scintigraphically.  
^`Indocin:  (Other name for~ indomethacin) 
^`indocyanine green solution:  A sterile solution of a nontoxic tricarbocyanine dye with a peak spectral absorption at 790 nm, used for determining cardiac output, hepatic function, and liver blood flow, as well as for ophthalmic angiography. Designed to be administered intravenously, indocyanine green solution (ICG) contains less than 5% sodium iodide. Upon intravenous injection, ICG rapidly binds to its principle carrier, plasma protein, and is thereby confined to the vascular space. This agent, with a half-life of 150 to 180 seconds, is removed exclusively by the liver from circulation to bile juice. Furthermore, due to poor uptake, ICG is not suitable for angiography or functional output analysis of kidney, lung, cerebro-spinal, or peripheral tissues.  
^`indocyanine green/albumin solution:  A solution containing a non-toxic, fluorescent tricarbocyanine dye with a peak spectral absorption at 790 nm bound to the plasma protein albumin, that may be used in sentinel node mapping using a near infrared (NIR) imaging system. Upon injection of the indocyanine green (ICG)/albumin solution around the tumor, the ICG/albumin complex, travels though the vascular system. Using a NIR imaging system, the ICG, which emits light in the NIR range, permits the visualization of sentinel nodes and may help in cancer staging. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`indole-3-carbinol:  A naturally occurring, orally available cleavage product of the glucosinolate glucobrassicanin, a natural compound present in a wide variety of plant food substances including members of the family Cruciferae with antioxidant and potential chemopreventive properties. Indole-3-carbinol scavenges free radicals and induces various hepatic cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Specifically, this agent induces the hepatic monooxygenase cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1), resulting in increased 2-hydroxylation of estrogens and increased production of the chemoprotective estrogen 2-hydroxyestrone.  
^`indole-3-carbinol/calcium/Schizandra/vitamin D3/milk thistle/stinging nettle/lignan-based nutritional capsule:  An orally available capsule-based nutritional supplement containing indole-3-carbinol, calcium-D-glucarate, Schizandra, vitamin D3, milk thistle, stinging nettle and hydroxymatairesinol (HMR) lignans, with potential estrogen modulating, antiproliferative and antioxidant activity. Indole-3-carbinol, found in vegetables of the Cruciferae family, may inhibit mammary cell growth and exerts antiestrogenic activity; Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and Schizandra chinensis may enhance some of the phase II detoxification enzymes; calcium-D-glucarate and vitamin D3 may inhibit mammary cell growth; stinging nettle may exert its effect through its aromatase inhibiting activity; HMR lignans may have a beneficial effect on estrogen balance and levels. Therefore, ingredients in indole-3-carbinol/calcium/Schizandra/vitamin D3/milk thistle/stinging nettle/lignan-based nutritional capsule may alter estrogen balance and may protect against mammary carcinogenesis.  
^`indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase peptide vaccine:  A peptide vaccine against the immunomodulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase peptide vaccine may activate the immune system to induce an immune response against IDO-expressing cells. This may increase and restore the proliferation and activation of various immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and T-lymphocytes, and may eradicate IDO-expressing tumor cells. IDO, a cytosolic enzyme responsible for tryptophan catabolism and conversion of tryptophan into kynurenine, is overexpressed by a variety of tumor cell types and antigen presenting cells (APCs) and plays an important role in immunosuppression; tryptophan depletion inhibits T-lymphocyte proliferation and activation, and suppresses the immune system.  
^`indomethacin:  A synthetic nonsteroidal indole derivative with anti-inflammatory activity and chemopreventive properties. As a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), indomethacin inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase, thereby preventing cyclooxygenase-mediated DNA adduct formation by heterocyclic aromatic amines. This agent also may inhibit the expression of multidrug-resistant protein type 1, resulting in increased efficacies of some antineoplastic agents in treating multi-drug resistant tumors. In addition, indomethacin activates phosphatases that inhibit the migration and proliferation of cancer cells and downregulates survivin, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`indoximod:  A methylated tryptophan with immune checkpoint inhibitory activity. Indoximod inhibits the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan, and may increase or maintain tryptophan levels important to T cell function. Tryptophan depletion is associated with immunosuppression involving T cell arrest and anergy. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`inducible CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells:  Inducible regulatory T-lymphocytes that express CD4, CD25 (the alpha chain of the interleukin 2 receptor) and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), with potential immunomodulating activity. Inducible CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (iTregs) are a subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes that are induced from CD25- precursors in peripheral lymphoid organs with interleukin-2 and transforming growth factor-beta. These regulatory T cells are essential in maintaining immunologic homeostasis. They may also prevent autoimmunity by suppressing self-reactive T cells, and may induce tolerance to allogeneic organ transplants such as in hematopoietic stem cell transplants.  
^`inecalcitol:  An analog of calcitriol and a vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) agonist, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, inecalcitol targets and binds to VDR. This activates VDR and VDR-mediated signal transduction pathways. This modulates the VDR-mediated expression of certain genes, including the expression of anti-cancer genes, enhances cellular differentiation, induces tumor cell apoptosis and inhibits tumor cell growth. VDR plays a central role in calcium homeostasis and in the growth of certain cancer cells.  
^`Infanrix:  (Other name for~ diphtheria toxoid/tetanus toxoid/acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed) 
^`Infasurf Intratracheal Suspension:  (Other name for~ calfactant) 
^`Infergen:  (Other name for~ interferon alfacon-1) 
^`infliximab:  A recombinant chimeric, mouse-human monoclonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a protein involved in inflammation, cell survival, and apoptosis. Infliximab may be pro- apoptotic or anti-apoptotic, depending on cell type.  
^`Infumorph:  (Other name for~ morphine sulfate) 
^`ingenol derivative LEO 43204 gel:  A topical, aqueous gel formulation containing a derivative of ingenol, a selective small-molecule activator of protein kinase C (PKC) that is isolated from the sap of Euphorbia species, with the potential to treat preneoplastic skin lesions. Upon topical application of the ingenol derivative LEO 43204 gel, the agent presumably activates various PKC isoforms, which may induce apoptosis in abnormal cells found in severely sun-damaged skin with multiple actinic keratoses. This may decrease the number of actinic keratoses and prevent the development of skin neoplasms. The PKC family consists of signaling isoenzymes that regulate many cell processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.  
^`ingenol mebutate:  A selective small-molecule activator of protein kinase C (PKC) isolated from the plant Euphorbia peplus with potential antineoplastic activity. Ingenol mebutate (I3A) activates various protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, thereby inducing apoptosis in some tumor cells, including myeloid leukemia cells, melanoma cells, and basal cell carcinoma cells. The PKC family consists of signaling isoenzymes that regulate many cell processes including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.  
^`ingenol mebutate gel:  A topical, aqueous gel formulation containing the mebutate salt form of ingenol, a selective small-molecule activator of protein kinase C (PKC) that is isolated from the sap of Euphorbia species, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon topical application of the ingenol mebutate gel, ingenol activates various PKC isoforms, which induces apoptosis in certain tumor cells, including myeloid leukemia cells, melanoma cells, and basal cell carcinoma cells. The PKC family consists of signaling isoenzymes that regulate many cell processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.  
^`iniparib:  A small molecule iodobenzamide with potential cytotoxic and antineoplastic activities. Although the mechanism of action is unknown, iniparib appears to be cytotoxic in cells with DNA alterations or DNA damage, like that found in tumor cells with mutations in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. ATM encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase and mutations of the gene are associated with ataxia telangiectasia and contribute to certain cancers such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas.  
^`injectable Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide:  An injectable form of a polysaccharide isolated from the radix of Astragalus membranaceus (PG2), used in traditional Chinese medicine, with potential hematopoiesis inducing and immunomodulating activities. Upon injection, APS may be able to relieve certain chemotherapy-induced side effects, including myelosuppression, fatigue, mucositis, pain, nausea and vomiting, as well as loss of appetite and body weight. Also, APS may exert immunostimulatory activities by stimulating B-lymphocytes, activating T-lymphocytes, inducing cytokine production, and activating macrophages and natural killer cells through as of yet unidentified mechanism(s). APS may improve compliance of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.  
^`injectable liposomal vinorelbine:  An injectable, sphingomyelin/cholesterol liposome-encapsulated formulation of the semisynthetic vinca alkaloid vinorelbine with antineoplastic activity. Vinorelbine binds to tubulin and prevents formation of the mitotic spindle, resulting in cell cycle arrest in metaphase. Like other vinca alkaloids, vinorelbine may also interfere with the metabolism of nucleic acids, lipids, amino acids, cAMP, and glutathione, as well as other biological processes including calmodulin-dependent Ca2+-transport, ATPase activity, or cellular respiration. Liposomal delivery of vinorelbine may improve drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, increasing the duration of therapeutic effects while lowering the toxicity profile.  
^`Injectafer:  (Other name for~ ferric carboxymaltose solution) 
^`Inlyta:  (Other name for~ axitinib) 
^`innate defense regulator SGX942:  A synthetic, 5-amino acid peptide and innate defense regulator (IDR), with immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, anti-infective and anti-mucositis activities. Upon intravenous administration, SGX942 binds to the ZZ domain of sequestosome-1, also called p62, and activates regulatory signaling transduction pathways involved in the modulation of the innate immune system, such as those mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein. This agent promotes monocyte and macrophage recruitment to, and accelerates healing in damaged and infected tissue; it suppresses inflammation through the regulation of the expression of multiple cytokines. This agent may prevent or decrease chemo- or radiotherapy-induced mucositis as well as other types of infection. p62, an intracellular adaptor protein that functions downstream of certain signaling receptors, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.  
^`innate immunostimulator rBBX-01:  A recombinant 19 kDa protein derived from the Apicomplexa protozoan Eimeria with potential immunostimulating and antitumor activities. Upon administration, innate immunostimulator rBBX-01 activates dendritic cells (DCs), stimulates the Toll-like receptor 11 (TLR-11)-mediated release of interleukin-12 (Il-12) from DCs, and induces a T-helper 1 (Th1) type immune response, which may induce an immune response against tumor cells. Infection with Eimeria, a coccidian commonly infecting the intestine, may be negatively correlated with tumorigenesis.  
^`Innohep:  (Other name for~ tinzaparin sodium) 
^`Innopran XL:  (Other name for~ propranolol hydrochloride) 
^`INO-1001:  A isoindolinone derivative and potent inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) with chemosensitization and radiosensitization properties. INO-1001 inhibits PARP, which may result in inhibition of tumor cell DNA repair mechanisms and, so, tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. PARP enzymes are activated by DNA breaks and have been implicated in the repair of DNA single-strand breaks (SSB).  
^`inosine 5'- monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor FF-10501-01:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of inosine 5'- monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, IMPDH inhibitor FF-10501-01 competitively inhibits the enzyme IMPDH, thereby preventing the conversion of inosine monophosphate to xanthosine monophosphate. This inhibits the synthesis of guanine nucleotides, deprives cancer cells of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), disrupts DNA and RNA synthesis, and decreases tumor cell proliferation. Tumor cells are highly susceptible to IMPDH inhibition because they are rapidly dividing cells that are dependent on rapid DNA synthesis, which requires a high concentration of nucleotides. IMPDH, an enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), is overexpressed in numerous tumor cell types.  
^`inosine dialdehyde:  A toxic purine analogue. Inosine dialdehyde inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, resulting in decreased synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins, and G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest. This agent also forms stable covalent crosslinks in proteins, thereby inhibiting the activity of enzymes involved in nucleic acid synthesis.  
^`inositol:  A natural sugar found in cell membrane phospholipids, plasma lipoproteins, and (as the phosphate form) in the nucleus with potential chemopreventive properties. As one of a number of intracellular phosphate compounds, inositol is involved in cell signaling and may stimulate tumor cell differentiation.  
^`inotuzumab ozogamicin:  A CD22-targeted cytotoxic immunoconjugate composed of a humanized IgG4 anti-CD22 antibody covalently linked to N-acetyl-gamma-calicheamicin dimethyl hydrazide (CalichDMH) with potential antineoplastic activity. Inotuzumab ozogamicin is rapidly internalized upon binding of the antibody moiety to B cell-specific CD22 receptors, delivering the conjugated CalichDMH intracellularly; the CalichDMH moiety binds to the minor groove of DNA in a sequence-specific manner, resulting in double-strand DNA breaks and apoptosis. CalichDMH is a derivative of gamma calicheamicin, a cytotoxic antibiotic produced by the bacterium Micromonospora echinospora.  
^`Insegia:  (Other name for~ gastrin immunotoxin) 
^`Inspra:  (Other name for~ eplerenone) 
^`insulin lispro:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous human insulin. In lispro insulin, the amino acid proline at B-28 and the amino acid lysine at B-29 are reversed, resulting in the rapid dissolution of this insulin to a monomer that is absorbed rapidly after subcutaneous administration. Lispro insulin is equipotent to human insulin on a molar basis but its effects are faster and of shorter duration. Endogenous insulin, a pancreatic hormone composed of two polypeptide chains, is important in the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, promoting glucose utilization and protein synthesis; it has anabolic effects on many types of tissues. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`insulin, NPH:  An intermediate-acting insulin used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Administered once or twice daily, NPH (neutral protamine hagedorn) insulin lowers blood glucose within 1 to 2 hours after administration and exerts a peak effect at 6 to 10 hours. Endogenous insulin, a pancreatic hormone composed of two polypeptide chains, is important in the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, promoting glucose utilization and protein synthesis; it has anabolic effects on many types of tissues.  
^`insulin, regular:  A recombinant form of the naturally occurring human pancreatic hormone insulin. Upon administration, regular insulin mimics the action of endogenous human insulin and binds to insulin receptors located on muscle and fat cells. This both facilitates the cellular uptake of glucose and lowers blood glucose levels. In addition, insulin inhibits the liver's conversion of stored glycogen into glucose, which also decreases blood glucose levels. Insulin also inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue, inhibits proteolysis, and enhances protein synthesis.  
^`integrin receptor antagonist GLPG0187:  A small molecule integrin receptor antagonist (IRA) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, GLPG0187 binds to and blocks the activity of 5 RGD-integrin receptor subtypes, including alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta5, alphavbeta6 and alpha5beta1. This may result in the inhibition of endothelial cell-cell interactions and endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and the prevention of angiogenesis and metastasis in tumor cells expressing these integrin receptors. Integrin receptors are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed on the surface of tumor vessel endothelial cells and some types of cancer cells, and play a crucial role in endothelial cell adhesion and migration. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Intercoat:  (Other name for~ absorbable adhesion barrier gel) 
^`interferon alfacon-1:  An analogue of consensus interferon which contains an additional methionyl amino acid residue. Consensus interferon (also known as interferon alfacon-1, rCon-IFN, and CIFN) is a genetically engineered synthetic interferon created from the most common amino acid sequences from the naturally occurring alpha interferons. Alpha interferons bind to specific cell-surface receptors, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products have antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immune-modulating effects. An analogue of consensus interferon which contains an additional methionyl amino acid residue. Consensus interferon (also known as interferon alfacon-1, rCon-IFN, and CIFN) is a genetically engineered synthetic interferon created from the most common amino acid sequences from the naturally occurring alpha interferons. Alpha interferons bind to specific cell-surface receptors, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products have antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immune-modulating effects.  
^`interferon beta-secreting mesenchymal stem cells:  Human autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) harvested from the bone marrow of healthy individuals and transduced with a retroviral vector encoding the human cytokine interferon beta (IFNb), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of IFNb-secreting MSCs, the cells are attracted and specifically migrate to tumor sites and become part of the tumor microenvironment. Since the MSCs express IFNb, these cells selectively deliver high levels of IFNb to the tumor site. In turn, IFNb binds to IFN-specific cell surface receptors and modulates the transcription and translation of certain genes whose protein products are involved in tumor cell proliferation. This decreases tumor cell growth.  
^`interferon-gamma-expressing adenovirus vaccine ASN-002:  A replication-defective adenoviral serotype 5 vector encoding a recombinant form of the human cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-g), with potential antineoplastic and immunoregulatory activities. Upon intratumoral administration, the sustained expression of IFN-g by IFN-g-expressing adenovirus vaccine ASN-002 promotes a T-helper type 1 (Th1) immune response and inhibits the Th2-mediated cytokine production observed in many cutaneous lymphomas. IFN-g also mediates interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by antigen-presenting cells (APCs); activates macrophages, cytotoxic T-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells; upregulates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules; and stimulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Altogether, these IFN-g-mediated effects may result in both an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. Compared to IFN-g injections, the prolonged local production of IFN-g at the tumor site allows for higher efficacy and a reduction of systemic toxicity.  
^`interleukin-12 gene:  The DNA sequence that encodes the protein cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12). When introduced as the complementary DNA (cDNA) form into tumor cells by, for example, a genetically engineered adenovirus vector, the transfected IL-12 cDNA expresses IL-12 which activates antitumoral natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T-cells and stimulates the secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), potentially inhibiting tumor cell metastasis. This gene therapy may also result in IL-12-mediated inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and enhancement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).  
^`interleukin-2 gene:  The DNA sequence that encodes the protein cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). When introduced as the complementary DNA (cDNA) form into tumor cells by, for example, a genetically engineered adenovirus vector, the transfected IL-2 cDNA expresses IL-2 which may activate antitumoral natural killer cells and elicit an antitumoral cytotoxic T-cell response, resulting in an inhibition of tumor progression.  
^`intermediate-affinity interleukin-2 receptor agonist ALKS 4230:  A selective effector cell activator protein and agonist of the intermediate-affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, intermediate-affinity interleukin-2 receptor agonist ALKS 4230 binds to and signals through the intermediate-affinity IL-2 receptor complex; this may selectively stimulate and activate natural killer (NK) cells and memory CD8 T cells, leading to tumor cell elimination, while circumventing the activation of immunosuppressive cells that may prevent the anti-tumor response. IL-2 is a cytokine signaling molecule that plays a critical role in the immune response.  
^`intetumumab:  A pan alpha-v human monoclonal antibody that recognizes alpha-v beta-1, alpha-v beta-3, alpha-v beta-5, and alpha-v beta-6 integrins with antiangiogenic and antitumor activities. Intetumumab competitively binds to and blocks both alpha-v beta-3 and alpha-v beta-5 integrins, resulting in inhibition of integrin-mediated tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. Integrins facilitate the adhesion of stimulated endothelial cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM); trigger the secretion of ECM-rearranging proteases; and propagate signaling events that promote the survival and differentiation of cells in newly formed vasculature.  
^`IntraDose:  (Other name for~ cisplatin-e therapeutic implant) 
^`Intralipid:  (Other name for~ fat emulsion) 
^`intranasal ketamine:  An intranasal formualtion of the synthetic cyclohexanone ketamine with analgesic and anesthetic activities. Although its mechanism of action is not well understood, ketamine appears to non-competitively block N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and agonistically bind to and activate opiod mu and sigma receptors, thereby reducing pain perception, inducing sedation, and producing dissociative anesthesia.  
^`Intron A:  (Other name for~ recombinant interferon alfa-2b) 
^`Intron A:  (Other name for~ recombinant interferon alfa) 
^`inulin:  A naturally occurring, indigestible and non-absorbable oligosaccharide produced by certain plants with prebiotic and potential anticancer activity. Inulin stimulates the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon, including Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, thereby modulating the composition of microflora. This creates an environment that protects against pathogens, toxins and carcinogens, which can cause inflammation and cancer. In addition, fermentation of inulin leads to an increase in short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid production, thereby reducing colonic pH, which may further control pathogenic bacteria growth and may contribute to inulin's cancer protective properties.  
^`Invanz:  (Other name for~ ertapenem sodium) 
^`Invirase:  (Other name for~ saquinavir mesylate) 
^`INxin:  (Other name for~ IL4-Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion protein PRX321) 
^`iobenguane I 131:  An I 131 radioiodinated synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Iobenguane localizes to adrenergic tissue and, in radioiodinated forms, may be used to image or eradicate tumor cells that take up and metabolize norepinephrine.  
^`iobitridol:  A water-soluble, tri-iodinated, non-ionic monomeric benzoate derivative and contrast medium used in diagnostic radiography. Upon administration, iobitridol is distributed through the vascular system and interstitial space. Like other organic iodine compounds, this agent blocks x-rays and appears opaque on x-ray film thus, enhancing the visibility of body parts containing this agent. Iobitridol is rapidly removed by the kidneys in an unchanged form, and in cases of renal failure, heterotropic excretion occurs via the biliary route. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`iodinated contrast dye:  A contrast agent containing an iodine-based dye used in many diagnostic imaging examinations, including computed tomography, angiography, and myelography.  
^`iodine 131-6-beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol:  A radioiodine-labeled cholesterol analogue with radioisotopic activity. Iodine 131-l-6-beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol accumulates in tissues where steroid hormones are produced, including the adrenal cortex and, to a lesser extent, the ovaries and the testes. After binding to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in the adrenal cortex, this agent is internalized, permitting scintigraphic localization of areas of adrenocortical glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid and androgen secretion, and the scintigraphic assessment of adrenocortical function.  
^`iodine I 123:  A radioactive isotope of iodine, a nonmetallic element of the halogen group with an atomic mass of 123 and a half-life of 13.2 hours with radioisotopic activity. Selectively accumulating in the thyroid tissue, iodine I 123 emits gamma rays that can be detected with gamma scintigraphy, allowing localization of thyroid tissue. This agent may be used as a tracer in whole body scintigraphy (WBS) to localize thyroid carcinoma metastases.  
^`iodine I 123 ADAM:  A radiopharmaceutical containing the serotonin transporter (SERT) ligand ADAM [2-((2-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)-5-iodophenylamine] labeled with the radioisotope iodine I 123, with SERT-binding and radioisotope activities. Upon administration, iodine I 123 ADAM selectively binds to SERT-expressing cells; subsequently, SERT-expressing tissues may be visualized using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). SERT is a monamine transporter protein found in the membranes of neurons and platelets; in neurons it transports the neurotransmitter serotonin from synaptic spaces into presynaptic neurons, terminating serotonin's function.  
^`iodine I 123 anti-CEA recombinant diabody T84.66:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of a recombinant scFv dimer diabody of a monoclonal antibody against human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) labeled with iodine I 123 (I-123) with potential radioimmunolocalization applications. The antibody moiety of iodine I 123 anti-CEA recombinant diabody T84.66 binds to cells expressing CEA, selectively delivering I-123 upon cellular internalization and allowing the scintigraphic imaging of CEA-expressing tumor cells. CEA, a tumor associated antigen, is overexpressed in many cancer types, including gastrointestinal, breast, non-small cell lung, and thyroid cancers. Compared to whole monoclonal antibodies, diabody fragments offer the advantages of rapid tumor targeting, rapid blood clearance, more uniform tumor distribution, and a lower potential for eliciting an immune response.  
^`iodine I 123 iodobenzamide:  A radiopharmaceutical containing the dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist iodobenzamide (IBZM) labeled with the radionuclide iodine I 123 with dopamine receptor-binding and radioisotopic activities. Upon administration, iodine I 123 iodobenzamide binds to dopamine D2/D3 receptors; subsequently, tissues expressing these receptors can be visualized using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Dopamine receptors are a class of metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors found in the central nervous system (CNS) and neuroendocrine tumors such as pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma.  
^`iodine I 123 iodometomidate:  An iodine I-123 conjugate of metomidate (MTO) with potential application in adrenal imaging. Metomidate is a potent and selective inhibitor of the cytochrome P-450 enzymes, especially CYP11B1 (11 beta-hydroxylase) and CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase). Because both CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 are expressed exclusively in the adrenal cortex, I-123 iodometomidate can be used as a radiotracer for adrenal scintigraphy.  
^`iodine I 124:  A radioactive isotope of iodine, a nonmetallic element of the halogen group, with an atomic mass of 124 and a half-life of 4.18 days with radioisotopic activity. Selectively accumulating in thyroid tissue, iodine I 124 emits positrons that can be detected by positron emission tomography (PET), allowing localization of thyroid tissue. This radiosiotope also emits gamma rays.  
^`iodine I 124 CPD-1028:  A radioconjugate composed of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) binding agent CPD-1028 and conjugated to the radionuclide iodine I 124, with potential tumor imaging properties upon positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration, iodine I 124 CPD-1028 targets and binds to IGF-1R-expressing tumor cells. Upon PET/CT imaging, the iodine I 124 moiety can be visualized and the quantity of IGF-1R-expressing tumor cells can be assessed. IGF-1R, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, plays a significant role in the stimulation of cellular proliferation, oncogenic transformation, and the suppression of apoptosis.  
^`iodine I 124 FIAU:  A radioconjugate containing the nucleoside analog 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxy-1beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-iodouracil (FIAU) labeled with the radioisotope iodine I 124 with positron-emitting activity. Chemotherapeutic agents such as bortezomib may induce viral thymidine kinase expression in EBV- and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated tumors. Subsequent to chemotherapy induction of viral TK in these tumors, administered iodine I 124 FIAU is phosphorylated by expressed viral TK, becoming selectively trapped within TK-expressing tumor cells; these cells can then be visualized with positron emission tomography (PET). Viral TK is either not expressed or is expressed at very low levels in EBV- and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated tumors and may be activated by certain chemotherapeutic agents.  
^`iodine I 124 iobenguane:  A radioconjugate composed of the positron-emitting radioisotope iodine I 124 labeled to iobenguane, the synthetic aralkylguanidine analogue of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), with potential diagnostic imaging applications upon positron emitting tomography (PET) or computed tomography (CT). Upon administration, iodine I 124 iobenguane is taken up and accumulates in the granules of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells and in the pre-synaptic granules of adrenergic neurons in a manner almost identical with that of NE. In turn, tumor cells can be imaged upon PET or CT.  
^`iodine I 124 iodo-azomycin galactopyranoside:  A diagnostic radiopharmaceutical comprised of iodo-azomycin galactopyranoside (IAZGP) labeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope iodine I 124 and used as an imaging agent. Iodine I 124 iodo-azomycin galactopyranoside (I-124 IAZGP) is reduced under hypoxic conditions, covalently binding to macromolecules in hypoxic cells. After incorporation into hypoxic tumor cell DNA, I-124 IAZGP can be localized and quantified using positron emission tomography (PET), allowing a quantitative assessment of hypoxic tumor burden. IAZGP appears to have a higher water solubility and faster clearance from normal tissue than traditional imidazole tracers.  
^`iodine I 124 iododeoxyuridine:  A radiopharmaceutical comprised of the thymidine analog, 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (idoxuridine), labeled with the positron emitter iodine I 124. After incorporation into tumor cell DNA, positron emission tomography (PET) is used to image iodine I 124 localized to tumor cells for determining and monitoring tumor burden.  
^`iodine I 124 monoclonal antibody 3F8:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of 3F8, a murine anti-GD2 ganglioside monoclonal antibody labeled with iodine I 124 (I-124), with radioimaging activity using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon intravenous administration of iodine I 124 monoclonal antibody 3F8, the 3F8 moiety binds to GD2 expressed on tumor cells. This binding enables both PET imaging via iodine I 124 and the visualization of GD2-expressing tumor cells. GD2 is a ganglioside overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells, including neuroblastoma cells.  
^`iodine I 124 monoclonal antibody 8H9:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of the iodine I 124-radiolabeled murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 8H9 directed against the cell surface glycoprotein CD276 (4Ig-B7-H3) with potential for radioimaging using positron emission tomography (PET). Through convection enhanced delivery, iodine I 124 monoclonal antibody 8H9 binds to the 4Ig domain of CD276, in turn CD276 expressing tumor cells may be visualized upon PET imaging of the iodine I 124 moiety. CD276, a tumor associated antigen and member of the B7 family of co-stimulatory proteins, suppresses natural killer (NK) cell and cytotoxic T-lymhocyte activation; it is expressed on the cell membranes of a wide variety of tumors of neuroectodermal, mesenchymal and epithelial origin and its expression is associated with increased aggressiveness, poor prognosis and resistance. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`iodine I 124 monoclonal antibody A33:  A radioimmunoconjugate of a humanized monoclonal antibody (MoAb) A33 labelled with iodine 124 (I-124). MoAb A33 recognizes A33 antigen, a 43 KDa transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily, highly and homogenously expressed in 95% of colorectal cancer metastases, with only restricted expression in normal colonic mucosa. I-124 MoAb A33 delivers beta particle emitting I-124 nuclide directly to metastatic colorectal tissues, thereby this agent could be used in kinetics studies or radioimmunotherapy.  
^`iodine I 124 NM404:  A phospholipid ether analog labeled with iodine I 124, with a potential imaging property upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, iodine I 124 NM404 selectively accumulates in and is retained within tumor cells for a prolonged period of time due to the decreased activity of a phospholipase D (PLD), most likely isoform 1 of PLD, in tumor cells compared to normal cells. As tumor cells are unable to metabolize and eliminate MN404, tumor cells can be visualized upon PET imaging. In addition, iodine I 124 NM404 may provide a more accurate image of the tumor than imaging with the current standard. PLD is an enzyme found in the cell membrane of normal cells that degrades phospholipids. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`iodine I 124 phospholipid ether analogue CLR1404:  A small molecule radiopharmaceutical composed of the radioisotope iodine I 124 covalently attached to a proprietary alkylphospholipid ether (PLE) analogue, with potential imaging activity upon positron emission tomography (PET). Iodine I 124 phospholipid ether analogue CLR1404 is selectively taken up by tumor cells via membrane lipid rafts and accumulates in tumor cells. The accummulation of this agent is due to a decreased ability of tumor cells to metabolize PLEs because certain tumor cells have lower levels of the enzyme phospholipase-D, in comparison to normal cells. This facilitates imaging of cancer cells by PET. Lipid rafts, specialized microdomains of plasma membrane, are overexpressed in cancer cells compared to normal cells. In addition, the radioiodine moiety of this agent is resistant to de-iodination.  
^`iodine I 124 PU-AD:  A radioconjugate composed of PU-AD, a synthetic purine-scaffold inhibitor of the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), conjugated to the radioisotope iodine I 124, with potential imaging activity upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of iodine I 124 PU-AD, the PU-AD moiety selectively binds to cancer cells expressing stress-induced Hsp90 (stress Hsp90). Upon PET, Hsp90-overexpressing cancer cells can be visualized and patients who may benefit from PU-AD therapy can be identified. This radioconjugate may also be used to determine the pharmacokinetics of the therapeutic agent PU-AD. PU-AD is able to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and specifically targets stress Hsp90, as seen in certain conditions, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, while normal housekeeping Hsp90 complexes are not targeted by PU-AD at dose levels administered for imaging. Additionally, housekeeping Hsp90 complexes are only targeted at doses that are much larger than that are needed to exert an anticancer effect.  


^`iodine I 124-labeled anti-phosphatidylserine monoclonal antibody PGN650:  A radioimmunoconjugate composed of the F(ab')2 fragment of human monoclonal antibody PGN650 against phosphatidylserine (PS) labeled with the radioisotope iodine I 124, with potential imaging activity upon positron-emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the MoAb moiety of PGN650 binds to exposed PS on tumor cells, thereby allowing for the visualization of tumors upon PET. This may facilitate the assessment of the effectiveness of antitumor agents. The phospholipid PS is normally located on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane of healthy cells but is flipped to the outer leaflet in the endothelial lining of the tumor vasculature and other tumor cells in response to chemo- or radio- treatments in addition to oxidative stress.  
^`iodine I 124-labeled anti-PSCA A11 minibody:  A radioconjugate composed of an affinity-matured antibody fragment, the A11 minibody, directed against human prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), and conjugated with the radioisotope iodine I 124, that can potentially be used as an imaging agent for positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT). The minibody moiety of iodine I 124-labeled anti-PSCA A11 minibody selectively targets and binds to PSCA. The PSCA-expressing tumor cells can then be visualized using PET/CT. PSCA, a cell surface antigen expressed in normal human prostate and bladder, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including bladder, pancreatic, and prostate cancer. The A11 minibody is formed by the fusion of a single chain Fv fragment with the immunoglobulin G1 CH3 domain.  
^`iodine I 124-labeled HSP90 inhibitor PUH71:  A radioconjugate containing the purine scaffold heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor PUH71 labeled with the radioisotope iodine I 124, with positron emitting activity. Hsp90 inhibitor PUH71 is thought to bind to cytosolic Hsp90 and the endoplasmic reticulum paralogue gp96 (HSP90B1), thereby inhibiting its molecular chaperone function and promoting the degradation of the oncogenic signaling proteins. This induces caspase-dependent apoptosis. The iodine I 124 moiety can be visualized using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, thereby allowing an assessment of the accumulation of PUH71 in vivo, particularly in tumors. Hsp90, a chaperone protein upregulated in a variety of tumor cells, regulates the folding, stability and degradation of many oncogenic signaling proteins.  
^`iodine I 125:  A radioactive isotope of iodine, a nonmetallic element of the halogen group. With a half-life of 60 days, iodine 125 occurs naturally and can be produced artificially. This agent has both therapeutic and diagnostic uses, particularly in thyroid disease.  
^`iodine I 125 anti-EGFR-425 monoclonal antibody:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of a murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) labeled with iodine I 125 with potential antineoplastic activity. Iodine I 125 anti-EGFR-425 monoclonal antibody binds specifically to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Upon binding to EGFR-expressing tumor cells, this agent is internalized, selectively delivering a potentially cytotoxic dose of gamma radiation. EGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase that may be overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumors.  
^`iodine I 131:  A radioactive isotope of iodine with an atomic mass of 131, a half life of eight days, and potential antineoplastic activity. Selectively accumulating in the thyroid gland, iodine I 131 emits beta and gamma particles, thereby killing thyroid cells and decreasing thyroid hormone production.  
^`iodine I 131 anti-fibronectin antibody fragment L19-SIP:  An iodine 131 radioimmunoconjugate of a small immunoprotein (SIP), derived from the variable region fragment of human monoclonal antibody L19, that is directed against the extra-domain B (ED-B) of fibronectin, with potential radioimmunotherapeutic activity. The SIP moiety of iodine I 131 anti-fibronectin antibody fragment L19-SIP binds to the ED-B domain of fibronectin on tumor cells in the tumor neovasculature. Upon internalization, the I 131 radionuclide may selectively detect or deliver cytotoxic radiation to fibronectin-expressing tumor cells. ED-B of fibronectin, a naturally occurring marker of tissue remodeling and angiogenesis, is expressed in the majority of aggressive solid human tumors, whereas it is not detectable in normal vessels and tissues.  
^`iodine I 131 chimeric monoclonal antibody G-250:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the chimeric monoclonal antibody G-250 conjugated with iodine I 131 with potential antineoplastic activity. The antibody moiety of iodine I 131 chimeric monoclonal antibody G-250 binds to G-250, a renal-cell carcinoma-associated antigen, delivering cytotoxic iodine I 131 specifically to renal cell carcinoma cells that express G-250.  
^`iodine I 131 ethiodized oil:  A cytotoxic radioconjugate consisting of ethiodized oil, an iodinated ethyl ester derived from poppy seed oil, labeled with iodine 131 (I-131). Iodine I 131 ethiodized oil accumulates in hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma tumor cells, resulting in targeted cytotoxicity to tumor cells while sparing surrounding normal cells and tissues.  
^`Iodine I 131 Lipiodol:  (Other name for~ iodine I 131 ethiodized oil) 
^`iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody 3F8:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of 3F8, a murine anti-GD2 ganglioside monoclonal antibody labeled with iodine 131 (I-131), with radioimaging and radioimmunotherapeutic properties. Using monoclonal antibody 3F8 as a carrier for I-131 results in the targeted imaging and/or destruction of cells expressing GD2. GD2 is a ganglioside which is overexpressed in malignant melanoma, neuroblastoma, and small cell carcinoma of the lung.  
^`iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody 81C6:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of 81C6, a murine IgG2 anti-tenascin monoclonal antibody labeled with iodine 131 (I-131), with radioimaging and radioimmunotherapeutic activities. Using monoclonal antibody 81C6 as a carrier for I-131 results in the targeted imaging and/or destruction of cells expressing tenascin. Tenascin is an extracellular matrix protein which is overexpressed in gliomas and other cancers.  
^`iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody 8H9:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of the iodine 131-radiolabeled murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody 8H9 directed against the surface immunomodulatory glycoprotein 4Ig-B7-H3 with potential radioimaging and radioimmunotherapeutic uses. Iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody 8H9 binds to 4Ig-B7-H3 (human B7-H3 with 4 Ig-like domains) and may be used to radioimage and/or destroy tumor cells that express tenascin. 4Ig-B7-H3 inhibits T-cell activation and the production of effector cytokines such as interferon-gamma and interleukin-4; it is expressed on the cell membranes of a wide variety of tumors of neuroectodermal, mesenchymal and epithelial origin and is highly expressed on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mdDCs). In vitro, it has been shown that monoclonal antibody-mediated masking of 4Ig-B7-H3 on neuroblastoma cells resulted in the enhancement of natural killer (NK)-mediated lysis of target cells.  
^`iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody BC8:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of BC8, a murine IgG1 anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody labeled with iodine 131 (I-131), with radioimmunotherapeutic properties. Using monoclonal antibody BC8 as a carrier for I-131 results in the targeted destruction of cells expressing CD45. CD45 is tyrosine phosphatase expressed on virtually all leukocytes, including myeloid and lymphoid precursors in bone marrow and mature lymphocytes in lymph nodes; it is also expressed on most myeloid and lymphoid leukemic cells, but not on mature erythrocytes or platelets.  
^`iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody CC49-deltaCH2:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of the humanized CH2 domain-deleted monoclonal antibody CC49 and iodine I 131 with antineoplastic activity. Monoclonal antibody CC49-deltaCH2 targets the tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72) that is expressed by a wide range of human neoplasms including colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, ovarian, endometrial, breast, non-small cell lung, and prostate cancers. Iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody CC49-deltaCH2 binds to tumor cells expressing TAG-72, selectively delivering a cytotoxic dose of beta and gamma radiation.  
^`iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody F16SIP:  A fully human monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against human A1 domain of tenascin-C, in small immunoprotein (SIP) format conjugated with iodine 131 with potential antineoplastic activity. Iodine I 131 MoAb F16SIP binds to tenascin-C on the vascular tissues and delivers cytotoxic radiation to the tumors, thereby minimizing systemic radiotoxicity. Tenascin-C is a glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix, and the large isoform of this matrix protein is expressed and restricted around vascular structures in the tumor stroma of a variety of different tumors.  
^`iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody TNT-1/B:  An iodine 131 labeled radioimmunoconjugate of monoclonal antibody (MOAB) TNT-1/B with radioimaging and antineoplastic properties. MOAB TNT-1/B was developed for radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors, designated as Tumor Necrosis Treatment (TNT). TNT exploits the presence of degenerating and necrotic cells within tumors by utilizing MOAbs directed against universal, intracellular nucleosomal determinants consisting of histone H1 and DNA. This MOAB was conjugated with biotin (B) molecules, which increase pharmacokinetic performance of the monoclonal antibody. MOAB TNT-1/B delivers I 131 to tumor cells and results in the targeted imaging and/or destruction of cells with exposed necrotic antigens.  
^`iodine I 131 NM404:  A phospholipid ether analog labeled with iodine I 131, with potential radiotherapeutic and radioimaging potential upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, iodine I 131 NM404 selectively accumulates in and is retained within tumor cells for a prolonged period of time due to the decreased activity of a phospholipase D (PLD), most likely isoform 1 of PLD, in tumor cells compared to normal cells. As tumor cells are unable to metabolize and eliminate MN404, tumor cells can be visualized upon PET imaging. In addition, iodine I 131 NM404 selectively delivers a cytotoxic dose of iodine I 131 to the tumor cells. PLD is an enzyme found in the cell membrane of normal cells that degrades phospholipids.  
^`iodine I 131 phospholipid ether analogue CLR1404:  A small-molecule radiopharmaceutical consisting of the beta-emitting radioisotope iodine I 131 attached to a phospholipid ether (PLE) analogue, comprised of a linear 18 carbon backbone, with potential antineoplastic activity. Iodine I 131 phospholipid ether analogue CLR1404 selectively accumulates in tumor cells, thereby delivering a cytotoxic dose of radiation to cancer cells. Compared to normal cells, tumor cells are unable to metabolize and eliminate PLEs possibly due to deficiency of the enzyme phospholipase-D. In addition, the radioiodine moiety of this agent is resistant to de-iodination.  
^`iodine I 131 rituximab:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of rituximab, a recombinant chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen, and labeled with iodine I 131 with potential antineoplastic activity. The antibody moiety of iodine I 131 rituximab binds to the CD20 antigen thereby delivering cytotoxic iodine I 131 specifically to cancer cells expressing CD20. The CD20 antigen, a hydrophobic transmembrane protein, is expressed on normal pre-B and mature B lymphocytes.  
^`iodine I 131 SGMIB-anti-HER2 VHH1:  A monoclonal antibody (MoAb) directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; ERBB2) labeled with iodine I 131 using the residualizing radio-iodinating reagent N-succinimidyl 4-guanidinomethyl 3-iodobenzoate (SGMIB), with potential radiotherapeutic and radioimaging activities upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of iodine I 131 SGMIB-anti-HER2 VHH1, the HER2 MoAb moiety selectively targets and binds to HER2-expressing tumor cells. Upon PET imaging, tumor cells can be visualized. In addition, the iodine I 131 moiety of VHH1 selectively delivers a cytotoxic dose of iodine I 131 to the tumor cells. HER2, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed by many cancer cell types. SGMIB improves tumor retention of radioactivity and decreases exocytosis.  
^`iodine I 131 tenatumomab:  A radioimmunoconjugate of tenatumomab, a murine monoclonal antibody targeting the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) tenascin-C (TNC), labeled with iodine I 131, with potential antineoplastic activity. The antibody moiety of iodine I 131 tenatumomab binds to TNC, thereby delivering a cytotoxic dose of iodine I 131 specifically to tumors expressing TNC. TNC, an extracellular matrix protein, is upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types; it plays a key role in invasion, tumor cell proliferation and immune evasion.  
^`iodine I 131 tositumomab:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 protein expressed on the surface of B-lymphocytes and radiolabeled with the radioisotope iodine I 131 with potential antineoplastic activity. Iodine I 131 tositumomab binds to and selectively delivers cyctotoxic radiation to CD20-expressing B-lymphocytes, thereby minimizing systemic radiotoxicity.  
^`iodine I 131-labeled anti-CEA/anti-HSG bispecific monoclonal antibody TF2:  A tri-Fab bispecific monoclonal antibody (BiMoAb) divalent for the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and monovalent for histamine-succinyl-glycine (HSG) peptide-hapten radiolabeled with iodine I 131 (I131) with antigen-binding and radioisotopic activities. Iodine I 131-labeled anti-CEA/anti-HSG bispecific monoclonal antibody TF2 binds to the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) CEA on CEA-expressing tumor cells; these cells may then be radioimaged scintigraphically.  
^`iodine I-124 girentuximab:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the chimeric monoclonal antibody G250 conjugated with the positron emitter iodine I 124. The antibody moiety of iodine I 124 girentuximab may bind to renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells that express the RCC-associated antigen G250, allowing detection of tumor-localized iodine I 124 with positron emission tomography (PET). G250 is a cell surface tumor-associated antigen (TAA) that is found in the majority of renal cell carcinomas.  
^`iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine:  The neurotransmitter analogue 3-nitrobenzylguanidine conjugated to iodine I 123 and used as a gamma-emitting imaging agent. The adrenergic tissue uptake and storage of I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (I-123 MIBG) mimics that of norepinephrine (NE). The distribution of this agent enables the scintigraphic imaging of neural crest tumors, such as neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma.  
^`iodixanol:  A dimeric iso-osmolar, non-ionic, hydrophilic iodinated radiocontrast agent used in diagnostic imaging. Upon intravascular administration and during computed tomography (CT) imaging, iodixanol blocks x-rays and appears opaque on x-ray images. This allows body structures that absorb iodine to be visualized. The degree of opacity produced by iodixanol is directly proportional to the total amount of the iodinated contrast agent in the path of the x-rays. The visualization of body structures is dependent upon the distribution and elimination of iodixanol. Compared to other iodinated contrast agents, iodixanol appears to exhibit less nephrotoxicity.  
^`Iodotope:  (Other name for~ iodine I 131) 
^`ioflubenzamide I-131:  An iodine 131-radiolabeled small-molecule benzamide compound with potential antineoplastic activity. The benzamide moiety of ioflubenzamide I-131 binds to melanin, selectively delivering a cyotoxic dose of gamma and beta radiation to melanin-expressing tumor cells. Melanin pigments, polymer derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine, are over-expressed in approximately 40% of melanomas.  
^`iofolastat I123:  An iodine 123-radiolabled small molecule that exhibits high affinity for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) with potential use in molecular imaging. Iofolastat I123, a radiolabeled glutamate-urea-lysine analogue, selectively binds PSMA, which allows imaging of PSMA-expressing prostate cancer cells with gamma scintigraph. PSMA is a transmembrane glycoprotein highly expressed by malignant prostate epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells of various solid tumors.  
^`iohexol:  An X-ray contrast medium containing iohexol in various concentrations, from 140 to 350 milligrams of iodine per milliliter.  
^`ionic silver-impregnated sodium carboxymethyl cellulose antimicrobial dressing:  A textile fiber dressing composed of ionic silver-impregnated sodium carboxymethylcellulose with potential wound-healing and antimicrobial activities. Ionic silver-impregnated sodium carboxymethylcellulose antimicrobial dressing inhibits microbial growth and promotes wound healing while protecting the wound site from external factors that may cause pain, promote infection, or slow the natural wound healing process. Ionic silver has a high affinity for negatively charged side groups on microbial cell proteins. Upon binding, ionic silver alters the molecular structure of proteins with a role in normal microbial cell functions thereby interfering with cell wall synthesis, transcription, translation, electron transport across membranes and protein folding, resulting in microbial cell death.  
^`iopromide:  A contrast medium.  
^`ipafricept:  A proprietary fusion protein comprised of the cysteine-rich domain of frizzled family receptor 8 (Fzd8) fused to the human immunoglobulin Fc domain with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, ipafricept competes with the membrane-bound Fzd8 receptor for its ligand, Wnt proteins, thereby antagonizing Wnt signaling. This may result in the inhibition of Wnt-driven tumor growth. Fzd8, a member of the Frizzled family of G protein-coupled receptors, is one of the components in the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway that plays key roles in embryogenesis and cancer growth.  
^`ipamorelin:  A pentapeptide (Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) and a ghrelin mimetic with growth hormone (GH) releasing activity. Ipamorelin mimics ghrelin and binds to the ghrelin receptor (or GH secretagogue receptor, GHSR) in the brain, thereby selectively stimulating the release of GH from the pituitary gland. This results in increased plasma GH levels, which would affect many biological processes. Besides its presence in the brain, GHSR can also be found in the gastrointestinal tract, heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, adipose tissue and immune cells. Unlike other GH releasing peptides, ipamorelin only stimulates GH release in a manner very similar to that of growth hormone releasing hormone.  
^`ipatasertib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B) with potential antineoplastic activity. Ipatasertib binds to and inhibits the activity of Akt in a non-ATP-competitive manner, which may result in the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis and dysregulated PI3K/Akt signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`ipilimumab:  A recombinant human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody directed against the human T-cell receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Ipilimumab binds to CTLA4 expressed on T-cells and inhibits the CTLA4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation. This leads to a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. CTLA4, an inhibitory receptor and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays a key role in the downregulation of the immune system.  
^`IPOL:  (Other name for~ inactivated poliovirus vaccine) 
^`ipomeanol:  A natural toxic furan isolated from a fungus-infected sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) with potential antineoplastic activity. Ipomeanol is activated by mixed function oxidases in vivo to its epoxide form, an alkylating agent that covalently binds cell macromolecules. This agent causes cell death by a p53-independent mechanism.  
^`iproplatin:  A synthetic second-generation platinum-containing compound related to cisplatin. Iproplatin binds to and forms DNA crosslinks and platinum-DNA adducts, resulting in DNA replication failure and cell death. Although less prone to glutathione inactivation compared to cisplatin, resistance to this agent has been observed in vitro due to repair of platination damage by tumor cells.  
^`iratumumab:  A monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Iratumumab is a fully humanized antibody that targets CD30, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily found on activated lymphocytes. CD30 is over-expressed in various lymphoproliferative disorders, Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas, and other cancers.  
^`Iressa:  (Other name for~ gefitinib) 
^`iriduim Ir 192:  A radioactive isotope of iridium. Iridium-192 emits gamma rays and has a half-life of 74 days. A high dose rate of this radioisotope can be used in brachytherapy to treat tumors by selectively delivering a cytotoxic dose of radiation to the tumor site.  
^`irinotecan hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, a cytotoxic, quinoline-based alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminata. Irinotecan, a prodrug, is converted to a biologically active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38) by a carboxylesterase-converting enzyme. One thousand-fold more potent than its parent compound irinotecan, SN-38 inhibits topoisomerase I activity by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks that inhibit DNA replication and trigger apoptotic cell death. Because ongoing DNA synthesis is necessary for irinotecan to exert its cytotoxic effects, it is classified as an S-phase-specific agent.  
^`irinotecan hydrochloride liposome:  A liposomal formulation of the hydrochloride salt of the semisynthetic camptothecin analogue irinotecan with potential antineoplastic activity. During the S phase of the cell cycle, irinotecan selectively stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes, inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks and producing lethal double-strand DNA breaks when complexes are encountered by the DNA replication machinery. Liposome encapsulation of this agent promotes efficient drug delivery into the cytosol from the endosome compartment of the cell.  
^`irinotecan/P-glycoprotein inhibitor HM30181AK combination tablet:  An orally bioavailable combination tablet containing the semisynthetic camptothecin derivative irinotecan and the multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor HM30181AK, with potential antineoplastic activity. HM30181A binds to P-gp and prevents the P-gp-mediated efflux of irinotecan from tumor cells, which may result in greater intracellular concentrations of irinotecan and enhanced cytotoxicity. Retained intracellularly, the prodrug irinotecan is converted, by a carboxylesterase-converting enzyme, to the biologically active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38). SN-38 inhibits topoisomerase I activity by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks that inhibit DNA replication and trigger apoptotic cell death. P-gp, encoded by the MDR-1 gene, is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transmembrane transporters and is overexpressed by some MDR tumors, preventing the intracellular accumulation of various cytotoxic agents.  
^`irinotecan-eluting beads:  Microporous hydrospheres of polyvinylalcohol (PVA) impregnated with irinotecan with potential antineoplastic activity. In transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), irinotecan-eluting beads are administered into blood vessels that feed the tumor, occluding tumor blood vessels and inducing ischemic tumor necrosis while simultaneously delivering high-dose chemotherapy locally. Irinotecan, a semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, inhibits topoisomerase I activity by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks that inhibit DNA replication and trigger apoptotic cell death.  
^`irofulven:  A semisynthetic sesquiterpene derivative of illudin S, a natural toxin isolated from the fungus Omphalotus illudens. Irofulven alkylates DNA and protein macromolecules, forms adducts, and arrests cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle. This agent requires NADPH-dependent metabolism by alkenal/one oxidoreductase for activity. Irofulven is more active in vitro against tumor cells of epithelial origin and is more resistant to deactivation by p53 loss and MDR1 than other alkylating agents.  
^`iron:  An element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85.  
^`iron dextran complex:  A colloidal solution containing ferric oxyhydroxide complexed with polymerized dextran, used as a form of parenteral iron-replacement therapy. Upon administration and absorption, the iron dextran complex is removed from plasma by the reticuloendothelial system which cleaves it into the components iron and dextran; ferric iron subsequently binds to transferrin or is stored as hemosiderin or ferritin. Transferrin-bound iron is transported in the plasma to the liver, spleen and bone marrow, where is it is incorporated into hemoglobin (Hgb) and to muscle where it is incorporated into myoglobin (Mb). Use of this agent circumvents the gastrointestinal adverse effects commonly encountered with the use of orally administered iron salt preparations. Because of cross-reactivity with antibodies targeted against polysaccharides similar to dextran, anaphylactic reactions may occur with this type of iron formulation.  
^`iron isomaltoside 1000:  An intravenous colloidal solution containing trivalent iron (Fe3+) chelated to isomaltosides, used as iron replacement. The iron in iron isomaltoside 1000 is strongly bound to the carbohydrate particles; each particle contains a trivalent iron core and a carbohydrate shell of isomaltosides which protects and stabilizes the iron core. This results in low levels of free iron and decreases inorganic, unbound iron-related toxicities thereby allowing for administration of higher doses of iron as compared to other iron-containing formulations. Upon parenteral administration and degradation of the carbohydrate shell, the iron in iron isomaltoside 1000 is released and replenishes iron stores.  
^`iron sucrose injection:  A sterile aqueous complex of polynuclear iron (III)-hydroxide in sucrose for intravenous use. Following intravenous administration, iron sucrose is dissociated by the reticuloendothelial system into iron and sucrose; the sucrose component is eliminated mainly by urinary excretion. Iron sucrose can be administered with or without erythropoietin to raise hemoglobin levels and may be used in cases of oral iron therapy intolerance or ineffectiveness. Hypersensitivity reactions are less common with iron sucrose compared to other parenteral iron products, such as iron dextran.  
^`IRX-2:  A cell-free mixture comprised of a variety of naturally-derived cytokines obtained from normal, unrelated donor lymphocytes with potential immunostimulatory activity. The cytokines in IRX-2, including interleukin (IL)-1, -2, -6, -8, -10, -12, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interferon-gamma (IFN-g) and colony stimulating factors (CSFs), play vital roles in regulating cellular immunity and may synergistically stimulate a cellular immune response against tumor cells.  
^`isavuconazole:  A water-soluble triazole prodrug with broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Administered intravenously or orally with high oral bioavailability, isavuconazole is hydrolyzed to the active moiety BAL4815 by plasma esterases. BAL4815 inhibits fungal cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase (CYP51), which catalyzes the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, an important component of the fungal cell membrane. CYP51 inhibition by this agent leads to a decrease in ergosterol pool, thus disturbing synthesis of the fungal cell membrane; increasing fungal cell membrane permeability; promoting the loss of essential intracellular elements; and resulting in fungal cell lysis and death.  
^`Iscar:  (Other name for~ mistletoe extract) 
^`Iscomatrix:  (Other name for~ saponin-cholesterol-phospholipid adjuvant) 
^`Isentress:  (Other name for~ raltegravir potassium) 
^`ISIS 2503:  A synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide. Functioning as an anti-sense agent, it hybridizes to the translation initiation region of the human mRNA for the oncogene H-Ras. ISIS 2503 selectively inhibits the expression of H-Ras, and may inhibit the growth of some Ras-dependent tumor cells.  
^`ISIS 3521:  A synthetic phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide. As an antisense molecule, ISIS 3521 hybridizes to the 3-untranslated region of the human protein kinase C (PKC-alpha) mRNA, thereby inhibiting PKC-alpha expression and growth of PKC-alpha-dependent tumor cells.  
^`ISIS 5132:  A synthetic, 20-base antisense oligodeoxynucleotide that hybridizes to c-raf kinase messenger RNA. ISIS 5132 has been shown to specifically suppress Raf-1 expression both in vitro and in vivo. Raf-1 serine/threonine kinase functions as a critical effector of Ras-mediated signal transduction; constitutive activation of this pathway directly contributes to malignant transformation.  
^`ISIS-STAT3rx:  (Other name for~ STAT3 antisense oligonucleotide ISIS 481464) 
^`Isoflo:  (Other name for~ isoflurane) 
^`iso-fludelone:  A third-generation epothilone B analogue with potential anti-mitotic and antineoplastic activites. Iso-fludelone binds to tubulin and induces microtubule polymerization and stabilizes microtubules against depolymerization, which may result in the inhibition of cell division, the induction of G2/M arrest, and apoptosis. Compared to other generations of epothilones, iso-fludelone exhibits increased stability, water solubility, potency, duration of action, tumor penetration as well as reduced toxicity. In addition, this agent is a not a substrate of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a multidrug resistance pump often overexpressed in cancer cells.  
^`isoflurane:  A fluorinated ether with general anesthetic and muscle relaxant activities. Although the exact mechanism of action has not been established, inhaled isoflurane, appears to act on the lipid matrix of the neuronal cell membrane, which results in disruption of neuronal transmission. This agent enhances the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), thereby increasing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter on synaptic transmission. Isoflurane may inhibit glutamatergic excitatory transmission by increasing glutamate re-uptake and it may potentiate glycine receptor activity, which decreases motor function. In addition, isoflurane may alter certain pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 and -10 (IL-6, IL-10), possibly through the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-KB) pathway, which may affect immune responses during surgery.  
^`isoniazid:  A synthetic derivative of nicotinic acid with anti-mycobacterial properties. Although its mechanism of action is still unclear, isoniazid appears to block the synthesis of mycolic acids, major components of the mycobacterial cell wall. This agent is only active against actively growing mycobacteria because, as a pro-drug, it requires activation in susceptible mycobacterial species. Isoniazid also interferes with mycobacterial metabolism of vitamin B6. Resistance occurs due to decreased bacterial wall penetration.  
^`isoquercetin:  An orally bioavailable, glucoside derivative of the flavonoid quercetin and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) inhibitor, with antioxidant and potential antithrombotic activity. As an antioxidant, isoquercetin scavenges free radicals and inhibits oxidative damage to cells. As a PDI inhibitor, this agent blocks PDI-mediated platelet activation, and fibrin generation, which prevents thrombus formation after vascular injury. In addition, isoquercetin is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. PDI, an oxidoreductase secreted by activated endothelial cells and platelets, plays a key role in the initiation of the coagulation cascade. Cancer, in addition to other thrombotic disorders, increases the risk of thrombus formation.  
^`isosulfan blue:  A synthetic visual lymphatic imaging agent. Injected into the periphery of the tumor site, isosulfan blue localizes to the lymphatic system and aids in the surgical identification of tumor sentinel nodes which stain blue.  
^`isotretinoin:  A naturally-occurring retinoic acid with potential antineoplastic activity. Isotretinoin binds to and activates nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs); activated RARs serve as transcription factors that promote cell differentiation and apoptosis. This agent also exhibits immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses and inhibits ornithine decarboxylase, thereby decreasing polyamine synthesis and keratinization.  
^`Isovorin:  (Other name for~ L-leucovorin) 
^`ispinesib:  A synthetic small molecule, derived from quinazolinone, with antineoplastic properties. Ispinesib selectively inhibits the mitotic motor protein, kinesin spindle protein (KSP), resulting in inhibition of mitotic spindle assembly, induction of cell cycle arrest during the mitotic phase, and cell death in tumor cells that are actively dividing. Because KSP is not involved in nonmitotic processes, such as neuronal transport, ispinesib may be less likely to cause the peripheral neuropathy often associated with the tubulin-targeting agents.  
^`ISS 1018 CpG oligodeoxynucleotide:  A short, synthetic, unmethylated CpG motif-based oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) with immunostimulatory activity. As an immunostimulatory sequence (ISS) that signals through Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), ISS 1018 CpG ODN induces the production of immunoglobulin by B cells and interferon (IFN) -alpha, IFN-beta, interleukin (IL) -12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -alpha by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). In turn, pDC, through cell-cell contact and secretion of and IFN-alpha and -beta induce natural killer (NK) cell proliferation, NK cell production of IFN-gamma, and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity; secreted IFNs also stimulate bystander T cell activation and differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into T-helper 1 cells on specific antigen challenge. In addition, ISS 1018 CpG ODN promotes antigen presentation and co-stimulatory molecule expression. Unmethylated CpG motifs are regions of genomic DNA containing the cytosine-guanine dinucleotide in which cytosine remains unmethylated, especially in prokaryotic DNA.  
^`Istodax:  (Other name for~ romidepsin) 
^`itraconazole:  A synthetic triazole agent with antimycotic properties. Formulated for both topical and systemic use, itraconazole preferentially inhibits fugal cytochrome P450 enzymes, resulting in a decrease in fungal ergosterol synthesis. Because of its low toxicity profile, this agent can be used for long-term maintenance treatment of chronic fungal infections.  
^`itraconazole dispersion in polymer matrix:  A proprietary oral formulation composed of the poorly soluble, synthetic triazole agent, itraconazole, dispersed in a polymer matrix, with antifungal and potential anti-angiogenic activities. Upon oral administration, itraconazole inhibits the enzyme cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase, resulting in a decrease in fungal ergosterol synthesis. Although the exact mechanism through which itraconazole inhibits angiogenesis has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent appears to inhibit the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, cholesterol synthesis and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in endothelial cells. This agent may also prevent the activation of and signaling by various angiogenic growth factors. By decreasing the tumor vasculature and nutrient supply, itraconazole ultimately inhibits tumor cell growth. The solid dispersion of itraconazole in the polymer matrix enhances dissolution of itraconazole in the gastrointestinal tract and increases its bioavailability; this allows for the administration of a much lower dose compared to itraconazole alone.  
^`IVAC mutanome vaccine:  An individualized, poly-neo-epitopic encoding, ribonucleic acid (RNA)-based cancer vaccine that targets a variety of patient-specific, immunogenic mutant epitopes, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intranodal administration, the RNA in the individualized mutanome vaccine is translated by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and the expressed protein is presented via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of the APCs. This leads to an induction of both cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and memory T-cell immune responses against the patient-specific neoantigens.  
^`Iveegam EN:  (Other name for~ therapeutic immune globulin) 
^`ixabepilone:  An orally bioavailable semisynthetic analogue of epothilone B with antineoplastic activity. Ixabepilone binds to tubulin and promotes tubulin polymerization and microtubule stabilization, thereby arresting cells in the G2-M phase of the cell cycle and inducing tumor cell apoptosis. This agent demonstrates antineoplastic activity against taxane-resistant cell lines.  
^`ixabepilone (oral):  An enteric-coated formulation of ixabepilone, a semisynthetic analogue of epothilone B and a non-taxane tubulin inhibitor, with antineoplastic activity. Ixabepilone binds to and stabilizes tubulin molecules, thereby interfering with the dynamics of microtubule assembly/disassembly. This results in cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase and leads to apoptosis within fast growing tumor cells. This agent demonstrates antineoplastic activity against taxane-resistant cell lines. Compared to intravenously administered ixabepilone, the oral formulation provides a more manageable way to administer this agent.  
^`ixazomib citrate:  An orally bioavailable second generation proteasome inhibitor (PI) with potential antineoplastic activity. Ixazomib inhibits the activity of the proteasome, blocking the targeted proteolysis normally performed by the proteasome, which results in an accumulation of unwanted or misfolded proteins; disruption of various cell signaling pathways may follow, resulting in the induction of apoptosis. Compared to first generation PIs, second generation PIs may have an improved pharmacokinetic profile with increased potency and less toxicity. Proteasomes are large protease complexes that degrade unneeded or damaged proteins that have been ubiquinated.  
^`Ixempra:  (Other name for~ ixabepilone) 
^`Ixoten:  (Other name for~ trofosfamide) 


^`JAK inhibitor INCB047986:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of Janus-associated kinases (JAK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, INCB047986 specifically binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation of JAK, which affects JAK-dependent signaling and may lead to an inhibition of cellular proliferation in JAK-overexpressing tumor cells. The JAK-STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway plays a key role in the signaling of many cytokines and growth factors and is involved in cellular proliferation, growth, hematopoiesis, and the immune response; JAK kinases may be upregulated in inflammatory diseases, myeloproliferative disorders, and various malignancies.  
^`JAK1 inhibitor INCB039110:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of Janus-associated kinase 1 (JAK1) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration of JAK1 inhibitor INCB039110, this agent selectively inhibits the phosphorylation and activity of JAK1, which may result in inhibition of JAK1-mediated signaling, induction of apoptosis, and reduction of cell proliferation in JAK1-expressing tumor cells. JAK1 is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation.  
^`JAK1 inhibitor INCB052793:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of Janus-associated kinase 1 (JAK1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, INCB052793 specifically binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation of JAK1, which interferes with JAK-dependent signaling and may lead to an inhibition of cellular proliferation in JAK1-overexpressing tumor cells. The JAK-STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling pathway is a major mediator of cytokine activity and is often dysregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`JAK2 inhibitor AZD1480:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of Janus-associated kinase 2 (JAK2) with potential antineoplastic activity. JAK2 inhibitor AZD1480 inhibits JAK2 activation, leading to the inhibition of the JAK/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling including activation of STAT3. This may lead to induction of tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in cellular proliferation. JAK2, often upregulated or mutated in a variety of cancer cells, mediates STAT3 activation and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`JAK2 inhibitor BMS-911543:  An orally available small molecule targeting a subset of Janus-associated kinase (JAK) with potential antineoplastic activity. JAK2 inhibitor BMS-911543 selectively inhibits JAK2, thereby preventing the JAK/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling cascade, including activation of STAT3. This may lead to an induction of tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in cellular proliferation. JAK2, often upregulated or mutated in a variety of cancer cells, mediates STAT3 activation and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`JAK2 inhibitor TG101348:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule, ATP-competitive inhibitor of Janus-associated kinase 2 (JAK2) with potential antineoplastic activity. JAK2 inhibitor TG101348 competes with JAK2 as well as the mutated form AK2V617F for ATP binding, which may result in inhibition of JAK2 activation, inhibition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. JAK2 is the most common mutated gene in bcr-abl-negative myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs); the mutated form JAK2V617F has a valine-to-phenylalanine modification at position 617 and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`JAK2 inhibitor WP1066:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of Janus-associated kinase 2 (JAK2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, WP1066 specifically binds to both JAK2 and its mutated form, JAK2 V617F, and inhibits their phosphorylation and activation. In addition, this agent degrades JAK2 protein. This results in the inhibition of the JAK- signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways, resulting in the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells overexpressing JAK2. JAK2, a tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cells and is correlated with increased tumor cell proliferation and survival. The mutated form JAK2 V617F has a valine-to-phenylalanine modification at position 617 and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`JAK2 inhibitor XL019:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of Janus-associated kinase 2 (JAK2) with potential antineoplastic activity. XL019 inhibits the activation of JAK2 as well as the mutated form JAK2V617F, which may result in the inhibition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and may induce apoptosis. The JAK2 mutated form JAK2V617F has a valine-to-phenylalanine modification at position 617 and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`JAK2/Src inhibitor NS-018:  An orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of Janus-associated kinase 2 (JAK2) and Src-family kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. JAK2/Src inhibitor NS-018 competes with ATP for binding to JAK2 as well as the mutated form JAK2V617F, thereby inhibiting the activation of JAK2 and downstream molecules in the JAK2/STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signaling pathway that plays an important role in normal development, particularly hematopoiesis. In addition, NS-018 inhibits the Src family tyrosine kinases. This eventually leads to the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. JAK2 is the most common mutated gene in bcr-abl-negative myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs); JAK2V617F is a constitutively activated kinase that activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and dysregulates cell growth and function, and its expression transforms hematopoietic cells to cytokine-independent growth.  
^`Jakafi:  (Other name for~ ruxolitinib phosphate) 
^`JEB regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of carboplatin (JM8), etoposide and bleomycin used for the treatment of childhood extracranial germ cell tumors. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`Jevtana:  (Other name for~ cabazitaxel) 
^`Jin Fu Kang:  A traditional Chinese herbal medicine derived from the plant Astragalus membranaceus with potential immunopotentiation activity. Jin Fu Kang may stimulate anti-tumor macrophage and natural killer cell activity and may enhance immune recognition of tumor cells by inhibiting the production of T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) amd interleukin-10 (IL-10).  
^`Juice Plus:  (Other name for~ fruit and vegetable extracts) 
^`JUNOVAN:  (Other name for~ mifamurtide) 
^`Juven:  An orally bioavailable nutritional supplement. Juven contains the amino acids glutamine and arginine in addition to beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). This agent may promote muscle protein synthesis and increase muscle mass.  


^`Kadcyla:  (Other name for~ ado trastuzumab emtansine) 
^`Kadian:  (Other name for~ morphine sulfate) 
^`kanglaite:  An injectable microemulsion of a purified oil extracted from the seeds of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's tears), with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, kanglaite exhibits an antineoplastic effect, potentially via interfering with the cell cycle and halting tumor cells in the G2/M phase, which may eventually inhibit mitosis and proliferation of cancer cells.  
^`karenitecin:  A synthetic silicon-containing agent related to camptothecin with antineoplastic properties. Cositecan stabilizes the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks and consequently triggering apoptosis. Because it is lipophilic, karenitecin exhibits enhanced tissue penetration and bio-availability compared to water-soluble camptothecins.  
^`Kava-based supplement:  A Kava supplement derived from Piper methysticum, with potential cancer preventative activity. Upon oral administration, the kava-based supplement may affect the metabolism of certain carcinogens, presumably because of the kavalactones present in this product.  
^`Keflex:  (Other name for~ cephalexin) 
^`Kefzol:  (Other name for~ cefazolin sodium) 
^`Kenalog:  (Other name for~ triamcinolone acetonide) 
^`Keoxifene hydrochloride:  (Other name for~ raloxifene hydrochloride) 
^`Kepivance:  (Other name for~ palifermin) 
^`Keppra:  (Other name for~ levetiracetam) 
^`KeraStat:  (Other name for~ topical keratin) 
^`Ketalar:  (Other name for~ ketamine hydrochloride) 
^`ketamine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a synthetic derivative of cyclohexanone with analgesic and anesthetic activities. Although its mechanism of action is not well understood, ketamine appears to non-competitively block N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and may interact with opiod mu receptors and sigma receptors, thereby reducing pain perception, inducing sedation, and producing dissociative anesthesia.  
^`ketamine/amitriptyline NP-H cream:  A topical preparation containing the antidepressant amitriptyline and the excitatory amino acid antagonist ketamine with potential topical analgesic activity. In addition to activating adenosine A1 receptors and inhibiting the neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, amitriptyline produces antinociceptive effects, which appear to be mediated through the modulation of multiple subtypes of glutamate receptors including the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Ketamine inhibits biogenic amine uptake, agonistically binds to mu-opioid receptors, and inhibits NMDA receptors. NDMA receptor antagonists such as amitriptyline and ketamine interfere with the role of NMDA receptors in the process of central sensitization in which NMDA receptors on spinal dorsal horn neurons are activated, resulting in an increase in synaptic efficacy and so an amplification of the response to sensory input.  
^`ketoconazole:  A synthetic derivative of phenylpiperazine with broad antifungal properties and potential antineoplastic activity. Ketoconazole inhibits sterol 14-a-dimethylase, a microsomal cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme, thereby disrupting synthesis of ergosterol, an important component of the fungal cell wall.  
^`ketoprofen:  A propionic acid derivate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. Ketoprofen inhibits the activity of the enzymes cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in a decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The resulting decrease in prostaglandin synthesis, by prostaglandin synthase, is responsible for the therapeutic effects of ibuprofen. Ketoprofen also causes a decrease in the formation of thromboxane A2 synthesis, by thromboxane synthase, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`ketorolac:  A synthetic pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. Ketorolac non-selective inhibits the enzymes cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and COX-2. The inhibition of COX-2, up-regulated at sites of inflammation, prevents conversion of arachidonic acid to pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. The inhibition of COX-1 by this agent prevents the normal steady-state production of prostaglandins that play housekeeping roles in the protection of the gastrointestinal tract, the regulation of renal blood flow, and platelet aggregation. As a result, the inhibition of COX-1 may be associated with gastrointestinal toxicity, nephrotoxicity, and the inhibition of platelet aggregation.  
^`ketorolac tromethamine:  The tromethamine salt of ketorolac, a synthetic pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. Ketorolac tromethamine, a non-selective inhibitor of the cyclooxygenases (COX), inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. This agent exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by preventing conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins at inflammation site mediated through inhibition of COX-2, which is undetectable in most tissues but is up-regulated at the inflammation sites. Since COX-1 is expressed virtually in all tissues, inhibition of COX-1 enzyme by this agent prevents normal state production of prostaglandins, which plays housekeeping roles in the protection of the gastrointestinal tract, regulating renal blood flow, and functioning in platelet aggregation. As a result, inhibition of COX-1 is usually associated with adverse effects such as gastrointestinal toxicity and nephrotoxicity.  
^`Kevetrin:  (Other name for~ thioureidobutyronitrile) 
^`keyhole limpet hemocyanin:  A natural protein isolated from the marine mollusc keyhole limpet. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin is an immunogenic carrier protein that, in vivo, increases antigenic immune responses to haptens and other weak antigens such as idiotype proteins.  
^`Keytruda:  (Other name for~ pembrolizumab) 
^`Kiacta:  (Other name for~ eprodisate disodium) 
^`Kineret:  (Other name for~ anakinra) 
^`KIT/PDGFR inhibitor DCC-2618:  An orally bioavailable switch pocket control inhibitor of wild-type and mutated forms of the tumor-associated antigens (TAA) mast/stem cell factor receptor (SCFR) KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR-alpha; PDGFRa), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, DCC-2618 targets and binds to both wild-type and mutant forms of KIT and PDGFRa specifically at their switch pocket binding sites, thereby preventing the switch from inactive to active conformations of these kinases and inactivating their wild-type and mutant forms. This abrogates KIT/PDGFRa-mediated tumor cell signaling and prevents proliferation in KIT/PDGFRa-driven cancers. DCC-2618 also inhibits several other kinases, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2; KDR), angiopoietin-1 receptor (TIE2; TEK), PDGFR-beta and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (FMS; CSF1R), thereby further inhibiting tumor cell growth. KIT and PDGFRa are tyrosine kinase receptors that are upregulated or mutated in a variety of cancer cell types; mutated forms play a key role in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation and resistance to chemotherapy.  
^`KIT/PDGFR inhibitor DCC-2618:  An orally bioavailable switch pocket control inhibitor of wild-type and mutated forms of the tumor-associated antigens (TAA) mast/stem cell factor receptor KIT (SCFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR-alpha; PDGFRa), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, DCC-2618 targets and binds to both wild-type and mutant forms of KIT and PDGFRa specifically at their switch pocket binding sites, thereby preventing the switch from inactive to active conformations of these kinases and inactivating their wild-type and mutant forms. This abrogates KIT/PDGFRa-mediated tumor cell signaling and prevents proliferation in KIT/PDGFRa-driven cancers. DCC-2618 also inhibits several other kinases, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2; KDR), angiopoietin-1 receptor (TIE2; TEK), PDGFR-beta and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (FMS; CSF1R), thereby further inhibiting tumor cell growth. KIT and PDGFRa are tyrosine kinase receptors that are upregulated or mutated in a variety of cancer cell types; mutated forms play a key role in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation and resistance to chemotherapy.  
^`KLH-FITC:  A conjugate consisting of keyhole-limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) with potential immunostimulating activity. Vaccination with KLH-FITC may elicit an immune response against fluorescein and the production of anti-fluorescein IgG antibodies. KLH, a natural protein isolated from the marine mollusk keyhole limpet, is an immunostimulant carrier protein.  
^`Komed HC:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`KOS-953:  (Other name for~ tanespimycin) 
^`KRN5500:  A semisynthetic derivative of the nucleoside-like antineoplastic antibiotic spicamycin, originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces alanosinicus. KRN 5500 inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus functions. This agent also induces cell differentiation and caspase-dependent apoptosis.  
^`KSP inhibitor ARRY-520:  A synthetic, small molecule targeting the kinesin spindle protein (KSP) with potential antineoplastic activity. KSP inhibitor ARRY-520 specifically inhibits KSP (kinesin-5 or Eg5), resulting in activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, induction of cell cycle arrest during the mitotic phase, and consequently cell death in tumor cells that are actively dividing. Because KSP is not involved in postmitotic processes, such as neuronal transport, this agent does not cause the peripheral neuropathy that is often associated with tubulin-targeting agents. KSP is an ATP-dependent microtubule motor protein that is essential for the formation of bipolar spindles and the proper segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis.  
^`KSP inhibitor AZD4877:  A synthetic kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. KSP inhibitor AZD4877 selectively inhibits microtubule motor protein KSP (also called kinesin-5 or Eg5), which may result in the inhibition of mitotic spindle assembly; activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint; induction of cell cycle arrest during the mitotic phase; and cell death in tumor cells that are actively dividing. Because KSP is not involved in postmitotic processes, such as neuronal transport, this agent may be less likely to cause the peripheral neuropathy often associated with the tubulin-targeting agents. Eg5 is essential for the formation of bipolar spindles and the proper segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis.  
^`KSP/VEGF siRNAs ALN-VSP02:  A lipid nanoparticle formulation containing two small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for kinesin spindle protein (KSP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with potential antitumor activity. Upon intravenous administration, the siRNAs in KSP/VEGF siRNAs ALN-VSP02ALN bind to both KSP and VEGF messenger RNAs (mRNAs), preventing translation of KSP and VEGF proteins; this may result in growth inhibition of tumor cells that overexpress KSP and VEGF. VEGF and KSP are upregulated in many tumor cells and play an important role in tumor proliferation and survival.  
^`kunecatechins ointment:  A topical ointment containing a green tea polyphenol mixture (kunecatechins) with potential antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, and chemopreventive activities. Kunecatechins is a partially purified fraction of the aqueous extract of green tea leaves from Camellia sinensis and contains catechins and other green tea components. Catechins, polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolites or flavonoids, comprise most of the drug substance in kunecatechins with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) present as the primary catechin. Catechins may inhibit basic functions of human papillomavirus (HPV), counteract specific changes in tumor cells, affect cell signaling, and stimulate the immune system. Topical application of kunecatechins ointment has been reported to reduce HPV-induced genital and anal warts through a not yet fully understood mechanism, which may involve anti-oxidative activity.  
^`KW-2149:  A semisynthetic water-soluble disulfide derivative of the antineoplastic antibiotic mitomycin C. Activated by serum and glutathione, KW-2149 causes interstrand DNA cross-links and DNA-protein cross-links, resulting in single-strand DNA breaks and inhibition of DNA synthesis.  
^`Kynacyte:  (Other name for~ safingol) 
^`Kyprolis:  (Other name for~ carfilzomib) 
^`Kytril:  (Other name for~ granisetron hydrochloride) 


^`L19-IL2 monoclonal antibody-cytokine fusion protein:  An immunoconjugate consisting of the recombinant form of the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) fused to a human single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragment directed against the extra-domain B (ED-B) of fibronectin (L19), with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. The L19 moiety of L19-IL2 monoclonal antibody-cytokine fusion protein binds to the ED-B domain of fibronectin on tumor cells in the tumor neovasculature. In turn, the IL-2 moiety may locally activate natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, and may induce T cell cytotoxic immune responses against ED-B fibronectin-expressing tumor cells. This may specifically decrease the proliferation of ED-B-expressing tumor cells. ED-B is predominantly expressed during angiogenesis and tumor growth.  
^`L-377,202:  A prodrug in which a peptide is covalently conjugated with the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin. This complex is hydrolyzed by the enzyme prostate-specific antigen (PSA), resulting in the formation of doxorubicin and leucine-doxorubicin. Selective targeting of these drugs to prostate tumor cells occurs because the hydrolyzing PSA enzyme is localized to the prostate gland. Doxorubicin and leucine-doxorubicin intercalate into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. These agents also produce toxic free-radical intermediates and interact with cell membrane lipids causing lipid peroxidation.  
^`labetuzumab-SN-38 immunoconjugate IMMU-130:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) containing labetuzumab, a mildly reduced, anti-CEACAM5 humanized monoclonal antibody, conjugated to the potent topoisomerase I inhibitor SN-38, with antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of antibody-drug conjugate IMMU-130 selectively binds to carcinoembryonic cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5), which is abundantly expressed on the surface of a majority of solid tumors. Upon internalization and proteolytic cleavage, SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan, inhibits the activity of topoisomerase I in the tumor cells, eventually inhibiting both DNA replication and transcription and leading to tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`LaBID:  (Other name for~ theophylline) 
^`lacosamide:  A functionalized amino acid compound specifically synthesized as an anticonvulsive drug to use as add-on therapy for partial-onset seizures with antinociceptive and neuroprotective activities. Lacosamide selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels without affecting fast inactivation, thereby stabilizing hyperexcitabe neuronal membranes. Furthermore, this agent binds to collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2; DPYSL2), a cytosolic phosphoprotein expressed in most tissues. In the nervous system, CRMP2 acts as a mediator of growth cone collapse and modifies axon number, length, and neuronal polarity.  
^`Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotic:  A probiotic containing the bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus with potential antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. As a dietary supplement, Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), a naturally-occurring bacteria, may improve digestion and help maintain adequate colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by modulating the composition of the normal microflora. Because it produces lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide and other substances during fermentation, this bacterium creates an acidic environment unfavorable to pathogens such as Candida albicans. In addition, during colonization of the GI tract, L. acidophilus may form a protective barrier, preventing attachment of pathogens. Dietary supplementation with this bacterium has been shown to enhance natural and acquired immunity in mice.  
^`Lactobacillus acidophilus/estriol vaginal tablet:  A vaginal tablet containing a low dose of the estrogen hormone estriol and lyophilized lactobacillus acidophilus, with hormone replacement and vaginal flora restoring activity. Upon vaginal application, estriol may restore estrogen levels locally and may relieve symptoms caused by estrogen deficiency; the Lactobacillus acidophilus may be able to restore the vaginal Lactobacillus flora. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Lactobacillus acidophilus/Streptococcus thermophilus/Bifidobacterium lactis/L. rhamnosus/B. longum/B. bifidum-based probiotic supplement:  A nutritional supplement containing probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), L. rhamnosus Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, (B. lactis), B. longum and B. bifidum, with gastrointestinal (GI) protective and immunomodulating activities. Upon oral administration, the bacteria in this probiotic supplement help maintain adequate colonization of the GI tract and modulate the composition of the normal microflora. Upon colonization of the GI tract, the probiotic bacteria form a protective barrier that helps maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. This will interfere with the attachment of pathogenic bacteria and other harmful substances, prevent inflammation and improve GI function. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Lactobacillus brevis CD2 lozenge:  A lozenge containing an extract from the Lactobacillus brevis (L. brevis) with potential anti-inflammatory activity. As L. brevis CD2 contains high levels of arginine deiminase, which catalyzes the conversion of arginine to citrulline and ammonia, administration of this lozenge leads to hydrolysis of arginine in the oral cavity. The growth of bacteria, which depends on arginine, is halted, polyamine biosynthesis is reduced and the production of nitric oxide (NO) is reduced. The reduction in NO generation may further prevent inflammation in the oral cavity. Therefore, this agent may be able to reduce chemo- and radiotherapy-induced mucositis.  
^`lactobacillus fermented extract:  A proprietary dietary supplement. Lactobacillus fermented extract is made from soymilk fermented by several strains of lactobacillus and yeast via a symbiotic co-culturing technology. The composition of the agent includes amino acids, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, isoflavones, and saponins. Lactobacillus fermented extract may support healthy intestinal function.  
^`Lactobacillus plantarum 299v/Lactobacillus acidophilus/Bifidobacterium lactis probiotic supplement:  A powder-based, probiotic supplement drink containing the non-pathogenic microorganisms Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium lactis, with potential immunomodulating and protective activities. Upon oral ingestion, the naturally-occurring bacterial components in this dietary supplement may improve digestion and help maintain adequate colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by modulating the composition of the normal microflora. During colonization in the GI tract, the bacteria may form a protective intestinal barrier which may prevent damage to the mucosal epithelia caused by toxins and attachment of potential pathogens, thereby protecting against infections. In addition, this agent may reduce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and may potentiate natural and acquired immunity.  
^`Lactobacillus plantarum strain 299:  A nutritional supplement containing the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum 299 (Lp 299) with potential antimicrobial, immune-boosting, and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon oral ingestion, Lp 299 adheres to the intestinal mucosa, modulates the composition of the normal microflora, helps maintain adequate colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and improves digestion and metabolism. Upon colonization of the GI tract, the probiotic may form a protective barrier, thereby preventing attachment of pathogens, protecting against infections and boosting the immune system. In addition, Lp 299 stimulates the secretion of protective mucin and produces lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide as well as other substances, thereby creating an acidic environment which prevents growth of pathogens.  
^`Lactobacillus plantarum strain 299v:  A nutritional supplement containing a strain of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (Lp 299v) with potential antimicrobial, immune-boosting, and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon oral ingestion, L. plantarum strain 299v adheres to the intestinal mucosa, modulates the composition of the normal microflora, helps maintain adequate colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and improves digestion and metabolism. Upon colonization of the GI tract, the probiotic may form a protective barrier, thereby preventing attachment of pathogens, protecting against infections and boosting the immune system. In addition, Lp 299v stimulates the secretion of protective mucin and produces lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide as well as other substances, thereby creating an acidic environment which prevents growth of pathogens.  
^`Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG:  A live specific strain of the species, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (a subspecies of Lactobacillus casei) with probiotic activity. When administered orally, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG adheres to the mucous membrane of the intestine and may help to restore the balance of the GI microflora; promote gut-barrier functions; diminish the production of carcinogenic compounds by other intestinal bacteria; and activate the innate immune response and enhance adaptive immunity, especially during infections.  
^`Lactobacillus rhamnosus/L. jensenii/L. crispatus/L. gasseri oral supplement:  A nutritional supplement containing the probiotic Lactobacillus strains L. rhamnosus, L. jensenii, L. crispatus and L. gasseri with protective and immunomodulating activities. The bacteria in this probiotic supplement colonize the vaginal tract and help to maintain as well as restore the composition of the normal, healthy vaginal flora. The four Lactobacillus species form a protective barrier that helps both to maintain the integrity of the vaginal tract and prevent the attachment of pathogenic bacteria and other harmful substances, thereby protecting against genitourinary infections.  
^`Lactobacillus-based probiotic capsule:  A capsule containing a strain of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus with potential antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. As a dietary supplement, Lactobacillus, a naturally-occurring bacterium, may improve digestion and help maintain adequate colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by modulating the composition of the normal microflora. Because it produces lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide and other substances during fermentation, this bacterium creates an acidic environment that is unfavorable for pathogens. In addition, during colonization of the GI tract, this bacterium adheres to human epithelial cells and forms a protective barrier, thereby preventing the attachment of pathogens. Dietary supplementation with this bacterium has been shown to enhance innate and acquired immunity.  
^`lactoferrin-derived lytic peptide LTX-315:  A peptide derived from human lactoferrin, with potential lytic and immunostimulating activities. Upon transdermal injection directly into the tumor, LTX315 may bind to the tumor cell membranes and subsequently lyse tumor cells, thereby inducing tumor cell necrosis. In turn, presentation of the tumor antigens to the immune system may induce systemic innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by anti-tumor natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and natural killer T (NKT) cells. This may trigger an immune response against tumor associated antigens on tumors distant from the primary tumor. Human lactoferrin, a 692 amino acid glycoprotein, belongs to the transferrin family of metal-binding proteins.  
^`laetrile:  Originally, the name laetrile was the contraction of laevo-mandelonitrile glucoside, a cyanogenic glycoside found naturally in some plants. Over the years the meaning of laetrile has changed. There are now preparations called Laetrile where amygdalin is the major constituent. Laetrile and amygdalin are often used interchangeably, but are different agents. Cyanide and benzaldehyde are metabolites of both laetrile and amygdalin. Both metabolites may possess antineoplastic properties. Laetrile has been used as an anticancer treatment in humans worldwide, but scientific evidence does not support its effectiveness. It is not approved for use in the United States.  
^`L-alanosine:  An amino acid analogue and antibiotic derived from the bacterium Streptomyces alanosinicus with antimetabolite and potential antineoplastic activities. L-alanosine inhibits adenylosuccinate synthetase, which converts inosine monophospate (IMP) into adenylosuccinate, an intermediate in purine metabolism. L-alanosine-induced disruption of de novo purine biosynthesis is potentiated by methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) deficiency. The clinical use of this agent may be limited by its toxicity profile. MTAP is a key enzyme in the adenine and methionine salvage pathways.  
^`lamellar body mimetic mouth spray LMS-611:  A suspension-based oral spray containing multilamellar lipid vesicles in which the lipids mimic the lipidic composition of endogenous extra-alveolar lamellar bodies, with muco-restorative and protective activity against radiotherapy (RT)-induced xerostomia (RIX). Upon sublingual administration of the lamellar body mimetic LMS-611 using a spray, the lipids in this agent mimic the natural secretions of endogenous lamellar bodies. This makes mucus more fluid and may prevent dryness of the mouth. This restores saliva functions and makes it easier to chew, swallow and talk, and also prevents xerostomia-induced infections, tooth decay and tooth enamel decay. RT decreases saliva secretion by causing the destruction of the parotid and submandibular serous salivary glands and lamellar bodies. This results in thicker and more visco-adhesive saliva, which causes various xerostomia-induced symptoms; intact lamellar bodies maintain the fluidity of mucus and lubricate the mouth.  
^`Lamictal:  (Other name for~ lamotrigine) 
^`lamivudine:  A synthetic nucleoside analogue with activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV. Intracellularly, lamivudine is phosphorylated to its active metabolites, lamiduvine triphosphate (L-TP) and lamiduvine monophosphate (L-MP). In HIV, L-TP inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) via DNA chain termination after incorporation of the nucleoside analogue into viral DNA. In HBV, incorporation of L-MP into viral DNA by HBV polymerase results in DNA chain termination. L-TP is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases alpha and beta, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase.  
^`lamotrigine:  A synthetic phenyltriazine with antiepileptic and analgesic properties. Lamotrigine enhances the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which may result in a reduction of pain-related transmission of signals along nerve fibers. This agent may also inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels, suppress glutamate release, and inhibit serotonin reuptake.  
^`Lanoxin:  (Other name for~ digoxin) 
^`lanreotide acetate:  The acetate salt of a synthetic cyclic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin. Lanreotide binds to somatostatin receptors (SSTR), specifically SSTR-2 and also to SSTR-5 with a lesser affinity. However, compared to octreotide, this agent is less potent in inhibiting the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. Furthermore, lanreotide has an acute effect on decreasing circulating total and free insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I). This agent is usually given as a prolonged-release microparticle or Autogel formulation for the treatment of acromegaly and to relieve the symptoms of neuroendocrine tumors.  
^`lanreotide acetate copolymer microparticles:  A prolonged-release depot suspension of microparticles containing the acetate salt of lanreotide, a synthetic peptide analog of the naturally occurring somatostatin, and copolymers. Lanreotide inhibits the secretion of growth hormone (GH) by binding to pituitary somatostatin receptors, and may inhibit various other hormones, including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the gastroenteropancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon and gastrin. This agent has a much longer duration of action than natural somatostatin and is selective towards the inhibition of growth hormone.  
^`Lanreotide Autogel:  (Other name for~ lanreotide long-acting aqueous gel) 
^`lanreotide long-acting aqueous gel:  A long-acting aqueous gel preparation of lanreotide, a synthetic cyclic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin. Lanreotide inhibits the secretion of growth hormone (GH) by binding to pituitary somatostatin receptors, and may inhibit the release of various other hormones, including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the gastroenteropancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon and gastrin. This agent also decreases circulating total and free insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I). Lanreotide exhibits a high binding affinity for somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR-2) and a lesser binding affinity for SSTR-5. However, compared to octreotide, this agent is less potent in inhibiting the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland.  
^`lapatinib ditosylate:  The ditosylate salt of lapatinib, a synthetic, orally-active quinazoline with potential antineoplastic activity. Lapatinib reversibly blocks phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), ErbB2, and the Erk-1 and-2 and AKT kinases; it also inhibits cyclin D protein levels in human tumor cell lines and xenografts. EGFR and ErbB2 have been implicated in the growth of various tumor types.  
^`lapuleucel-T:  A cell-based vaccine targets tumors expressing the HER2/neu marker. HER-2/neu is a growth factor receptor, and its overexpression has been associated with a number of cancers including breast, ovarian, colon and lung cancers. APC8024 comprise of autologous antigen-presenting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (APCs) that have been exposed to HER2/neu protein and can be administered to the patient. These cells may stimulate an antitumor T-cell response to cancer cells expressing HER2/neu.  
^`Laradopa:  (Other name for~ levodopa) 
^`largetrifoliolious bugbane rhizome supplement:  A proprietary tablet formulation containing an extract from Largetrifoliolious Bugbane rhizome (Shengma), the dried root of Cimicifuga sp., with potential use for relieving menopausal symptoms. The Largetrifoliolious bugbane rhizome supplement contains total saponins, including phytoestrogens that can modulate estrogen receptor signaling. This supplement is used to reduce disease symptoms, such as sweating, toothache, headache, ulcers, and insomnia. In women, this supplement may be used to reduce symptoms related to menopause.  
^`L-arginine/Korean ginseng/ Gingko biloba/damiana-based supplement:  An amino acid and herbal supplement with libido-enhancing activity. L-arginine/korean ginseng/Ginkgo biloba/damiana-based supplement contains a blend of the amino acid L-arginine and the herbs Korean ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, and damiana (Turnera aphrodisiaca) in addition to 14 other vitamins and minerals. The semi-essential amino acid L-arginine is a precursor for nitric oxide (NO); Korean ginseng may enhance the conversion of L-arginine into NO by NO synthase; and Ginkgo biloba may promote microvascular circulation. This agent may increase NO production, resulting in vasodilatation and an enhanced circulation critical to sexual function and arousal. The damiana component may exert an anxiolytic effect and stimulate sexual behavior.  
^`Larodopa:  (Other name for~ levodopa) 
^`laromustine:  A sulfonyl hydrazine prodrug with antineoplastic activity. Laromustine releases the DNA chloroethylating agent 90CE after entering the blood stream; 90CE chloroethylates alkylates the 06 position of guanine, resulting in DNA crosslinking, strand breaks, chromosomal aberrations, and disruption of DNA synthesis. Intracellular metabolism of this agent also releases methyl isocyanate which inhibits 06-alkyl-guanine transferase, an enzyme involved with DNA repair.  
^`larotaxel:  A semi-synthetic derivative of the taxane 10-deacetylbaccatin III with potential antineoplastic activities. Larotaxel binds to tubulin, promoting microtubule assembly and stabilization and preventing microtubule depolymerization, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. As it represents poor substrate for P-glycoprotein-related drug resistance mechanisms, this agent may be useful for treating multi-drug resistant tumors. Larotaxel penetrates the blood brain barrier.  
^`Lasix:  (Other name for~ furosemide) 
^`L-Asnase:  (Other name for~ asparaginase) 
^`Latisse:  (Other name for~ bimatoprost ophthalmic solution) 
^`Laudicon:  (Other name for~ hydromorphone hydrochloride) 
^`Lazanda:  (Other name for~ fentanyl citrate pectin-based nasal spray) 
^`L-Carnipure L-Carnitine L-Tartrate:  (Other name for~ L-carnitine L-tartrate) 
^`L-carnitine L-tartrate:  A dietary supplement containing the levo-enantiomers of carnitine and tartrate with potential chemoprotective and antioxidant activities. L-carnitine L-tartrate increases fatty acid oxidation and reduces purine catabolism and free radical formation, which may prevent exercise fatigue, muscle weakness, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, and hyperlipoproteinemia. L-carnitine, the biologically active form of carnitine, is a carrier molecule that transports activated long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs)from the cytosol to mitochondria where fatty acids are oxidized, resulting in ATP production,. L-tartrate, a salt of tartaric acid, is a potent antioxidant.  
^`L-citrulline:  A non-essential amino acid. In hepatocytes, L-citrulline is synthesized in the urea cycle by the addition of carbon dioxide and ammonia to ornithine. L-citrulline is converted into L-arginine by the enzymes argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase in the presence of L-aspartate and ATP. Subsequently, L-arginine is converted to nitric oxide by nitric oxide synthase and L-citrulline is regenerated as a by-product .  
^`lead Pb 212 TCMC-trastuzumab:  A radioimmunoconjugate containing the recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab conjugated with the bifunctional chelating agent TCMC ((1,4,7,10-Tetra-(2-Carbamoyl Methyl)-Cyclododecane), and radiolabeled with the alpha-emitting isotope lead Pb 212, with potential anti-tumor activity. Upon administration, the antibody moiety of lead Pb 212 TCMC-trastuzumab binds with high affinity to the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2); after internalization, the radioisotope moiety delivers a cytotoxic dose of alpha radiation to the HER2-expressing tumor cells. HER2, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed on the cell surface of a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`ledipasvir:  An orally available inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) replication complex, with potential activity against HCV. Upon oral administration and after intracellular uptake, ledipasvir binds to and blocks the activity of the NS5A protein. This results in the disruption of the viral RNA replication complex, blockage of HCV RNA production, and inhibition of viral replication. NS5A, a zinc-binding and proline-rich hydrophilic phosphoprotein, plays a crucial role in HCV RNA replication. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family; HCV infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`leflunomide:  A derivative of isoxazole used for its immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. As a prodrug, leflunomide is converted to an active metabolite, A77 1726, which blocks dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme of de novo pyrimidine synthesis, thereby preventing the expansion of activated T lymphocytes. This agent also inhibits various protein tyrosine kinases, such as protein kinase C (PKC), thereby inhibiting cell proliferation.  
^`lenalidomide:  A thalidomide analog with potential antineoplastic activity. Lenalidomide inhibits TNF-alpha production, stimulates T cells, reduces serum levels of the cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and inhibits angiogenesis. This agent also promotes G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of malignant cells.  
^`lenapenem:  A broad-spectrum, carbapenem antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Lenapenem binds to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) located on the bacterial cell wall, thereby inhibiting the final transpeptidation step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. This inhibition weakens the bacterial cell wall and leads to lytic cell death in a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic pathogens.  
^`lenograstim:  A glycosylated form of a recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to an endogenous human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Produced endogenously by monocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, G-CSF binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors, stimulating neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation and selected neutrophil functions.  
^`Lenti-D/ABCD1-transduced autologous hematopoietic stem cells:  Autologous CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells transduced with Lenti-D lentiviral vector encoding the human ATP-binding cassette, sub-family D, member 1 (ABCD1) cDNA, for the potential treatment of childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD). Upon administration of the lenti-D/ABCD1-transduced autologous hematopoietic stem cells, the cells proliferate, and some travel to the brain and differentiate into microglial cells. The expressed ABCD1 restores the function of ALD protein (ALDP) and aids in the treatment of CCALD. In CCALD, the ABCD1 gene is mutated, leading to the inability of patients to metabolize very long chain fatty acids in cells of the brain.  
^`LentiGlobin BB305 Drug Product:  (Other name for~ autologous beta-A(T87Q)-globin gene-transduced CD34-positive cells) 
^`lentivirus vector CCR5 shRNA/TRIM5alpha/TAR decoy-transduced autologous CD34-positive hematopoietic progenitor cells: Autologous, CD34-positive hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding three anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genes: a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) that targets human chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), a human/rhesus macaque chimeric tripartite motif-containing protein 5 alpha isoform (TRIM5alpha), and a TAT activation response (TAR) decoy, as well as a pre-selective cell-surface marker, which is a truncated and mutated form of human CD25, used to potentially provide resistance against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Human autologous CD34-positive HPCs are isolated and transduced ex vivo with the lentiviral vector. Upon pre-selection, purification using CD25 immunomagnetic separation, and subsequent administration of effectively transduced HPCs, the HPCs display 3 separate mechanisms of action against HIV infection:  CCR5 shRNA binds to CCR5 mRNA and inhibits the expression of CCR5, a HIV-1 co-receptor that mediates HIV attachment and host cell entry; TRIM5alpha prevents HIV genome integration upon cell entry; and the TAR decoy binds to the HIV TAT protein and prevents TAT-dependent viral gene transcription, thereby preventing HIV replication. Upon transfer of the lentivirus vector CCR5 shRNA/TRIM5alpha/TAR decoy-transduced autologous CD34-positive HPCs into the patient, the HPCs are resistant to HIV entry and replication and could provide long-term protection against both HIV infection and HIV-associated cancers.  
^`lentivirus vector rHIV7-shI-TAR-CCR5RZ-transduced hematopoietic progenitor cells: Autologous, CD34-positive hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) transduced with rHIV7-shI-TAR-CCR5RZ, a lentiviral vector encoding three anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA genes, with potential antineoplastic activity. The 3 RNA products produced by the lentivirus are: a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted to an exon of the HIV-1 genes tat/rev, designated as shI; a decoy for the HIV TAT reactive element, designated as TAR; a ribozyme targeting the host cells CCR5 chemokine receptor, designated as CCR5RZ. Upon administration, lentivirus vector rHIV7-shI-TAR-CCR5RZ-transduced hematopoietic progenitor cells expressing the 3 species of RNAs display 3 seperate mechanims of action:  the shRNA blocks the transcription of tat/rev, the TAR decoy binds to the TAT protein that is essential for HIV replication, and CCR5RZ catalyzes CCR5 which is needed for viral attachment and entry into the host cells. Altogether, infusion of these HPCs may ultimately inhibit HIV replication and suppress HIV infection. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`lenvatinib mesylate:  A synthetic, orally available inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, also known as KDR/FLK-1) tyrosine kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. Lenvatinib mesylate blocks VEGFR2 activation by VEGF, resulting in inhibition of the VEGF receptor signal transduction pathway, decreased vascular endothelial cell migration and proliferation, and vascular endothelial cell apoptosis.  
^`Lenvima:  (Other name for~ lenvatinib mesylate) 
^`lenzilumab:  A recombinant monoclonal antibody against the cytokine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, lenzilumab binds to and neutralizes GM-CSF. This prevents GM-CSF binding to the GM-CSF receptor, which is a heterodimeric protein expressed on myeloid progenitor cells, and prevents GM-CSF-mediated signaling. This may induce apoptosis in and inhibit proliferation of cancer cells that overproduce GM-CSF. GM-CSF plays a key role in the differentiation and proliferation of monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes; elevated levels of GM-CSF are associated with certain autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancers.  
^`LEP-ETU:  (Other name for~ liposomal paclitaxel) 
^`lepirudin:  A yeast cell-derived recombinant polypeptide related to the naturally occurring, leech-derived anticoagulant hirudin. Lepirudin directly binds to and inactivates thrombin, producing dose-dependent increases in the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT). The mechanism of action of this agent is independent of antithrombin III and is not inhibited by platelet factor 4. Natural hirudin, a family of highly homologous isopolypeptides, is produced in trace amounts by the leech Hirudo medicinalis.  
^`leridistim:  A recombinant chimeric dual G-CSF and IL-3 receptor agonist. Leridistim binds with high affinity to both the interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptors, thereby stimulating the production and maturation of neutrophils, platelets, and lymphocytes after chemotherapy.  
^`lerisetron:  The hydrochloride salt of a 2-piperazinylbenzimidazole-derivative serotonin type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist with antiemetic activity. Lerisetron specifically binds to 5-HT3 receptors, located peripherally on vagus nerve terminals and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the area postrema, which may result in suppression of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.  
^`Lescol:  (Other name for~ fluvastatin sodium) 
^`lestaurtinib:  An orally bioavailable indolocarbazole derivative with antineoplastic properties. Lestaurtinib inhibits autophosphorylation of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), resulting in inhibition of FLT3 activity and induction of apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress FLT3.  
^`letermovir:  An orally bioavailable, non-nucleoside, 3,4-dihydroquinazolinyl acetic acid and inhibitor of the pUL56 subunit of the viral terminase complex of cytomegalovirus (CMV), with potential CMV-specific antiviral activity. Upon oral administration, letermovir binds to the pUL56 subunit of the viral terminase complex of CMV and prevents the cleavage of concatemeric DNA into monomeric genome length DNA. As this agent interferes with viral DNA processing and subsequent viral DNA packaging into procapsids, CMV replication is blocked and CMV infection is prevented.  
^`letrozole:  A nonsteroidal inhibitor of estrogen synthesis with antineoplastic activity. As a third-generation aromatase inhibitor, letrozole selectively and reversibly inhibits aromatase, which may result in growth inhibition of estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Aromatase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme localized to the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and found in many tissues including those of the premenopausal ovary, liver, and breast, catalyzes the aromatization of androstenedione and testosterone into estrone and estradiol, the final step in estrogen biosynthesis.  
^`leucine-enhanced essential amino acid dietary supplement:  An orally bioavailable leucine enriched essential amino acid dietary supplement with potential anti-cachexia activity. Leucine-enhanced essential amino acid nutritional supplement may stimulate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which may promote protein synthesis in muscle cells. Although the exact mechanism by which leucine and other essential amino acids stimulate mTOR has yet to be fully elucidated, leucine may stimulate mTOR by inhibiting adenosine monophosphate protein kinase (AMPK), which negatively controls mTOR signaling.  
^`leucovorin calcium:  An active metabolite of folic acid (also called folinic acid and citrovorum factor), which does not require metabolism by dihydrofolate reductase, the molecular target of folate antagonist-type chemotherapeutic drugs. Leucovorin calcium counteracts the toxic effects of these medications, 'rescuing' the patient while permitting the antitumor activity of the folate antagonist. This agent also potentiates the effects of fluorouracil and its derivatives by stabilizing the binding of the drug's metabolite to its target enzyme, thus prolonging drug activity.  
^`leukemic apoptotic corpse-pulsed autologous dendritic cells:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with corpses of apoptotic leukemic cells, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon vaccination, autologous dendritic cells pulsed with leukemic apoptotic corpse may activate the immune system to mount an anti-tumoral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against leukemic cells expressing leukemia-associated antigens, which may result in leukemic cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell growth. Apoptotic tumor cell corpses contain an array of tumor associated antigens (TAAs).  
^`Leukeran:  (Other name for~ chlorambucil) 
^`Leukine:  (Other name for~ sargramostim) 
^`leuprolide acetate:  The acetate salt of a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Leuprolide binds to and activates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors. Continuous, prolonged administration of leuprolide in males results in pituitary GnRH receptor desensitization and inhibition of pituitary secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), leading to a significant decline in testosterone production; in females, prolonged administration results in a decrease in estradiol production. This agent reduces testosterone production to castration levels and may inhibit androgen receptor-positive tumor progression.  
^`Leustatin:  (Other name for~ cladribine) 
^`Leuvectin:  (Other name for~ IL-2 plasmid DNA/lipid complex) 
^`levamisole hydrochloride: The orally bioavailable hydrochloride salt of the synthetic imidazothiazole derivative levamisole with anthelminthic and immunostimulating activities. In immunosuppressed states, levamisole may restore immune function by:  1) stimulating antibody formation, 2) stimulating T-cell activation and proliferation, 3) potentiatiating monocyte and macrophage phagocytosis and chemotaxis and 4) increasing neutrophil mobility, adherence, and chemotaxis.  
^`Levaquin:  (Other name for~ levofloxacin) 
^`levetiracetam:  A pyrrolidine with antiepileptic activity. The exact mechanism through which levetiracetam exerts its effects is unknown but does not involve inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter activity. Stereoselective binding of levetiracetam was confined to synaptic plasma membranes in the central nervous system with no binding occurring in peripheral tissue. Levetiracetam inhibits burst firing without affecting normal neuronal excitability, which suggests that it may selectively prevent hyper-synchronization of epileptiform burst firing and propagation of seizure activity.  
^`Levitra:  (Other name for~ vardenafil hydrochloride) 
^`levobupivacaine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of levobupivacaine, an amide derivative with anesthetic property. Levobupivacaine reversibly binds voltage-gated sodium channels to modulate ionic flux and prevent the initiation and transmission of nerve impulses (stabilizing neuronal membrane), thereby resulting in analgesia and anesthesia. In comparison with racemic bupivacaine, levobupivacaine is associated with less vasodilation and has a longer duration of action.  
^`levocarnitine:  An amino acid derivative. Levocarnitine facilitates long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria, delivering substrate for oxidation and subsequent energy production. Fatty acids are utilized as an energy substrate in all tissues except the brain.  
^`levocetirizine dihydrochloride:  The dihydrochloride salt form of the active levorotatory enantiomer of cetirizine, levocetirizine; a third generation, non-sedating, selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist, with antihistamine, anti-inflammatory and potential anti-angiogenic activities. Levocetirizine competes with endogenous histamine for binding at peripheral H1-receptor sites on the effector cell surface. This prevents the negative symptoms associated with histamine release and an allergic reaction. In addition, as histamine plays an important role in angiogenesis during an allergic inflammatory reaction, blocking the action of histamine may modulate the expression of proangiogenic factors and thus may prevent angiogenesis. As a third-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist, levocetirizine has fewer side effects than most second-generation antihistamines.  
^`levodopa:  An amino acid precursor of dopamine with antiparkinsonian properties. Levodopa is a prodrug that is converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase and can cross the blood-brain barrier. When in the brain, levodopa is decarboxylated to dopamine and stimulates the dopaminergic receptors, thereby compensating for the depleted supply of endogenous dopamine seen in Parkinson's disease. To assure that adequate concentrations of levodopa reach the central nervous system, it is administered with carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, thereby diminishing the decarboxylation and inactivation of levodopa in peripheral tissues and increasing the delivery of dopamine to the CNS.  
^`levofloxacin:  A broad-spectrum, third-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic and optically active L-isomer of ofloxacin with antibacterial activity. Levofloxacin diffuses through the bacterial cell wall and acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase (bacterial topoisomerase II), an enzyme required for DNA replication, RNA transcription, and repair of bacterial DNA. Inhibition of DNA gyrase activity leads to blockage of bacterial cell growth.  
^`levoleucovorin calcium:  A levo isoform of leucovorin calcium with antineoplastic activity. Levoleucovorin is an active metabolite of folic acid, which does not require metabolism by dihydrofolate reductase. This agent counteracts the toxic effects of other folic acid derivative agents, rescuing the patient while permitting the antitumor activity of the folate antagonist. This agent also potentiates the effects of fluorouracil and its derivatives by stabilizing the binding of the drug's metabolite to its target enzyme, thus prolonging drug activity.  
^`levonantradol:  A synthetic cannabinoid analogue of delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta(9)-THC) with antiemetic and anti-analgesic properties. Although its precise mechanism of action is unknown, levonantradol appears to bind and activate the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and/or CB2.  
^`levonorgestrel:  The levorotatory form of norgestrel and synthetic progestogen with progestational and androgenic activity. Levonorgestrel binds to the progesterone receptor in the nucleus of target cells, thereby stimulating the resulting hormone-receptor complex, initiating transcription, and increasing the synthesis of certain proteins. This results in a suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH) activity and an inhibition of ovulation, as well as an alteration in the cervical mucus and endometrium.  
^`levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system:  A long-acting, hormone-releasing, intrauterine device consisting of a small, T-shaped, polyethylene frame and a reservoired synthetic progesterone with progestational and potential antineoplastic activities. After insertion of this system into the uterus, the device slowly and gradually releases the hormone. Levonorgestrel acts by binding to the progesterone receptor in the nuclei of target cells, resulting in transcription activation and an alteration in protein synthesis. Subsequently, luteinizing hormone (LH) activity and ovulation are suppressed. Levonorgestrel may also exhibit antiproliferative activity in endometrial tissue.  
^`Levopa:  (Other name for~ levodopa) 
^`levothyroxine sodium:  The sodium salt of levothyroxine, a synthetic levoisomer of thyroxine (T4) that is similar to the endogenous hormone produced by the thyroid gland. In peripheral tissues, levothyroxine is deiodinated by 5'-deiodinase to form triiodothyronine (T3). T3 enters the cell and binds to nuclear thyroid hormone receptors; the activated hormone-receptor complex in turn triggers gene expression and produces proteins required in the regulation of cellular respiration; thermogenesis; cellular growth and differentiation; and the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. T3 also exhibits cardiostimulatory effects. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`levothyroxine sodium:  The sodium salt of levothyroxine, a synthetic levoisomer of thyroxine (T4) that is similar to the endogenous hormone produced by the thyroid gland. In peripheral tissues, levothyroxine is deiodinated by 5'-deiodinase to form triiodothyronine (T3). T3 enters the cell and binds to nuclear thyroid hormone receptors; the activated hormone-receptor complex in turn triggers gene expression and produces proteins required in the regulation of cellular respiration; thermogenesis; cellular growth and differentiation; and the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. T3 also exhibits cardiostimulatory effects.  
^`Levoxyl:  (Other name for~ levothyroxine sodium) 
^`Levulan:  (Other name for~ aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride) 
^`Levulan Kerastick:  (Other name for~ aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride) 
^`Lexapro:  (Other name for~ escitalopram oxalate) 
^`lexatumumab:  A fully human monoclonal agonistic antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor-2 (TRAIL-R2) with potential antitumor activity. Mimicking the natural ligand TRAIL, lexatumumab binds to and activates TRAIL-R2, which may trigger apoptosis in and inhibit the growth of TRAIL-R2-expressing tumor cells. TRAIL-R2, also known as death receptor 5 (DR5), is a member of the TNF receptor family and is expressed on many malignant cell types.  
^`lexibulin:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule with tubulin-inhibiting, vascular-disrupting, and potential antineoplastic activities. Lexibulin inhibits tubulin polymerization in tumor blood vessel endothelial cells and tumor cells, blocking the formation of the mitotic spindle and leading to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase; this may result in disruption of the tumor vasculature and tumor blood flow, and tumor cell death.  
^`Lexiscan:  (Other name for~ regadenoson) 
^`L-gossypol:  The levo-enantiomer of an orally bioavailable polyphenolic aldehyde, derived primarily from unrefined cottonseed oil, with potential antineoplastic activity. Mimicking the inhibitory BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3) domain of endogenous antagonists of Bcl-2, L-gossypol binds to and inhibits various anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This agent has greater affinity for Bcl-2 proteins than racemic gossypol.  
^`Lialda:  (Other name for~ mesalamine) 
^`liarozole fumarate:  The orally active fumarate salt of the benzimidazole derivative liarozole with potential antineoplastic activity. As a retinoic acid metabolism blocking agent (RAMBA), liarozole inhibits cytochrome P450-dependent all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-4-hydroxylase, resulting in an increase in endogenous ATRA production, inhibition of cell proliferation, and induction of cell differentiation. This agent also inhibits aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the final, rate-limiting step in estrogen biosynthesis.  
^`Liazal:  (Other name for~ liarozole fumarate) 
^`licartin:  An immunoradioconjugate containing metuximab, an antibody fragment targeting the hepatocellular cancer (HCC)-associated antigen HAb18G/CD147, that is conjugated to the radioisotope iodine I 131, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the metuximab moiety of licartin targets and binds to HAb18G/CD147 on HCC cells; upon internalization, the radioisotope I 131 delivers a cytotoxic dose of gamma radiation, thereby causing selective destruction of HAb18G/CD147-expressing cells. HAb18G/CD147, a member of CD147 family, is overexpressed in HCC and fibroblasts and its expression is associated with cancer cell progression and increased adhesion, invasion and metastasis.  
^`licorice root extract:  An herbal extract derived from the root of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra with potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities. Licorice root extract contains glycoside glycyrrhizinic acid and numerous flavonoids. Glycyrrhizinic acid in licorice root extract is hydrolyzed to glycyrrhetic acid (GA); GA inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, resulting in inhibition of the conversion of cortisol to the inactive steroid cortisone and elevated cortisol levels. In addition, GA inhibits 17,20-lyase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, resulting in decreased conversions of 17-hydroxyprogesterone to androstenedione and androstenedione to testosterone. The primary antioxidant found in licorice root, the flavonoid glabridin, may inactivate or inhibit the activities of some cytochrome P450 enzymes. In tumor cells, beta-hydroxy-DHP, another flavonoid, may induce Bcl-2 phosphorylation, apoptosis, and G2/M cell cycle arrest.  
^`Lidex:  (Other name for~ fluocinonide cream) 
^`lidocaine:  A synthetic aminoethylamide with local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic properties. Lidocaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by binding to and inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses and effecting local anesthesia.  
^`lidocaine patch 5%:  A transdermal patch containing a 5 percent aqueous base solution of the synthetic amide-type anesthetic lidocaine with analgesic activity. Upon topical application and transdermal delivery, the active ingredient lidocaine binds to and blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in the neuronal cell membrane; lidocaine-mediated stabilization of neuronal membranes inhibits the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses and produces a reversible local anesthesia.  
^`Lidoderm:  (Other name for~ lidocaine patch 5%) 
^`Lidothesin:  (Other name for~ lidocaine) 
^`light-emitting oncolytic vaccinia virus GL-ONC1:  An attenuated oncolytic vaccinia virus encoding the light-emitting fusion protein Renilla luciferase-Aequorea green fluorescent protein (RUC-GFP) with potential bioluminescent and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, light-emitting oncolytic vaccinia virus GL-ONC1 specifically enters tumor cells due to the permeable nature of the tumor vasculature. Once inside the cell, the virus replicates, resulting in tumor cell lysis and the release of mature viral particles into the tumor microenvironment. Released viral particles may then infect and destroy neighboring tumor cells. In addition, the release of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by lysed tumor cells into the bloodstream may activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against the tumor. The expression of RUC-GFP by this agent allows for both detection and monitoring of virally infected tumor cells in vivo and vitro with luciferase-mediated bioluminescence imaging and fluorescence imaging techniques.  
^`limonene:  An oral dietary supplement containing a natural cyclic monoterpene and major component of the oil extracted from citrus peels with potential chemopreventive and antitumor activities. Although the mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, limonene and its metabolites perillic acid, dihydroperillic acid, uroterpenol and limonene 1,2-diol may inhibit tumor growth through inhibition of p21-dependent signaling and may induce apoptosis via the induction of the transforming growth factor beta-signaling pathway. In addition, they inhibit post-translational modification of signal transduction proteins, resulting in G1 cell cycle arrest as well as differential expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related genes.  
^`linaclotide acetate:  The acetate salt form of linaclotide, a synthetic, fourteen amino acid peptide and agonist of intestinal guanylate cyclase type C (GC-C), which is structurally related to the guanylin peptide family, with secretagogue, analgesic and laxative activities. Upon oral administration, linaclotide binds to and activates GC-C receptors located on the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium. This increases the concentration of intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which is derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP activates the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and stimulates the secretion of chloride and bicarbonate into the intestinal lumen. This promotes sodium excretion into the lumen and results in increased intestinal fluid secretion. This ultimately accelerates GI transit of intestinal contents, improves bowel movement and relieves constipation. Increased extracellular cGMP levels may also exert an antinociceptive effect, through an as of yet not fully elucidated mechanism, that may involve modulation of nociceptors found on colonic afferent pain fibers. Linaclotide is minimally absorbed from the GI tract.  
^`linezolid:  A synthetic oxazolidinone derivative, linezolid selectively inhibits an early step in bacterial protein synthesis and affects blood pressure through monoamine oxidase inhibition. It is effective against Gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains.  
^`Linfolizin:  (Other name for~ chlorambucil) 
^`linifanib:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Linifanib inhibits members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor families; it exhibits much less activity against unrelated RTKs, soluble tyrosine kinases, or serine/threonine kinases. This agent does not have a general antiproliferative effect due to its high dose requirement. However, linifanib may exhibit potent antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on tumor cells whose proliferation is dependent on mutant kinases, such as fms-related tyrosine kinase receptor-3 (FLT3).  
^`linoleyl carbonate-paclitaxel:  A formulation of the 6-omega fatty acid derivative 2’-linoleyl carbonate (LOC) conjugated to paclitaxel, a taxane compound extracted from the Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia, with potential antineoplastic activity. Paclitaxel binds to and stabilizes tubulin, thereby interfering with the dynamics of microtubule assembly/disassembly and resulting in the inhibition of cell division. LOC enhances the uptake of paclitaxel by tumor cells, thereby concentrating this agent in tumor cells compared to normal cells, and may decrease its toxicity profile; fatty acids serve as energy sources and biochemical precursors for the fast growing tumor cells.  
^`Linomide:  (Other name for~ roquinimex) 
^`linsitinib:  An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Linsitinib selectively inhibits IGF-1R, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, IGFR-1 stimulates cell proliferation, enables oncogenic transformation, and suppresses apoptosis.  
^`lintuzumab:  A humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody directed against CD33, a cell surface antigen found on myeloid leukemia blasts and early hematopoietic progenitor cells. Lintuzumab stimulates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells expressing CD33, resulting in a decrease in tumor burden. The humanized version of this monoclonal antibody exhibits less immunogenicity and improved binding affinity compared to its murine counterpart.  
^`Linzess:  (Other name for~ linaclotide acetate) 
^`Lioresal:  (Other name for~ baclofen) 
^`liothyronine sodium:  The sodium salt form of liothyronine, a synthetic form of the levorotatory isomer of the naturally occurring thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3). Liothyronine sodium binds to nuclear thyroid receptors which then bind to thyroid hormone response elements of target genes. As a result, liothyronine sodium induces gene expression that is required for normal growth and development. Liothyronine sodium is more potent and has a more rapid action than thyroxine (T4).  
^`lipegfilgrastim:  A long acting glyco-pegylated recombinant form of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), with hematopoietic activity. Similar to G-CSF, lipegfilgrastim binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors, and stimulates neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, this agent may prevent the duration and incidence of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Compared to filgrastim, lipegfilgrastim has a prolonged plasma half-life.  
^`Lipiodol:  (Other name for~ ethiodized oil) 
^`Lipitor:  (Other name for~ atorvastatin calcium) 
^`LipoDox:  (Other name for~ pegylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride) 
^`Lipo-Lutin:  (Other name for~ therapeutic progesterone) 
^`lipopolysaccharide:  An endotoxin and biologically active component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall that is a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist with potential immunostimulatory activity. Upon internalization, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates TLR4 which in turn activates the NFkappaB pathway, in addition to mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways. This leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and stimulates an innate immune response against vaccine antigens.  
^`liposomal amphotericin B:  A liposome-encapsulated formulation of the polyene antifungal antibiotic amphotericin B produced by the bacterium Streptomyces nodosus with antifungal activity. Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol, an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, and alters cell membrane integrity, resulting in leakage of intracellular components and cell rupture. This agent may also induce oxidative damage in fungal cells and has been reported to stimulate host immune cells. Compared to amphotericin B alone, liposomal delivery of amphotericin B allows for a greater drug concentration in target tissues while decreasing systemic side effects.  
^`liposomal annamycin:  A liposome-encapsulated form of the semi-synthetic doxorubicin analogue annamycin with antineoplastic activity. Annamycin intercalates into DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, resulting in the inhibition of DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent circumvents multidrug-resistance (MDR) transporters, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Liposomal annamycin is less toxic and shows improved antitumor activity compared to annamycin.  
^`liposomal belotecan:  A sterically stabilized, pegylated liposomal formulation containing CKD602, a semi-synthetic analogue of campthotecin with potential antitumor activity. CKD602 inhibits the action of topoisomerase I, an enzyme that produces reversible single-strand breaks in DNA during DNA replication. CDK602 stabilizes the topoisomerase I and DNA complex, resulting in the inhibition of religation of DNA breaks, inhibition of DNA replication, and apoptotic cell death. The polyethylene glycol coating of liposomal belotecan allows for greater plasma circulation time, thus enhancing the concentration of CKD602 at the tumor site. Encapsulation of CKD602 preserves the active lactone form, resulting in an increased cytotoxic effect of CKD602.  
^`liposomal cisplatin:  A synthetic formulation in which the antineoplastic agent cisplatin is encapsulated in lipids. Liposomal cisplatin consists of small aggregates of cisplatin covered by a single lipid bilayer. Encasement in liposomes improves cisplatin's tumor bioavailability and toxicity profile. Liposomal encapsulation does not affect the pharmacological properties of cisplatin directly. Cisplatin forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links. These cross-links result in apoptosis and cell growth inhibition.  
^`liposomal c-raf antisense oligonucleotide:  The liposomal formulation of a c-raf-1 antisense oligonucleotide, with potential antineoplastic activity. Liposomal c-raf antisense oligonucleotide targets the translation initiation site of human c-raf-1 mRNA, thereby blocking the expression and production of Raf-1 protein and thus inhibits tumor cell growth and development. Raf-1 plays a key role in the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which regulates mammalian cell proliferation and growth. The liposomal formulation increases the solubility of the c-raf antisense oligonucleotide, thus improving its pharmacodynamic profile.  
^`liposomal curcumin:  A liposomal formulation containing curcumin, a poorly water-soluble polylphenol pigment isolated from the plant Curcuma longa, with potential antineoplastic, chemopreventive, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon intravenous administration of liposomal curcumin, this agent blocks the formation of reactive-oxygen species, neutralizes free radicals, and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties as a result of inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX) and other enzymes involved in inflammation. In addition, curcumin disrupts various cell signal transduction pathways involved in carcinogenesis, inhibits the activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), SRC, and annexin A2 (ANXA2), and reduces the expression of both matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). This prevents and/or inhibits tumor cell formation and proliferation. Liposome encapsulation of curcumin improves its efficacy, when compared to the administration of unencapsulated curcumin.  
^`liposomal cytarabine-daunorubicin CPX-351: A liposomal formulation containing a fixed combination of the antineoplastic agents cytarabine and daunorubicin in a 5: 1 molar ratio. Liposomal cytarabine-daunorubicin CPX-351 has been designed to provide optimal delivery of a specific ratio of cytarabine to daunorubicin, one that has been shown to be synergistic in vitro. The antimetabolite cytarabine competes with cytidine for incorporation into DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis. This agent also inhibits DNA polymerase, resulting in a decrease in DNA replication and repair. Daunorubicin, an intercalator and a topoisomerase II inhibitor, prevents DNA replication and inhibits protein synthesis. This agent also generates oxygen free radicals, resulting in the cytotoxic lipid peroxidation of cell membrane lipids.  
^`liposomal daunorubicin citrate:  A liposome-encapsulated form of the citrate salt of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic daunorubicin. Daunorubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. Liposomal delivery of doxorubicin citrate improves drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, thereby increasing the duration of therapeutic drug effects.  
^`liposomal docetaxel:  A formulation of the poorly soluble, semi-synthetic, second-generation taxane docetaxel encapsulated within liposomes, with antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, docetaxel binds to and stabilizes tubulin, thereby inhibiting microtubule disassembly which results in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. This liposomal formulation solubilizes docetaxel without the use of toxic solvents such as Tween 80, permitting the administration of larger doses of docetaxel while avoiding solvent-associated toxicity, including hypersensitivity reactions. In addition, liposomal delivery of docetaxel improves drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, thereby increasing the duration of therapeutic drug effects while lowering the toxicity profile.  
^`liposomal eribulin mesylate:  A liposome-encapsulated formulation of the mesylate salt form of eribulin, a synthetic, macrocyclic ketone analogue of halichondrin B, a substance derived from the marine sponge genus Halichondria, with potential antineoplastic activity. Eribulin binds to the vinca domain of tubulin and inhibits both the polymerization of tubulin and the assembly of microtubules. This results in the inhibition of mitotic spindle assembly, the induction of cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, as well as tumor cell apoptosis. Compared to the administration of eribulin alone, liposomal delivery of eribulin allows for a longer half-life, which allows increased drug concentration in target tissues while decreasing systemic toxicity.  
^`liposomal HPV-16 E6/E7 multipeptide vaccine PDS0101:  A liposomal nanoparticle-based therapeutic vaccine composed of the cationic lipid R-DOTAP (R-enantiomer of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane chloride) encapsulating six human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) E6 and E7 peptides, with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon subcutaneous administration of the liposomal HPV-16 E6 and E7 multipeptide vaccine, the nanoparticles are taken up by antigen presenting cells (APCs), specifically dendritic cells (DCs), which may stimulate the immune system to induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response (CTL) against HPV-16 E6 and E7-expressing tumor cells. HPV-16 E6 and E7 are oncoproteins that play a key role in the tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`liposomal interleukin-2:  A formulation in which liposomes are loaded with the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). By activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes, such as lymphokine-activated killer cells, and increasing levels of the cytotoxic cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), IL-2 may exhibit antitumoral activity. Liposomal formulations of IL-2 may promote entry of the cytokine into target tumor cells and may be used as an immunoadjuvant in cancer vaccine therapy.  
^`liposomal lurtotecan:  A liposome-encapsulated formulation of lurtotecan with antineoplastic activity. Lurtotecan, a semisynthetic analogue of camptothecin, selectively stabilizes the topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complex and forms an enzyme-drug-DNA ternary complex during S phase of the cell cycle, thereby inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-stranded DNA breaks. This ultimately results in an inhibition of DNA replication, inducing double-stranded DNA breakages, obstruction of RNA and protein synthesis and triggering apoptosis. Furthermore, this agent also stimulates degradation of topoisomerase I, likely mediated through ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. Liposomal delivery of lurtotecan improves its penetration and delivery into tumors while lowering systemic side effects.  
^`liposomal mitoxantrone hydrochloride:  A formulation composed of the hydrochloride salt form of the anthracenedione antibiotic mitoxantrone encapsulated within liposomes, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, mitoxantrone intercalates into and forms crosslinks with DNA, thereby disrupting DNA and RNA replication. This agent also binds to topoisomerase II, which both results in DNA strand breaks and prevents DNA synthesis. This leads to the induction of apoptosis in the rapidly dividing cancer cells. The liposomal delivery of mitoxantrone improves drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, thereby increasing drug circulation and therapeutic efficacy while lowering the toxic effects.  
^`liposomal MUC1/PET-lipid A vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of a 43 amino acid epitope from glycoprotein MUC1 (mucin 1) and the synthetic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) agonist PET lipid A encapsulated in cholesterol/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)/dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) liposomes, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. The MUC1 epitope is composed of two 20 amino glycosylated VNTR (various number tandem repeats) from human MUC1A and including 6 glycosylated sites modified by Tn (alfa-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine). Immunization of liposomal MUC1/PET-lipid A vaccine results in an antibody as well as a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against hypoglycosylated MUC1 expressing tumor cells. The tumor associated antigen MUC1, a type І transmembrane protein, is overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated in a variety of tumor cells. As a vaccine adjuvant, PET lipid A, also known as penta erythritol lipid A, stimulates both cellular and humoral responses to the vaccine antigen.  
^`liposomal NDDP:  A synthetic liposomal formulation of bis-neodecanoate diaminocyclohexane platinum (NDDP), a third-generation platinum complex analogue of cisplatin, with potential antineoplastic activity. After displacement of the 2 long-chain aliphatic leaving groups (neodecanoic acid), platinum diaminocyclohexane (DACH) complexes become highly reactive and alkylate macromolecules, forming both inter- and intra-strand DNA crosslinks and inhibiting DNA synthesis, which results in tumor cell cytotoxicity. Because DNA mismatch-repair (MMR) complexes do not recognize DACH–platinum adducts, DNA repair mechanisms are inhibited, overcoming limitations observed with other platinum-based agents. In addition, the liposomal encapsulation improves the bioavailability of NDDP and reduces its toxicity profile.  
^`liposomal oxaliplatin:  A liposomal formulation of the prodrug oxaliplatin, an organoplatinum complex in which the platinum atom is complexed with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) and with an oxalate ligand as a 'leaving group', with antineoplastic activity. After displacement of the labile oxalate ligand leaving group, the active oxaliplatin derivatives monoaquo and diaquo DACH platinum alkylate macromolecules, and form both inter- and intra-strand platinum-DNA crosslinks; inhibition of DNA replication and transcription and cell-cycle nonspecific cytotoxicity ensue. The DACH side chain appears to inhibit alkylating-agent resistance. A leaving group is an atom or a group of atoms that is displaced as a stable species taking with it its bonding electrons.  
^`liposomal paclitaxel:  A liposome-encapsulated formulation of paclitaxel, a taxoid compound extracted from the Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia, with antineoplastic property. Paclitaxel binds to tubulin and interferes with the assembly/disassembly dynamics of microtubules, thereby resulting in the inhibition of cell division. This agent also induces apoptosis via inactivation of the apoptosis inhibitor, B-cell Leukemia 2 (Bcl-2) protein. Paclitaxel liposome formulation potentially enhances delivery of higher doses of paclitaxel to the target tissues and exhibits lower systemic toxicity.  
^`liposomal rhenium Re 186:  A therapeutic preparation consisting of the beta-emitting radioisotope rhenium Re 186 encapsulated in a nanoliposome, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intratumoral infusion of liposomal rhenium Re 186, the radioisotope releases radiation, which directly kills the tumor cells. The nanoliposomes facilitate the retention of the radioisotope by the tumor cells and localize the radiocytotoxicity to the tumor while sparing surrounding normal, healthy cells. Re-186 has a short half-life and a short path length, which contributes further to limiting the radiotoxicity to the tumor cells.  
^`liposomal SN-38:  The liposomal formulation of SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin), a biologically active metabolite of the prodrug irinotecan, with potential antineoplastic activity. SN-38 binds to and inhibits topoisomerase I by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks, inhibition of DNA replication, and apoptosis. SN-38 has been reported to exhibit up to 1,000-fold more cytotoxic activity against various cancer cells in vitro than irinotecan. The liposomal formulation of SN-38 increases the solubility of SN-38, which is a relatively insoluble compound, and improves the pharmacodynamic profile as compared to SN-38 alone.  
^`liposomal T4N5 lotion:  A topical lotion that contains the enzyme T4-bacteriophage endonuclease V encapsulated within liposomes. With topical liposomal delivery, the DNA repair enzyme T4-bacteriophage endonuclease V is transported into skin cells, where the enzyme enters cell nuclei and binds to and incises pyrimidine dimers, thereby catalyzing the first reaction step of the cellular excision repair pathway for removing DNA replication-inhibiting pyrimidine dimers produced within duplex DNA through exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that T4N5 liposomes increases repair of DNA damage caused by UV irradiation.  
^`liposomal topotecan hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin mixed with sphingomyelin/cholesterol and sonicated to form small unilamellar vesicles containing topotecan, with potential antineoplastic activity. Liposomal opotecan hydrochloride mediates efficient drug delivery of topotecan into the cytosol from the endosome compartment. During the S phase of the cell cycle, topotecan selectively stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes, inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks and producing potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks when complexes are encountered by the DNA replication machinery.  
^`liposomal tretinoin:  An intravenous formulation of tretinoin (vitamin A acid or all-trans retinoic acid) encased in liposomes. Tretinoin is a naturally occurring retinoic acid agent that binds to and activates retinoic acid receptors (RAR), effecting changes in gene expression that lead to cell differentiation, decreased cell proliferation, and inhibition of carcinogenesis. This agent also inhibits telomerase, leading to telomere shortening and eventual apoptosis of certain tumor cell types. Liposome encapsulation extends the half-life of intravenously administered tretinoin.  
^`liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin citrate:  A formulation of the citrate salt of the antineoplastic anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin, encapsulated within liposomes, with antitumor activity. Doxorubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA synthesis. This agent also interacts with cell membrane lipids causing lipid peroxidation. Liposomal delivery of doxorubicin improves drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, thereby increasing the duration of therapeutic drug effects while lowering the toxicity profile.  
^`liposome-encapsulated miR-34 mimic MRX34:  A liposomal formulation containing a nucleotide that mimics the human tumor suppressor microRNA (miRNA) miR-34, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, liposome-encapsulated MRX34 mimics miR-34 by inhibiting the expression of a variety of oncogenes including MYC, MET, BCL2, and beta-catenin. This induces cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis in susceptible tumor cells. miR-34 is downregulated in most solid and hematologic malignancies and regulates the expression of a variety of genes. This miRNA plays an important role in the inhibition of cancer cell stemness, metastasis and cancer cell survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`liposome-encapsulated RB94 plasmid DNA gene therapy agent SGT-94:  A systemic gene therapy anti-cancer agent composed of cationic liposomes, which encapsulates plasmid DNA encoding for the tumor suppressor gene RB94 and is complexed with anti-transferrin receptor single chain antibody fragment (TfRscFv), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon systemic administration of liposome-encapsulated RB94 plasmid DNA gene therapy agent SGT-94, the TfRscFv portion of this agent selectively targets the tumor cells expressing transferrin receptors. TfRscFv binding to the transferrin receptor allows receptor-mediated endocytosis and transfection, followed by the expression of RB94 gene. This induces tumor cell apoptosis through an as-of-yet unknown pathway. RB94 is a modified, N-terminal truncated form of the full-length protein retinoblastoma gene RB110, and exerts enhanced antitumor activity. The transferrin receptor (TfR) functions in cellular iron uptake through its interaction with transferrin, and is overexpressed in a variety of tumor types.  
^`liposome-encapsulated recombinant human enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide-dismutase:  A topical hydrophilic gel containing a recombinant form of the human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), a cytoplasmic antioxidant enzyme, encapsulated in liposomes with potential anti-inflammatory and adjuvant activities. Upon application of liposome-encapsulated recombinant human Cu/Zn SOD as a thin film on the irradiated area, the recombinant SOD1 is released and scavenges free oxygen radicals, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress. This may prevent radiation-induced dermatitis as well as other types of skin reactions. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`liposome-incorporated Grb2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide:  A liposomal formulation containing the antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, liposome-incorporated Grb2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide binds directly to and blocks Grb2 mRNA, thereby preventing Grb2 protein synthesis, leading to inhibition of cell proliferation of cancer cells overexpressing Grb2. Grb2, an adaptor protein involved in growth signaling pathways, is upregulated in certain tumor cells.  
^`Lipotecan:  (Other name for~ camptothecin analogue TLC388) 
^`Liquamar:  (Other name for~ phenprocoumon) 
^`liraglutide:  A long-acting, fatty acylated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog administered subcutaneously, with antihyperglycemic activity. Liraglutide's prolonged action and half-life of 11-15 hours are attributed to the attachment of the fatty acid palmitic acid to GLP-1 that reversibly binds to albumin. Albumin binding protects liraglutide from immediate degradation and elimination and causes GLP-1 to be released from abumin in a slow and consistent manner. This agent may cause thyroid C-cell tumors and increases the risk of acute pancreatitis.  
^`lirilumab:  A fully humanized monoclonal antibody against killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, lirilumab binds to KIR, thereby preventing the binding of KIR ligands to KIR on natural killer (NK) cells. By blocking these inhibitory receptors, NK cells become activated and attack cancer cells leading to tumor cell death. KIR, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is expressed on the surface of NK cells.  
^`lisdexamfetamine dimesylate:  The dimesylate form and prodrug of the d-isomer of amphetamine, a non-catecholamine sympathomimetic amine with central nervous system (CNS) stimulating activity. Upon administration, lisdexamphetamine is converted to dextroamphetamine through cleavage of the lysine group. Dextroamphetamine acts by facilitating the release of catecholamines, particularly noradrenaline and dopamine, from its storage sites in nerve terminals in the CNS, and inhibits their uptake within the mesocorticolimbic system, a major component of the brain reward system, resulting in measurable behavioral changes such as euphoria, mental alertness and excitement and appetite suppression. As a CNS stimulant, this agent may increase blood pressure.  
^`lisinopril:  An orally bioavailable, long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with antihypertensive activity. Lisinopril, a synthetic peptide derivative, specifically and competitively inhibits ACE, which results in a decrease in the production of the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and, so, diminished vasopressor activity. In addition, angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex is decreased which results in a decrease in sodium and water retention and an increase in serum potassium.  
^`listeria monocytogenes-LLO-PSA ADXS31-142:  A cancer vaccine containing a live-attenuated strain of the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) encoding a fusion protein composed of the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) human prostate-specific antigen (PSA) fused to a fragment of the immunostimulant listeriolysin O (LLO) protein, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the Lm-LLO-PSA vaccine ADXS31-142, the expressed LLO-PSA is processed by antigen presenting cells (APCs), presented to the immune system by both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II molecules, and activates the immune system to exert both an innate and adaptive immune response involving the recruitment and activation of T-lymphocytes against PSA-expressing tumor cells as well as the inhibition of tumor-infiltrating T regulatory cells (T regs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). This eventually results in tumor cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Lithane:  (Other name for~ lithium carbonate) 
^`lithium carbonate:  The carbonate salt of lithium, a soft alkali metal, with antimanic and hematopoietic activities. Lithium interferes with transmembrane sodium exchange in nerve cells by affecting sodium, potassium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+-ATPase); alters the release of neurotransmitters; affects cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations; and blocks inositol metabolism resulting in depletion of cellular inositol and inhibition of phospholipase C-mediated signal transduction. The exact mechanism through which lithium exerts its mood-stabilizing effect has not been established. In addition, lithium stimulates granulocytopoiesis and appears to increase the level of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells by stimulating the release of hematopoietic cytokines and/or directly acting on hematopoietic stem cells.  
^`Lithobid:  (Other name for~ lithium carbonate) 
^`Lithonate:  (Other name for~ lithium carbonate) 
^`Lithotabs:  (Other name for~ lithium carbonate) 
^`litronesib:  An inhibitor of the kinesin-related motor protein Eg5 with potential antineoplastic activity. Litronesib selectively inhibits the activity of Eg5, which may result in mitotic disruption, apoptosis and consequently cell death in tumor cells that are actively dividing. The ATP-dependent Eg5 kinesin-related motor protein (also known as KIF11 or kinesin spindle protein-5) is a plus-end directed kinesin motor protein that plays an essential role during mitosis, particularly in the regulation of spindle dynamics, including assembly and maintenance.  
^`live attenuated measles virus vaccine:  A live, attenuated measles vaccine with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, live attenuated measles virus vaccine may activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against measles-positive tumor cells. Measles virus has been shown to be present in some non-small cell lung cancers.  
^`live freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria probiotic:  A probiotic containing live, cultivated, freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria with gastrointestinal (GI) protective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and potential antitumor properties. Oral administration of probiotic bacteria help maintain adequate colonization of the GI tract and modulate the composition of the normal microflora. Upon colonization of the GI tract, the probiotic bacteria form a protective barrier, interfere with the attachment of pathogenic bacteria and other harmful substances and may bind to and degrade carcinogens. This may prevent inflammation and possibly cancer. In addition, these bacteria produce lactic acid, thereby creating an acidic environment that is unfavorable for pathogens.  
^`live-attenuated double-deleted Listeria monocytogenes bacteria JNJ-64041809:  A proprietary, live-attenuated, double-deleted (LADD) strain of the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) encoding multiple, as of yet undisclosed, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, live-attenuated double-deleted Listeria monocytogenes bacteria JNJ-64041809 is taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs). The TAAs are subsequently expressed by the APCs and then processed and presented to the immune system by both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules. This activates the immune system and leads to the recruitment and activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against the TAA-expressing tumor cells, eventually resulting in tumor cell lysis. Two genes contributing to the virulence of Lm have been removed to minimize the risk of infection.  
^`live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes cancer vaccine ADXS11-001:  A cancer vaccine containing a live-attenuated strain of the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) encoding human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 fused to a non-hemolytic listeriolysin O protein with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon vaccination, Listeria expresses the HPV 16 E7 antigen and activates the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against cancer cells expressing HPV 16 E7. This may result in tumor cell lysis. In addition, the Listeria vector itself may induce a potent immune response. HPV 16 E7, a cell surface glycoprotein and tumor associated antigen, is overexpressed in the majority of cervical cancer cells.  
^`live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes encoding EGFRvIII-mesothelin vaccine JNJ-64041757:  A proprietary, live-attenuated, double-deleted (LADD) strain of the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) encoding the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) epidermal growth factor receptor mutant form EGFRvIII and human mesothelin, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, the live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes encoding EGFRvIII-mesothelin vaccine JNJ-64041757 is taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs). EGFRvIII and mesothelin are subsequently expressed by the APCs and then processed and presented to the immune system by both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules. This activates the immune system and leads to the recruitment and activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) against EGFRvIII- and mesothelin-expressing tumor cells, eventually resulting in tumor cell lysis. EGFRvIII and mesothelin are overexpressed in many types of cancer. Two genes contributing to the virulence of Lm have been removed to minimize the risk of infection.  
^`live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes encoding EGFRvIII-NY-ESO-1 vaccine ADU-623:  A live-attenuated, double-deleted strain of the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) encoding a mutant form of the tumor-associated antigens, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII) and the cancer/testis antigen NY-ESO-1, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes encoding EGFRvIII-NY-ESO-1 vaccine targets dendritic cells and expresses EGFRvIII and NY-ESO-1. This promotes both a potent innate immune response and an adaptive immune response involving the recruitment and activation of T lymphocytes against EGFRvIII and NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells, which results in tumor cell lysis.  
^`live-attenuated, double-deleted Listeria monocytogenes CRS-207:  A recombinant Listeria-based cancer vaccine containing a live-attenuated strain of the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) expressing human mesothelin with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of this vaccine, Listeria invade professional phagocytes within the immune system and express mesothelin, which may activate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against mesothelin-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. In addition, the Listeria vector itself may induce a potent innate and adaptive immunity unrelated to mesothelin expression. Mesothelin is a cell surface glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion and is overexpressed in many epithelial-derived cancers, including pancreatic, ovarian and lung cancers, and malignant mesotheliomas.  
^`L-leucovorin:  The active l-isomer of the racemic mixture of the 5-formyl derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid. Metabolically active, l-leucovorin, also known levoleucovorin, does not require bioactivation by dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme inhibited by folic acid antagonists. This agent may enhance the effects of fluoropyrimidines by stabilizing their binding to the enzyme thymidylate synthase.  
^`L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester:  A 2-amino acid compound with immunomodulatory activity. L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (LLME) is a lysosomotropic agent entering cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. LLME undergoes a condensation process catalyzed by dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) in lysosomes. Condensation of LLME leads to lysosomal rupture and DNA fragmentation in DPPI-expressing immune cells such as cytotoxic T-cells and natural killer cells. Therefore, this agent may be able to decrease the incidence of graft versus host disease (GVHD) via cytotoxic T-cell depletion. Furthermore, LLME has the potential for augmenting antibody production when used in pretreatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), possibly by interfering with gene expression of inflammatory factors.  
^`L-lysine:  A nutritional supplement containing the biologically active L-isomer of the essential amino acid lysine, with potential anti-mucositis activity. Upon oral intake, L-lysine promotes healthy tissue function, growth and healing and improves the immune system. L-Lysine promotes calcium uptake, is essential for carnitine production and collagen formation. As collagen is essential for connective tissue maintenance, this agent may also help heal mucosal wounds. This may help decrease and prevent mucositis induced by radiation or chemotherapy.  
^`LMB-1 immunotoxin:  A chimeric protein consisting of the Fv portion of a monoclonal antibody attached to a fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A without its cell-binding region. LMB-1 immunotoxin targets B3, a Lewis Y-related carbohydrate epitope found on some solid tumors. The antibody attaches to the tumor cell and the exotoxin stops protein synthesis by inactivating elongation factor 2.  
^`LMB-2 immunotoxin:  A fusion protein consisting of the Fv portion of a monoclonal antibody attached to a 38-kDa fragment of the Pseudomonas exotoxin A (with amino acids 365-380 deleted). LMB-2 immunotoxin targets the interleukin 2 receptor (also known as IL-2R or CD25) which is expressed on activated normal T and B cells and macrophages and on the cells of various hematologic malignancies. The antibody attaches to the IL-2R on the cell membrane, facilitating the entry of the exotoxin. The exotoxin moiety induces caspase-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage; it also catalyzes the transfer of ADP ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to elongation factor-2 in eukaryotic cells, thereby inactivating elongation factor 2 and inhibiting protein synthesis.  
^`LMB-7 immunotoxin:  A single chain chimeric protein consisting of a monoclonal antibody fragment attached to a portion of the Pseudomonas exotoxin A. LMB-7 immunotoxin attaches to B3, a Lewis Y-related carbohydrate epitope on some solid tumor cells. The antibody attaches to the cell and the exotoxin inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating elongation factor 2.  
^`LMB-9 immunotoxin:  A recombinant disulfide stabilized anti-Lewis Y IgG immunotoxin containing a 38 KD toxic element derived from the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and a monoclonal antibody fragment, designed to target adenocarcinomas expressing Lewis Y. LMB-9 immunotoxin attaches to tumor cells, facilitating he entry of the exotoxin. The exotoxin moiety induces caspase-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage; it also catalyzes the transfer of ADP ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to elongation factor-2 in eukaryotic cells, thereby inactivating elongation factor 2 and inhibiting protein synthesis.  
^`LmddA-LLO-chHER2 fusion protein-secreting live-attenuated Listeria cancer vaccine ADXS31-164:  A cancer vaccine containing a live, highly attenuated strain of the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (LmddA) encoding a fusion protein composed of a chimeric peptide comprised of three highly immunogenic epitopes of the human tumor-associated antigen (TAA) HER2/neu (chHER2) fused to a non-hemolytic fragment of the immunostimulant listeriolysin O (LLO) protein, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the LmddA-LLO-chHER2 vaccine ADXS31-142, the LmddA is taken up by phagocytic cells; then the listeriolysin portion of the expressed LLO-chHER2 can form pores in the phagolysosomes and the fusion protein can escape into the cytosol. In turn, the LLO-chHER2 is processed and presented to the immune system by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I on the phagocytic cells. Antigen presentation activates the immune system to exert an immune response involving the recruitment and activation of T lymphocytes against HER2-expressing tumor cells, and inhibits tumor-infiltrating T regulatory cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). This eventually results in tumor cell lysis. HER2/neu, a tyrosine kinase receptor belonging to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is overexpressed in various tumor cell types.  
^`L-menthol preparation NPO-11:  A preparation containing L-menthol with potential anti-peristaltic activity. Upon spraying directly onto the gastric mucosa, L-menthol preparation NPO-11 may relax gastrointestinal smooth muscle. This may result in a suppression of gastric peristalsis and may be beneficial during upper GI endoscopic procedures.  
^`L-methylfolate:  A nutritional supplement containing the biologically active form of the B9 vitamin folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (L-methylfolate), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, L-methylfolate is able to provide methyl groups allowing an increase in the level of DNA methylation in the promoter regions of certain tumor-promoting genes, thereby reversing the DNA hypomethylation of these genes and inactivating them. This may result in a decrease of both tumor cell proliferation and tumor progression. In addition, administration of L-methylfolate may sensitize tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of other chemotherapeutic agents. Unlike folic acid, L-methylfolate is able to cross the blood brain barrier and could be beneficial in the treatment of brain tumors. DNA hypomethylation of certain genes leads to chromosome instability and contributes to tumor development.  
^`LMP/BARF1/ EBNA1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A preparation of allogeneic cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) made specifically reactive to three Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins, latent membrane protein (LMP) 1, BamH1-A rightward frame-1 (BARF1) and EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Administration of LMP1/BARF1/ EBNA1-specific CTLs to patients with LMP1/BARF1/EBNA1-positive tumors may result in a specific CTL response against the tumor cells expressing these antigens, which can result in both cell lysis and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. LMP1, BARF1 and EBNA1 are expressed in various, EBV-associated malignancies, including nasopharyngeal cancer and EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma.  
^`LMP-2:340-349 peptide vaccine: A peptide cancer vaccine containing amino acid residues 340-349 of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein-2 (LMP-2) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with LMP-2: 340-349 peptide may boost the immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against LMP-2-expressing tumor cells, resulting in cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. LMP-2, an EBV transmembrane protein, is expressed in various malignancies including nasopharyngeal cancer and EBV-positive Hodgkin disease.  
^`LMP-2:419-427 peptide vaccine: A peptide cancer vaccine containing amino acid residues 419-427 of the latent membrane protein-2 (LMP-2) of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with the LMP-2: 49-427 peptide vaccine may boost the immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against LMP-2-expressing tumor cells, resulting in cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. LMP-2, an EBV transmembrane protein, is expressed in various malignancies including nasopharyngeal cancer and EBV-positive Hodgkin disease.  
^`LMP2a-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes:  A preparation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL), specifically reactive to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein-2A (LMP2A), with potential antineoplastic activity. T-lymphocytes are exposed ex vivo to dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with a replication-deficient adenovirus encoding EBV LMP2A. Subsequently, LMP2A-specific CTLs are exposed to EBV infected cells transfected with adenovirus encoding LMP2A, thereby further stimulating CTLs. Administered to patients with EBV-positive tumors, LMP2A-specific CTLs target LMP2A-positive cells, resulting in cell lysis and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. EBV LMP2A may be expressed in various malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas.  
^`LNA-based antimiR-155 MRG-106:  A locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based oligonucleotide inhibitor of microRNA (miRNA) 155 (miR-155), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, LNA-based anti-miR-155 MRG-106 targets, binds to and inhibits miR-155. This silences miR-155 and prevents the translation of certain tumor promoting genes, which leads to the induction of cancer cell apoptosis and the inhibition of tumor cell growth. miR-155, an oncogenic single-stranded, non-coding RNA that is critical to the regulation of gene expression, is overexpressed in certain tumor cell types. Up-regulation of miR-155 plays a key role in increased tumor cell proliferation and survival. The LNA is an RNA analog in which the ribose ring is locked in a particular confirmation that increases stability. Compared to the unmodified oligonucleotide, the LNA-modified oligonucleotide shows increased affinity for its target miR-155.  
^`lobaplatin:  A third-generation, water-soluble platinum compound with potential antineoplastic activity. Lobaplatin forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes that bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC- and AG-rich sites in DNA, inducing intrastrand DNA cross-links. These cross-links will ultimately result in induction of apoptosis and cell growth inhibition. Compared to first and second generation platinum compounds, lobaplatin appears to be more stable, less toxic, have a better therapeutic index and may overcome tumor resistance.  
^`lobradimil:  A synthetic analog of bradykinin. Lobradimil is a potent, specific bradykinin B-2 receptor agonist that stimulates B-2 receptors expressed on the surface of brain capillary endothelial cells, thereby reversibly increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Compared to bradykinin, this agent possesses enhanced receptor selectivity, greater plasma stability, and a longer half-life.  
^`Lodine:  (Other name for~ etodolac) 
^`lometrexol:  A folate analog antimetabolite with antineoplastic activity. As the 6R diastereomer of 5,10-dideazatetrahydrofolate, lometrexol inhibits glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT), the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis, arresting cells in the S phase of the cell cycle, and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. The agent has been shown to be active against tumors that are resistant to the folate antagonist methotrexate.  
^`lomustine:  A nitrosourea with antineoplastic activity. Lomustine alkylates and crosslinks DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent also carbamoylates DNA and proteins, resulting in inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and disruption of RNA processing. Lomustine is lipophilic and crosses the blood-brain barrier.  
^`lonafarnib:  A synthetic tricyclic derivative of carboxamide with antineoplastic properties. Lonarfanib binds to and inhibits farnesyl transferase, an enzyme involved in the post-translational modification and activation of Ras proteins. Ras proteins participate in numerous signalling pathways (proliferation, cytoskeletal organization), and play an important role in oncogenesis. Mutated ras proteins have been found in a wide range of human cancers.  
^`lonaprisan:  An orally bioavailable pentafluoroethyl derivative of a mifepristone-related steroid with antiprogestagenic activity. Lonaprisan is a pure, highly receptor-selective progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist; binding of this agent to PRs inhibits PR activation and the associated proliferative effects. Unlike many other antiprogestins such as mifepristone, this agent does not appear to convert to an agonist in the presence of protein kinase A (PKA) activators and shows high antiprogestagenic activity on both progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms PR-A and PR-B.  
^`long peptide vaccine 7:  A peptide vaccine consisting of a combination of seven synthetic long peptides (SLPs), which are each about 30 amino acids in size, and derived from cancer-testis antigens (CTA) and melanocytic differentiation proteins (MDP), with potential immunostimulating and antitumor activities. Upon administration, long peptide vaccine 7 may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing these peptides. CTA and MDP are overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`long-acting granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor SPI-2012:  A long-acting, recombinant analog of the endogenous human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) with hematopoietic activity. Similar to G-CSF, long-acting G-CSF analog SPI-2012 binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors and stimulates neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation, as well as selected neutrophil functions. Therefore, this agent may decrease the duration and incidence of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. The long-acting G-CSF analog SPI-2012 extends the half-life of G-CSF, allowing for administration once every 3 weeks.  
^`long-acting release pasireotide:  A long-acting release (LAR) formulation containing pasireotide, a synthetic long-acting cyclohexapeptide, with somatostatin-like activity. Upon intramuscular administration of the LAR formulation of pasireotide, this somatostatin analog strongly binds to and activates somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtypes 1, 2, 3, and 5. This leads to an inhibition in the secretion of human growth hormone (hGH) and results in decreased production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), which may inhibit IGF-1-mediated cell signaling pathways. This may lead to an inhibition in tumor cell growth and an increase in apoptosis in IGF-1-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, this agent causes a reduction in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which leads to an inhibition of cortisol secretion. ACTH-producing tumors cause hypersecretion of cortisol which results in many unwanted symptoms. This agent may also block other key survival pathways such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Pasireotide also inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion, thereby decreasing angiogenesis and tumor cell growth in VEGF-overexpressing tumor cells. The long-acting form of pasireotide allows for less frequent administration as compared to the original form of this agent. SSTRs are overexpressed by some neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine tumor cells.  
^`Lonsurf:  (Other name for~ trifluridine/tipiracil hydrochloride) 


^`loperamide hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of loperamide, a synthetic, piperidine derivative and opioid agonist with antidiarrheal activity. Loperamide acts on the mu-receptors in the intestinal mucosa. This leads to a decrease in gastrointestinal motility by decreasing the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle activity of the intestinal wall. This slows intestinal transit and allows for more water and electrolyte absorption from the intestines. Loperamide is not significantly absorbed from the gut and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore it has no central nervous system effects.  
^`Lopid:  (Other name for~ gemfibrozil) 
^`lopinavir:  A protease inhibitor used against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Lopinavir competitively inhibits the HIV-1 protease, an enzyme that mediates the cleavage of Gag, Gag-Pol and Nef precursor polypeptides into their mature proteins, including protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase. Inhibition of HIV-1 protease prevents cleavage of the viral polyprotein precursor and results in the release of immature, noninfectious virions.  
^`Loprox Lotion:  (Other name for~ ciclopirox olamine lotion) 
^`Lopurin:  (Other name for~ allopurinol) 
^`loratadine:  A piperidine histamine H1-receptor antagonist with anti-allergic properties and without sedative effects. Loratadine blocks the H1 histamine receptor and prevents the symptoms that are caused by histamine activity on capillaries, bronchial smooth muscle, and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, including vasodilatation, increased capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, and spasmodic contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Loratadine does not cross the blood-brain barrier and does not cause central nervous system effects. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`lorazepam:  A benzodiazepine with anxiolytic, anti-anxiety, anticonvulsant, anti-emetic and sedative properties. Lorazepam enhances the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid on the GABA receptors by binding to a site that is distinct from the GABA binding site in the central nervous system. This leads to an increase in chloride channel opening events, a facilitation of chloride ion conductance, membrane hyperpolarization, and eventually inhibition of the transmission of nerve signals, thereby decreasing nervous excitation.  
^`Lorcet:  (Other name for~ hydrocodone/acetaminophen) 
^`lorvotuzumab mertansine:  An immunoconjugate of a humanized murine monoclonal antibody (huN-901) and DMI, a semi-synthetic derivative of the plant-derived ansa macrolide maytansine. The antibody moiety of lorvotuzumab mertansine selectively attaches to CD56 antigen, a neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)) expressed on the surface of cells of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and other neuroendocrine (NE) tumors. Thus, the DMI conjugate is targeted specifically to CD56-expressing tumor cells, where it inhibits tubulin polymerization and assembly, resulting in inhibition of mitosis and cell cycle arrest in the S phase.  
^`losartan potassium:  The potassium salt of losartan, a non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist with antihypertensive activity. Losartan selectively and competitively binds to the angiotensin II receptor (type AT1) and blocks the binding of angiotensin II to the receptor, thus promoting vasodilatation and counteracting the effects of aldosterone. Converted from angiotensin I by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete aldosterone, decreasing sodium excretion and increasing potassium excretion, and acts as a vasoconstrictor in vascular smooth muscle.  
^`Lotensin:  (Other name for~ benazepril hydrochloride) 
^`Lotrimin:  (Other name for~ clotrimazole) 
^`lovastatin:  A lactone metabolite isolated from the fungus Aspergillus terreus with cholesterol-lowering and potential antineoplastic activities. Lovastatin is hydrolyzed to the active beta-hydroxyacid form, which competitively inhibits 3-hydroxyl-3-methylgutarylcoenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, an enzyme involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. In addition, this agent may induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit tumor cell invasiveness, possibly by inhibiting protein farnesylation and protein geranylgeranylation, and may arrest cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The latter effect sensitizes tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation.  
^`Lovaxin C:  (Other name for~ live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes cancer vaccine ADXS11-001) 
^`Lovenox:  (Other name for~ enoxaparin) 
^`Lozanoc:  (Other name for~ itraconazole) 
^`LRP-1-targeted peptide-drug conjugate GRN1005: A peptide-drug conjugate containing the taxane paclitaxel covalently linked to the proprietary 19 amino acid peptide angiopep-2, in a 3: 1 ratio, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, LRP-1-targeted peptide-drug conjugate GRN1005, via angiopep-2 moiety, binds to LRP-1 (low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1), which is highly expressed in blood brain barrier (BBB) and glioma cells. This binding allows the transcytosis of the agent across the BBB and the delivery of the cytotoxic agent paclitaxel. Compared to paclitaxel alone, GRN1005 is able to increase the concentration of paclitaxel in the brain and is also able to specifically deliver paclitaxel to LRP-1-overexpressing tumor cells, both in the brain and in the periphery.  
^`LSD1 inhibitor GSK2879552:  An orally available, irreversible, inhibitor of lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, GSK2879552 binds to and inhibits LSD1, a demethylase that suppresses the expression of target genes by converting the dimethylated form of lysine at position 4 of histone H3 (H3K4) to mono- and unmethylated H3K4. LSD1 inhibition enhances H3K4 methylation and increases the expression of tumor-suppressor genes. This may lead to an inhibition of cell growth in LSD1-overexpressing tumor cells. LSD1, overexpressed in certain tumor cells, plays a key role in tumor cell growth and survival.  
^`lubiprostone:  A bicyclic fatty acid derived from prostaglandin E1 and a chloride channel activator with laxative activity. Upon intake, lubiprostone specifically binds to and activates the type 2 chloride channel (ClC-2) in the apical membrane of the gastrointestinal epithelium. This produces an efflux of chloride ions, thereby drawing water into the gastrointestinal lumen. The resulting increased amounts of intestinal fluid soften the stool, increase motility, and improve bowel movements.  
^`Lucanix:  (Other name for~ belagenpumatucel-L) 
^`lucanthone:  An orally available thioxanthone-based DNA intercalator and inhibitor of the DNA repair enzyme apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APEX1 or APE1), with anti-schistosomal and potential antineoplastic activity. Lucanthone intercalates DNA and interferes with the activity of topoisomerases I and II during replication and transcription, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of macromolecules. In addition, this agent specifically inhibits the endonuclease activity of APE1, without affecting its redox activity, resulting in unrepaired DNA strand breaks which may induce apoptosis. Therefore, lucanthone may sensitize tumor cells to radiation and chemotherapy. Furthermore, lucanthone inhibits autophagy through the disruption of lysosomal function. The multifunctional nuclease APE1 is a key component for DNA repair; its expression is often correlated with tumor cell resistance to radio- and chemotherapy.  
^`lucatumumab:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the B-cell surface antigen CD40 with potential antineoplastic activity. Lucatumumab binds to and inhibits CD40, thereby inhibiting CD40 ligand-induced cell proliferation and triggering cell lysis via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in cells overexpressing CD40. CD40, an integral membrane protein found on the surface of B lymphocytes, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is highly expressed in a number of B-cell malignancies.  
^`Lucentis:  (Other name for~ ranibizumab) 
^`lucitanib:  A novel dual inhibitor targeting human vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) with antiangiogenic activity. Lucitanib inhibits VEGFR-1, -2, -3 and FGFR-1, -2 kinases in the nM range, which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation, and the induction of tumor cell death. Both VEGFRs and FGFRs belong to the family of receptor tyrosine kinases that may be upregulated in various tumor cell types.  
^`Lucorteum Sol:  (Other name for~ therapeutic progesterone) 
^`Lugol's solution:  A solution composed of iodine and potassium iodide, which can be used as a reagent and antiseptic, with potential use in cancer diagnosis. The iodine in Lugol’s solution selectively binds to alpha-1,4 glucans found in polysaccharides, such as glycogen. Lugol’s solution reacts with glycogen in normal, healthy non-keratinized, squamous epithelium and the iodine-glucan complex stains the glycogen-containing cells dark brown. Cancer cells are devoid of glycogen, so these cells will stay unstained. The presence of cancer cells can be detected by the degree of staining and the neoplastic cells can be surgically removed. High-grade intraepitheial neoplasia has almost no glycogen-containing epithelium.  
^`Lumirem:  (Other name for~ ferumoxsil oral suspension) 
^`Lumitene:  (Other name for~ beta carotene) 
^`Lunesta:  (Other name for~ eszopiclone) 
^`lung tumor-associated antigen:  A tumor-associated antigen derived from the cell surface antigen of lung cancer cells. Lung tumor-associated antigen could be used as a diagnostic marker or as a form of immunotherapy targeted against lung cancer cells.  
^`lung-targeted immunomodulator QBKPN:  A proprietary, lung-targeted, site specific immunomodulator (SSI), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Although the exact type and composition of the lung-targeted immunomodulator QBKPN has yet to be fully disclosed, upon subcutaneous administration, this agent is able to activate a local innate immune response in the lung tissue. This results in an increased number of M1 macrophages, which induces a shift from M2 to M1 macrophage dominance in the tumor microenvironment, and stimulates the recruitment of other immune cells. The M1 macrophages exert antitumor activity and eradicate lung cancer cells through phagocytosis. QBKPN does not induce a systemic immune response or affect other organs or tissues. Altogether, this SSI may decrease tumor cell growth in the lungs. SSIs contain specific, inactivated components of pathogens, such as bacteria and/or viruses, which normally cause an acute infection in the specific organ or tissue of interest.  
^`Lupron:  (Other name for~ leuprolide acetate) 
^`Lupron Depot:  (Other name for~ leuprolide acetate) 
^`Lupron Depot-3 Month:  (Other name for~ leuprolide acetate) 
^`Lupron Depot-4 Month:  (Other name for~ leuprolide acetate) 
^`Lupron Depot-Ped:  (Other name for~ leuprolide acetate) 
^`lurbinectedin:  A synthetic tetrahydropyrrolo [4, 3, 2-de]quinolin-8(1H)-one alkaloid analogue with potential antineoplastic activity. Lurbinectedin covalently binds to residues lying in the minor groove of DNA, which may result in delayed progression through S phase, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and cell death.  
^`lurtotecan:  A semisynthetic analogue of camptothecin with antineoplastic activity. Lurtotecan selectively stabilizes the topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complex and forms an enzyme-drug-DNA ternary complex. As a consequence of the formation of this complex, both the initial cleavage reaction and religation steps are inhibited and subsequent collision of the replication fork with the cleaved strand of DNA results in inhibition of DNA replication, double strand DNA breakage and triggering of apoptosis. Independent from DNA replication inhibition, lurtotecan also inhibits RNA synthesis, multi-ubiquitination and degradation of topoisomerase I and chromatin reorganization.  
^`Luteohormone:  (Other name for~ therapeutic progesterone) 
^`lutetium Lu 177 DOTA-biotin:  A radioconjugate of biotin conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with the beta-emitting isotope lutetium Lu 177 (Lu-177) that can be used for radioimmunotherapeutic purposes. Lutetium Lu 177 DOTA-biotin could be used in pre-targeting radioimmunotherapy, which pretreats the lesion with oxidized avidin that binds to protein amino groups on cells. As avidin binds to biotin, the radioisotope can be selectively delivered to cancer cells leading to tumor cell eradication.  
^`lutetium Lu 177 DOTA-JR11:  A radioconjugate consisting of the somatostatin antagonistic peptide JR11 that is linked, via the chelating agent dodecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA), to the beta-emitting radioisotope lutetium Lu 177, with potential antineoplastic activity and imaging activity during positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Upon administration, lutetium Lu 177-DOTA-JR11 binds to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), with high affinity for SSTR2, present on the cell membranes of many types of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) cells. Upon binding and internalization, this radioconjugate specifically delivers a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to SSTR-positive cells. SSTRs have been shown to be present in large numbers on NETs and their metastases, while most normal tissues express low levels of SSTRs.  
^`lutetium Lu 177 DOTA-tetulomab:  A radioimmunoconjugate, which consists of a monoclonal antibody against the cell-surface antigen CD37 covalently linked, via the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA), to the beta-emitting radioisotope lutetium Lu 177, with potential antineoplastic activity. The antibody moiety of lutetium Lu 177 DOTA-tetulomab binds to CD37 on tumor B-cells. Upon internalization, the radioisotope moiety delivers a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to CD37-expressing tumor cells. CD37, a transmembrane glycoprotein, is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies.  
^`lutetium Lu 177 monoclonal antibody J591:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of prostate-specific membrane antigen linked to a beta-emitting radioisotope (lutetium-177). This radioimmunoconjugate binds to tumor cells that express the extracellular domain of prostate-specific membrane antigen, delivering beta particle radiation selectively to tumor cells expressing this antigen and so limiting the exposure of normal tissues to ionizing radiation.  
^`lutetium Lu 177 PP-F11N:  A radioconjugate composed of PP-F11N, a gastrin analog, conjugated to the beta-emitting radioisotope lutetium Lu 177, with potential antineoplastic activity and potential use as an imaging agent for scintigraphy. Following intravenous administration, the PP-F11N moiety binds to the cholecystokinin-2 (CCK-2) receptor. Subsequently, the CCK-2 receptor-expressing tumor cells can be visualized scintigraphically. In addition, the radioisotope moiety delivers a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to CCK-2 receptor-expressing tumor cells. CCK-2 receptors are expressed on a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`lutetium Lu 177-capromab:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of capromab linked to lutetium Lu 177 via the bifunctional macrocyclic chelator methoxy-tetraazacyclododecane-tetraacetic acid (MeO-DOTA) with potential antineoplastic activity. Lutetium Lu 177-capromab binds to human prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expressed on tumor cell surfaces via its capromab moiety and, upon internalization, delivers cytotoxic beta radiation directly to PSMA-expressing tumor cells. PSMA is a cell surface glycoprotein abundantly expressed by prostate epithelium and is typically overexpressed by prostate cancer cells.  
^`lutetium Lu 177-DOTA-di-HSG peptide IMP-288:  A radiolabeled divalent histamine-succinyl-glycine (HSG) hapten-peptide linked with the macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to the radionuclide lutetium (Lu) 177. After pretargeting with a bispecific monoclonal antibody (BiMoAB) directed against both a tumor associated antigen (TAA) and the HSG hapten-peptide, the HSG portion of administered Lu-177-labeled di-HSG-DOTA peptide IMP-288 binds the anti-HSG portion of the BiMoAB; Lu-177 radioisotopic activity localized to tumor cells bearing the TAA can then be visualized scintigraphically.  
^`lutetium Lu 177-DOTA-octreotate:  A radioconjugate consisting of the somatostatin analog octreotate labeled with lutetium Lu 177 with receptor ligand, beta-emitting radioisotope, and potential antineoplastic activities. Lutetium Lu 177-DOTA-octreotate binds to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), especially type 2 receptors, present on the cell membranes of many types of neuroendocrine tumor cells. Upon binding and internalization, this radioconjugate specifically delivers a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to SSTR-positive cells. Lutetium Lu 177-DOTA-octreotate is produced by substituting the natural amino acid Thr for the alcohol Thr(ol) at the C terminus of the somatostatin analog octreotide and chelating the octreotate to Lu 177 via dodecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA).  
^`lutetium Lu 177-DOTA-TATE:  A radioconjugate consisting of the tyrosine-containing somatostatin analog Tyr3-octreotate (TATE) conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and radiolabeled with the beta-emitting radioisotope lutetium Lu 177 with potential antineoplastic activities. Lutetium Lu 177-DOTA-TATE binds to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), with high affinity to type 2 SSTR, present on the cell membranes of many types of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) cells. Upon binding and internalization, this radioconjugate specifically delivers a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to SSTR-positive cells. Tyr3-octreotate (TATE) is an octreotide derivative in which phenylalanine at position 3 is substituted by tyrosine and position 8 threoninol is replaced with threonine. SSTRs have been shown to be present in large numbers on NET and their metastases, while most other normal tissues express low levels of SSTRs.  
^`lutetium LU 177-edotreotide:  A radioconjugate consisting of the somatostatin analogue edotreotide labeled with lutetium Lu 177 with potential antineoplastic activities. Lutetium Lu 177-edotreotide binds to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), with high affinity to type 2 SSTR, present on the cell membranes of many types of neuroendocrine tumor cells. Upon binding and internalization, this radioconjugate specifically delivers a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to SSTR-positive cells. Edotreotide is produced by substituting tyrosine for phenylalanine at the 3 position of the somatostatin analogue octreotide (Tyr3-octreotide or TOC) and chelated by the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent dodecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA).  
^`lutetium Lu-177 girentuximab:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of the chimeric monoclonal antibody cG250 linked to the low energy beta-emitting radioisotope Lutetium 177, via the bifunctional macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA), with potential antineoplastic activity. The antibody moiety of lutetium Lu-177 girentuximab binds to renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells expressing the RCC-associated antigen G250; a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation is selectively delivered to G250-expressing RCC cells upon internalization of the radioimmunoconjugate.  
^`Lutex:  (Other name for~ motexafin lutetium) 
^`Lutrin:  (Other name for~ motexafin lutetium) 
^`Luvox:  (Other name for~ fluvoxamine maleate) 
^`LV.IL-2/B7.1-transduced AML blast vaccine:  A whole-cell cancer vaccine, containing human acute myeloid leukemic (AML) blasts that have been genetically engineered to express a B7.1/IIL-2 fusion protein encoded by a self-inactivating lentiviral vector (LV), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon administration, LV.IL-2/B7.1-transduced AML blast vaccine may stimulate a host cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against AML cells. The single fusion protein encoded by the LV is postsynthetically cleaved to produce biologically active membrane-anchored B7.1 and secreted IL-2 in AML blasts; combined expression of IL-2 and the co-stimulatory molecule B7.1 by AML blasts may increase stimulation of both allogeneic and autologous cytotoxic T cells.  
^`LY6K/VEGFR1/VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine:  A multipeptide vaccine consisting of peptides derived from lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus K (LY6K) and type I and II vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, LY6K/VEGFR1/VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine may elicit an antitumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against LY6K-expressing tumor cells and/or VEGFR-expressing vascular endothelial cells involved in tumor angiogenesis. LY6K is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) that occurs singly in glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-linked cell-surface glycoproteins or as three-fold repeated domain in the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor; VEGFRs are cell surface receptors that stimulate endothelial cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis upon ligand binding and receptor activation.  
^`Lyc-O-Mato:  (Other name for~ lycopene) 
^`lycopene:  A linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard ageing and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet.  
^`Lymphazurin:  (Other name for~ isosulfan blue) 
^`LymphoCide:  (Other name for~ epratuzumab) 
^`lymphokine-activated killer cells:  Killer cell lymphocytes activated in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAKs) are cytotoxic effector cells with an exceptionally wide target cell spectrum including normal and malignant cells of different origins. LAK cells exhibit a profound heterogeneity with regard to phenotype surface marker expression; it remains to be determined if they represent a unique cell lineage.  
^`lymphoma TAA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A population of autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) with potential immunomodulating and antitumor activities. White blood cells are grown ex-vivo and are exposed to dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with lymphoma tumor associated antigens (TAAs); the TAA-specific CTLs are further expanded ex-vivo before being introduced into the patient. Upon infusion with TAA-specific CTLs, these CTLs may help activate tumor-specific CTL responses in the patient, thereby specifically killing TAA-expressing cancer cells and eventually inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Lymphoseek:  (Other name for~ technetium Tc 99m-labeled tilmanocept) 
^`LymphoStat-B antibody:  (Other name for~ belimumab) 
^`Lynparza:  (Other name for~ olaparib) 
^`lyophilized black raspberry lozenge:  A lozenge containing lyophilized black raspberry with potential antioxidant, pro-apoptotic and chemopreventive activities. In addition to vitamins, minerals, and phytosterols, black raspberries are rich in flavonols. Of the flavonols present in this agent, the anthocyanins appear to contribute significantly to this agent’s chemopreventive effects by inhibiting the activation of several signal transduction pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated pathways, and certain transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex, and nuclear factor in activated T-cells (NFAT). This in turn modulates the expression of downstream target genes that are upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types, including inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor and the anti-apoptotic protein survivin.  
^`lyophilized black raspberry saliva substitute:  A saliva substitute (or artificial saliva) containing lyophilized black raspberry with potential antioxidant, pro-apoptotic and chemopreventive activities. In addition to vitamins, minerals and phytosterols, black raspberries are rich in flavonols of which the anthocyanins appear to contribute significantly to this agent’s chemopreventive effects. Anthocyanins inhibit the activation of several signal transduction pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated pathways, and certain transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex, and nuclear factor in activated T-cells (NFAT). This in turn modulates the expression of downstream target genes that are upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types, including inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor and the anti-apoptotic protein survivin.  
^`Lyrica:  (Other name for~ pregabalin) 
^`lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor INCB059872:  An orally available inhibitor of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1; lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A; KDM1A), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, INCB059872 binds to and inhibits LSD1, a demethylase that suppresses the expression of target genes by converting the di- and mono-methylated forms of lysine at position 4 of histone H3 (H3K4) to mono- and unmethylated H3K4, respectively, through amine oxidation. LSD1 inhibition enhances H3K4 methylation and increases the expression of tumor-suppressor genes. In addition, LSD1 demethylates mono- or di-methylated H3K9 which increases gene expression of tumor promoting genes; inhibition of LSD1 promotes H3K9 methylation and decreases transcription of these genes. Altogether, this may lead to an inhibition of cell growth in LSD1-overexpressing tumor cells. LSD1, an enzyme belonging to the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidase family, is overexpressed in certain tumor cells and plays a key role in the regulation of gene expression and in tumor cell growth and survival.  
^`Lysodren:  (Other name for~ mitotane) 
^`lyso-thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin:  A temperature-sensitive liposomal formulation of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, circulating thermosensitive liposomes are activated locally by increasing the tumor temperature to 40-41 degrees Celsius using an external heat source. The elevated temperature causes compositional changes in the liposomes, creating openings that allow for the release of encapsulated doxorubicin. Compared to non-thermosensitive liposomes, lyso-thermosensitive liposomes deliver higher concentrations of a cytotoxic agent to a heat-treated tumor site while sparing normal tissues unexposed to heat treatment.  


^`M87o-transduced CD34+ peripheral blood stem cells:  Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) transduced with the retroviral vector M87o encoding for the HIV-1-entry inhibitor peptide membrane-anchored antiviral peptide C46 (maC46). Expression of C46 by M87o-transduced CD34+ peripheral blood stem cells may prevent the fusion of viral and cellular membranes, thereby inhibiting HIV-1 entry. C46 is a membrane-anchored peptide encoding amino acids 628 to 673 of the HIV-1 entry inhibitory transmembrane glycoprotein gp41.  
^`Maalox suspension:  (Other name for~ magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide/simethicone suspension) 
^`macimorelin:  An orally available synthetic mimetic of the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue ghrelin with potential anti-cachexia activity. Upon oral administration, macimorelin mimics endogenous ghrelin by stimulating appetite and binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor GHSR in the central nervous system, thereby mimicking the GH-releasing effects of ghrelin from the pituitary gland. Stimulation of GH secretion increases insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels which may further stimulate protein synthesis. In addition, ghrelin reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may play a direct role in cancer-related loss of appetite.  
^`macitentan:  An orally available dual endothelin receptor (ETR) antagonist with potential antihypertensive and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, macitentan and its metabolites block the binding of endothelin isoform 1 (ET-1) to type-A and type-B ETR on both the tumor cells and the endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature. This prevents ET-1 mediated signaling transduction which may decrease tumor cell proliferation, progression, and angiogenesis in tumor tissue. ET-1, a potent vasoconstrictor that plays an important role in inflammation and tissue repair, is, together with its receptors, overexpressed varyingly in many tumor cell types.  
^`macrogol 3350-based oral osmotic laxative:  An isotonic solution containing macrogol 3350 and electrolytes with laxative activity. Macrogol 3350-based oral osmotic laxative promotes the retention of water in the bowel, thereby increasing the water content of stool, which results in increased gastrointestinal motility and stool transit time and evacuation of colonic contents. Macrogol 3350 is also known as polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350.  
^`mafosfamide:  A synthetic oxazaphosphorine derivative with antineoplastic properties. Mafosfamide alkylates DNA, forming DNA cross-links and inhibiting DNA synthesis. Although closely related to cyclophosphamide, mafosfamide, unlike cyclophosphamide, does not require hepatic activation to generate its active metabolite 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide; accordingly, mafosfamide is potentially useful in the intrathecal treatment of neoplastic meningitis.  
^`MAGE-10.A2:  A synthetic nonapeptide derived from a melanoma-associated antigen. Vaccination with MAGE-10.A2 may stimulate a host cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells that express the melanoma-associated antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`MAGE-3.A1 peptide vaccine:  A synthetic peptide cancer vaccine consisting of human leukocyte antigen HLA-A1-restricted peptide derived from human melanoma antigen 3 (MAGE-3) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MAGE-3.A1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing MAGE-3, resulting in tumor cell lysis. MAGE-3, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`MAGE-A1, Her-2/neu, FBP peptides ovarian cancer vaccine: A cancer vaccine containing multiple synthetic antigen peptides derived from MAGE-A1, Her-2/neu, and folate binding protein (FBP) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic properties. MAGE-A1, Her-2/neu, FBP peptides cancer vaccine includes the antigen peptides MAGE-A1:161-169, FBP:191-199, Her-2/neu:369-377, MAGE-A1:96-104, and Her-2/neu: 754-762. Upon administration, this cancer vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing these antigen peptides, resulting in tumor cell lysis. MAGE-A1, Her-2/neu, and FBP proteins may be over-expressed in various cancer cell types, such as epithelial ovarian cancer cells.  
^`MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, NY-ESO-1 peptides vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of synthetic peptides derived from human melanoma antigen A1 (MAGE-A1), human melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3) and cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MAGE-A1/MAGE-A3/NY-ESO-1 peptides vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3 and NY-ESO-1, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1 tumor-associated antigens (TAAS) are overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`MAGE-A3 peptide vaccine:  A peptide cancer vaccine comprised of a peptide derived from the human melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MAGE-A3 peptide vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing MAGE-A3, resulting in tumor cell lysis. MAGE-A3, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`MAGE-A3 reactive T cell receptor-transduced autologous T cells: Human autologous T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the human melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon isolation, transduction, expansion ex vivo, and reintroduction into the patient, the MAGE-A3 reactive TCR-transduced autologous T cells bind to tumor cells expressing MAGE-A3, which may halt the growth of MAGE-A3-expressing cancer cells; the TCR is specific for MAGE-A3: 168-176.  
^`MAGE-A3/HPV 16 peptide vaccine:  A multi-epitope "Trojan antigen" ("TA") construct vaccine consisting of human melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3) and human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 peptide epitopes linked by the furin-sensitive linker peptide RVKR (arginine-serine-lysine-arginine) with immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. The TA construct enters the cytoplasm of antigen-presenting cells (APC) and is processed by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where the endopeptidase furin releases the epitopes from the RVKR linker peptide and, together with various exopeptidases, generates MHC class I-binding peptides. Expressed on the cell surfaces of APC, these MHC class I-binding peptides stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that display the same peptide epitopes on their cell surfaces.  
^`MAGE-A3-expressing adenovirus type5 vaccine:  An oncolytic adenoviral vaccine composed of a replication-defective, E1- and E3-deleted adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) with a transgene encoding the human melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, MAGE-A3-expressing adenovirus type 5 vaccine selectively replicates in cancer cells and expresses MAGE-A3. This induces an immune response against tumor cells expressing the MAGE-A3 antigen, which leads to tumor cell death. The tumor-associated antigen MAGE-A3 is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`MAGE-A4-specific TCR gene-transduced T lymphocytes TBI-1201:  Autologous human T lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for the human melanoma antigen A4 (MAGE-A4), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon isolation, transduction, expansion ex vivo, and reintroduction into the patient, MAGE-A4-specific TCR gene-transduced T lymphocytes TBI-1201 binds to tumor cells expressing MAGE-A4. This may result in both an inhibition of growth and increased cell death for MAGE-A4-expressing tumor cells. The tumor-associated antigen MAGE-A4 is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`magnesium citrate:  The citrate salt of the element magnesium with cathartic activity. The cathartic action of magnesium cations appears to result, in part, from osmotically mediated water retention, which subsequently stimulates peristalsis. In addition, magnesium ions may also stimulate the activity of nitric oxide (NO) synthase and increase the biosynthesis of the phospholipid proinflammatory mediator platelet activating factor (PAF) in the gut. NO may stimulate intestinal secretion via prostglandin- and cyclic GMP-dependent mechanisms while PAF produces significant stimulation of colonic secretion and gastrointestinal motility.  
^`magnesium hydroxide:  A solution of magnesium hydroxide with antacid and laxative properties. Milk of magnesium exerts its antacid activity in low doses such that all hydroxide ions that enter the stomach are used to neutralize stomach acid. This agent exerts its laxative effect in higher doses so that hydroxide ions are able to move from the stomach to the intestines where they attract and retain water, thereby increasing intestinal movement (peristalsis) and inducing the urge to defecate.  
^`magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide/simethicone suspension:  An oral suspension containing magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide and simethicone with antacid activity. Both magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide react with excess acid in the stomach thereby neutralizing gastric acid. Simethicone, a mixture of polydimethylsiloxane and silica gel, reduces the surface tension of gas bubbles, promoting gas bubble coalescence and so intestinal gas transit and evacuation.  
^`magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate:  The magnesium salt form of the saponin, isoglycyrrhizinate, a derivative of glycyrrhizic acid extracted from the roots of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra, with potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. Although the exact mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated, magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate may prevent or reduce hepatotoxicity through the scavenging of free radicals. This agent also modulates the activity of hepatic enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase.  
^`magnesium L-threonate: A nutritional supplement containing the L-threonate form of magnesium (Mg) that can be used to normalize Mg levels in the body. Upon administration, Mg is utilized by the body for many biochemical functions and reactions including:  bone and muscle function, protein and fatty acid formation, activation of B vitamins, blood clotting, insulin secretion, and ATP formation. Mg also serves as a catalyst for many enzymes throughout the body. In addition, magnesium improves the functioning of the immune system by enhancing the expression of natural killer activating receptor NKG2D in cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. This increases their anti-viral and anti-tumor cytotoxic effects.  
^`magnesium oxide:  The oxide salt of magnesium with antacid, laxative and vascular smooth muscle relaxant activities. Magnesium combines with water to form magnesium hydroxide which reacts chemically to neutralize or buffer existing quantities of stomach acid; stomach-content and intra-esophageal pH rise, resulting in a decrease in pepsin activity. This agent's laxative effect is the result, in part, of osmotically mediated water retention, which subsequently stimulates peristalsis. In addition, magnesium ions may behave as calcium antagonists in vascular smooth muscle.  
^`magnesium valproate:  The magnesium salt of valproic acid (2-propylpentanoic acid) with antiepileptic and potential antineoplastic activities. Magnesium valproate dissociates in the gastrointestinal tract and is absorbed into the circulation as magnesium ions and valproic acid ions; valproic acid may inhibit histone deacetylases, inducing tumor cell differentiation, apoptosis, and growth arrest. In addition, valproic acid exerts an antiepileptic effect, likely by inhibiting enzymes that catabolize the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) catabolism and so increasing concentrations of GABA in the central nervous system (CNS). The presence of the magnesium in this agent may contribute to its anticonvulsant activity and sedative properties.  
^`Magnevist:  (Other name for~ gadopentetate dimeglumine) 
^`MAG-Tn3/AS15 vaccine:  A vaccine containing synthetic multiple antigenic glycopeptide (MAG) composed of tri Tn glycotope (MAG-Tn3), which comprises a dendrimeric, nonimmunogenic lysine core linked to a tetravalent peptidic CD4+ T-cell epitope backbone and each attached to three Tn antigens (tri-Tn cluster), combined with the immunoadjuvant AS15, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of the MAG-Tn3/AS15 vaccine, MAG-Tn3 induces the production of tumor-specific anti-Tn glycosidic antibodies, which results in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Tn-expressing tumor cells. The Tn carbohydrate antigen, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed in a number of tumor cell types. The tri-Tn clusters mimic carbohydrate structures found on tumor cells. The T-cell epitope stimulates effective T-cell responses. AS15, a potent adjuvant liposomal formulation that contains CpG 7909, monophosphoryl lipid (MPL), and QS-21, increases the immune response against the Tn antigens.  
^`Maitake mushroom extract:  An extract of the edible mushroom Maitaki, Grifola frondosa, rich in glucan polysaccharides, with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon oral ingestion, Maitaki mushroom extract may promote dendritic cell (DC) maturation, increase interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production, and may enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity, thereby amplifying both innate and T cell-mediated immune responses against cancer cells. In addition, this extract may stimulate the production of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) and promote hematopoiesis, and may improve the neutrophil count.  
^`Makarol:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Maldex:  (Other name for~ maltodextrin) 
^`Maldrin:  (Other name for~ maltodextrin) 
^`malignant glioma tumor lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with lysates from malignant glioma cells with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, malignant glioma tumor lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine exposes the immune system to undefined malignant glioma tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), which may result in anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against glioma cells and glioma cell lysis.  
^`maltodextrin:  An oligosaccharide derived from starch that is used as a food additive and as a carbohydrate supplement. As a supplement, maltodextrin is used to provide and sustain energy levels during endurance-oriented workouts or sports, to help build muscle mass and support weight gain.  
^`maltose:  A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units linked through an alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond.  
^`mammaglobin-A DNA vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing a plasmid encoding the mammaglobin-A gene with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, mammaglobin-A DNA vaccine may induce both humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses against tumor cells that express mammaglobin-A, which may result in decreased tumor growth. The 10 kiloDalton (kD) glycoprotein mammglobin-A is expressed in over 80% of human breast cancers.  
^`mangafodipir trisodium:  The trisodium salt of mangafodipir with potential antioxidant and chemoprotective activities. Consisting of manganese (II) ions chelated to fodipir (dipyridoxyl diphosphate or DPDP), mangafodipir scavenges oxygen free radicals such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, potentially preventing oxygen free radical damage to macromolecules such as DNA and minimizing oxygen free radical-related chemotoxicity in normal tissues. However, this agent may potentiate the chemotherapy-induced generation of oxygen free radicals in tumor cells, resulting in the potentiation of chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity; tumor cells, with higher levels of reactive oxygen species than normal cells, possess a lower threshold for oxygen free radical-mediated cytotoxicity. Mangafodipir is traditionally used as an imaging agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).  
^`mannitol:  A naturally occurring alcohol found in fruits and vegetables and used as an osmotic diuretic. Mannitol is freely filtered by the glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed from the renal tubule, thereby causing an increase in osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate. An increase in osmolarity limits tubular reabsorption of water and inhibits the renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and other solutes, thereby promoting diuresis. In addition, mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolarity, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma.  
^`Manuka honey:  A monofloral honey with potential wound repair and antibacterial activities. Manuka honey is produced by bees fed on the flowers of the New Zealand Manuka bush (Leptospermum scoparium). Manuka honey contains a significant higher concentration of the 1,2-dicarbonyl compound methylglyoxal, which may account for its antibacterial activity; this agent may release small amounts of hydrogen peroxide which may also contribute to its antibacterial activity. Manuka honey has been reported to stimulate the formation of new blood capillaries and the growth of fibroblasts and epithelial cells when applied topically to wounds.  
^`mapatumumab:  A fully human agonistic monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor-1 (TRAIL-R1) with apoptosis promoting and potential antitumor activities. TRAIL-R1 is a cell surface receptor expressed on many malignant cell types. Mapatumumab selectively binds to and activates the TRAIL cell receptor, thereby inducing apoptosis and reducing tumor growth.  
^`maraviroc:  A C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) antagonist with activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Maraviroc inhibits HIV-1 entry via CCR5 coreceptor interaction.  
^`Marcaine:  (Other name for~ bupivacaine hydrochloride) 
^`marcellomycin:  An antineoplastic oligosaccharide anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Actinosporangium bohemicum. Marcellomycin intercalates into DNA and induces DNA crosslinks, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent also induces differentiation in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells by interfering with glycoprotein synthesis.  
^`margetuximab:  A Fc-domain optimized IgG monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. After binding to HER2 on the tumor cell surface, margetuximab may induce an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells overexpressing HER2. HER2, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed by many cancer cell types. Compared to other anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies, the Fc domain of MGAH22 is optimized with increased binding to the activating Fcgamma receptor IIIA (CD16A), expressed on cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, thereby mediating an enhanced ADCC; the Fc domain also shows decreased binding to the inhibitory Fcgamma receptor IIB (CD32B).  
^`marijuana:  Any part of, or extract from, the female hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Marijuana contains cannabinoids, substances with hallucinogenic, psychoactive, and addictive properties. This agent has potential use for treating cancer pain and cachexia.  
^`marimastat:  An orally-active synthetic hydroxamate with potential antineoplastic activity. Marimastat covalently binds to the zinc(II) ion in the active site of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thereby inhibiting the action of MMPs, inducing extracellular matrix degradation, and inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion, and metastasis. This agent may also inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), an enzyme involved in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production that may play a role in some malignancies as well as in the development of arthritis and sepsis.  
^`Marinol:  (Other name for~ dronabinol) 
^`marizomib:  A naturally-occurring salinosporamide, isolated from the marine actinomycete Salinospora tropica, with potential antineoplastic activity. Marizomib irreversibly binds to and inhibits the 20S catalytic core subunit of the proteasome by covalently modifying its active site threonine residues; inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome mediated proteolysis results in an accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins, which may result in the disruption of cellular processes, cell cycle arrest, the induction of apoptosis, and the inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis. This agent more may more potent and selective than the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib.  
^`Marqibo:  (Other name for~ vincristine sulfate liposome) 
^`MART-1 antigen:  A tumor-associated melanocytic differentiation antigen. Vaccination with MART-1 antigen may stimulate a host cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing the melanocytic differentiation antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`MART-1 reactive CD8+ lymphocytes: Human CD8-positive T-lymphocytes that are engineered to recognize melanoma tumor-associated antigen MART-1 (Melanoma Antigen Recognized by T cells, also called Melan-A) in a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted manner, with potential antineoplastic activity. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) are isolated from a melanoma patient, exposed to the MART-1:27-35(27L) peptide and MART-1 specific T-lymphocytes are isolated and expanded. Upon infusion, these lymphocytes recognize and exert a cytotoxic T-cell-mediated immune response against MART-1-expressing melanoma cells. The synthetic MART-1: 27-35 HLA-A2-restricted peptide has an amino acid substitution, leucine to alanine at position 27, to increase its immunogenicity.  
^`MART-1/gp100/Tyrosinase/MAGE-A3 peptides-loaded irradiated allogeneic plasmacytoid dendritic cells:  Irradiated allogeneic, HLA-A*0201 positive, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) loaded with 4 melanoma peptides derived from the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) MelA/MART-1, gp100/pmel17, tyrosinase, and MAGE-A3, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, the irradiated allogeneic pDCs may trigger functional multi-specific T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against HLA-A*0201-positive melanoma cancer cells expressing the TAAs MelA/MART-1, gp100/pmel17, tyrosinase, and MAGE-A3. These TAAs are upregulated in a variety of tumor cells. The pDCs are derived from a distinct subset of dendritic cells (DCs) with a plasma cell-like morphology and express a characteristic set of surface markers and may increase the anti-tumor immune responses.  
^`MART-1:26-35(27L) peptide vaccine: A peptide-based cancer vaccine consisting of amino acid residues 26 through 35 of MART-1 (melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells-1) with a leucine substitution at amino acid position 27 to improve immunogenicity. Upon administration, MART-1: 26-35(27L) peptide vaccine may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against MART-1-expressing tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor growth. The tumor-associated antigen (TAA) MART-1 may be overexpressed on melanoma cancer cells.  
^`MART-1:27-35 peptide vaccine: A natural or synthetic peptide cancer vaccine consisting of amino acid residues 27 through 35 of the melanoma-associated antigen MART-1 with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with MART-1: 27-35 peptide may induce cytotoxic host immune responses against melanoma cells that express this peptide.  
^`masitinib mesylate:  The orally bioavailable mesylate salt of masatinib, a multi-targeted protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Masitinib selectively binds to and inhibits both the wild-type and mutated forms of the stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit; SCFR); platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR); fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3); and, to a lesser extent, focal adhesion kinase (FAK). As a consequence, tumor cell proliferation may be inhibited in cancer cell types that overexpress these receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs).  
^`masoprocol:  A naturally occurring antioxidant dicatechol originally derived from the creosote bush Larrea divaricatta with antipromoter, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. Masoprocol directly inhibits activation of two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) and the c-erbB2/HER2/neu receptor, resulting in decreased proliferation of susceptible tumor cell populations. This agent may induce apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations as a result of disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in association with the activation of stress activated protein kinases (SAPKs). In addition, NDGA inhibits arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX), resulting in diminished synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrines; it may prevent leukocyte infiltration into tissues and the release of reactive oxygen species and, at higher concentrations, may also inhibit cyclooxygenase.  
^`mast cell stabilizer TF002:  A small molecule with mast cell stabilizing activity. Mast cell stabilizer TF002 inhibits the formation of lipid rafts of mast cell membranes that contain the signaling machinery which triggers the release of mast cell allergic and inflammatory mediators. Inhibition of lipid raft assembly by this agent results in mast cell stabilization, preventing mast cell degranulation and the release of the inflammatory mediators involved in type I allergic reactions (histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and cytokines). The assembly of the signaling machinery in mast cell lipid rafts, specialized membrane microdomains rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids, is initiated by IgE binding to its receptor on the mast cell surface; subsequently, allergens crosslink with the IgE/receptor complex and other proteins and lipids are recruited into the signaling machinery.  
^`Matricaria recutita gel:  A gel-based formulation containing an extract of the herb Matricaria chamomilla (M. recutita or German chamomile), which is native to eastern and southern Europe, belongs to the Asteraceae family and is high in flavonoids, with potential anti-inflammatory, skin protective, moisturizing, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and calming activities. M. recutita extract contains flavonoids, including apigenin, luteolin and quercetin, as well as coumarins, herniarin, umbelliferone, anthemic acid, anthemidine, tannin and matricarin. Upon topical application of the Matricaria recutita gel, the active ingredients in the chamomile may exert anti-inflammatory, calming and anti-oxidant effects on the skin and may protect the skin against radiotherapy-induced dermatitis.  
^`Matricaria recutita topical infusion:  A gel-based formulation containing an extract of the herb Matricaria chamomilla (M. recutita or German chamomile), which is native to eastern and southern Europe, belongs to the Asteraceae family and is high in flavonoids, with potential anti-inflammatory, skin protective, moisturizing, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and calming activities. M. recutita extract contains flavonoids, including apigenin, luteolin and quercetin, as well as coumarins, herniarin, umbelliferone, anthemic acid, anthemidine, tannin and matricarin. Upon topical application of the Matricaria recutita infusion, the active ingredients in the chamomile may exert anti-inflammatory, calming and anti-oxidant effects on the skin and may protect the skin against radiotherapy-induced dermatitis.  
^`Matulane:  (Other name for~ procarbazine hydrochloride) 
^`matuzumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody with antineoplastic activity. Matuzumab binds the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with high affinity, competitively blocking natural ligand binding and blocking receptor-mediated downstream signalling, resulting in impaired tumor cell proliferation.  
^`Maxalt:  (Other name for~ rizatriptan benzoate) 
^`Maxipime:  (Other name for~ cefepime hydrochloride) 
^`maytansine:  An ansamycin antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata. Maytansine binds to tubulin at the rhizoxin binding site, thereby inhibiting microtubule assembly, inducing microtubule disassembly, and disrupting mitosis. Maytansine exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumor cell lines and may inhibit tumor growth in vivo.  
^`m-azidopyrimethamine:  An antifolate derived from diaminopyrimidine with cytotoxic properties. With a mechanism of action similar to that of methotrexate (MTX), m-azidopyrimethamine blocks tetrahydrofolate synthesis, resulting in depletion of nucleotide precursors and inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. This agent is more lipophilic but less potent than MTX.  
^`MC-Glucan:  (Other name for~ sizofiran) 
^`MCL-1 Inhibitor AMG 176:  An inhibitor of induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein MCL-1 (myeloid cell leukemia-1), with potential pro-apoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, AMG 176 binds to and inhibits the activity of MCL-1. This disrupts the formation of MCL-1/Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11; BIM) complexes and induces apoptosis in tumor cells. MCL-1, an anti-apoptotic protein belonging to the Bcl-2 family of proteins, is upregulated in cancer cells and promotes tumor cell survival.  
^`MCPyV TAg-specific polyclonal autologous CD8-positive T cell vaccine:  A preparation of polyclonal autologous CD8 positive T-lymphocytes specific for the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) T antigen (TAg) with potential antineoplastic activity. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from a Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) patient were obtained and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells targeting a specific MCPyV TAg epitope were derived and expanded ex vivo. Upon infusion of the MCPyV TAg-specific polyclonal autologous CD8-positive T cell vaccine, the T cells recognize the MCPyV antigen and exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against the MCPyV TAg-expressing MCC cells. MCPyV is expressed in about 80% of MCC and is not expressed in normal, human tissue; the MCPyVTag oncoprotein plays a key role in MCC survival and tumor cell proliferation.  
^`MCT/LCT lipid emulsion:  A nutritional lipid emulsion consisting of both coconut oil-derived medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) and soybean oil-derived long chain triglycerides (LCTs). The LCTs in the MCT/LCT lipid emulsion supply the body with essential omega-6 fatty acids, which are needed as components of phospholipids in cell membranes and as precursors of eicosanoids. The MCTs mainly provide calories for energy. In addition to LCTs and MCTs, this lipid emulsion contains egg yolk lecithin, glycerol, and the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E).  
^`MCT/LCT/fish oil omega-3 fatty triglyceride lipid emulsion:  A nutritional lipid emulsion consisting of coconut oil-derived medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), soybean oil-derived long chain triglycerides (LCT), and the fish oil-derived polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. This lipid emulsion supplies essential fatty acids and calories for energy. Omega-3 fatty acids may decrease the production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1 (IL-1), Il-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The MCTs mainly provide calories for energy. In addition to LCTs, MCTs, and omega-3 fatty acids, this lipid emulsion contains egg yolk lecithin, glycerol, and the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E).  
^`MDM2 antagonist RO5045337:  An MDM2 (human homolog of double minutes-2; HDM2) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. RO5045337 binds to MDM2, thereby preventing the binding of the MDM2 protein to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing this MDM2-p53 interaction, the proteosome-mediated enzymatic degradation of p53 is inhibited and the transcriptional activity of p53 is restored, which may result in the restoration of p53 signaling and thus the p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. MDM2, a zinc finger protein, is a negative regulator of the p53 pathway; often overexpressed in cancer cells, it has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.  
^`MDM2 antagonist RO6839921:  An MDM2 (human homolog of murine double minute-2; HDM2) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, RO6839921 binds to MDM2 and prevents the binding of the MDM2 protein to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing MDM2-p53 interaction, the proteasome-mediated enzymatic degradation of p53 is inhibited and the transcriptional activity of p53 is restored. This may result in the restoration of p53 signaling, followed by p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. MDM2, a zinc finger protein, is a negative regulator of the p53 pathway and is often overexpressed in cancer cells; p53 inhibition has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.  
^`MDM2 inhibitor AMG 232:  An orally available, piperidinone inhibitor of MDM2 (murine double minute 2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MDM2 inhibitor AMG-232 binds to MDM2 protein and prevents its binding to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing this MDM2-p53 interaction, the transcriptional activity of p53 is restored. This leads to p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. MDM2, a zinc finger protein and a negative regulator of the p53 pathway, is overexpressed in cancer cells; it plays a key role in cancer cell proliferation and survival.  
^`MDM2 inhibitor DS-3032b:  An orally available MDM2 (murine double minute 2) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MDM2 inhibitor DS-3032b binds to, and prevents the binding of MDM2 protein to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing this MDM2-p53 interaction, the proteosome-mediated enzymatic degradation of p53 is inhibited and the transcriptional activity of p53 is restored. This results in the restoration of p53 signaling and leads to the p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. MDM2, a zinc finger protein and a negative regulator of the p53 pathway, is overexpressed in cancer cells; it has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.  
^`MDM2/MDMX inhibitor ALRN-6924:  An orally available inhibitor of both murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and murine double minute X (MDMX), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, ALRN-6924 binds to both MDM2 and MDMX and interferes with their interaction with the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing MDM2-p53 and MDMX-p53 interactions, p53 activity is restored, which leads to p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. MDM2 and MDMX, negative regulators of p53 function, are often overexpressed in cancer cells.  
^`MDR modulator CBT-1:  A naturally-occurring, orally bioavailable bisbenzylisoquinoline plant alkaloid with potential chemosensitization activity. MDR modulator CBT-1 binds to and inhibits the MDR efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which may inhibit the efflux of various chemotherapeutic agents from tumor cells and reverse P-gp-mediated tumor cell MDR. P-gp is a transmembrane ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and is overexpressed by some multidrug resistant tumors.  
^`measles/mumps/rubella vaccine:  A trivalent vaccine containing live attenuated viruses that can cause measles, mumps and rubella. It is an injection administered subcutaneously in two separate doses.  
^`Measurin:  (Other name for~ acetylsalicylic acid) 
^`mebendazole:  A synthetic benzimidazole derivate and anthelmintic agent. Mebendazole interferes with the reproduction and survival of helminths by inhibiting the formation of their cytoplasmic microtubules, thereby selectively and irreversibly blocking glucose uptake. This results in a depletion of glycogen stores and leads to reduced formation of ATP required for survival and reproduction of the helminth. This eventually causes the helminths death.  
^`mechlorethamine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of mechlorethamine, a nitrogen mustard and an analogue of sulfur mustard, with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. Mechlorethamine is metabolized to an unstable, highly reactive ethyleniminium intemediate that alkylates DNA, particularly the 7 nitrogen of guanine residues, resulting in DNA base pair mismatching, DNA interstrand crosslinking, the inhibition of DNA repair and synthesis, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis. This agent also exhibits lympholytic properties.  
^`mechlorethamine hydrochloride gel:  A gel formulation composed of the hydrochloride salt form of mechlorethamine, which is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent and an analog of sulfur mustard, with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. Upon topical application, mechlorethamine is metabolized to an unstable, highly reactive ethyleniminium intermediate that binds to and alkylates DNA, with a high affinity to the N7 nitrogen of guanine residues. This results in DNA base pair mismatching, DNA interstrand crosslinking, the inhibition of DNA repair and synthesis, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis.  
^`Meclan:  (Other name for~ meclocycline sulfosalicylate) 
^`meclocycline sulfosalicylate:  The sulfosalicylate salt form of meclocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity. Meclocycline sulfosalicylate is bacteriostatic and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the addition of amino acids to the growing peptide chain. This tetracycline is active against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.  
^`meclofenamate sodium:  The sodium salt form of meclofenamate, an anthranilic acid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities. Meclofenamate sodium inhibits the activity of the enzymes cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The resulting decrease in prostaglandin synthesis, by prostaglandin synthase, is responsible for the therapeutic effects of meclofenamate sodium. Meclofenamate sodium also causes a decrease in the formation of thromboxane A2 synthesis, by thromboxane synthase, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation.  
^`Meclomen:  (Other name for~ meclofenamate sodium) 
^`Medihoney™:  (Other name for~ Manuka honey) 
^`Medlone 21:  (Other name for~ methylprednisolone) 
^`Medrol:  (Other name for~ methylprednisolone) 
^`medroxyprogesterone:  A synthetic derivative of progesterone administered as an acetate salt (medroxyprogesterone acetate) with antiestrogenic activity. As a do all progestins, medroxyprogesterone binds to and activates nuclear receptors which subsequently bind to and activate target genes for transcription. As an antiestrogen, this agent may inhibit the growth-stimulating effects of estrogen on estrogen-sensitive tumor cells.  
^`mefloquine:  A quinolinemethanol derivative with antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and potential chemosensitization and radiosensitization activities. Although the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated, mefloquine, a weak base, preferentially accumulates in lysosomes and disrupts lysosomal function and integrity, thereby leading to host cell death. Similar to chloroquine, the chemosensitizing and radiosensitizing activities of this agent may be related to its inhibition of autophagocytosis, a cellular mechanism involving lysosomal degradation that minimizes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)related to tumor reoxygenation and tumor exposure to chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. Compared to chloroquine, mefloquine has better blood-brain-barrier (BBB) penetration.  
^`megestrol acetate:  The acetate salt of megestrol, a synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring female sex hormone progesterone, with progestogenic, antiestrogenic, and antineoplastic activities. Mimicking the action of progesterone, megestrol binds to and activates nuclear progesterone receptors (PRs) in the reproductive system and pituitary; ligand-receptor complexes are translocated to the nucleus where they bind to progesterone response elements (PREs) located on target genes. Megestrol’s antineoplastic activity against estrogen-responsive tumors may be due, in part, to the suppression of pituitary gonadotrophin production and the resultant decrease in ovarian estrogen secretion; interference with the estrogen receptor complex in its interaction with genes and; as part of the progesterone receptor complex, direct interaction with the genome and downregulation of specific estrogen-responsive genes. This agent may also directly kill tumor cells.  
^`MEK 1/2 inhibitor AS703988/MSC2015103B:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K, MAPK/ERK kinase, or MEK) 1 and 2 with potential antineoplastic activity. MEK 1/2 inhibitor AS703988/MSC2015103B selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK1/2, preventing the activation of MEK1/2-dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, which may result in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK1 and MEK2 are dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases that play key roles in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway that regulates cell growth and are often upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`MEK inhibitor AZD8330:  An orally active, selective MEK inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. MEK inhibitor AZD8330 specifically inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK or MAP/ERK kinase1), resulting in inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK is a key component of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that regulates cell growth; constitutive activation of this pathway has been implicated in many cancers.  
^`MEK inhibitor GDC-0623:  An orally active, selective MEK inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. MEK inhibitor GDC-0623 specifically inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK or MAP/ERK kinase), resulting in inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK is a key component of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that regulates cell growth; constitutive activation of this pathway has been implicated in many cancers.  
^`MEK inhibitor RO4987655:  An orally active small molecule, targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP2K1 or MEK1), with potential antineoplastic activity. MEK inhibitor RO4987655 binds to and inhibits MEK, which may result in the inhibition of MEK-dependent cell signaling and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. MEK, a dual specificity threonine/tyrosine kinase, is a key component of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that regulates cell growth; constitutive activation of this pathway has been implicated in many cancers.  
^`MEK inhibitor TAK-733:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2 (MEK1/2) with potential antineoplastic activity. MEK inhibitor TAK-733 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK1/2, preventing the activation of MEK1/2-dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, which may result in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK1/2 (MAP2K1/K2) are dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases that play key roles in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and are often upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`MEK inhibitor WX-554:  An orally available small molecule mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K, MAPK/ERK kinase, or MEK) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. MEK inhibitor WX-554 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK, thereby preventing the activation of MEK-dependent effector proteins including some transcription factors, which may result in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK, a dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinase that plays a key role in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, is frequently upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`MEK/Aurora kinase dual inhibitor BI 847325:  An orally available dual inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and Aurora kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MEK/Aurora kinase inhibitor BI 847325 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK, which both prevents the activation of MEK-dependent effector proteins and inhibits growth factor-mediated cell signaling. BI 847325 also binds to and inhibits the activity of the Aurora kinases A, B and C which may disrupt the assembly of the mitotic spindle apparatus, prevent chromosome segregation, and inhibit both cellular division and proliferation in Aurora kinase-overexpressing tumor cells. Altogether, this leads to the inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth as well as the induction of tumor regression. MEK, a dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinase that plays a key role in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, is frequently upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types. Aurora kinases are serine-threonine kinases that play essential roles in mitotic checkpoint control and are overexpressed by a wide variety of cancer cell types.  
^`MEK-1/MEKK-1 inhibitor E6201:  A synthetic, fungal metabolite analogue inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK-1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK-1) with potential antipsoriatic and antineoplastic activities. MEK-1/MEKK-1 inhibitor E6201 specifically binds to and inhibits the activities of MEK-1 and MEKK-1, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. MEK-1 and MEKK-1 are key components in the RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK signaling pathway, which regulates cell proliferation and is frequently activated in human cancers.  
^`Mekinist:  (Other name for~ trametinib) 
^`Melan-A VLP vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of the melanocyte differentiation antigen Melan A (also called MART-1) encapsulated in noninfectious virus-like particles (VLPs) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, Melan-A VLP vaccine may stimulate the immune system to exert a specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the Melan A antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Melan A is upregulated in most melanomas. VLPs stimulate the immune system and promotes the CTL response.  
^`Melan-A/MAGE-3.DP4 peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a peptide derived from the melanocyte differentiation antigen Melan-A (or MART-1) and the human leukocyte antigen HLA-DP4-restricted human melanoma antigen 3 (MAGE-3.DP4), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, Melan-A/MAGE-3.DP4 peptide vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing Melan-A and MAGE-3, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The tumor associated antigens Melan-A and MAGE-3 are overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`melanoma helper peptide vaccine:  A multivalent vaccine consisting of peptides derived from melanoma-associated antigens and an adjuvant peptide derived from tetanus toxoid. Vaccination with this agent may stimulate a host cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing melanoma-associated antigens, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`melanoma TRP2 CTL epitope vaccine SCIB1:  A proprietary DNA-based cancer vaccine that encodes a melanoma antigen tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitope and a modified monoclonal antibody, a chimera of human IgG1/murine IgG2a with T cell mimotopes expressed within the complementarity-determining regions (CDR) of the antibodies, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular injection and electroporation, melanoma TRP2 CTL epitope vaccine SCIB1 expresses the modified antibody. Subsequently, the Fc component of the engineered antibody targets and binds to the CD64 receptor on the dendritic cells (DCs); upon processing by DCs, the cellular immune system may be activated to induce helper T-cell and CTL immune responses against tumor cells expressing the TRP2 antigen.  
^`MELITAC 12.1 peptide vaccine:  A peptide cancer vaccine consisting of an emulsion of a mixture of 12 class I MHC-restricted melanoma peptides and a class II MHC-restricted tetanus toxoid helper peptide, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the MELITAC 12.1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing the melanoma peptide antigens, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The melanoma peptides contained in the vaccine are upregulated in melanoma cancer cells.  
^`MELK inhibitor OTS167:  An orally available inhibitor of maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, OTS167 binds to MELK, which prevents both MELK phosphorylation and activation; thus inhibiting the phosphorylation of downstream MELK substrates. This may lead to an inhibition of both cell proliferation and survival in MELK-expressing tumor cells. MELK, a serine/threonine kinase, is involved in cancer cell survival, invasiveness and cancer-stem cell formation and maintenance; it is highly upregulated in various types of cancer cells and absent in normal, healthy cells.  
^`Mellaril:  (Other name for~ thioridazine hydrochloride) 
^`meloxicam:  An oxicam derivative and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities. Unlike traditional nonselective NSAIDs, meloxicam preferentially inhibits the activity of cyclo-oxygenase II (COX-II), resulting in a decreased conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin precursors. The resulting decrease in prostaglandin synthesis is responsible for the therapeutic effects of meloxicam.  
^`melphalan:  A phenylalanine derivative of nitrogen mustard with antineoplastic activity. Melphalan alkylates DNA at the N7 position of guanine and induces DNA inter-strand cross-linkages, resulting in the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and cytotoxicity against both dividing and non-dividing tumor cells.  
^`melphalan hydrochloride:  A bifunctional alkylating agent and phenylalanine derivative of nitrogen mustard. Melphalan hydrochloride is converted into highly reactive ethylenimmonium intermediates that induce covalent guanine N7-N7 intra- and inter-crosslinks and alkylation of adenine N3 of DNA. This agent also alkylates RNA and protein structures. As a result RNA transcription and protein synthesis are inhibited, ultimately leading to cell growth arrest and/or death.  
^`melphalan hydrochloride/sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin complex:  A propylene glycol-free intravenous formulation containing the hydrochloride salt of the nitrogen mustard phenylalanine derivative melphalan complexed with polyanionic sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin (SBE-CD) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, melphalan is converted into highly reactive ethylenimmonium intermediates that induce covalent guanine N7-N7 intra- and inter-crosslinks and alkylation of adenine N3 of DNA; RNA and proteins may also be alkylated. Subsequently, RNA transcription and protein synthesis are inhibited, resulting in cell growth arrest. The addition of sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin to the formulation improves the solubility, stability and ease of use of melphalan; cyclodextrins are cyclic dextrins derived from starch.  
^`melphalan-flufenamide prodrug:  A melphalan prodrug in which the alkylating agent melphalan is bound to flufenamide, with potential antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic activities. Upon administration, the dipeptide bond in the melphalan-flufenamide compound is hydrolyzed by peptidases, which are overexpressed by certain cancer cells. This results in the specific release and accumulation of the active metabolite melphalan in cancer cells. Melphalan alkylates DNA at the N7 position of guanine residues and induces DNA intra- and inter-strand cross-linkages. This results in the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and the induction of apoptosis, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. The administration of the melphalan-flufenamide prodrug allows for enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity compared to melphalan alone.  
^`memantine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of memantine, a low-affinity, voltage-dependent, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Memantine binds to and inhibits cation channels of glutamanergic NMDA receptors located in the central nervous system (CNS), preventing the prolonged influx of calcium ions and the associated neuronal excitotoxicity, and thereby potentially enhancing cognitive function. Memantine is also a 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5HT3) receptor and nicotinic receptor antagonist.  
^`membrane-disrupting peptide EP-100:  A water-soluble, positively charged fusion protein consisting of a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) receptor-targeting ligand conjugated to the membrane-disrupting peptide CLIP 71 with membrane-disrupting and potential antineoplastic activities. The LHRH ligand moiety of membrane-disrupting peptide EP-100 specifically binds to LHRH receptors, which are upregulated on a variety of human cancer cell types. Subsequently, the positively charged CLIP 71 moiety of this agent interacts with the negatively charged membrane on the cancer cell surface, which may result in cell membrane disruption and cell lysis.  
^`menadione topical lotion:  A topical lotion containing the small organic molecule protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitor menadione (vitamin K3) with potential EGFR- and ErbB2/HER2-activating activities. Upon topical administration, menadione binds to and inhibits the activity of PTPs that dephosphorylate and inactivate EGFR and ErbB2 in human keratinocytes; local reversal of EGFR and ErbB2 inhibition associated with the systemic administration of EGFR inhibitors may help alleviate EGFR inhibitor-mediated skin toxicity. EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and ErbB2/HER2 (erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2/ human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) are cell surface receptors that are upregulated in a number of cancer cells types and play important roles in the growth and maintenance of normal epithelial tissues.  
^`menatetrenone:  A menaquinone compound and form of vitamin K2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Menatetrenone may act by modulating the signalling of certain tyrosine kinases, thereby affecting several transcription factors including c-myc and c-fos. This agent inhibits tumor cell growth by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.  
^`menogaril:  A semisynthetic derivative of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic nogalamycin. Menogaril intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent is less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin.  
^`Menogarol:  (Other name for~ menogaril) 
^`meperidine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a synthetic piperidine ester with opioid analgesic activity. Meperidine mimics the actions of endogenous neuropeptides via opioid receptors such as the mu-opiiod receptor, thereby producing characteristic morphine-like effects including analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, bradycardia and physical dependence.  
^`mepivacaine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of mepivacaine, an amide-type local anesthetic agent. At the injection site, mepivacaine binds to specific voltage-gated sodium ion channels in neuronal cell membranes, which inhibits both sodium influx and membrane depolarization. This leads to a blockage of nerve impulse initiation and conduction and results in a reversible loss of sensation. Compared to other local anesthetics, this agent has a more rapid onset and moderate duration of action.  
^`Meprolone:  (Other name for~ methylprednisolone) 
^`mercaptopurine:  A thiopurine-derivative antimetabolite with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. Produced through the metabolism of mercaptopurine by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), mercaptopurine metabolites 6-thioguanosine-5'-phosphate (6-thioGMP) and 6-thioinosine (T-IMP) inhibit nucleotide interconversions and de novo purine synthesis, thereby blocking the formation of purine nucleotides and inhibiting DNA synthesis. This agent is also incorporated into DNA in the form of deoxythioguanosine, which results in the disruption of DNA replication. In addition, mercaptopurine is converted to 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (MMPR) by 6-thiopurine methyltransferase; MMPRs are also potent inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis.  
^`mercaptopurine oral suspension:  An oral suspension containing the thiopurine-derivative antimetabolite 6-mercaptopurine, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mercaptopurine is metabolized by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) to its active metabolite 6-thioinosine monophosphate (TIMP); TIMP inhibits nucleotide interconversions and de novo purine ribonucleotide synthesis, which both blocks the formation of purine nucleotides and inhibits DNA synthesis. This agent is also incorporated into DNA in the form of deoxythioguanosine, which results in the disruption of DNA replication. By blocking DNA synthesis and replication, cancer cells are unable to proliferate. Compared to the tablet formulation, the liquid is easier to swallow and offers more flexibility and accuracy in dosing, which is beneficial for use in pediatric patients.  
^`mercaptopurine tablet:  The anhydrous form of mercaptopurine, a thiopurine-derivative antimetabolite with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. Produced through the metabolism of mercaptopurine by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), mercaptopurine metabolites 6-thioguanosine-5'-phosphate (6-thioGMP) and 6-thioinosine monophosphate (T-IMP) inhibit nucleotide interconversions and de novo purine synthesis, thereby blocking the formation of purine nucleotides and inhibiting DNA synthesis. This agent is also incorporated into DNA in the form of deoxythioguanosine, which results in the disruption of DNA replication. In addition, mercaptopurine is converted to 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (MMPR) by 6-thiopurine methyltransferase; MMPRs are also potent inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis.  
^`merestinib:  An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of the proto-oncogene c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor [HGFR]) with potential antineoplastic activity. Merestinib selectively binds to c-Met, thereby inhibiting c-Met phosphorylation and disrupting c-Met signal transduction pathways. This may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met protein or expressing constitutively activated c-Met protein. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`meropenem:  A broad-spectrum carbapenem with antibacterial properties, synthetic Meropenem inhibits cell wall synthesis in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It penetrates cell walls and binds to penicillin-binding protein targets. Meropenem acts against aerobes and anaerobes including Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterococcus, Clostridium sp..  
^`Merrem I.V.:  (Other name for~ meropenem) 
^`mesalamine:  An agent derived from sulfasalazine, an antiinflammatory agent. Mesalamine may reduce inflammation through inhibition of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin production. Following rectal or oral administration, only a small amount of mesalamine is absorbed; the remainder, acting topically, reduces bowel inflammation, diarrhea, rectal bleeding and stomach pain. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`mesna:  A sulfhydryl compound that is used to reduce the incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis associated with certain chemotherapeutic agents. Mesna is converted to a free thiol compound in the kidney, where it binds to and inactivates acrolein and other urotoxic metabolites of ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide, thereby reducing their toxic effects on the urinary tract during urinary excretion.  
^`Mesnex:  (Other name for~ mesna) 
^`mesothelin-specific chimeric antigen receptor-engineered peripheral blood lymphocytes:  A preparation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T cell chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for mesothelin with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. After transduction, expansion in culture, and reintroduction into the patient, the mesothelin-specific chimeric antigen receptor-engineered PBLs bind to tumor cells expressing mesothelin. This may stimulate the secretion of cytokines and result in cell lysis of mesothelin-expressing cancer cells. Mesothelin, a cell surface glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion, is overexpressed in many epithelial-derived cancers.  
^`mesothelioma tumor lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with mesothelioma tumor lysate with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, mesothelioma tumor lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against mesothelioma tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`MET receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor SGX523:  An orally bioavailable small molecule, belonging to the class of c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors, with potential antineoplastic activity. MET receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor SGX523 specifically binds to c-Met protein, or hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), preventing binding of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and disrupting the MET signaling pathway; this agent may induce cell death in tumor cells expressing c-Met. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and in tumor angiogenesis.  
^`Met tyrosine kinase inhibitor BMS-777607:  An inhibitor of MET tyrosine kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor BMS-777607 binds to c-Met protein, or hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), preventing binding of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and disrupting the MET signaling pathway; this agent may induce cell death in tumor cells expressing c-Met. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and in tumor angiogenesis.  
^`MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor EMD 1204831:  An inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase MET (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) with potential antineoplastic activity. MET inhibitor EMD 1204831 selectively binds to MET tyrosine kinase, thereby disrupting MET-mediated signal transduction pathways. This may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing this kinase. MET is overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, and plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor EMD 1214063:  An inhibitor of MET tyrosine kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor EMD 1214063 selectively binds to MET tyrosine kinase and disrupts MET signal transduction pathways, which may induce apoptosis in tumor cells overexpressing this kinase. The receptor tyrosine kinase MET (also known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor or HGFR), is the product of the proto-oncogene c-Met and is overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types; this protein plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor PF-04217903:  An orally bioavailabe, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the proto-oncogene c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor [HGFR]) with potential antineoplastic activity. c-Met inhibitor PF-04217903 selectively binds to and inhibits c-Met, disrupting the c-Met signaling pathway, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell growth, migration and invasion of tumor cells, and the induction of death in tumor cells expressing c-Met. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor SAR125844:  An inhibitor of the proto-oncogene c-Met (also known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor [HGFR]) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, c-Met inhibitor SAR125844 binds to c-Met, thereby disrupting c-Met-mediated signal transduction pathways. This may result in cell growth inhibition in tumors that overexpress c-Met. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in a variety of cancers, plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`meta-fluorine F 18 fluorobenzylguanidine:  A radioconjugate composed of the positron-emitting radioisotope fluorine F 18-labeled benzylguanidine, a synthetic analogue of the adrenergic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), with potential use in the diagnostic imaging of human norepinephrine transporter (hNET)-expressing cells by either positron emitting tomography (PET) or computed tomography (CT). Upon administration, meta-fluorine F 18 fluorobenzylguanidine (MFBG) is taken up by and accumulates in both the granules of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells and the pre-synaptic granules of adrenergic neurons in a manner almost identical to that of NE. In turn, hNET-expressing tumor cells can be imaged by PET or CT. hNET, a transmembrane protein and regulator of catecholamine uptake normally restricted to the central and peripheral sympathetic nervous system, is overexpressed in certain tumor cell types.  
^`metahexamide:  A long-acting, first-generation, cyclohexyl sulfonylurea with antihyperglycemic activity. Metahexamide has greater potency than chlorpropamide and tolbutamide. This agent may cause jaundice.  
^`MetAP2 inhibitor SDX-7320:  A synthetic copolymer-drug conjugate of a fumagillin-derived methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) inhibitor conjugated to the bio-compatible polymer poly(N-(hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (HPMA), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of SDX-7320, the active moiety SDX7539 is released inside the tumor cells. SDX7539 binds to and inhibits MetAP2, which prevents MetAP2-mediated signal transduction pathways and results in tumor cell death. MetAP2, a member of the dimetallohydrolase family upregulated in certain tumor cell types, plays a key role in angiogenesis, proliferation and survival. Polymer conjugation reduces systemic drug exposure and increases this agent’s efficacy as compared to non-polymer conjugates.  
^`Metastat:  (Other name for~ incyclinide) 
^`Metastron:  (Other name for~ strontium chloride Sr 89) 
^`metatinib tromethamine:  An orally bioavailable tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the BCR-ABL fusion oncoprotein, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, metatinib tromethamine may inhibit the BCL-ABL protein, which may lead to decreased proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in tumor cells. BCR-ABL oncoprotein is generated by a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 specifically t(9;22)(q34;q11). The resulting fusion gene produces proteins with constitutively active tyrosine kinase activity, which stimulate both abnormal cell division and increased cellular proliferation. This fusion is associated with both chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.  
^`metformin hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of the biguanide metformin with antihyperglycemic and potential antineoplastic activities. Metformin inhibits complex I (NADPH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, thereby increasing the cellular AMP to ATP ratio and leading to activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and regulating AMPK-mediated transcription of target genes. This eventually prevents hepatic gluconeogenesis, enhances insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation and ultimately leads to a decrease in glucose levels. Metformin may exert antineoplastic effects through AMPK-mediated or AMPK-independent inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is up-regulated in many cancer tissues. Furthermore, this agent also inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression which is mediated through the suppression of transcription activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation.  
^`methadone hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of methadone, a synthetic opioid with analgesic activity. Similar to morphine and other morphine-like agents, methadone mimics the actions of endogenous peptides at CNS opioid receptors, primarily the mu-receptor, resulting in characteristic morphine-like effects including analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, bradycardia and physical dependence. Because of the prolonged half-life of merthadone compared to other morphine-like agents such as heroin, the onset of opiate withdrawal symptoms is slower, the duration of opiate withdrawal is prolonged, and opiate wihdrawal symptoms are less severe.  
^`Methadose:  (Other name for~ methadone hydrochloride) 
^`methanol extraction residue of BCG:  A cell wall fraction of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) obtained by menthol extraction with immunomodulating properties and potential use in cancer immunotherapy.  
^`methazolamide:  A sulfonamide derivate and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Methazolamide inhibits tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), which may result in increased cell death in hypoxic tumors. As a hypoxia-inducible transmembrane glycoprotein, CAIX catalyzes the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions, helping to maintain acidification of the tumor microenvironment and enhance resistance to cytotoxic therapy in some hypoxic tumors.  
^`Methazolastone:  (Other name for~ temozolomide) 
^`methionine C 11:  A synthetic amino acid radiolabeled with carbon-11. Acting as a methyl donor, methionine C 11 is incorporated into macromolecules, where it serves as a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent for detecting tumors with high rates of protein synthesis.  
^`Methosarb:  (Other name for~ calusterone) 
^`methotrexate:  An antimetabolite and antifolate agent with antineoplastic and immunosuppressant activities. Methotrexate binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses. Methotrexate also exhibits potent immunosuppressant activity although the mechanism(s) of actions is unclear.  
^`Methotrexate LPF:  (Other name for~ methotrexate) 
^`methotrexate-e therapeutic implant:  An injectable collagen matrix gel containing the antimetabolite methotrexate and the sympathicomimetic agent epinephrine with potential antineoplastic activity. After intratumoral injection, methotrexate binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses. Epinephrine, a potent vasoconstrictor, is added to the gel to enhance penetration of methotrexate into the tumor tissue and reduce dispersion to the surrounding tissues thereby enhancing the local concentration of methotrexate and increasing its anti-tumor activity. Intratumoral injection of methotrexate combined with epinephrine may potentially increase chemotherapeutic efficacy compared to systemic administration and reduce systemic toxicity and side effects.  
^`methotrexate-encapsulating autologous tumor-derived microparticles:  A suspension of autologous tumor-derived microparticles (ATMP), that are harvested from a patient with malignant pleural effusion, encapsulating the antimetabolic drug methotrexate (MTX), with potential anticancer activity. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action through which this agent exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, upon administration of MTX-ATMP, the MTX moiety is released and internalized by tumor cells. It then binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. This results in the inhibition of purine nucleotide synthesis and leads to decreased synthesis of both DNA and RNA, which induces cell death. Presumably, the encapsulation of MTX by the ATMP improves its bioavailability and decreases its toxicity.  
^`methoxsalen:  A naturally occurring substance isolated from the seeds of the plant Ammi majus with photoactivating properties. As a member of the family of compounds known as psoralens or furocoumarins, methoxsalen's exact mechanism of action is unknown; upon photoactivation, methoxsalen has been observed to bind covalently to and crosslink DNA.  
^`methoxy polyethylene glycol epoetin beta:  A pegylated form of recombinant human erythropoietin, a glycosylated protein naturally produced in the kidney that stimulates erythrocyte production in the bone marrow. Methoxypolyethylene glycol epoetin beta may reverse anemias induced by cancer therapy.  
^`methoxyamine:  An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor with potential adjuvant activity. Methoxyamine covalently binds to apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) DNA damage sites and inhibits base excision repair (BER), which may result in an increase in DNA strand breaks and apoptosis. This agent may potentiate the anti-tumor activity of alkylating agents.  
^`methoxyflurane:  A fluorinated isopropyl ether with anesthetic and muscle relaxant activities. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, upon inhalation, methoxyflurane acts through multiple mechanisms of action. This agent interferes with the release and re-uptake of neurotransmitters at post-synaptic terminals, and/or alters ionic conductance following receptor activation by a neurotransmitter, thereby disrupting neuronal transmission. In addition, this agent activates the inhibitory receptor gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Altogether, this results in a general anesthetic effect and induces analgesia.  
^`methyl-5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride cream:  A topical cream formulation containing the hydrochloride salt of methyl-5-aminolevulinate, a lipophilic methyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid, with photosensitizer prodrug activity. Upon topical administration, methyl-5-aminolevulinate in the cream is selectively absorbed by tumor cells where it is converted to the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Upon photoirradiation, PpIX is activated and transfers energy to oxygen, generating singlet oxygen and superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, which may result in free-radical-mediated DNA damage and cell death.  
^`methylene blue:  A synthetic basic dye. Methylene blue stains to negatively charged cell components like nucleic acids; when administered in the lymphatic bed of a tumor during oncologic surgery, methylene blue may stain lymph nodes draining from the tumor, thereby aiding in the visual localization of tumor sentinel lymph nodes. When administered intravenously in low doses, this agent may convert methemoglobin to hemoglobin.  
^`methylene dimethane sulfonate:  A member of the homologous series of dimethane sulphonic acid esters with alkylating properties. Methylene dimethane sulfonate alkylates DNA, resulting in interstrand DNA crosslinking, inhibition of DNA replication, disruption of the cell cycle, and cell death.  
^`methylmercaptopurine riboside:  A purine derivative with antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic properties. 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (6-MMPR) inhibits amidophosphoribosyltransferase, the first committed step in de novo purine synthesis, and inhibits fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2)-induced cell proliferation.  
^`methylnaltrexone:  A methyl derivative of noroxymorphone with selective, opioid-receptor antagonistic activity. Methylnaltrexone displaces opioids from peripheral opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, the bladder, and the skin, resulting in decreases in opioid-related constipation, urinary retention, and pruritis, respectively. Methylnaltrexone does not cross the blood-brain barrier and does not affect the centrally-mediated analgesic effect of opioids.  
^`methylphenidate hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of the synthetic central nervous system stimulant methylphenidate. Methylphenidate appears to activate the brain stem arousal system and cortex to produce its stimulant effect and, in some clinical settings, may improve cognitive function.  
^`methylprednisolone:  A synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Methylprednisolone binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. This agent also decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes, induces cell differentiation, and stimulates apoptosis in sensitive tumor cell populations.  
^`Meti-derm:  (Other name for~ prednisolone) 
^`metoclopramide hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of the substituted benzamide metoclopramide, a para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) derivative that is structurally related to procainamide, with gastroprokinetic and antiemetic activities. Metoclopramide binds to dopamine 2 (D2) receptors in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), antagonizing dopamine-mediated relaxation of gastrointestinal smooth muscle and promoting gastroprokinesis; the pyloric sphincter and the duodenal bulb are relaxed, peristalsis of the duodenum and jejunum increase, and gastric emptying and intestinal transit accelerate. This agent may also increase the resting tone of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES), preventing acid reflux. In the central nervous system (CNS), metoclopramide antagonizes D2 dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptive trigger zone (CTZ) of the medulla, thereby preventing nausea and vomiting.  
^`metoprine:  A diaminopyrimidine folate antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Metoprine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in decreased cellular folate metabolism and cell growth; it also inhibits histamine-N-methyltransferase, resulting in decreased histamine catabolism. Lipid-soluble metoprine is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier.  
^`metoprolol:  A cardioselective competitive beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist with antihypertensive properties and devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Metoprolol antagonizes beta 1-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium, thereby reducing the rate and force of myocardial contraction leading to a reduction in cardiac output. This agent may also reduce the secretion of renin with subsequent reduction in levels of angiotensin II thereby preventing vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion.  
^`Metro I.V.:  (Other name for~ metronidazole hydrochloride) 
^`Metrocort:  (Other name for~ methylprednisolone) 
^`metronidazole hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activities. Although its mechanism of action is not fully elucidated, un-ionized metronidazole is readily taken up by obligate anaerobic organisms and is subsequently reduced by low-redox potential electron-transport proteins to an active, intermediate product. Reduced metronidazole causes DNA strand breaks, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and bacterial cell growth.  
^`Metvixia cream:  (Other name for~ methyl-5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride cream) 
^`Metypred:  (Other name for~ methylprednisolone) 
^`metyrosine:  A methylated tyrosine, a catecholamine synthesis antagonist with antihypertensive property. Metyrosine competitively inhibits tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, an enzyme that activates molecular oxygen to catalyze the hydroxylation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa), an intermediate to catecholamine (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) production. This agent reduces the elevated levels of catecholamines associated with pheochromocytoma, thereby preventing hypertension.  
^`Mevacor:  (Other name for~ lovastatin) 
^`Mexate:  (Other name for~ methotrexate) 
^`Mexate-AQ:  (Other name for~ methotrexate) 
^`MG 98:  A second-generation, mixed-backbone, phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide (ODN) with potential antitumor activity. MG 98 is a highly specific inhibitor of translation of the mRNA for human DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), hybridizing to the 3' un-translated region of DNMT1 mRNA. The silencing of DNMT1 translation by MG 98 may result in the prevention or reversal of abnormal methylation of tumor suppressor genes and ultimately in tumor growth inhibition or tumor regression.  
^`Micafungin:  A semi-synthetic echinocandin derived from a natural product of the fungus Coleophama empedri with potent antifungal activity. Micafungin, like other cyclic lipopeptides, noncompetitively inhibits the fungal specific enzyme 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase, an enzyme essential for fungal cell wall synthesis. Inhibition of this enzyme weakens of the cell wall, thereby leading to osmotic lysis and eventually, fungal cell death.  
^`micellar nanoparticle-encapsulated cisplatin NC-6004:  A nanoparticle-based prodrug formulation consisting of polymeric micelles incorporating the inorganic platinum agent cisplatin with potential antineoplastic activity. In micellar nanoparticle-encapsulated cisplatin NC-6004, cisplatin forms a polymer-metal complex with hydrophilic polyethylene glycol poly(glutamic acid) block copolymers by attaching to the micelle inner core consisting of the hydrophobic polymer polyamino acid. Upon cell entry and release from the polymer-metal complex, cisplatin forms highly reactive, charged platinum complexes that bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-linking, DNA-protein cross-linking and, subsequently, tumor cell apoptosis and growth inhibition. Due to the hydrophilic nature of polyethylene glycol, this formulation increases the water-solubility of cisplatin and decreases the nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity associated with the administration of cisplatin alone.  
^`Micronase:  (Other name for~ glyburide) 
^`micronutrient-fortified probiotic yogurt:  An micronutrient-fortified fermented dairy product with potential positive immunomodulatory activity. Micronutrient-fortified probiotic yogurt contains various micronutrients in addition to beneficial microorganisms, such as strains of Lactobacillus. Probiotic Lactobacillus strains have been shown to protect against gastrointestinal and urogenital infections, to moderate diarrheal episodes, and to increase CD4 T-lymphocyte counts. In immunocompromised subjects, micronutrient supplementation may also increase CD4 T-lymphocyte counts.  
^`microtubule-targeted agent BAL101553:  An orally available, highly water-soluble lysine prodrug of the synthetic small molecule BAL27862 with potential antitumor activity. Upon administration of BAL101553 and conversion into the active form BAL27862, this agent binds to tubulin at a site distinct from the vinca-alkaloid-binding site, and prevents tubulin polymerization and destabilizes microtubules, ultimately leading to cell cycle arrest, blockage of cell division and an induction of cell death in cancer cells.  
^`midazolam hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a short-acting benzodiazepine derivative with an imidazole structure and anxiolytic, amnestic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant and sedative properties. Midazolam binds to the benzodiazepine receptor at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-chloride ionophore complex in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in increases in the opening of chloride channels, membrane hyperpolarization, and the inhibitory effect of GABA. This agent may also interfere with the reuptake of GABA, thereby causing accumulation of GABA in the synaptic cleft.  
^`midazolam-containing buccal liquid:  An oromucosal solution containing the maleate salt form of midazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine derivative, with anxiolytic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant and sedative activities. Upon administration of the solution into the buccal cavity, midazolam exerts its effect by binding to the benzodiazepine receptor at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-chloride ionophore complex in the central nervous system (CNS). This leads to an increase in the permeability of chloride channels, membrane hyperpolarization and enhances the inhibitory effect of GABA in the CNS. Midazolam may also interfere with the reuptake of GABA, thereby causing accumulation of GABA in the synaptic cleft. The oromucosal formulation facilitates administration to patients that are unable to swallow. The ethanol in this formulation improves the buccal absorption of midazolam.  
^`midostaurin:  A synthetic indolocarbazole multikinase inhibitor with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Midostaurin inhibits protein kinase C alpha (PKCalpha), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), c-kit, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) tyrosine kinases, which may result in disruption of the cell cycle, inhibition of proliferation, apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis in susceptible tumors.  
^`mifamurtide:  A liposomal formulation containing a muramyl dipeptide (MDP) analogue with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities.. Muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE), a derivative of the mycobacterial cell wall component MDP, activates both monocytes and macrophages. Activated macrophages secrete cytokines and induce the recruitment and activation of other immune cells, which may result in indirect tumoricidal effects. Liposomal encapsulation of MTP-PE prolongs its half-life and enhances tissue targeting.  
^`Mifeprex:  (Other name for~ mifepristone) 
^`mifepristone:  A derivative of the synthetic progestin norethindrone with antiprogesterone activity. Mifepristone competitively binds to the progesterone receptor, resulting in inhibition of the effects of endogenous or exogenous progesterone. This agent also exhibits antiglucocorticoid and weak antiandrogenic activities.  
^`miglitol:  A desoxynojirimycin derivative and inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase with antihyperglycemic activity. Miglitol binds to and inhibits alpha-glucosidase, an enteric enzyme found in the brush border of the small intestines that hydrolyzes oligosaccharides and disaccharides into glucose and other monosaccharides. This prevents the breakdown of larger carbohydrates into glucose and decreases the rise in postprandial blood glucose levels. Compared to acarbose, miglitol is systemically absorbed.  
^`MiHA-loaded PD-L1/L2-silenced dendritic cell vaccine:  A dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine composed of program death ligands 1 and 2 (PDL1/L2)-silenced DCs and loaded with the recipient’s minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHA), with potential use for graft-versus-tumor (GVT) induction following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Donor DCs are electroporated ex vivo with MiHA mRNA and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) designed to silence the expression of PD L1/L2. After allo-SCT and upon intravenous administration of the MiHA-loaded PD-L1/L2-silenced DC vaccine, the DCs induce the expansion and activation of MiHA-specific CD8-positive T-cells. These tumor antigen-reactive T-cells exert their GVT effect by killing MiHA-positive tumor cells. PD-L1/L2, co-inhibitory ligands expressed on DCs, play key roles in preventing MiHA-specific CD8-positive T-cell expansion; silencing enhances MiHA-specific CD8-positive T-cell expansion and activity and improves the GVT effect. The MiHA are human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-bound peptides and are exclusively expressed by the recipient’s hematopoietic tumor cells.  
^`milatuzumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against human CD74 with potential antineoplastic activity. Milatuzumab specifically binds to CD74 on CD74-positive cells. Although the exact mechanism through which this agent induces apoptosis is unknown, it may involve antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). Alternatively, as CD74 is the cellular receptor for the cytokine migration-inhibitory factor (MIF), the cytotoxicity of this agent may be related to inhibition of CD74 activation by MIF. CD74, an integral membrane protein that functions as an MHC class II chaperone, may also be an accessory-signaling molecule; activation of CD74 may initiate cell survival mechanisms involving induction of a signaling cascade resulting in NFkB activation, entry of stimulated cells into the S phase of the cell cycle, elevation of DNA synthesis, cell division, and augmented expression of Bcl-xL.  
^`milatuzumab-doxorubicin antibody-drug conjugate:  An immunoconjugate consisting of milatuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD74, conjugated to the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin with potential antineoplastic activity. The milatuzumab moiety of this antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) selectively binds to CD74 on tumor cell surfaces; upon internalization, the doxorubicin moiety is released, where it intercalates between base pairs in the DNA helix and inhibits topoisomerase II, thereby preventing DNA replication and increasing double-strand breakage. As a result, this agent may inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells that overexpress CD74. CD74, an integral membrane protein and tumor associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed in certain cancer cells and promotes survival in rapidly proliferating tumor cells.  
^`Milestrol:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Milk of Magnesia:  (Other name for~ magnesium hydroxide) 
^`milk protein-based energy drink:  An oral milk protein-based nutritional supplement. Milk protein-based energy drink is a flavored liquid that consists of milk protein, rapeseed and sunflower oils, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and trace-elements, providing 1.5kcal and 10 mg of protein per ml.  
^`milk thistle:  A substance derived from any of several Old World coarse prickly-leaved shrubs and subshrubs including the plant Silybum marianum. Milk thistle's active chemical component is silymarin, which is a combination of flavonoids such as silibinin, dehydrosilibinin, silychristin and silydianin. These compounds are antioxidants and may alter the membrane structure of the liver cell, thereby blocking the absorption of toxins; they may also stimulate the production of new liver cells. In addition, milk thistle may increase cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, exhibiting dose-dependent cardiac myocyte cytoprotection against doxorubicin. The silibinin component of milk thistle has been shown to inhibit growth factor receptor-mediated mitogenic and cell survival signaling, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. (NCI04)  
^`milodistim:  A recombinant fusion protein derived from the coding sequences of two growth factors, interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Milodistim exhibits greater receptor binding affinity and colony stimulating activity than its parent cytokines. This agent stimulates proliferation of immature hematopoietic cells and allows the stimulation and expansion of multi-lineage hematopoiesis from immature bone marrow progenitor cells.  
^`miltefosine:  An orally- and topically-active alkyl-phosphocholine compound with potential antineoplastic activity. Miltefosine targets cellular membranes, modulating cell membrane permeability, membrane lipid composition, phospholipid metabolism, and mitogenic signal transduction, resulting in cell differentiation and inhibition of cell growth. This agent also inhibits the anti-apoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and modulates the balance between the MAPK and pro-apoptotic stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK/JNK) pathways, thereby inducing apoptosis. As an immunomodulator, miltefosine stimulates T-cells, macrophages and the expression of interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon gamma (INF-gamma).  
^`mimotope-P10s-PADRE peptide vaccine:  A peptide-based vaccine containing a carbohydrate mimetic peptide (CMP) P10s fused to the pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) peptide, with immunomoadjuvant activity and potential antineoplastic activity. Upon injection of the mimotope-P10s-PADRE peptide vaccine, the P10s peptide, which mimics gangliosides and other tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA), both stimulates a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response towards cells expressing TACAs and induces the production of antibodies that are reactive with a broad set of TACAs. Additionally, the anti-TACA antibodies may interfere with cellular pathways involved in tumor cell survival and may induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) toward cells expressing TACAs. PADRE is a helper T-cell epitope that is able to increase the magnitude and duration of the CTL response.  
^`Minnelide:  (Other name for~ triptolide analogue) 


^`Minocin:  (Other name for~ minocycline hydrochloride) 
^`minocycline hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of minocycline, a broad spectrum long-acting derivative of the antibiotic tetracycline, with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Minocycline binds to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and interferes with the binding of tRNA to the ribosomal complex, thereby inhibiting protein translation in bacteria. In addition, minocycline inhibits the inflammatory enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) and may impede T cell-microglia interactions; both activities may contribute to minocycline's neuroprotective effects. 5LOX catalyzes the synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes.  
^`minocycline-EDTA:  A combination preparation containing the broad-spectrum, semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic minocycline and the chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) with antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Minocycline exhibits bacteriostatic activity by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and preventing binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex during protein translation; this results in an inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis and, consequently, an inhibition of bacterial cell growth. EDTA may cause the dispersal and killing of biofilms by chelating metal ions important to the stabilization of biofilm structure. The two agents in this combination may act synergistically to eradicate bacteria embedded in biofilms.  
^`Mintezol:  (Other name for~ thiabendazole) 
^`mipsagargin:  A soluble, thapsigargin prodrug containing the cytotoxic analog of thapsigargin, 8-O-(12Aminododecanoyl)-8-O debutanoylthapsigargin (12-ADT) linked, via a carboxyl group, to the targeting peptide containing aspartic acid with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the non-toxic prodrug targets prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a type II membrane carboxypeptidase, which is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells and in the neovasculature of most solid tumors but not in normal blood vessels. Mipsagargin is subsequently converted, through hydrolysis, into the active cytotoxic analog of thapsigargin 12-ADT-Asp. 12-ADT binds to and blocks the Sarcoplasmic/Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase (SERCA) pump, thereby increasing the concentration of cytosolic calcium which leads to an induction of apoptosis. By preventing nutrient supply to tumor cells, mipsagargin may be able to inhibit tumor growth. Compared to thapsigargin alone, mipsagargin is able to achieve higher concentrations of the active agents at the tumor site while avoiding systemic toxicity.  
^`mirabegron:  An orally bioavailable agonist of the human beta-3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3), with muscle relaxing, neuroprotective and potential antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, mirabegron binds to and activates ADRB3, which leads to smooth muscle relaxation. Mirabegron also restores sympathetic stimulation in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) niches, inhibits JAK2-mutated hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) expansion and blocks the progression of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Lack of sympathetic stimulation of the MSC and HSC niches is associated with the development of MPNs.  
^`Miraluma:  (Other name for~ Tc 99m sestamibi) 
^`Mirapex:  (Other name for~ pramipexole dihydrochloride) 
^`Mircera:  (Other name for~ methoxy polyethylene glycol epoetin beta) 
^`Mirena:  (Other name for~ levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) 
^`mirtazapine:  A synthetic tetracyclic derivative of the piperazino-azepines with antidepressant activity. Although its mechanism of action is unknown, mirtazapine enhances central adrenergic and serotonergic transmission, possibly by acting as an antagonist at central presynaptic alpha 2 adrenergic inhibitory autoreceptors and heteroreceptors. This agent is a potent antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2 (5-HT2), 5-HT3, and histamine 1 (H1) receptors, and a moderate anatgonist of peripheral alpha 1 adrenergic and muscarinic receptors.  
^`mirvetuximab soravtansine:  An immunoconjugate consisting of the humanized monoclonal antibody M9346A against folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) conjugated, via the disulfide-containing cleavable linker sulfo-SPDB, to the cytotoxic maytansinoid DM4, with potential antineoplastic activity. The anti-FOLR1 monoclonal antibody moiety of mirvetuximab soravtansine targets and binds to the cell surface antigen FOLR1. After antibody-antigen interaction and internalization, the immunoconjugate releases DM4, which binds to tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, thereby inhibiting cell division and cell growth of FOLR1-expressing tumor cells. FOLR1, a member of the folate receptor family is overexpressed on a variety of epithelial-derived cancer cells. The sulfo-SPDB linker prevents cleavage in the bloodstream and may improve this agent’s efficacy in multidrug resistant tumor cells.  
^`misonidazole:  A nitroimidazole with radiosensitizing and antineoplastic properties. Exhibiting high electron affinity, misonidazole induces the formation of free radicals and depletes radioprotective thiols, thereby sensitizing hypoxic cells to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation. This single-strand breaks in DNA induced by this agent result in the inhibition of DNA synthesis.  
^`mistletoe extract:  An extract of the whole plant Viscum album (mistletoe) with potential biological response modifier (BRM) activity. Mistletoe extract may both stimulate the antitumoral functions of the immune system and have a direct toxic effect on tumor cells.  
^`Mithracin:  (Other name for~ plicamycin) 
^`MitoGel:  (Other name for~ sustained-release mitomycin C hydrogel formulation) 
^`mitoguazone:  A guanylhydrazone with potential antineoplastic activity. Mitoguazone competitively inhibits S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (SAMD), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of polyamines, resulting in decreased proliferation of tumor cells, antimitochondrial effects, and p53-independent apoptosis. Polyamines, specifically spermine and spermidine, are essential for thymidine kinase production, DNA synthesis, and cell proliferation.  
^`mitolactol:  A synthetic derivative of hexitol with antineoplastic and radiosensitizing properties. Mitolactol alkylates DNA via actual or derived epoxide groups, resulting in inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis.  
^`mitomycin C:  A methylazirinopyrroloindoledione antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces caespitosus and other Streptomyces bacterial species. Bioreduced mitomycin C generates oxygen radicals, alkylates DNA, and produces interstrand DNA cross-links, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. Preferentially toxic to hypoxic cells, mitomycin C also inhibits RNA and protein synthesis at high concentrations.  
^`mitosis-angiogenesis inhibitor R1530:  A pyrazolobenzodiazepine small molecule with potential antiangiogenesis and antineoplastic activities. Mitosis-angiogenesis inhibitor (MAI) R1530 inhibits multiple receptor tyrosine kinases involved in angiogenesis, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, -2, -3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) beta‚ FMS-like tyrosine kinase (Flt)-3, and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) -1, -2. In addition, this agents exhibits anti-proliferative activity by initiating mitotic arrest and inducing apoptosis.  
^`mitotane:  A synthetic derivative of the insecticide dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) with anti-adrenocorticoid properties. Following its metabolism in the adrenal cortex to a reactive acyl chloride intermediate, mitotane covalently binds to adrenal proteins, specifically inhibiting adrenal cortical hormone production.  
^`mitoxantrone hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of an anthracenedione antibiotic with antineoplastic activity. Mitoxantrone intercalates into and crosslinks DNA, thereby disrupting DNA and RNA replication. This agent also binds to topoisomerase II, resulting in DNA strand breaks and inhibition of DNA repair. Mitoxantrone is less cardiotoxic compared to doxorubicin.  
^`Mitozytrex:  (Other name for~ mitomycin C) 
^`mivobulin isethionate:  The isethionate salt of mivobulin, a synthetic colchicine analogue with potential antineoplastic activity. Mivobulin isethionate binds to tubulin, thereby inhibiting microtubule polymerization and mitosis.  
^`mixed bacteria vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing a mixture of killed bacteria with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Mixed bacteria vaccine (MBV or Coley’s toxins) consists of a pyrogenic bacterial lysate derived from Serratia marcescens and Streptococcus pyogenes; the active components in the lysate may be lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall of Serratia, and streptokinase, an enzyme produced by Streptococcus pyogenes. LPS has been shown to stimulate the host humoral immune response and induce the release of various antitumor cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-12 (IL-12).  
^`MK0731:  A synthetic small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. MK0731 selectively inhibits kinesin spindle protein (KSP), which may result in the inhibition of mitotic spindle assembly, induction of cell cycle arrest during the mitotic phase, and apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress KSP.  
^`MKC-1:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule, bisindolylmaleimide cell cycle inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. MKC-1 and its metabolites inhibit tubulin polymerization, blocking the formation of the mitotic spindle, which may result in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and apoptosis. In addition, this agent has been shown to inhibit the activities of the oncogenic kinase Akt, the mTOR pathway, and importin-beta, a protein essential to the transport of other proteins from the cytosol into the nucleus.  
^`MKNK1 inhibitor BAY 1143269:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (MKNK1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MKNK1 inhibitor BAY 1143269 binds to MKNK1, thereby preventing its activation and the downstream MKNK1-mediated phosphorylation and activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). As eIF4E enhances the synthesis of oncogenic proteins, preventing eIF4E activity inhibits the synthesis of tumor angiogenic factors and leads to both the inhibition of cellular proliferation and apoptosis in susceptible tumor cells. eIF4E, overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`MLN2704:  An immunoconjugate that consists of a humanized monoclonal antibody (MLN591), directed against prostate-specific membrane antigen linked to a maytansinoid (DM1). The monoclonal antibody moiety of MLN2704 binds to tumor cells expressing prostate-specific membrane antigen; MLN274 is then internalized into the tumor cell where the DM1 maytansinoid moiety binds to tubulin and inhibits tubulin polymerization and microtubule assembly, resulting in a disruption of microtubule activity and cell division, and cell death.  
^`MNK1/2 inhibitor eFT508:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (MNK1) and 2 (MNK2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MNK1/2 inhibitor eFT508 binds to and inhibits the activity of MNK1 and 2. This prevents MNK1/2-mediated signaling, and inhibits the phosphorylation of certain regulatory proteins, including eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), that regulate the translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) involved in tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, survival and immune signaling. This inhibits tumor cell proliferation in MNK1/2-overexpressing tumor cells. MNK1/2 are overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and promote phosphorylation of eIF4E; eIF4E is overexpressed in many tumor cell types and contributes to tumor development, maintenance and resistance.  
^`MnSOD mimetic BMX-001:  A third generation, cationic, lipophilic, manganese (Mn) and porphyrin-based mimetic of the human mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), with antioxidant and potential chemoprotective activities. Upon administration, MnSOD mimetic BMX-001 is internalized by cells and mimics the activity of MnSOD by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. This prevents oxidative damage to macromolecules such as DNA and minimizes oxygen free radical-related chemotoxicity in normal tissues. This agent was designed to be more lipophilic and less toxic than first and second generation Mn-porphyrin mimetics.  
^`MnSOD-plasmid liposomes:  A plasmid DNA encoding human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and liposomally encapsulated with potential chemoprotective activity. When administered orally and localizing in the esophagus, MnSOD-plasmid liposomes express MnSOD, which scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS); MnSOD scavenging of ROS may result in a reduction in ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and micro-ulceration in the epithelial lining of the esophagus.  
^`Mobec:  (Other name for~ meloxicam) 
^`Mobic:  (Other name for~ meloxicam) 
^`Mobicox:  (Other name for~ meloxicam) 
^`Mobista:  (Other name for~ recombinant flt3 ligand) 
^`mocetinostat:  A rationally designed, orally available, Class 1-selective, small molecule, 2-aminobenzamide HDAC inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Mocetinostat binds to and inhibits Class 1 isoforms of HDAC, specifically HDAC 1, 2 and 3, which may result in epigenetic changes in tumor cells and so tumor cell death; although the exact mechanism has yet to be defined, tumor cell death may occur through the induction of apoptosis, differentiation, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of DNA repair, upregulation of tumor suppressors, down regulation of growth factors, oxidative stress, and autophagy, among others. Overexpression of Class I HDACs 1, 2 and 3 has been found in many tumors and has been correlated with a poor prognosis.  
^`modafinil:  A synthetic central nervous system stimulant with wakefulness-promoting activity. Modafinil appears to inhibit dopamine reuptake, resulting in an increase in extracellular dopamine. This agent exhibits pronounced wakefulness-promoting activity (without sympathomimetic activity) and may improve cognitive function in certain clinical settings.  
^`Modicon:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) 
^`modified citrus pectin supplement:  A dietary supplement containing the modified citrus pectin (MCP) derived from the soluble fiber of citrus fruit peels and a galectin-3 inhibitor with potential antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, immunostimulatory, metal chelating, and anti-metastatic activities. MCP is a low molecular weight version of pectin composed of short, slightly-branched carbohydrate chains and is modified for enhanced absorbability. The bioactive fragments, most likely the galactan-containing portion, of pectin binds to galectin-3, a carbohydrate-binding protein involved in imflammation, heart disease and is upregulated on the surface of certain types of tumor cells. Binding of MCP may result in the suppression of cancer cell aggregation, adhesion, proliferation and metastasis. In addition, MCP decreases prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and may remove heavy metals. Also, unsaturated oligogalacturonic acids in MCP may stimulate the immune system through the activation of natural killer cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and B-cells.  
^`modified vaccinia Ankara (Bavarian Nordic)-HER2 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a proprietary, recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding an epitope of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, modified vaccinia Ankara (Bavarian Nordic)-HER2 vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against HER2-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. HER2, also known as ErbB-2, is a tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor and a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family; it plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of some breast cancers.  
^`modified-release calcifediol capsule:  An orally available, modified-release formulation containing the calcitriol prohormone, calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D), which can potentially be used for vitamin D supplementation. Upon oral administration of the modified-release calcifediol capsule, calcifediol is slowly and gradually released in the gastrointestinal tract. Then it is taken up by the body and converted, in the kidneys, to the active form calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or 1,25 D). This form increases and normalizes vitamin D plasma levels, which, in turn, regulates calcium plasma levels, and normalizes elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels by suppressing both PTH synthesis, and secretion. This formulation appears to have fewer side effects than supplementation with formulations containing active 1,25 D and does not stimulate the upregulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase (CYP24), a cytochrome P-450 family enzyme that inactivates vitamin D.  
^`Modrastane:  (Other name for~ trilostane) 
^`mogamulizumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against C-C chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) with potential anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Mogamulizumab selectively binds to and blocks the activity of CCR4, which may inhibit CCR4-mediated signal transduction pathways and, so, chemokine-mediated cellular migration and proliferation of T cells, and chemokine-mediated angiogenesis. In addition, this agent may induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against CCR4-positive T cells. CCR4, a G-coupled-protein receptor for C-C chemokines such MIP-1, RANTES, TARC and MCP-1, is expressed on the surfaces of some types of T cells, endothelial cells, and some types of neurons. CCR4, also known as CD194, may be overexpressed on adult T-cell lymphoma (ATL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) cells.  
^`molybdenum:  An element with atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94.  
^`momelotinib:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of Janus kinases 1 and 2 (JAK1/2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Momelotinib competes with JAK1/2 for ATP binding, which may result in inhibition of JAK1/2 activation, inhibition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and so the induction of apoptosis and a reduction of tumor cell proliferation in JAK1/2-expressing tumor cells. JAK2 is the most common mutated gene in bcr-abl-negative myeloproliferative disorders; the JAK2V617F gain-of-function mutation involves a valine-to-phenylalanine modification at position 617. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a major mediator of cytokine activity and is often dysregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`mometasone furoate:  The furoate salt form of mometasone, a synthetic topical glucocorticosteroid receptor agonist with anti-inflammatory, anti-pruritic and vasoconstrictive properties. Mometasone furoate exerts its effect by binding to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors and subsequently activates glucocorticoid receptor mediated gene expression. This results in synthesis of certain anti-inflammatory proteins, while inhibiting the synthesis of certain inflammatory mediators.. Specifically, mometasone furoate appears to induce phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, thereby controlling the release of the inflammatory precursor arachidonic acid from phospholipid membrane by phospholipase A2.  
^`monalizumab:  A humanized immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody against the human natural killer (NK) and T-lymphocyte cell checkpoint inhibitor killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C member 1 (NKG2A), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, monalizumab binds to NKG2A and prevents the binding of NKG2A to its ligand human leukocyte antigen-E (HLA-E), which is overexpressed on tumor cells. This blocks the HLA-E-mediated inhibition of NKG2A-positive infiltrating NK and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and induces a NK and CTL-mediated immune response against the cancer cells leading to their destruction. Human NKG2A, an inhibitory cell surface receptor covalently bound to CD94, is expressed by NK cells and CTLs. Stimulation of the CD94/NKG2A complex inhibits the cytotoxic activity of these cells. HLA-E, a nonclassical HLA class Ib molecule, is often overexpressed on tumor cells and is associated with poor prognosis.  
^`monoacetyldiglyceride EC-18:  A synthetic version of a monoacetyldiacylglyceride naturally occurring in various seed oils, bovine udder and milk fat, antlers of sika deer, with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action through which EC-18 exerts its pharmacological effect has yet to be fully identified, upon administration, EC-18 stimulates calcium influx into T-lymphocytes and increases the production of various cytokines, including interleukin (IL) -2, IL-4, IL-12, interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells, bone marrow stromal cells and immune cells, including T- and B-lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Therefore, EC18 may stimulate the immune system to target cancer cells. In addition, EC-18 enhances the cytolytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells and suppresses the expression of the transmembrane protein tumor cell toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) on cancer cells. As activation of TLR-4 enhances immunosuppression and stimulates cancer cell growth, blocking TLR-4 expression suppresses tumor cell proliferation.  
^`monobenzone:  A monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone with topical depigmentation activity. Although the exact mechanism of action of depigmentation is unknown, the metabolites of monobenzone appear to have a cytotoxic effect on melanocytes. Furthermore, the depigmentation effect might be mediated through the inhibition of tyrosinase, which is essential in the synthesis of melanin pigments, thereby causing permanent depigmentation of the skin.  
^`monocarboxylate transporter 1 inhibitor AZD3965:  An orally available inhibitor of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MCT1 inhibitor AZD3965 binds to MCT1 and prevents the transport of lactate into and out of the cell. This leads to an accumulation of lactate, intracellular acidification, and eventually cancer cell death. MCT1, a protein overexpressed on tumor cells, is responsible for the transport of monocarboxylates across the cell membrane and plays a key role in cell metabolism.  
^`monoclonal antibody 105AD7 anti-idiotype vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a humanized monoclonal antibody that mimics a tumor-associated antigen 791Tgp72 (also known as CD55). Vaccination with this agent may stimulate a host cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing CD55, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`monoclonal antibody 11D10 anti-idiotype vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of a monoclonal antibody (MoAB) directed against an idiotype that mimics a human milk fat globule (HMFG) membrane epitope. Vaccination with monoclonal antibody 11D10 anti-idiotype vaccine induces anti-anti-idiotype antibodies (Ab3) that may react with breast cancer cell lines expressing the HMFG membrane epitope.  
^`monoclonal antibody 14G2A:  A murine monoclonal antibody directed against the ganglioside GD2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Monoclonal antibody 14G2A binds to the ganglioside GD2 and induces antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity against GD2-expressing tumor cells. GD2 is overexpressed in malignant melanoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, and small cell carcinoma of the lung.  
^`monoclonal antibody 3F8:  A murine monoclonal antibody directed against the cell-surface, tumor-associated antigen ganglioside GD2. Vaccination with monoclonal antibody 3F8 may stimulate a host cytotoxic immune response against tumors that express ganglioside GD2.  
^`monoclonal antibody 3H1 anti-idiotype vaccine:  A recombinant monoclonal antibody in which the heavy and light chain variable domains mimic a specific epitope of the tumor-associated protein carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This agent is used as a cancer vaccine against tumors that express CEA.  
^`monoclonal antibody 4B5 anti-idiotype vaccine:  A humanized anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) monoclonal antibody (MoAb) that mimics the disialoganglioside GD2 with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, monoclonal antibody 4B5 anti-idiotype vaccine may elicit both cellular and humoral immune responses against GD2- expressing tumor cells. GD2 is a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) that may be highly expressed by melanomas and other neuroectodermal tumors, while only minimally expressed by normal tissues.  
^`monoclonal antibody A27.15:  A murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the human transferrin (Tf) receptor. Monoclonal antibody A27.15 binds to the Tf receptor, blocking the binding of transferrin to the receptor and resulting in decreased tumor cell growth.  
^`monoclonal antibody A33:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human A33 antigen. Monoclonal antibody A33 recognizes the human A33 antigen, a 43 KDa transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily, which is highly and homogenously expressed in 95% of colorectal cancer metastases with only restricted expression in normal colonic mucosa.  
^`monoclonal antibody AbGn-7:  A chimeric monoclonal antibody against a Lewis-A-like glycotope (AbGn-7 antigen) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Monoclonal antibody AbGn-7 targets and binds to the carbohydrate AbGn-7 antigen on the cell surface of tumor cells and may induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), thereby killing AbGn-7-epitope positive tumor cells. AbGn-7 antigen is expressed on a variety of tumor cell types, including human colorectal, pancreatic and gastric tumor cells.  
^`monoclonal antibody CAL:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP). As a poly-hormone with diverse biological roles, PTH-rP is expressed by normal tissues, acting in local tissue environments in a variety of ways; it is commonly overexpressed by breast, prostate, and other cancers, acting systemically by promoting bone resorption, inhibiting calcium excretion from the kidney, inducing hypercalcemia, and possibly playing a role in the formation of bony metastases. By blocking the effects of PTH-rP on calcium metabolism, monoclonal antibody CAL may inhibit cancer-related hypercalcemia.  
^`monoclonal antibody CC49:  A second-generation murine monoclonal antibody based on the antibody B72.3 that is directed against tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG72). TAG72 is expressed by gastric, breast, pancreatic, colorectal, and ovarian carcinoma cells.  
^`monoclonal antibody CC49-delta CH2:  A humanized CH2 domain-deleted second-generation monoclonal antibody based on the antibody B72.3 that is directed against tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG72). TAG72 is expressed by gastric, breast, pancreatic, colorectal, and ovarian carcinoma cells.  
^`monoclonal antibody CEP-37250/KHK2804:  A humanized monoclonal antibody targeting glycolipids, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, monoclonal antibody CEP-37250/KHK2804 targets and binds to a specific tumor antigen, thereby stimulating the immune system to exert an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the tumor associated antigen (TAA)-expressing cancer cells. This agent has shown to be active in both wild-type and mutant K-RAS-expressing colorectal cancer cells.  
^`monoclonal antibody E2.3:  A murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the human transferrin (Tf) receptor. Monoclonal antibody E2.3 binds to the Tf receptor, blocking the binding of transferrin to the receptor and resulting in decreased tumor cell growth.  
^`monoclonal antibody GD2 anti-idiotype vaccine:  A class of vaccines that consist of anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies against the tumor-associated antigen disialoganglioside GD2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with a monoclonal antibody GD2 anti-idiotype vaccine produces an immunoglobulin response against GD2 with subsequent destruction of GD2 positive tumor cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). GD2 is overexpressed in melanoma, neuroblastoma, soft tissue sarcoma, and small cell carcinoma of the lung.  
^`monoclonal antibody HeFi-1:  A murine monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Monoclonal antibody HeFi-1 binds to CD30, a cell surface antigen found on mitogen-activated B-cells and T-cells, and Reed-Sternberg cells. Monoclonal antibody HeFi-1 has been shown to arrest tumor growth and prevent metastasis in animal models.  
^`monoclonal antibody Hu3S193:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the Lewis Y antigen, a tumor-associated epithelial antigen, with potential antineoplastic activity. Following binding, monoclonal antibody Hu3S193 triggers an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in cells expressing Lewis Y antigen.  
^`monoclonal antibody HuAFP31:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against alpha fetoprotein with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, monoclonal antibody HuAFP31 (mAb HuAFP31) binds to and stimulates a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that express alpha fetoprotein.  
^`monoclonal antibody HuHMFG1:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against MUC1, a mucin glycoprotein overexpressed in breast and other carcinomas. Monoclonal antibody HuHMFG1 stimulates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells expressing MUC1, resulting in a decrease in tumor burden.  
^`monoclonal antibody HuPAM4:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the pancreatic cancer antigen MUC1 with potential antineoplastic activity. Monoclonal antibody HuPAM4 (mAb HuPAM4) binds to cells expressing MUC1 antigen; mAb HuPAM4 may be useful as a carrier for radioisotopes and other antineoplastic therapeutic agents.  
^`monoclonal antibody L6:  A murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Monoclonal antibody L6 binds to the L6 antigen, a cell surface glycoprotein overexpressed in many carcinomas, and induces antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity against L6-expressing tumor cells. This agent may be conjugated with various toxins in order to target their cytotoxic activity to tumor cells expressing the L6 antigen.  
^`monoclonal antibody Lym-1:  A murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody directed against the HLA-Dr10 protein, a cell surface marker present on over eighty percent of lymphoma cells. When conjugated with a radioactive isotope, Lym-1 monoclonal antibody selectively transports the cytotoxic radioisotope to HLA-Dr10-expressing tumor cells, thereby sparing healthy B-cells and normal tissues. This agent also mediates antibody-dependent cytotoxicity thereby promoting Raji B-lymphoid cell lysis by human neutrophils.  
^`monoclonal antibody m170:  A panadenocarcinoma murine monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Monoclonal antibody m170 may be conjugated with a radioactive element and used in radioimmunotherapy (RIT), a procedure that uses a tumor-specific monoclonal antibody to target radiation to cancer cells.  
^`monoclonal antibody Me1-14 F(ab')2:  The F(ab)2 fragment of Me1-14, a murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody directed against proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate-associated protein expressed by gliomas and melanomas. By binding to proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate-associated protein, monoclonal antibody Me1-14 F(ab')2 conjugated to a radioisotope may localize gliomas and melanomas when used as a tracer in radioimaging applications; in radioimmunotherapeutic applications, this agent conjugated to a radioisotope may be used to deliver targeted radiotoxicity to these tumors.  
^`monoclonal antibody MGA271:  An Fc-domain optimized, humanized monoclonal antibody directed against cancer stem cells (CSCs), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. After binding of monoclonal antibody MGA271 to an as of yet not elucidated target expressed on CSCs and differentiated tumor cells, this agent may induce an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against CSCs. CSCs are tumor initiating cells that are able to self-renew and are responsible for tumor cell growth and resistance.  
^`monoclonal antibody Mik-beta-1:  A murine monoclonal antibody directed against the beta subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), expressed on resting T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and some leukemic cell types. Monoclonal antibody Mik-beta-1 prevents the binding of IL-2 to IL-2R beta, thereby inhibiting the IL-2-mediated proliferation and activation of T-cells.  
^`monoclonal antibody R24:  An IgG murine monoclonal antibody directed against the ganglioside GD3 glycolipid, located in the cell membranes of some tumor cells. Monoclonal antibody R24 binds to GD3-positive cells, thereby initiating antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against GD3-positive cells.  
^`monoclonal antibody RAV12:  A chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against a primate-restricted N-linked carbohydrate epitope (glycotope) expressed on various human carcinomas with potential antineoplastic activity. Following binding, monoclonal antibody RAV12 disrupts sodium channels of tumor cells expressing this glycotope, resulting in cell and organelle swelling, loss of membrane integrity, and cell death.  
^`monoclonal antibody SGN-30:  A genetically-engineered, chimeric mouse-human, anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Monoclonal antibody SGN-30 specifically binds to the receptor CD-30, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor super-family, which may be overexpressed on the surfaces of Hodgkin lymphoma cells and anaplastic-large cell lymphoma cells. After binding to CD30, this agent interferes with the G1 phase of the cell cycle, thereby inducing growth arrest and apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations.  
^`monoclonal T-cell receptor anti-CD3 scFv fusion protein IMCgp100:  A fusion protein containing a modified form of human T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for the gp100 antigen and fused to an anti-CD3 single-chain antibody fragment, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon direct intratumoral administration of IMCgp100 into the melanoma lesion, the TCR moiety of this agent targets and binds to the tumor associated antigen (TAA) gp100 presented on the melanoma tumor cell; the anti-CD3 fragment moiety binds to CD3- expressing T lymphocytes, thereby selectively cross-linking tumor cells and T-lymphocytes. This may lead to the recruitment of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to the T lymphocyte/tumor cell aggregates and result in CTL-mediated death of gp100-expressing melanoma cancer cells.  
^`Monofer:  (Other name for~ iron isomaltoside 1000) 
^`monophosphoryl lipid A:  A modified form of lipid A, the biologically active part of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin, and a Toll-like receptor 4 (TL= R4) agonist, with potential immunostimulatory activity. As a vaccine adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) stimulates both cellular and humoral responses to the vaccine antigen. Compared to LPS, MPLA exerts a similar immunostimulatory activity but with reduced toxicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`monosialotetrahexosylganglioside:  A glycosphingolipid containing a sialic acid residue found in neuronal cell membranes, with potential neuroprotective and neuroregenerative activities. Upon administration, monosialotetrahexosylganglioside, also called GM-1, is able to both prevent neurologic damage and induce regeneration of damaged neurons through neurotrophic repair mechanisms, enhancement of the production of neutrophins, and augmenting neurite outgrowth. In addition, GM-1 exerts anti-excitotoxic activity, prevents necrosis, and improves neuronal recovery and function.  
^`Montanide ISA 51 VG:  An water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion with immunomoadjuvant activity. Montanide ISA 51 VG appears to act by enhancing the immune system’s cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against antigen(s) in vaccines. The surfactant mannide monooleate in Montanide ISA 51 VG contains vegetable-grade (VG) oleic acid derived from olive oil.  
^`Montanide ISA 720:  A proprietary adjuvant, applicable for water-in-oil (W/O; 30/70 v/v) vaccine emulsion, with potential immunoadjuvant activity. Montanide ISA 720 is made of natural metabolizable non-mineral oil and a highly refined emulsifier from the mannide mono-oleate family; it is rapidly metabolized and eliminated, and may be used in various vaccines, including cancer vaccines. Upon administration, Montanide ISA 720 forms a depot at the injection site and is therefore capable of slowly releasing the antigen(s) from the injection site. This may result in enhanced cellular and humoral immune responses to the antigen vaccine.  
^`montelukast sodium: The orally bioavailable monosodium salt of montelukast, a selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist with anti-inflammatory and bronchodilating activities. Montelukast selectively and competitively blocks the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 (CysLT1) receptor, preventing binding of the inflammatory mediator leukotriene D4 (LTD4). Inhibition of LTD4 activity results in inhibition of leukotriene-mediated inflammatory events including:  migration of eosinophils and neutrophils; adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelium, monocyte and neutrophil aggregation; increased airway edema; increased capillary permeability; and bronchoconstriction. The CysLT1 receptor is found in a number of tissues including spleen, lung, placenta, small intestine, and nasal mucosa, and in a variety of cell types including monocyte/macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, CD34-positive hemopoietic progenitor cells, neutrophils and endothelial cells.  
^`Monurol:  (Other name for~ fosfomycin tromethamine) 
^`MOPP regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of mechlorethamine, vincristine (Oncovin), procarbazine and prednisone, used alone or in combination with radiation therapy for the treatment of stage I-IV Hodgkin lymphoma. Due to the increased risk of gonadal toxicity, this regimen has been widely replaced by the ABVD regimen. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`Morinda citrifolia fruit extract:  An extract prepared from the fruit of Morinda citrifolia, a plant that yields various herbal preparations. Morinda citrifolia fruit juice has antioxidant properties and may prevent tumorigenesis via inhibition of DNA-carcinogen adduct formation.  
^`morphine sulfate:  The sulfate salt of morphine, an opiate alkaloid isolated from the plant Papaver somniferum and produced synthetically. Morphine binds to and activates specific opiate receptors (delta, mu and kappa), each of which are involved in controlling different brain functions. In the central nervous and gastrointestinal systems, this agent has widespread effects including analgesia, anxiolysis, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, and gastrointestinal system smooth muscle contraction.  
^`morphine sulfate sustained-release tablet:  A sustained-release tablet formulation containing the sulfate salt of the opiate alkaloid morphine with analgesic activity. Morphine binds to and activates the mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of the endogenous opioids. Binding of morphine to opioid receptors stimulates exchange of GTP for GDP, inhibits adenylate cyclase, and decreases intracellular cAMP. This inhibits the release of various nociceptive neurotransmitters, such as substance P, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, vasopressin, and somatostatin. In addition, morphine closes N-type voltage-gated calcium channels and opens calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels, which results in hyperpolarization of neuronal membranes and a reduction in neuronal excitability, and subsequently, analgesia and sedation.  
^`motesanib diphosphate:  The orally bioavailable diphosphate salt of a multiple-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Motesanib selectively targets and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFR), kit, and Ret receptors, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis and cellular proliferation.  
^`motexafin gadolinium:  A synthetic metallotexaphyrin with radiosensitizing and chemosensitizing properties. Motexafin gadolinium accumulates in tumor cells preferentially due to their increased rates of metabolism, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) intracellularly and lowering the tumor cell apoptotic threshold to ionizing radiation and chemotherapy.  
^`motexafin lutetium:  A pentadentate aromatic metallotexaphyrin with photosensitizing properties. Motexafin lutetium preferentially accumulates in tumor cells due to their increased rates of metabolism and absorbs light, forming an extended high energy conformational state that produces high quantum yields of singlet oxygen, resulting in local cytotoxic effects.  
^`Motrin:  (Other name for~ ibuprofen) 
^`mouse gp100 plasmid DNA vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of a plasmid DNA encoding the murine melanoma-associated antigen gp100. Upon administration, expressed gp100 antigen may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell HLA-A2.1-restricted immune response against tumor cells that express the gp100 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`mouse prostate-specific membrane antigen plasmid DNA vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of a plasmid DNA encoding the murine prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Upon administration, expressed PSMA may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells that express PSMA, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`mouse renal adenocarcinoma cell-encapsulated agarose-agarose macrobeads:  An agarose matrix containing mouse renal adenocarcinoma (RENCA) cells, with potential antineoplastic activity. The agarose-agarose macrobeads consist of two spherical agarose layers; the mouse RENCA cells are contained within the inner agarose layer. Upon placement into the abdominal cavity, the restricted mouse renal adenocarcinoma cells in the agarose macrobeads produce and release certain growth-retarding factors that inhibit the proliferation of the RENCA cells. Upon diffusion of these growth-slowing factors out of the agarose layers, these substances may inhibit cancer cell proliferation of proliferating tumors.  
^`Movalis:  (Other name for~ meloxicam) 
^`Movantik:  (Other name for~ naloxegol) 
^`Movatec:  (Other name for~ meloxicam) 
^`MOv-gamma chimeric receptor gene:  A recombinant engineered chimeric gene derived from the murine gene encoding the variable region of monoclonal antibody MOv18 against folate-binding protein, which is often overexpressed in human ovarian cancer cells, and the gene encoding the Fc receptor for the gamma subunit of human IgG and IgE. Peripheral blood lymphocytes expressing the MOv-gamma gene may be used in the immunotherapeutic treatment of ovarian cancer.  
^`Moviprep:  (Other name for~ PEG-3350/sodium sulfate/sodium chloride/potassium chloride/sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid-based laxative) 
^`moxetumomab pasudotox:  A recombinant immunotoxin consisting of the Fv portion of the anti-CD22 antibody covalently fused to a 38 KDa fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin-A (PE38) with potential antineoplastic activity. The Fv portion of moxetumomab pasudotox binds to CD22, a cell surface receptor expressed on a variety of malignant B-cells, thereby delivering the toxin moiety PE38 directly to tumor cells. Once internalized, PE38 induces caspase-mediated apoptosis via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage and blocks translational elongation by binding to elongation factor 2 (EF-2). Moxetumomab Pasudotox exhibits a greater affinity for CD22 than its predecessor, anti-CD22 immunotoxin CAT-3888 (BL22 immunotoxin), and hence may be more effective against tumor cells expressing lower levels of CD22.  
^`moxifloxacin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a fluoroquinolone antibacterial antibiotic. Moxifloxacin binds to and inhibits the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication and repair and cell death in sensitive bacterial species.  
^`Mozobil:  (Other name for~ plerixafor) 
^`MP-3549.1:  A formulation containing pegylated liposomal nanoparticles encapsulating a prodrug of the poorly water-soluble, second-generation taxane analog docetaxel, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of the liposomal docetaxel prodrug MNK-010, docetaxel is slowly released into the systemic circulation and accumulates at the tumor site due to the unique characteristics of the tumor's vasculature. In turn, docetaxel is taken up by tumor cells, and subsequently binds to and stabilizes the beta-subunit of tubulin, thereby stabilizing microtubules and inhibiting microtubule disassembly. This results in cell cycle arrest and induces cell death. Compared to the administration of docetaxel alone, this formulation is able to increase the delivery of docetaxel into tumors, thereby increasing docetaxel's efficacy while minimizing its toxicity. In addition, this formulation solubilizes docetaxel without the use of toxic solvents, thereby permitting the administration of larger doses of docetaxel while avoiding solvent-associated toxicity.  
^`Mps1 inhibitor BAY 1217389:  An orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of the serine/threonine kinase monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1, TTK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the Mps1 inhibitor BAY 1217389 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of Mps1. This inactivates the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), accelerates mitosis, causes chromosomal misalignment and missegregation, and mitotic checkpoint complex destabilization. This induces cell death in Mps1-overexpressing cancer cells. Mps1, a kinase expressed in proliferating normal tissues and aberrantly overexpressed in a wide range of human tumors, is activated during mitosis and is essential for proper SAC functioning and chromosome alignment.  
^`Mps1 kinase inhibitor BAY1161909:  An orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of the serine/threonine monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) kinase, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the Mps1 kinase inhibitor BAY1161909 binds to and inhibits the activity of Mps1. This causes inactivation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), accelerated mitosis, chromosomal misalignment, chromosomal missegregation, mitotic checkpoint complex destabilization, and increased aneuploidy. This leads to the induction of cell death in cancer cells overexpressing Mps1. Mps1, a kinase expressed in proliferating normal tissues and aberrantly overexpressed in a wide range of human tumors, is activated during mitosis and is essential for SAC functioning and controls chromosome alignment.  
^`mRNA-derived lung cancer vaccine CV9202:  A non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) vaccine containing six modified mRNAs, which encode six different NSCLC associated antigens, with potential antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. Upon intradermal administration, mRNA-derived lung cancer vaccine CV9202 may stimulate the immune system to mount both humoral and cellular responses against NSCLC cells. The six tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) encoded by these mRNAs are frequently expressed by NSCLC cells and are minimally expressed or absent in normal, healthy cells.  
^`mRNA-derived prostate cancer vaccine CV9103:  A prostate cancer vaccine containing mRNAs encoding prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) and six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP), with potential antitumor activity. Upon administration, mRNA-derived prostate cancer vaccine CV9103 may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response (CTL) against PSA-, PSMA-, PSCA- and STEAP-expressing prostate tumor cells. The mRNA used in this vaccine is modified and formulated to have enhanced translational potency and adjuvant activities. .PSA, PSMA, PSCA and STEAP may be upregulated in prostate cancer cells; their expression in prostate cancer has been correlated with disease progression.  
^`mRNA-derived prostate cancer vaccine CV9104:  A prostate cancer vaccine containing six messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding for antigens upregulated in prostate cancer, including mRNAs for prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and mucin 1 (MUC1), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon intradermal administration of mRNA-derived prostate cancer vaccine CV9104, this agent enters cells, the mRNAs are translated into the respective prostate specific antigens and may cause the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response (CTL) against PSA-, PSMA-, PAP- and MUC1-expressing prostate tumor cells. The mRNAs used in this vaccine are modified to have enhanced translational potency and adjuvant activities. PSA, PSMA, PAP and MUC1 are frequently upregulated in prostate cancer cells; their expression in prostate cancer has been correlated with disease progression.  
^`MS Contin:  (Other name for~ morphine sulfate) 
^`MSir:  (Other name for~ morphine sulfate) 
^`MTF-1 inhibitor APTO-253 HCl:  The hydrochloride salt of a small molecule inhibitor of human metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) with potential antitumor activity. MTF-1 inhibitor APTO-253 inhibits MTF-1 activity and thereby induces the expression of MTF-1 dependent tumor suppressor factor Kruppel like factor 4 (KLF4). This subsequently leads to the downregulation of cyclin D1, blocking cell cycle progression and proliferation. This agent also causes decreased expression of genes involved in tumor hypoxia and angiogenesis.  
^`mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055:  An inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) with potential antineoplastic activity. mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 inhibits the serine/threonine kinase activity of mTOR, resulting in decreased expression of mRNAs necessary for cell cycle progression, which may induce cell cycle arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. mTOR phosphorylates transcription factors, such as S6K1 and 4E-BP1, which stimulate protein synthesis and regulate cell growth, proliferation, motility, and survival.  
^`mTOR kinase inhibitor CC-223:  An orally available inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) with potential antineoplastic activity. mTOR kinase inhibitor CC-223 inhibits the activity of mTOR, which may result in the induction of tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation. mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in a variety of tumors, plays an important role downstream in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which is frequently dysregulated in human cancers.  
^`mTOR kinase inhibitor OSI-027:  An orally bioavailable mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. mTOR kinase inhibitor OSI-027 binds to and inhibits both the raptor-mTOR (TOR complex 1 or TORC1) and the rictor-mTOR (TOR complex 2 or TORC2) complexes of mTOR, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in some tumors and plays an important role downstream in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.  
^`mTOR1/2 kinase inhibitor ME-344:  An active metabolite of NV-128, a novel flavonoid small molecule inhibitor of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, mTOR1/2 Kinase inhibitor ME-344 downregulates the PIK3/AKT/mTOR pathway and results in chromatin condensation in the absence of caspase activation. Consequently, this agent induces caspase-independent cell death in tumor cells with a de-regulated PIK3/AKT/mTOR pathway or chemotherapeutic resistant cells.  
^`mTORC1/2 kinase inhibitor BI 860585:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of raptor-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTOR complex 1; mTORC1) and rictor-mTOR complex 2 (mTOR complex 2; mTORC2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mTORC1/2 kinase inhibitor BI 860585 binds to the kinase domain of mTOR and inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2, in an ATP-competitive manner. This inhibits mTOR-mediated signaling and leads to both an induction of apoptosis and a decrease in the proliferation of mTORC1/2-expressing tumor cells. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in certain tumor cell types. It plays an important role in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which is often deregulated in cancer cells and promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.  
^`mTORC1/mTORC2/DHFR inhibitor ABTL0812:  An orally bioavailable, lipid analogue and inhibitor of raptor-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (mTOR complex 1; mTORC1), rictor-mTOR (mTOR complex 2; mTORC2) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mTORC1/mTORC2/DHFR inhibitor ABTL0812 binds to and inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2, which may result in apoptosis and a decrease in proliferation in mTORC1/2-expressing tumor cells. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in some tumors; it plays an important role in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway which is often deregulated in cancer cells. In addition, ABTL0812 inhibits DHFR, an enzyme that reduces dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, thereby blocking tetrahydrofolate synthesis, and resulting in both the depletion of nucleotide precursors and the inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. This leads to autophagy-induced cell death and further inhibition of cell proliferation.  
^`MUC1 antigen:  MUC-1 antigen is a mammary-type apomucin, a high molecular weight transmembrane glycoprotein, of which the extracellular domain is formed by a repeating 20 amino acid sequence (in tandem) with a high content of serine and threonine on which are O-linked carbohydrate chains. MUC-1 synthesis and secretion are features of glandular epithelial tissues; MUC-1 is overexpressed in lactating breast and in breast, ovary, lung, and prostate malignancies.  
^`MUC1 peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of a synthetic peptide derived from the mucin 1 (MUC1) antigen with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, MUC1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells positive for the MUC1 antigen, resulting in decreased tumor growth. Overexpressed on many tumor cells, MUC1 antigen, a mammary-type apomucin, is a high-molecular-weight transmembrane glycoprotein.  
^`MUC1 peptide-poly-ICLC adjuvant vaccine:  A vaccine preparation containing mucus 1 (MUC1) peptide and the adjuvant poly-ICLC with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MUC1 peptide-poly-ICLC adjuvant vaccine may induce the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T cell response against MUC1-expressing tumor cells. MUC1, a tumor associated antigen normally present on the lining of the human colon, may be overexpressed and/or mutated in a variety of cancer cell types. The adjuvant poly-ICLC, a ligand for toll-like receptor-3, induces the release of cytokines which may help boost the immune response against MUC1.  
^`MUC16-targeted antibody-drug conjugate DMUC5754A:  An antibody drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeting the MUC16 protein (CA-125) conjugated to, via a cleavable linker, the antimicrotubulin agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of DMUC5754A selectively binds to MUC16. After internalization of the drug conjugate and proteolytic cleavage of the linker, MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which results in G2/M-phase growth arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. MUC16, a transmembrane protein, is overexpressed on the cell surface of more than 80 percent of ovarian cancer cells but not on healthy cells.  
^`MUC1-KLH conjugate vaccine:  A peptide vaccine, containing human tumor-associated epithelial mucin (MUC1) conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with MUC1-KLH conjugate vaccine may stimulate humoral and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumor cells expressing the MUC1 antigen. In this vaccine, MUC1 antigen is conjugated with KLH, an immunostimulant and a hapten carrier, to enhance immune recognition. MUC1 antigen, a membrane-bound glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells, is overexpressed in an aberrant or deglycosylated form in various cancers such as those of the breast, prostate, and ovary.  
^`MUC1-KLH vaccine/QS21:  A peptide vaccine containing the human tumor-associated antigen epithelial mucin (MUC1 antigen) conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and combined with the nonspecific immunoadjuvant QS21 with potential antineoplastic activity. MUC1 antigen is linked with KLH, an immunostimulant and a hapten carrier, in order to enhance immune recognition; the co-administration of saponin-derived QS21 potentially amplifies the total immune response to the MUC1 antigen. Administration of MUC1-KLH vaccine/QS21 may result in both the production of antitumor antibodies and the stimulation of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the MUC1 antigen. MUC1 antigen, a membrane-bound glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells, is overexpressed as an aberrant or deglycosylated form in various cancers such as breast, prostate and ovarian cancers.  
^`MUC1-targeted peptide GO-2-03-2C:  An optimized small peptide drug candidate targeting epithelial mucin (MUC1) with antineoplastic activity. MUC1-targeted peptide GO-203-2C interacts with oncoprotein MUC1 C-terminal subunit on the cell surface, thereby impeding cell-cell interactions, signaling, and metastasis. MUC1 antigen, a membrane bound glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells, is over-expressed in many diverse human carcinomas including those of the breast, prostate, lung, colon, pancreas, and ovary, and has been associated with poor prognosis.  
^`mucoadhesive hydrogel gargle:  An oral rinse composed of a viscous, mucoadhesive hydrogel, with potential protective and antimucositis activities. Upon gargling with the oral viscous mucoadhesive hydrogel formulation in the oral cavity, the hydrogel forms a protective barrier over the oral mucosa, which prevents inflammation of the mucosal membranes and may decrease chemotherapy- and/or radiation-induced oral mucositis.  
^`mucoadhesive oral wound rinse:  A viscous, oral hydrogel rinse intended for the management of oral mucositis/stomatitis. Mucoadhesive oral wound rinse consists of purified water, glycerin, benzyl alcohol, sodium saccharin, carbomer homopolymer A, potassium hydroxide, citric acid, polysorbate 60 and phosphoric acid. Upon gargling and rinsing with this solution, it forms a soothing protective hydrogel coating over the oral mucosa, thereby potentially preventing or reducing chemotherapy-induced mucositis.  
^`mucoadhesive paclitaxel formulation:  An orally available, mucoadhesive lipid preparation consisting of paclitaxel, a compound extracted from the Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia, in a formulation that is comprised of a mixture of monoolein, tricarprylin, and Tween 80, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, DHP107 forms droplets and micelles in the intestine; these adhere to mucoepithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed through lipid-based uptake mechanisms. Upon absorption, paclitaxel binds to and stabilizes tubulin molecules, which results in the inhibition of both microtubule depolymerization and cell division. This agent also induces apoptosis by both binding to and blocking the function of the apoptosis inhibitor protein B-cell Leukemia 2 (Bcl-2).The mucoadhesive paclitaxel formulation does not contain P-glycoprotein inhibitors, the solvent cremophor or any other toxic solvent.  
^`Mucomyst:  (Other name for~ acetylcysteine) 
^`MuGard:  (Other name for~ mucoadhesive oral wound rinse) 
^`multi-AGC kinase inhibitor AT13148:  An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of AGC group kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. AT13148 inhibits, in an ATP-competitive manner, the enzymatic activity of two AGC kinases, protein kinase B (PKB or AKT) and p70S6K which play key roles in the PI3K/PKB/mTOR signaling pathway. Blockade of this pathway leads to an inhibition of cell growth and the induction of apoptosis in susceptible tumor cells. PI3K/PKB/mTOR pathway is dysregulated in greater than 50% of tumors, and is often correlated with resistance and increased tumor survival. AGC group kinases are serine/threonine kinases that are regulated by secondary messengers such as cyclic AMP and lipids.  
^`multicarotenoid supplement MCS-8:  A supplement containing multiple, as of yet undisclosed, carotenoids, with potential chemopreventive activity. Upon oral administration of the multicarotenoid supplement MCS-8, the carotenoids may be able to exert their chemopreventive activity through multiple mechanisms of action.  
^`multi-epitope anti-folate receptor peptide vaccine TPIV 200:  A peptide vaccine containing five immunogenic peptide epitopes of the human folate receptor 1 (FOLR1; FR-alpha), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration, multi-epitope anti-folate receptor peptide vaccine TPIV 200 may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against FR-alpha-overexpressing tumor cells. FR-alpha is a high-affinity folate-binding protein and a member of the folate receptor family; this receptor is overexpressed in various cancer cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`multi-epitope folate receptor alpha peptide vaccine:  A peptide vaccine containing five immunogenic peptide epitopes of the human folate receptor alpha (FR alpha or FOLR1), including FR30, FR56, FR76, FR113, and FR238, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the multi-epitope FR alpha peptide vaccine may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against FR alpha-overexpressing tumor cells. FR alpha is a high-affinity folate-binding protein and a member of the folate receptor family; this receptor is overexpressed in a majority of ovarian cancers and in about 50% of breast cancers.  
^`multi-epitope melanoma peptide vaccine:  A peptide cancer vaccine consisting of a combination of peptides derived form several melanoma epitopes. Vaccination with multi-epitope melanoma peptide vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the corresponding antigens, resulting in tumor cell lysis. This vaccine may stimulate a broader CTL response compared to single-antigen vaccines.  
^`Multiferon:  (Other name for~ multisubtype natural human leukocyte interferon alpha) 
^`multifunctional/multitargeted anticancer agent OMN54:  An orally available, multivalent herbal formulation containing a novel mixture of whole extracts from three commonly used Chinese medicinal herbs Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi mushroom), Salvia miltiorrhiza (Chinese sage, or danshen) and Scutellaria barbata (ban zhi lian), with potential immunomodulating, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antiviral activities. Although the exact mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated due to the complexity of the multiple phytochemicals, multifunctional/multitargeted anticancer agent OMN54 appears to work in an additive and synergistic manner by acting on a variety of signaling pathways and on multiple targets, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, nuclear factor kappa B, interleukin-1beta, fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor.  
^`multi-glioblastoma-peptide-targeting autologous dendritic cell vaccine ICT-107: A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with six synthetic glioblastoma (GBM) peptides:  absent in melanoma 2 (AIM-2), melanoma-associated antigen 1 (MAGE-1), tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2), glycoprotein 100 (gp100), epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (IL-13Ra2), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Mononuclear cells obtained via leukapheresis are differentiated into DCs, and pulsed with the GBM-associated peptides. Upon administration, multi-glioblastoma-peptide-targeting autologous DC vaccine ICT-107 exposes the immune system to GBM-associated antigens, which activates a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against GBM cells. This leads to GBM cell lysis. The six peptides are derived from tumor associated antigens (TAA) expressed on GBM cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs). GBM stem-like cells contain a specific range of antigens that are essential for the neoplastic growth and survival of GBM cells.  
^`MultiHance:  (Other name for~ gadobenate dimeglumine) 
^`MultiHance:  (Other name for~ gadopentetate dimeglumine) 
^`multikinase inhibitor 4SC-203:  A multikinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Multikinase inhibitor 4SC-203 selectively inhibits FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3/STK1), FLT3 mutated forms, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs). This may result in the inhibition of angiogenesis and cell proliferation in tumor cells in which these kinases are upregulated. FLT3 (FLK2), a class III tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed or mutated in most B lineage and acute myeloid leukemias (AML). VEGFRs, tyrosine kinase receptors, are overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and play key roles in angiogenesis.  
^`multikinase inhibitor AT9283:  A small-molecule inhibitor of several kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Multikinase inhibitor AT9283 binds to and inhibits Aurora kinases A and B, JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) and the kinase BCR-ABL, which may result in the inhibition of cellular division and proliferation and the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress these kinases. Aurora kinases are serine-threonine kinases that play essential roles in mitotic checkpoint control during mitosis; JAK2 is a kinase that transduces signals from the single chain and IL-3 cytokine receptor families, and from the IFN-gamma receptors; BCR-ABL is a fusion protein with tyrosine kinase activity that is commonly found in CML.  
^`multikinase inhibitor SAR103168:  A multikinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous infusion, multikinase inhibitor SAR103168 may, through the inhibition of multiple kinases, inhibit the phosphorylation and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). STAT5, a protein often upregulated in cancer cells, plays a key role in signal transduction pathways and the suppression of apoptosis.  
^`Multikine:  (Other name for~ recombinant leukocyte interleukin) 
^`multi-peptide CMV-Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of an inactivated, Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding three herpes virus cytomegalovirus (CMV) tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), including UL83 (pp65), UL123 (IE1) and UL122 (IE2), with potential immunostimulating activity. The viral peptides expressed after administration of the multi-peptide CMV-MVA vaccine, may stimulate the immune system to mount both cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T-cell responses against CMV-infected cells. This results in cell lysis and prevents viral replication and the development of CMV disease. This vaccine also provides active immunization and protective immunity against CMV infection in CMV-negative patients. CMV infection can cause serious complications in patients receiving either allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants (HCT) or solid organ transplants.  
^`multipeptide vaccine S-588210: A cancer vaccine composed of a combination of the injectable formulations S-488210, which contains the three HLA-A*02:01-restricted peptides up-regulated lung cancer 10 (lymphocyte antigen 6K; LY6K; URLC10), cell division cycle-associated protein 1 (kinetochore protein Nuf2; NUF2; CDCA1) and insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3; KOC1) and S-488211, which contains the two HLA-A*02: 01-restricted peptides DEP domain-containing protein 1A (DEPDC1) and M-phase phosphoprotein 1 (kinesin-like protein KIF20B; MPHOSPH1), with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Upon administration, multipeptide vaccine S-588210 may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing KOC1, CDCA1, URLC10, DEPDC1 or MPHOSPH1 peptides, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor growth.  
^`MultiStem:  (Other name for~ allogeneic multipotent adult progenitor cells) 
^`multisubtype natural human leukocyte interferon alpha:  A preparation containing a mixture of multiple naturally occurring, active subtypes 1, 2, 8, 10, 14 and 21 of interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) with immunomodulating, anti-viral and anti-cancer activities. Multi-subtype natural human leukocyte IFN-alpha is purified from the leukocyte fraction of human blood challenged with Sendai virus. Upon administration, IFN-alpha subtypes bind to cell surface IFN-alpha receptors (IFNARs), resulting in an upregulation of interferon stimulated genes and related protein products. This ultimately leads to the proliferation of human B cells, activation of natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs), an increase in HLA-I and HLA-II expression and activation of CD8-lymphocytes. Compared to single-subtype IFN, multi-subtypes act synergistically.  
^`multitargeted kinase inhibitor MGCD516:  An orally bioavailable, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, multitargeted kinase inhibitor MGCD516 binds to and inhibits the activity of several RTKs including hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR; c-Met; MET), tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO (AXL receptor tyrosine kinase; AXL), mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR; c-kit; KIT), the receptor tyrosine kinase MER, discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) types 1 (VEGFR-1; FLT1), 2 (VEGFR-2; KDR; Flk-1) and 3 (VEGFR-3), members of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family, RET (rearranged during transfection), tropomyosin-related kinases (TRK) and members of the ephrin (Eph) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. This may result in both the inhibition of signal transduction pathways mediated by these RTKs and the reduction of tumor cell proliferation in cancer cell types that overexpress these RTKs.  
^`multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor JNJ-26483327:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule, multitargeted reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor JNJ-26483327 binds to and inhibits several members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, including EGFR, HER2 and HER4; Src family kinases (Lyn, Yes, Fyn, Lck and Src); and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 3 (VEGFR3). By inhibiting several different signaling molecules that play crucial roles at various stages in tumorigenesis, this agent may inhibit tumor growth, invasion, migration and metastasis. In addition, JNJ-26483327 crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB).  
^`multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor MGCD265:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor MGCD265 binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), including the c-Met receptor (hepatocyte growth factor receptor); the Tek/Tie-2 receptor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) types 1, 2, and 3; and the macrophage-stimulating 1 receptor (MST1R or RON). Inhibition of these RTKs and their downstream signaling pathways may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation in tumors overexpressing these RTKs.  
^`multivitamin:  A dietary supplement containing all or most of the vitamins that may not be readily available in the diet. Vitamins may be classified according to their solubility either in lipids (vitamins A, D, E, K, F) or in water (vitamins C, B-complex). Present in minute amounts in various foods, vitamins are essential to maintaining normal metabolism and biochemical functions.  
^`mureletecan:  A water-soluble prodrug, consisting of camptothecin covalently linked to polymeric backbone methacryloylglycynamide, with potential antineoplastic activity. After entering tumor cells, the active moiety camptothecin is slowly released from mureletecan via hydrolysis of the ester linkage. Camptothecin, an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata, binds to and stabilizes the topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complex. This inhibits the religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-stranded DNA breaks and produces potentially lethal double-stranded DNA breaks when encountered by the DNA replication machinery, resulting in the inhibition of DNA replication and apoptosis. Compared to camtpothecin, this prodrug formulation increases camptothecin drug delivery to the tumor site while reducing systemic toxicity.  
^`murine TYRP2 plasmid DNA vaccine:  A plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the mouse tumor associated antigen tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TYRP2) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, murine TYRP2 plasmid DNA vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing TYRP2; this vaccine may also induce an immune response against tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP1). TYRP2 and TYRP1, melanosomal membrane glycoproteins upregulated in melanoma cells, are involved in melanin synthesis.  
^`muromonab-CD3:  A murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody with immunosuppressive activity. Muromonab-CD3 binds to and inhibits CD3 on the surface of circulating T-lymphocytes; binding of muromonab-CD3 to CD3-positive T cells results in an early activation of this T cell subset, followed by cytokine release, and subsequently inhibition of T cell functions. This agent may cause the opsonization and elimination of CD3-positive T cells from the circulation by mononuclear phagocytes in the liver and spleen. CD3 is part of the functional T cell receptor (TCR) complex, which is necessary for antigen recognition by T cells, and is required for signal transduction.  
^`muscadine grape skin extract:  A nutritional supplement containing an extract of the skin of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia), with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and potential chemopreventive activities. The skin extract of the muscadine grape contains numerous phytochemicals including hydrolyzable tannins and flavonoids, such as anthocyanin 3,5-diglucosides, quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol glycosides. Upon administration, muscadine grape skin extract (MSKE) appears to inhibit PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling, eventually leading to apoptosis and a reduction in tumor cell proliferation.  
^`Muscadine Plus:  (Other name for~ muscadine grape skin extract) 
^`muscarinic agonist APD515:  A liquid, oromucosal formulation containing a muscarinic agonist with potential anti-xerostomia activity. Upon application to the inside lining of the mouth, muscarinic agonist APD515 may locally act on muscarinic receptors on the salivary glands and may stimulate the production of saliva thereby relieving dryness of the mouth. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`MUSE:  (Other name for~ alprostadil) 
^`Mustargen:  (Other name for~ mechlorethamine hydrochloride) 
^`Mutamycin:  (Other name for~ mitomycin C) 
^`mutant p53 activator COTI-2:  An orally available third generation thiosemicarbazone and activator of mutant forms of the p53 protein, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mutant p53 activator COTI-2 targets and binds to the misfolded mutant forms of the p53 protein, which induces a conformational change that normalizes p53 and restores its activity. This induces apoptosis in tumor cells in which the p53 protein is mutated. In addition, COTI-2 inhibits the activation of Akt2 and prevents the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, thereby inducing apoptosis in cancer cells in which this pathway is overexpressed. p53, a tumor suppressor protein, plays a key role in controlling cellular proliferation and survival. High levels of mutant p53 are seen in many cancers and are associated with uncontrolled cellular growth.  
^`mutant p53 peptide pulsed dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells which have been pulsed with a mutant p53 peptide. Vaccination with mutant p53 peptide pulsed dendritic cells may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing mutant p53, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Many tumor cells overexpress mutant p53 proteins, resulting in the loss of apoptosis regulation and abnormal cell proliferation.  
^`mutant-selective EGFR inhibitor PF-06459988:  An orally available, small molecule, third-generation, irreversible inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant (EGFRm) forms with potential antineoplastic activity. EGFR inhibitor PF-06459988 specifically binds to and inhibits mutant forms of EGFR, including the secondary acquired resistance mutation T790M, which prevents EGFR-mediated signaling and leads to cell death in EGFRm-expressing tumor cells. Compared to some other EGFR inhibitors, PF-06459988 may have therapeutic benefits in tumors with T790M-mediated drug resistance. This agent shows minimal activity against wild-type EGFR (WT EGFR), and does not cause dose-limiting toxicities that are seen with the use of non-selective EGFR inhibitors, which also inhibit WT EGFR. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.  
^`MVA-EBNA1/LMP2 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding the gene for the CD4 epitope-rich C-terminal domain of the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) antigen EBNA1 and fused to the full-length of the EBV-associated antigen latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MVA EBNA1/LMP2 vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T-cell immune response against cancer cells expressing EBNA1 and LMP2. Multi-antigen vaccine therapy may be more efficacious than single-antigen vaccine therapy. EBNA1, a sequence-specific DNA binding protein, plays an important role in EBV episomal genome maintenance and gene transactivation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`MVA-FCU1 TG4023:  A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding the suicide gene FCU1with potential antineoplastic activity. FCU1 is a bifunctional yeast cytosine deaminase (CD) / uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT) fusion gene. Upon intratumoral administration, MVA-FCU1 TG4023 enters tumor cells where FCU1 is expressed. Subsequently, the noncytotoxic prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) is administered systemically and is deaminated by CD in FCU1- transduced tumor cells into 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which is then directly metabolized to 5-fluoro-uridine monophosphate (5-FUMP) by UPRT; 5-FUMP may then be further transformed to 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine monophosphate (5-FdUMP), an irreversible inhibitor of thymidylate synthase and, so, DNA synthesis through deprivation of deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP). 5-FU and its active metabolites may then selectively kill tumor cells, avoiding toxicity in nonmalignant cells. The MVA viral vector, derived from the replication-competent strain Ankara, is a highly attenuated, replication-defective vaccinia strain incapable of virion assembly.  
^`MVA-MUC1-IL2 vaccine:  A bivalent cancer vaccine comprised of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) strain encoding human mucin 1 (MUC1) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Originally developed for the eradication of smallpox, MVA is a highly attenuated and replication-defective strain incapable of virion assembly and exerts potent immunostimulatory activity against antigens. Vaccination with MVA-MUC1-IL2 vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumor cells expressing MUC1, a tumor associated antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Expression of IL-2 augments the specific CTL response against MUC1 expressing cells.  
^`MVA-PSA-PAP prostate cancer vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding genes for prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MVA-PSA-PAP prostate cancer vaccine expresses PSA and PAP peptides, which may elicit humoral and cellular immune responses against prostate cancer cells expressing PSA and PAP. Multi-antigen vaccine therapy may be more efficacious than single-antigen therapy vaccine therapy.  
^`MVF-HER-2(597-626)-MVF-HER-2 (266-296) peptide vaccine:  A combination peptide vaccine of 2 chimeric peptides of the promiscuous T cell epitope derived from measles virus fusion protein (MVF; amino acid residues 288-302) co-synthesized with B-cell epitopes derived from the HER-2/neu a.a. 597-626 and HER-2/neu a.a. 266-296, with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with MVF-HER-2(597-626)/MVF-HER-2(266-296) peptide vaccine may induce an active specific immune response, mounting a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response and an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells that overexpress the HER-2 protein. The oncogenic protein HER-2, a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and is correlated with increased tumor growth, progression and a poor prognosis. HER-2(597-626) corresponds to the binding site of trastuzumab on the extracellular domain IV of HER-2; HER-2 (266-296) corresponds to the binding site of pertuzumab on the dimerization loop of domain II of HER-2.  
^`MVX-1-loaded macrocapsule/autologous tumor cell vaccine MVX-ONCO-1:  A two-component, anti-cancer vaccine containing irradiated tumor cells from a patient, and a capsule implanted with a genetically modified allogeneic cell line that continuously releases granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential immune-protective and -boosting activities. Upon subcutaneous injection of MVX-1-loaded macrocapsule/autologous tumor cell vaccine MVX-ONCO-1, the GM-CSF-secreting allogeneic cell capsules and the autologous irradiated cells isolated from the patient's tumor are co-localized in the patient's tissue. This permits the production of GM-CSF and exposes the immune system to the tumor-associated antigens (TAA) expressed by the autologous tumor cells at the injection site. Local expression of GM-CSF recruits and activates antigen-presenting cells (APC), which induces both antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses at the site of the injection and systemically. This may lead to tumor regression. By using the patient’s own irradiated cancer cells as vaccine antigens, the patient's immune system is exposed to the entire repertoire of this individual's TAAs. The encapsulated cell technology (ECT) of GM-CSF-secreting allogeneic cell capsules ensures the continuous release of GM-CSF. GM-CSF, a monomeric glycoprotein that functions as a cytokine, is a strong immune booster and plays an important role in the activation of immune system.  
^`Mycelex:  (Other name for~ clotrimazole) 
^`Mycelex Troche:  (Other name for~ clotrimazole) 
^`mycobacterial cell wall-DNA complex:  A proprietary preparation of mycobacterial DNA oligonucleotides embedded in mycobacterial cell wall fragments derived from cultures of Mycobacterium phlei, with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. DNA oligonucleotides in the mycobacterial cell wall-DNA complex (MCC) induce apoptosis by increasing BAX protein levels, releasing cytochrome C from mitochondria, and activating caspase-3 and -7, which results in the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and the release of nuclear matrix proteins. In addition to its pro-apoptotic effect, MCC activates monocytes and macrophages to produce various cytokines, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-12, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a). This results in the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) synthesis.  
^`Mycobacterium tuberculosis arabinomannan Z-100:  An extract from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) containing the polysaccharide arabinomannan, with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon administration of M. tuberculosis arabinomannan Z-100, this agent may activate the immune system by increasing the expression of various cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFNg) and interleukin-12. This inhibits the activity of suppressor T-cells, increases T helper 1 cell (Th1) activity and may restore the balance between Th1/Th2 cells. Additionally, Z-100 may inhibit metastasis and tumor cell proliferation.  
^`Mycobacterium w:  An attenuated strain of Mycobacterium w, a non-pathogenic, rapidly growing, atypical mycobacterium, with non-specific immunopotentiating properties. In addition to sharing a number of common B and T cell determinants with Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium w (Mw) also shares an immunogenic determinant with prostate specific antigen (PSA). In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that heat-killed Mw can induce significant T-cell responses. This agent may induce host T-cell responses against tumor cells expressing PSA. PSA is a glycoprotein secreted by prostatic epithelial and ductal cells and may be overexpressed in prostate cancer cells.  
^`Mycobutin:  (Other name for~ rifabutin) 
^`mycophenolate mofetil:  The morpholinoethyl ester of mycophenolic acid (MPA) with potent immunosuppressive properties. Mycophenolate stops T-cell and B-cell proliferation through selective inhibition of the de novo pathway of purine biosynthesis. In vivo, the active metabolite, MPA, reversibly inhibits inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. MPA displays high lymphocyte specificity and cytotoxicity due to the higher dependence of activated lymphocytes on both salvage and de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides relative to other cell types.  
^`mycophenolic acid:  An antineoplastic antibiotic derived from various Penicillium fungal species. Mycophenolic acid is an active metabolite of the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil. Mycophenolic acid inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), preventing the formation of guanosine monophosphate and synthesis of lymphocyte DNA that results in inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production, cellular adhesion, and migration of T and B lymphocytes. Mycophenolic acid also has antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities.  
^`MYC-targeting siRNA DCR-MYC:  A lipid nanoparticle-based formulation consisting of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against the oncogene c-Myc encapsulated in lipids with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of MYC-targeting siRNA DCR-MYC, the lipid formulation promotes the uptake by tumor cells where the siRNAs moieties are subsequently released. The siRNAs bind to c-Myc mRNAs, which may result in the inhibition of translation and expression of the c-Myc protein and leads to growth inhibition for tumor cells that are overexpressing c-Myc. c-Myc, a proto-oncogene overexpressed in a variety of cancers, is involved in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.  
^`Myfortic:  (Other name for~ mycophenolic acid) 
^`Myleran:  (Other name for~ busulfan) 
^`Mylosar:  (Other name for~ azacitidine) 
^`Mylotarg:  (Other name for~ gemtuzumab ozogamicin) 
^`Mylovenge:  (Other name for~ idiotype-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine APC8020) 
^`Myochrysine:  (Other name for~ gold sodium thiomalate) 
^`Myrbetriq:  (Other name for~ mirabegron) 


^`NA17.A2 peptide vaccine:  A peptide cancer vaccine comprised of human leukocyte antigen HLA-A2-restricted peptide derived from a metastatic melanoma cell line of patient NA17, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. NA17.A2 peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumors that express this antigen, which may result in a reduction in tumor size. This NA17 specific antigen, encoded by an intron sequence of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) gene, is expressed in about 50% of melanomas.  
^`NA-17/MAGE-3.A2/NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine:  A peptide cancer vaccine consisting of peptides derived from the melanoma antigen NA-17, the human leukocyte antigen HLA-A2-restricted human melanoma antigen 3 (MAGE-3.A2) and the cancer-testis antigen (NY-ESO-1), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the NA-17/MAGE-3.A2/NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing NA-17, MAGE-3.A2 and NY-ESO-1, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) NA-17, MAGE-3.A2 and NY-ESO-1 are overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`NA17-A antigen:  A specific melanoma antigen protein derived from a patient (NA17) with cutaneous melanoma metastases. When administered in a vaccine formulation, NA17-A antigen may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumors that express this antigen, which may result in a reduction in tumor size. The NA17-A antigen is part of the enzyme N-acetyl glucosaminyl-transferase V (GnT-V). Approximately half of melanomas have been found to express significant levels of this atypical protein, which is not expressed by normal tissues.  
^`nabilone:  A synthetic cannabinoid and dibenzopyrane derivative with anti-emetic activity. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated yet, it has been suggested that nabilone is a highly selective and strong agonist for the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, both of which are coupled to Gi/o proteins. The CB1 receptors are expressed predominantly in central and peripheral neurons and receptor stimulation has been implicated in the reduction of chemotherapy-induced nausea.  
^`nabiximols:  An herbal preparation containing a defined quantity of specific cannabinoids formulated for oromucosal spray administration with potential analgesic activity. Nabiximols contains a standardized extract of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the non-psychoactive cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD), other minor cannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenes from two cannabis plant varieties. Cannabinoids interact with G protein-coupled cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors in the central nervous system, resulting in analgesic, euphoric, and anticonvulsive effects.  
^`nadolol:  A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic activities. Nadolol competitively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors located in the heart and vascular smooth muscle, inhibiting the activities of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and producing negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. This agent exhibits antiarrhythmic activity via the impairment of atrioventricular (AV) node conduction and a corresponding reduction in sinus rate. In the kidney, inhibition of the beta-2 receptor within the juxtaglomerular apparatus results in the inhibition of renin production and a subsequent reduction in angiotensin II and aldosterone levels, thus inhibiting angiotensin II-dependent vasoconstriction and aldosterone-dependent water retention.  
^`nadroparin calcium:  A low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) composed of a heterogeneous mixture of sulfated polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan chains obtained by depolymerisation of porcine mucosal sodium heparin, extraction/purification and conversion to the calcium salt. Nadroparin binds to antithrombin III (ATIII) and inhibits the activity of activated factor X (factor Xa), thereby inhibiting the final common pathway of the coagulation cascade and preventing the formation of a cross-linked fibrin clot.  
^`nafoxidine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of the partial estrogen antagonist nafoxidine. Nafoxidine competes with endogenous estrogen for binding to specific estrogen receptors. This agent also inhibits angiogenesis in some tissues by blocking the effects of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); paradoxically, it may enhance angiogenesis in uterine tissue. Nafoxidine also induces oxidative stress, protein kinase C and calcium signaling.  
^`naloxegol:  A pegylated form of naloxone, a peripherally-acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist, that can be used to reduce opioid-induced symptoms. Upon administration, naloxegol binds to and blocks mu-opioid receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This prevents peripheral opioid receptor activation and abrogates opioid-induced side effects, such as opioid-induced constipation (OIC). Pegylation of naloxone reduces permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and prevents this agent from interfering with the analgesic activity of opioid receptor agonists.  
^`naloxone hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of naloxone, a thebaine derivate with opioid antagonist activity. Naloxone binds to opioid receptors in the CNS in a competitive manner, reversing or inhibiting characteristic opioid effects, including analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, bradycardia, and physical dependence. This agent binds to mu-opioid receptors with a high affinity, and a lesser degree to kappa- and gamma-opioid receptors.  
^`naltrexone hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of naltrexone, a noroxymorphone derivative with competitive opioid antagonistic activity. Naltrexone and its metabolite 6-beta-naltrexol reverse the effects of opioids by binding to various opioid receptors in the central nervous system CNS), including the mu-, kappa- and gamma-opioid receptors; opioid effects of analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, bradycardia, and physical dependence are inhibited. Naltrexone is longer-acting and more potent compared to naloxone.  
^`Namenda:  (Other name for~ memantine hydrochloride) 
^`nandrolone decanoate:  The decanoate salt form of nandrolone, an anabolic steroid analog of testosterone with androgenic, anabolic, and erythropoietin stimulating effects. Nandrolone enters the cell and binds to and activates specific nuclear androgen receptors in responsive tissue, including the prostate, seminal vesicles, scrotum, penis, larynx, hair follicles, muscle, and bone. The resulting activated hormone receptor complex translocates into the nucleus and binds to androgen response elements (ARE) in the promoter region of targeted genes, where the complex promotes gene expression necessary for maintaining male sex characteristics. Mimicking the negative feedback mechanism of testosterone, nandrolone decanoate also suppresses the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH). Furthermore, this agent also stimulates erythropoietin production by enhancing the production of erythropoietic stimulating factors.  
^`nanocell-encapsulated miR-16-based microRNA mimic:  A nanoparticle-based formulation composed of a microRNA 16 (miR-16) mimic, a double-stranded, 23 base pair, synthetic RNA molecule, encapsulated in nonliving bacterial minicells and coated with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration and subsequent transfection, nanocell-encapsulated miR-16-based microRNA mimic targets EGFR-expressing tumor cells and facilitates the restoration of expression of the miR-16 family. This leads to the downregulation of the expression of tumor-promoting genes and the inhibition of tumor cell growth. In addition, restoration of miR-16 expression sensitizes the tumor cell to certain chemotherapeutic agents. miR-16, a family of microRNAs, is critical to the regulation of gene expression and appears to have a tumor suppressor function; its expression is downregulated in various cancer cell types.  
^`nanoparticle albumin-bound docetaxel ABI-008:  A nanoparticle albumin-bound formulation of the taxane docetaxel with antineoplastic activity. Docetaxel is a semi-synthetic, second-generation taxane derived from a compound found in the European yew tree Taxus baccata. Docetaxel binds to and stabilizes tubulin, thereby inhibiting microtubule disassembly which results in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. This agent also inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and displays immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory properties by inducing various mediators of the inflammatory response. In nanoparticle albumin-bound docetaxel ABI-008 docetaxel is solubilized without the use of the nonionic solubilizer Cremophor ELP, permitting the administration of larger doses of docetaxel while avoiding Cremophor ELP-associated toxicity.  
^`nanoparticle albumin-bound rapamycin:  The macrolide antibiotic rapamycin bound to nanoparticle albumin with immunosuppressant (see sirolimus) and potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Rapamycin binds to the immunophilin FK Binding Protein-12 (FKBP-12) to generate a complex that binds to and inhibits the activation of the mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR), a key regulatory kinase. In turn, inhibition of mTOR may result in the inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI-3) kinase/Akt pathway and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) secretion, which may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. The binding of water-insoluble rapamycin to nanoparticle albumin permits the albumin-mediated endocytosis of rapamycin by tumor cells and endothelial cells.  
^`nanoparticle-encapsulated docetaxel:  A nanoparticle-based formulation containing the poorly water-soluble, second-generation taxane analog docetaxel covalently conjugated to proprietary and as of yet undisclosed degradable linkers and encapsulated in polymers, with antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of nanoparticle-encapsulated docetaxel, the nanoparticles are able to accumulate at the tumor site due to the unique characteristics of the tumor's vasculature, while avoiding normal, healthy tissue. Docetaxel is released and becomes active upon cleavage from various linkers at a predetermined and controlled rate which is dependent on the properties of the proprietary linkers. In turn, active, unconjugated docetaxel binds to the beta-subunit of tubulin, stabilizes microtubules and inhibits microtubule disassembly. This prevents mitosis and results in tumor cell death. Compared to the administration of docetaxel alone, this formulation is able to increase docetaxel’s efficacy while avoiding systemic exposure, which minimizes its toxicity. By using different linkers, docetaxel can be released at various rates.  
^`nanoparticle-encapsulated doxorubicin hydrochloride:  A formulation of nanoparticles encapsulating the hydrochloride salt form of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin, with potential antitumor activity. Upon intravenous administration, doxorubicin intercalates DNA, interferes with the activity of topoisomerase II, and causes DNA adducts and other DNA damage, resulting in tumor cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. This agent also interacts with cell membrane lipids causing lipid peroxidation. Delivery of doxorubicin in nanoparticles may improve drug penetration into tumors and may circumvent the tumor cells' multidrug resistance mechanisms and may therefore be effective in chemoresistant tumor cells.  
^`nanosomal docetaxel lipid suspension:  A lipid-based nanosomal formulation of the poorly soluble, semi-synthetic, second-generation taxane docetaxel, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous injection, docetaxel binds to and stabilizes tubulin, which inhibits microtubule disassembly and results in both cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. This liposomal formulation solubilizes docetaxel without the use of toxic solvents, such as polysorbate 80. This permits the administration of larger doses of docetaxel and improves the drug’s safety profile by avoiding solvent-associated toxicities, such as hypersensitivity reactions and neurotoxicity. In addition, the nanosomal lipid-based delivery of docetaxel improves drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, all of which prolong the duration of docetaxel’s therapeutic effects.  
^`napabucasin:  An orally available cancer cell stemness inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Even though the exact target has yet to be fully elucidated, napabucasin appears to target and inhibit multiple pathways involved in cancer cell stemness. This may ultimately inhibit cancer stemness cell (CSC) growth as well as heterogeneous cancer cell growth. CSCs, self-replicating cells that are able to differentiate into heterogeneous cancer cells, appear to be responsible for the malignant growth, recurrence and resistance to conventional chemotherapies.  
^`naphthalimide analogue UNBS5162:  An amonafide (naphthalimide) derivative and pan-antagonist of chemokine ligand (CXCL) expression, with potential anti-angiogenic activity. Although UNBS5162 is a derivative of amonafide, this agent appears to have a different profile than that of amonafide and its exact mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated. This agent seems to decrease the expression of various proangiogenic CXCL chemokines in vitro and may have synergistic effects with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. CXCLs are small cytokines in the CXC chemokine family that are overexpressed in certain cancers; CXCL-mediated signaling plays a key role in angiogenesis and tumor progression.  
^`Naprosyn:  (Other name for~ naproxen) 
^`naproxen:  A propionic acid derivative and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities. Naproxen inhibits the activity of the enzymes cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in a decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The resulting decrease in prostaglandin synthesis is responsible for the therapeutic effects of naproxen. Naproxen also causes a decrease in the formation of thromboxane A2 synthesis, by thromboxane synthase, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation.  
^`Narcan:  (Other name for~ naloxone hydrochloride) 
^`Nardil:  (Other name for~ phenelzine sulfate) 
^`narnatumab:  A monoclonal antibody against RON (recepteur d'origine nantais; macrophage stimulating 1 receptor), with potential antineoplastic activity. Narnatumab binds to RON, thereby preventing binding of its ligand hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (HGFL or macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP)). This may prevent RON receptor-mediated signaling and may prevent cellular proliferation in tumor cells overexpressing RON. RON, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed in a variety of epithelial cancer cell types and plays an important role in cellular proliferation, migration and invasion.  
^`Naropin:  (Other name for~ ropivacaine hydrochloride) 
^`Nasacort:  (Other name for~ triamcinolone acetonide) 
^`nasal saline irrigation solution:  A solution containing sodium chloride that can be used to cleanse the nasal passages. Upon nasal irrigation, the saline washes out thick or dry mucus, and irritants, such as pollen, dust particles, pollutants and bacteria, from the nasal cavities. This reduces nasal blockage, improves nasal airflow and helps keep nasal passages clean and clear, which decreases the risk of irritation and inflammation. The saline solution also moisturizes and soothes irritated mucus membranes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Nasalfent:  (Other name for~ fentanyl citrate pectin-based nasal spray) 
^`natalizumab:  A humanized recombinant IgG4 monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha4 subunit of the integrins alpha4beta1 and alpha4beta7 with immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, and potential antineoplastic activities. Natalizumab binds to the apha4-subunit of alpha4beta1 and alpha4beta7 integrins expressed on the surface of all leukocytes except neutrophils, inhibiting the alpha4-mediated adhesion of leukocytes to counter-receptor(s) such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1); natalizumab –mediated disruption of VCAM-1 binding by these integrins may prevent the transmigration of leukocytes across the endothelium into inflamed parenchymal tissue. Integrins are cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) that are upregulated in various types of cancer and some autoimmune diseases; alpha4beta1 integrin (VLA4) has been implicated in the survival of myeloma cells, possibly by mediating their adhesion to stromal cells.  
^`nateglinide:  A phenylalanine derivative of the meglitinide class of agents with hypoglycemic activity. Nateglinide, compared to repaglitinide, binds with a higher affinity to the SUR1 subunit and with a faster onset of action and a shorter duration of action. This agent is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2C9, and, to a lesser extent, by CYP3A4. The parent drug and metabolites are mainly excreted in the urine and its half-life is about 1.5 hours.  
^`Natrecor:  (Other name for~ nesiritide) 
^`natural human interferon alpha OPC-18:  A proprietary preparation of natural human interferon alpha (IFN alpha) with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Natural human interferon alpha OPC-18 binds to cell-surface IFN alpha receptors (IFNARs), resulting in the transcription and translation of genes whose products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, and immune-modulating effects. IFN alpha is a type I interferon produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products and is the primary interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures. In addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it activates NK cells.  
^`natural killer cells ZRx101:  A population of activated, immortalized, interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent, cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells with potential antitumor activity. Natural killer cells ZRx101 are derived from NK-92 cells, having been modified to target tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) upregulated in certain types of cancer. The NK-92 cell line was originally isolated from a patient with large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia/lymphoma.  
^`Navelbine:  (Other name for~ vinorelbine tartrate) 
^`navitoclax:  An orally bioavailable, synthetic small-molecule antagonist of a subset of the B-cell leukemia 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins with potential antineoplastic activity. BcI-2 family protein inhibitor ABT-263 selectively binds to apoptosis suppressor proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-w and prevents their binding to the apoptotic effectors Bax and Bak proteins, which may trigger apoptosis in tumor cells overexpressing Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-w. Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-w are frequently overexpressed in a wide variety of cancers, including those of the lymphatic system, breast, lung, prostate, and colon, and have been linked to tumor drug resistance.  
^`navy bean powder:  The powder form of the cooked navy bean with potential antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Navy beans are rich in fiber, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals such as flavonoids and phytosterols. They appear to prevent carcinogenesis by inducing tumor cell apoptosis. Intake of navy bean powder may have a beneficial effect on intestinal microflora.  
^`ncmtRNA oligonucleotide Andes-1537:  A proprietary antisense oligonucleotide targeting a novel non-coding mitochondrial RNA (ncmtRNA), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, Andes-1537 binds to ncmtRNA, which is overexpressed in rapidly proliferating cells, such as cancer cells, and not expressed in resting cells. This may decrease the expression of the ncmtRNA, which may inhibit cell proliferation and eventually induce apoptosis in susceptible cancer cells. The proprietary mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) belongs to the family of non-coding RNAs (ncRNA); it contains an inverted repeat (IR) of 815 nucleotides (nt), which can form a covalent link to the 5’ end of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S mtrRNA).  
^`Nebcin:  (Other name for~ tobramycin sulfate) 
^`NebuPent:  (Other name for~ pentamidine isethionate) 
^`necitumumab:  A fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Necitumumab binds to and blocks the ligand binding site of EGFR, thereby preventing the activation and subsequent dimerization of the receptor. This may lead to an inhibition of EGFR-dependent downstream pathways and so inhibition of EGFR-dependent tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. EGFR, a member of the epidermal growth factor family of extracellular protein ligands, may be overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various tumor cell types.  
^`nedaplatin:  A second-generation cisplatin analogue with antineoplastic activity. Containing a novel ring structure in which glycolate is bound to the platinum by a bidentate ligand, nedaplatin forms reactive platinum complexes that bind to nucelophillic groups in DNA, resulting in intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, apoptosis and cell death. This agent appears to be less nephrotoxic and neurotoxic compared to both cisplatin and carboplatin.  
^`nefopam hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of nefopam, a centrally-acting, non-opioid benzoxazocine with analgesic activity. The mechanism of action through which nefopam exerts its analgesic effects is, as of yet, largely unknown but may involve inhibition of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake.  
^`neihulizumab:  A humanized, agonistic monoclonal antibody against P selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1; SELPLG; CD162), with potential immunosuppressive activity. Upon administration, neihulizumab specifically targets and binds to CD162 expressed on activated T-lymphocytes. This induces apoptosis of activated T-cells and reduces T-cell-mediated immune responses. This may halt disease progression of T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD).  
^`nelarabine:  An arabinonucleoside antimetabolite with antineoplastic activity. Nelarabine is demethoxylated by adenosine deaminase to become biologically active 9-beta-D-arabinosylguanine (ara-G); ara-G incorporates into DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and inducing an S phase-dependent apoptosis of tumor cells.  
^`nelfinavir mesylate:  The mesylate salt form of the antiviral agent nelfinavir. Nelfinavir selectively inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease, thereby preventing cleavage of the gag-pol viral polyprotein and resulting in the release of immature, noninfectious virions. In vivo, this agent exhibits broad tissue distribution compared to related agents.  
^`nelipepimut-S plus GM-CSF vaccine:  A cancer peptide vaccine comprised of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A2/A3 restricted HER2/neu (ERBB2) peptide from the extracellular domain of the HER2 protein (E75 peptide) and combined with the immunoadjuvant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. Upon intradermal injection, nelipepimut-S plus GM-CSF vaccine may induce a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against HER2/neu-expressing tumor cell types. HER2/neu, a tumor-associated antigen and a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family of tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in various tumor cell types. GM-CSF potentiates the antitumor immune response.  
^`neoantigen-based glioblastoma vaccine:  A peptide-based, personalized glioblastoma cancer vaccine consisting of patient-specific glioblastoma-derived immunogenic mutated epitopes (neoantigens), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with the neoantigen-based glioblastoma vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the neoantigens, which results in tumor cell lysis. Neoantigens are tumor-specific antigens derived from mutated proteins that are present only in a specific tumor.  
^`neoantigen-based melanoma-poly-ICLC vaccine:  A peptide-based melanoma cancer vaccine consisting of neoantigens and peptides derived from patient-specific melanoma immunogenic epitopes, combined with the immunostimulant poly-ICLC with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with the neoantigen-based melanoma vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the neoantigens, which results in tumor cell lysis. The adjuvant poly-ICLC, composed of double-stranded RNA molecules of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with poly L-lysine in carboxymethylcellulose, is a ligand for toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) and induces the release of cytokines which may help to boost the immune response against the selected neoantigens.  
^`Neogest:  (Other name for~ norgestrel) 
^`Neo-Oestronol I:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Neoquin:  (Other name for~ apaziquone) 
^`Neoral:  (Other name for~ cyclosporine) 
^`Neosar:  (Other name for~ cyclophosphamide) 
^`Neoscan:  (Other name for~ gallium citrate Ga 67) 
^`Neovastat:  (Other name for~ shark cartilage extract AE-941) 
^`Neptazane:  (Other name for~ methazolamide) 
^`neratinib:  An orally available, 6,7-disubstituted-4-anilinoquinoline-3-carbonitrile irreversible inhibitor of the HER-2 receptor tyrosine kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. Neratinib binds to the HER-2 receptor irreversibly, thereby reducing autophosphorylation in cells, apparently by targeting a cysteine residue in the ATP-binding pocket of the receptor. Treatment of cells with this agent results in inhibition of downstream signal transduction events and cell cycle regulatory pathways; arrest at the G1-S (Gap 1/DNA synthesis)-phase transition of the cell division cycle; and ultimately decreased cellular proliferation. Neratinib also inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase and the proliferation of EGFR-dependent cells.  
^`nesiritide:  A recombinant version of the cardiac neurohormone, human B-type natriuretic peptide (hBNP) produced by the ventricular myocardium. Nesiritide binds to natriuretic peptide receptors on vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, through which it triggers guanylate cyclase dependent signal transduction resulting in increase of intracellular concentrations of cGMP. This leads to smooth muscle cell relaxation causing arterial and venous dilatation.  
^`nesvacumab:  A fully human monoclonal antibody directed against angiopoietin 2 (ANG2) with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Nesvacumab binds to ANG2 and interferes with the interaction between Ang2 and its receptor TEK tyrosine kinas e (Tie2), which may inhibit tumor cell angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. ANG2 is upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types and plays a crucial role in angiogenesis.  
^`netazepide:  An orally active, benzodiazepine type, selective cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR; CCK2R; gastrin receptor) antagonist with potential gastric acid reducing and antiproliferative activity. Upon administration of netazepide, this agent selectively binds to and blocks the CCKBR, thereby preventing the binding of gastrin and cholecystokinin. This may prevent gastric neuroendocrine enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell-induced secretion of histamine, ultimately preventing gastric acid secretion from adjacent parietal cells. In addition, YF476 may inhibit ECL cell proliferation and ECL-derived gastric carcinoids.  
^`netupitant:  A selective neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist with potential antiemetic activity. Netupitant competitively binds to and blocks the activity of the human substance P/NK1 receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby inhibiting NK1-receptor binding of the endogenous tachykinin neuropeptide substance P (SP), which may result in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). SP is found in neurons of vagal afferent fibers innervating the brain-stem nucleus tractus solitarii and the area postrema, which contains the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), and may be elevated in response to chemotherapy. The NK-receptor is a G-protein receptor coupled to the inositol phosphate signal-transduction pathway and is found in both the nucleus tractus solitarii and the area postrema. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`netupitant and palonosetron hydrochloride:  An orally available combination formulation containing netupitant, a selective neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist, and the hydrochloride salt form of palonosetron, a selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptor subtype 3 (5-HT3) antagonist, with antiemetic activity. Upon oral administration, palonosetron competitively blocks the action of 5-HT at 5-HT3 receptors located on vagal afferent nerves in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). This inhibits acute emesis associated with 5-HT secretion and subsequent 5-HT3 activation. Netupitant competitively binds to and blocks the activity of the human NK1 receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby inhibiting NK1 receptor binding of the endogenous tachykinin neuropeptide substance P (SP). This prevents delayed emesis, which is associated with SP secretion. Altogether, this results in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).  
^`Neugranin:  (Other name for~ recombinant human albumin-human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) 
^`Neulasta:  (Other name for~ pegfilgrastim) 
^`Neumega:  (Other name for~ oprelvekin) 
^`Neupogen:  (Other name for~ filgrastim) 
^`Neuradiab:  (Other name for~ iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody 81C6) 
^`Neurontin:  (Other name for~ gabapentin) 
^`Neutrexin:  (Other name for~ trimetrexate glucuronate) 
^`neutrophil activation probe imaging agent:  A fluorescence imaging agent composed of a fluorescent agent linked, via a human neutrophil elastase (HNE) cleavable peptide, to a dequencher molecule, with imaging activity for diagnostic purposes. Upon local administration, the neutrophil activation probe (NAP) imaging agent, initially quenched, is quickly taken up by activated neutrophils. In turn, the HNE expressed by these cells specifically cleaves the linker and dequenches the fluorescent agent. The activated fluorescent moiety allows for visualization of activated neutrophils and HNE activity upon using a fluorescence imaging device. Activated neutrophils are upregulated at sites of inflammation and in inflammation-induced cancers, and express high levels of HNE.  
^`Neuvenge:  (Other name for~ lapuleucel-T) 
^`nevirapine:  A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with activity against human immunodeficiency virus 1. Nevirapine binds directly to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase, an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, blocking its function in viral DNA replication. In combination with other antiretroviral drugs, nevirapine reduces HIV viral loads and increases CD4 counts, thereby retarding or preventing the damage to the immune system and reducing the risk of developing AIDS. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Nexavar:  (Other name for~ sorafenib tosylate) 
^`Nexium:  (Other name for~ esomeprazole magnesium) 
^`Nexrutine:  (Other name for~ Phellodendron amurense bark extract) 
^`NG-monomethyl-L-arginine:  An amino acid derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine inhibits the enzyme nitric oxide synthase, resulting in a diminution of nitrous oxide production. This agent may inhibit tumor angiogenesis.  
^`NG-nitro-L-arginine:  An amino acid derivative and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. Upon administration, NG-nitro-L-arginine inhibits the enzyme nitric oxide synthase, thereby preventing the formation of nitric oxide (NO). By preventing NO generation, the vasodilatory effects of NO are abrogated leading to vasoconstriction, reduction in vascular permeability and an inhibition of angiogenesis. As blood flow to tumors is restricted, this may result in an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. NO plays an important role in tumor blood flow and stimulation of angiogenesis, tumor progression, survival, migration and invasiveness. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`niacin:  A water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP. These coenzymes play an important role in tissue respiration and in glycogen, lipid, amino acid, protein, and purine metabolism. Although the exact mechanism of action by which niacin lowers cholesterol is not fully understood, it may act by inhibiting the synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), inhibiting the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, and reducing the hepatic synthesis of VLDL-C and LDL-C.  
^`niacinamide:  The active form of vitamin B3 and a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Niacinamide acts as a chemo- and radio-sensitizing agent by enhancing tumor blood flow, thereby reducing tumor hypoxia. This agent also inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, enzymes involved in the rejoining of DNA strand breaks induced by radiation or chemotherapy.  
^`nicardipine:  A synthetic derivative of nitrophenyl-pyridine and potent calcium channel blocker, nicardipine (Nifedipine Family) blocks calcium ions from certain cell walls and inhibits contraction of coronary and peripheral arteries, resulting in lowered oxygen requirements for heart muscle and decreased arterial contraction and spasm. It is used clinically as a cerebral and coronary vasodilator.  
^`niclosamide:  An orally bioavailable chlorinated salicylanilide, with anthelmintic and potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, niclosamide specifically induces degradation of the androgen receptor (AR) variant V7 (AR-V7) through the proteasome-mediated pathway. This downregulates the expression of the AR variant, inhibits AR-V7-mediated transcriptional activity, and reduces AR-V7 recruitment to the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene promoter. Niclosamide also prevents AR-V7-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation and activation. This inhibits AR/STAT3-mediated signaling and prevents expression of STAT3 target genes. Altogether, this may inhibit growth of AR-V7-overexpressing cancer cells. The AR-V7 variant, which is encoded by contiguous splicing of AR exons 1/2/3/CE3, is upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types, and is associated with both cancer progression and resistance to AR-targeted therapies.  
^`NicoDerm CQ:  (Other name for~ nicotine patch) 
^`Nicorette:  (Other name for~ nicotine gum) 
^`nicotine:  A plant alkaloid, found in the tobacco plant, and addictive central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that causes either ganglionic stimulation in low doses or ganglionic blockage in high doses. Nicotine acts as an agonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the autonomic ganglia, at neuromuscular junctions, and in the adrenal medulla and the brain. Nicotine's CNS-stimulating activities may be mediated through the release of several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, beta-endorphin, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and ACTH. As a result, peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia, and elevated blood pressure may be observed with nicotine intake. This agent may also stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone, thereby inducing nausea and vomiting.  
^`nicotine gum:  A chewing gum containing nicotine used as a substitute for the active ingredient in tobacco. Nicotine chewing gum reduces the withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation.  
^`nicotine lozenge:  A lozenge preparation containing the alkaloid nicotine with nicotine replacement activity. Upon administration of the lozenge, nicotine is released and, although nicotine binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors at the autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla and at neuromuscular junctions as well, the binding of nicotine to the receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) appears to be responsible for the addictive nature of nicotine. Binding to CNS nicotinic acetylcholine receptors causes the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine which appears to be responsible for the addiction of nicotine. Administration of nicotine may prevent nicotine craving and may help with the withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation.  
^`nicotine nasal spray:  A method for nicotine replacement.  
^`nicotine patch:  A transepidermal patch designed to deliver nicotine, the addictive substance contained in cigarettes, directly through the skin and into the blood stream. Used for cessation of smoking.  
^`Nicotrol NS:  (Other name for~ nicotine nasal spray) 
^`NicVax:  (Other name for~ 3'-aminomethyl nicotine-P. aeruginosa r-exoprotein A conjugate vaccine) 
^`Niferex:  (Other name for~ iron) 
^`nifurtimox:  A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and potential antineoplastic activities. Nifurtimox is reduced by cytosol enzymes or flavin-containing microsomal enzymes to a highly reactive nitro anion free radical; autooxidation of the nitro anion free radical generates cytotoxic superoxide anion (02-). In addition, nifurtimox-derived nitro anion free radicals may alkylate macromolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins, resulting in the disruption of their structure and function.  
^`Nilandron:  (Other name for~ nilutamide) 
^`nilotinib:  An orally bioavailable aminopyrimidine-derivative Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. Designed to overcome imatinib resistance, nilotinib binds to and stabilizes the inactive conformation of the kinase domain of the Abl protein of the Bcr-Abl fusion protein, resulting in the inhibition of the Bcr-Abl-mediated proliferation of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. This agent also inhibits the receptor tyrosine kinases platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R) and c-kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated and constitutively activated in most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). With a binding mode that is energetically more favorable than that of imatinib, nilotinib has been shown to have an approximately 20-fold increased potency in kinase and proliferation assays compared to imatinib.  
^`nilutamide:  A synthetic, nonsteroidal agent with antiandrogenic properties. Nilutamide preferentially binds to androgen receptors and blocks androgen receptor activation by testosterone and other androgens; this agent may inhibit androgen-dependent growth of normal and neoplastic prostate cells.  
^`Nimbex:  (Other name for~ cisatracurium besylate) 
^`nimodipine:  A dihydropyridine derivative and an analogue of the calcium channel blocker nifedipine, with antihypertensive activity. Nimodipine inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions in response to depolarization in smooth muscle cells, thereby inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and inducing vasodilatation. Nimodipine has a greater effect on cerebral arteries than on peripheral smooth muscle cells and myocardial cells, probably because this agent can cross the blood brain barrier due to its lipophilic nature. Furthermore, this agent also inhibits the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein, which is overexpressed in some multi-drug resistant tumors, and may improve the efficacy of some antineoplastic agents.  
^`Nimotop:  (Other name for~ nimodipine) 
^`nimotuzumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Nimotuzumab binds to and inhibits EGFR, resulting in growth inhibition of tumor cells that overexpress EGFR. This agent may act synergistically with radiation therapy.  
^`nimustine:  A nitrosourea with antineoplastic activity. Nimustine alkylates and crosslinks DNA, thereby causing DNA fragmentation, inhibition of protein synthesis, and cell death.  
^`Ninlaro:  (Other name for~ ixazomib citrate) 
^`nintedanib:  An orally bioavailable, indolinone-derived, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIBF 1120 selectively binds to and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) tyrosine kinases, which may result in the induction of endothelial cell apoptosis; a reduction in tumor vasculature; and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and migration. In addition, this agent also inhibits members of the Src family of tyrosine kinases, including Src, Lck, Lyn, and FLT-3 (fms-like tyrosine kinase 3). VEGFR, FGFR and PDGFR RTKs play key roles in tumor angiogenesis.  
^`Nipent:  (Other name for~ pentostatin) 
^`niraparib:  An inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) with potential antineoplastic activity. PARP Inhibitor MK4827 inhibits PARP activity, enhancing the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and promoting genomic instability and apoptosis. The PARP family of proteins detect and repair single strand DNA breaks by the base-excision repair (BER) pathway. The specific PARP family member target for PARP inhibitor MK4827 is unknown.  
^`nitazoxanide:  A synthetic benzamide with antiprotozoal activity. Nitazoxanide exerts its antiprotozoal activity by interfering with the pyruvate ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase dependent electron transfer reaction, which is essential to anaerobic energy metabolism. PFOR enzyme reduces nitazoxanide, thereby impairing the energy metabolism. However, interference with the PFOR enzyme-dependent electron transfer reaction may not be the only pathway by which nitazoxanide exhibits antiprotozoal activity. Nitazoxanide is active against Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum.  
^`nitric oxide-releasing acetylsalicylic acid derivative:  A nitric oxide (NO) donating derivative of acetylsalicyclic acid with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antithrombotic, gastroprotective and potential antitumor activities. The acetylsalicylic acid derivative moiety of this agent inhibits the activities of cyclooxygenase (COX) I and II, preventing the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. A reduction in prostaglandin synthesis accounts for this agent's anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic activities; a reduction in thromboxane A2 synthesis results in an irreversible inhibition of platelet aggregation. NO donation by this agent, after cleavage from the acetylsalicylic acid derivative in vivo, may protect the gastric mucosa against the damaging effects of the aspirin derivative by modulating prostaglandins. In tumor cells, the NO donating moiety may block the cell cycle in the G1 and G2 phases and may induce apoptosis through caspase-mediated mechanisms.  
^`nitroglycerin:  An organic nitrate with vasodilator activity. Nitroglycerin is converted into nitric oxide (NO) in smooth muscle and activates guanylyl cyclase, thereby increasing cGMP concentration, and resulting in smooth muscle relaxation. Dilatation of the veins results in decreased venous return to the heart, thereby decreasing left ventricular volume (reduced preload) and decreasing myocardial oxygen requirements. Arteriolar relaxation reduces arteriolar resistance (reduced afterload), thereby decreasing myocardial oxygen demands. In addition, nitroglycerin causes coronary artery dilatation, thereby improving myocardial blood distribution.  
^`nitroglycerin transdermal patch:  A sustained-release transdermal patch containing the organic nitrate nitroglycerin, with vasodilator and potential immunomodulating activities. Upon application to the skin, nitroglycerin is continuously released from the patch and absorbed. In turn, nitroglycerin is converted into nitric oxide (NO), which activates guanylyl cyclase, increasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentration thus resulting in smooth muscle relaxation. In addition, activation of NO-mediated signaling pathways may inhibit hypoxia-induced tumor cell invasiveness, chemoresistance, evasion of immune cell recognition and cancer cell progression. Particularly, reactivation of NO-mediated signaling appears to inhibit the increased tumor cell shedding of the major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related (MIC) molecules MICA and MICB as is seen in hypoxic tumor environments; MIC molecules play key roles in tumor cell immune surveillance through their interaction with the C-type lectin-like NKG2D receptor on natural killer, lymphokine-activated killer and effector T cells.  
^`nitroglycerin/sodium citrate/ethanol solution:  An antimicrobial lock solution (ALS) containing the nitrate nitroglycerin, sodium citrate and ethanol, with potential antimicrobial and anticoagulant activities. Upon application to the catheter as an ALS, the nitroglycerin is converted into nitric oxide (NO), which exerts antimicrobial activity. The citrate exerts anticoagulant activity, thereby preventing blood clotting and occlusion and maintaining the fluidity of the administered solution. In addition, both citrate and ethanol exert antimicrobial activity. This may prevent bacterial colonization on the surface of the catheter, biofilm formation, and catheter-associated infections.  
^`nivolumab:  A fully human immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1,PCD-1,) with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Nivolumab binds to and blocks the activation of PD-1, an Ig superfamily transmembrane protein, by its ligands programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), overexpressed on certain cancer cells, and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2), which is primarily expressed on APCs. This results in the activation of T-cells and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells or pathogens. Activated PD-1 negatively regulates T-cell activation and and plays a key role in in tumor evasion from host immunity.  
^`Nizoral:  (Other name for~ ketoconazole) 
^`NM-3:  An orally bioavailable antiangiogenic isocoumarin with potential antineoplastic activity. NM-3 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a pro-angiogenic growth factor, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation. This agent also induces apoptosis by a mechanism involving reactive oxygen species.  
^`N-methylformamide:  A water-soluble organic solvent. As an adjuvant antineoplastic agent, N-methylformamide depletes cellular glutathione, a key molecule involved in the antioxidation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other free radicals, thereby enhancing ionizing radiation-induced DNA cross-linking in and terminal differentiation of tumor cells.  
^`nolatrexed dihydrochloride:  The dihydrochloride salt of nolatrexed, a water-soluble lipophilic quinazoline folate analog with antineoplastic activity. Nolatrexed occupies the folate binding site of thymidylate synthase, resulting in inhibition of thymidylate synthase activity and thymine nucleotide synthesis with subsequent inhibition of DNA replication, DNA damage, S-phase cell cycle arrest, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. This agent also exhibits radiosensitizing activity.  
^`Nolvadex:  (Other name for~ tamoxifen citrate) 
^`non-adjuvanted A(H1N1) influenza vaccine:  A monovalent vaccine containing hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A (H1N1)-like virus with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, non-adjuvanted A(H1N1) influenza vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount an antibody response against H1N1.  
^`non-small cell lung cancer mRNA-derived vaccine CV9201:  A non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) vaccine containing modified mRNAs encoding cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, melanoma-associated antigens C1 (MAGE-C1/CT7) and C2 (MAGE-C2/CT10), survivin, and the oncofetal antigen 5T4 with potential antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, non-small cell lung cancer mRNA-derived vaccine CV9201 may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic, antigen-specific T lymphocyte response (CTL) against NSCLC cells. The modified mRNAs in this vaccine are taken up by cells after injection and exhibit enhanced translational potency. The five tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) encoded by these mRNAs are frequently expressed by NSCLC cells.  
^`Norcept-E:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) 
^`Norcuron:  (Other name for~ vecuronium bromide) 
^`Norethin:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) 
^`norethindrone acetate:  The orally bioavailable acetate salt of norethindrone, a synthetic progestin with some anabolic, estrogenic, and androgenic activities. As do all progestins, norethindrone binds to and activates nuclear progesterone receptors (PRs) in target tissues such as the pituitary and reproductive system; ligand-receptor complexes are translocated to the nucleus where they bind to progesterone response elements (PREs) located on target genes, followed by various transcriptional events and histone acetylation. Physiological effects include the inhibition of luteinizing hormone (LH) release, an increase in the endometrial luteal-phase, and alterations in endocervical mucus secretion.  
^`norgestrel:  A synthetic progestin commonly used alone or in combination with an estrogen for contraception. Norgestrel suppresses the secretion of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones (LH and FSH), thickens cervical mucus, and slows the transit of ova through the fallopian tubes. This agent also exhibits antiproliferative activity in endometrial tissue and may exhibit chemopreventive and antineoplastic activities in endometrial carcinoma.  
^`Norglycin:  (Other name for~ tolazamide) 
^`Norinyl:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) 
^`Norlutate:  (Other name for~ norethindrone acetate) 
^`Norlutin:  (Other name for~ norethindrone acetate) 
^`Norplant:  (Other name for~ levonorgestrel) 
^`Norpramin:  (Other name for~ desipramine hydrochloride) 
^`North American ginseng extract AFX-2:  An orally available proprietary aqueous extract from the North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) dried root, primarily containing poly-furanosyl-pyranosyl-saccharides, with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon administration, North American ginseng extract AFX-2 may stimulate the proliferation and activation of B-lymphocytes and stimulates IgG production by B cells. Also, this agent induces maturation of dendritic cells, induces T cell proliferation and activates peritoneal exudate macrophages leading to an increase in the production of the cytokines interleukin -1 and -6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma and nitric oxide.  
^`Nortrel:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) 
^`Norvir:  (Other name for~ ritonavir) 
^`noscapine hydrochloride:  The orally bioavailable hydrochloride salt of the opioid agonist noscapine, a phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid derived from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum, with mild analgesic, antitussive, and potential antineoplastic activities. Noscapine binds to tubulin and alters its conformation, resulting in a disruption of the dynamics of microtubule assembly (by increasing the time that microtubules spend idle in a paused state) and, subsequently, the inhibition of mitosis and tumor cell death. Unlike other tubulin inhibitors such as the taxanes and vinca alkaloids, noscapine does not affect microtubule polymerization.  
^`Notch signaling pathway inhibitor MK0752:  A synthetic small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. MK0752 inhibits the Notch signaling pathway, which may result in induction of growth arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells in which the Notch signaling pathway is overactivated. The Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in cell-fate determination, cell survival, and cell proliferation.  
^`Novaban:  (Other name for~ tropisetron hydrochloride) 
^`Novarel:  (Other name for~ recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin) 
^`NovaSoy:  (Other name for~ soy isoflavones) 
^`Novolauden:  (Other name for~ hydromorphone hydrochloride) 
^`Novolin N:  (Other name for~ insulin, NPH) 
^`Noxafil:  (Other name for~ posaconazole) 
^`Nplate:  (Other name for~ romiplostim) 
^`Nrf2 activator RTA 408:  A member of the synthetic oleanane triterpenoid class of compounds and an activator of nuclear factor erythroid 2 [NF-E2]-related factor 2 (Nrf2, Nfe2l2), with potential chemopreventive activity. Upon administration, RTA 408 activates the cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2. In turn, Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus, dimerizes with a small Maf protein (sMaf), and binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE). This induces the expression of a number of cytoprotective genes, including NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), sulfiredoxin 1 (Srxn1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO1, HMOX1), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), thioredoxin reductase-1 (TXNRD1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) and glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (Gclm), and increases the synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Nrf2, a leucine zipper transcription factor, plays a key role in the maintenance of redox balance and cytoprotection against oxidative stress.  
^`NS5B polymerase inhibitor BMS-791325:  A non-nucleoside, polymerase inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B), a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, with potential activity against HCV. Upon administration and after intracellular uptake, BMS-791325 allosterically binds to the non-catalytic Thumb 1 site of viral HCV NS5B polymerase and causes a decrease in viral RNA synthesis and replication. The HCV NS5B protein is essential for the replication of the viral HCV RNA genome. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family.  
^`NSCLC Antigen-Loaded Dendritic Cell-derived Exosomesnon-small cell lung cancer tumor antigen-loaded dendritic cell-derived exosomes:  Exosomes loaded with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-specific antigens, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Exosomes derived from autologous maturing dendritic cells (DCs) are pulsed with HLA-DP04-restricted MAGE-3, and HLA-A02-restricted peptides NY-ESO-1, MAGE-1, MAGE-3, and MART-1. Upon vaccination, these exosomes may stimulate natural killer (NK) cell activation and proliferation, restoration of NKG2D expression on NK cells, and antigen-specific T-cell responses. This may eventually lead to inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in NSCLC expressing these specific tumor antigens. These exosomes, nanovesicles secreted from DCs, are embedded with molecules necessary for potent immune responses on the exosomal surface, such as MHC class II molecules, CD40, ICAM-1, IL-15Ralpha, and NKG2D ligands.  
^`NTRK/ROS1 inhibitor DS-6051b:  An orally available inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases C-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) and the neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) types 1, 2 and 3, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, DS-6051b binds to and inhibits ROS1 and the NTRK family members. This inhibition leads to a disruption of ROS1- and NTRK-mediated signaling and eventually inhibits the growth of tumor cells that are overexpressing ROS1 and/or NTRKs. ROS1, overexpressed in certain cancer cells, plays a key role in cell growth and survival of cancer cells. NTRK mutations or rearrangements play a key role in cancer progression.  
^`nucleoside analog DFP-10917:  A deoxycytosine analog with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, DFP-10917 is phosphorylated to generate its nucleotide form, which functions as a deoxycytosine mimic and is incorporated into DNA in tumor cells. This causes DNA strand breaks during polymerization due to beta-elimination during the fidelity checkpoint, which results in G2/M phase-arrest and tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`nucleotide analogue GS 9219:  A prodrug of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogue 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)guanine (PMEG) with potential antineoplastic activity. Formulated to selectively accumulate in lymphocytes, nucleotide analogue GS 9219 is converted to its active metabolite, PMEG diphosphate (PMEGpp), via enzymatic hydrolysis, deamination, and phosphorylation; subsequently, PMEGpp is incorporated into nascent DNA chains by DNA polymerases, which may result in the termination of DNA synthesis, S-phase cell cycle arrest, and the induction of apoptosis in susceptible lymphoma cell populations.  
^`Numorphan:  (Other name for~ oxymorphone hydrochloride) 
^`nutraceutical TBL-12:  An orally available nutritional supplement and proprietary formulation containing extracts from the sea cucumber, sea sponge, shark fin, sea urchin and the marine grass Sargassum, with potential antioxidant, antitumor, anti-angiogenic and immunomodulating activities. TBL-12 contains various amino acids, minerals, vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Nutracort:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`NutreStore:  (Other name for~ glutamine) 
^`nutrient-rich whole wheat flour supplement:  A nutritional supplement composed of nutrient-rich whole wheat flour-based bread mix, with potential anti-cachexia activity. Following the production of an unleavened bread from the mix and upon oral intake of the nutrient-rich whole wheat flour supplement, the various nutrients in the bread may improve cachexia symptoms. The bread is made from the flour of pulverized whole wheat from an Indian crop.  
^`Nutrison:  (Other name for~ casein/whey protein/soy protein/pea protein/fat mix/EPA/DHA-based nutritional supplement) 
^`nutritional supplement drink:  A calorie-dense nutritional supplement drink containing a variety of vitamins and minerals. Nutritional supplement drink contains vitamin A, vitamin C, D, E and K, calcium, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, chloride and choline. In addition, this drink contains protein, fiber and fa, including omega-3 fatty acids.  
^`nutritional supplement drink (pediatric):  A liquid, milk protein-based, pediatric nutritional supplement containing a variety of vitamins and minerals. Nutritional supplement drink (pediatric) contains vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A, vitamin C, D, E and K, calcium, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, chloride and choline. In addition, this supplement contains soy protein isolate and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), sucrose and short-chain oligofructosaccharides.  
^`Nuvigil:  (Other name for~ armodafinil) 
^`Nuvion:  (Other name for~ visilizumab) 
^`NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of an immunogenic peptide derived from the cancer-testis antigen (NY-ESO-1), an antigen found in normal testis and various tumors. Vaccination with NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to cells expressing NY-ESO-1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`NY-ESO-1 plasmid DNA cancer vaccine:  A plasmid DNA encoding an immunogenic peptide derived from the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 with potential immunostimulating and antitumor activities. Upon adninstration, NY-ESO-1 plasmid DNA cancer vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the NY-ESO-1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. NY-ESO-1 is a tumor associated antigen (TAA) found in normal testes and expressed on the surfaces of various tumor cells, including melanoma, breast, bladder, prostate, lung, ovarian, and hepatocellular tumor cells.  
^`NY-ESO-1 protein vaccine plus Montanide ISA-51 VG:  A cancer vaccine consisting of an immunogenic peptide derived from the cancer-testis antigen (NY-ESO-1) and emulsified in the immunoadjuvant Montanide ISA-51 VG, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous vaccination, the NY-ESO-1 protein vaccine emulsified in Montanide ISA-51 VG may stimulate the host immune system to mount a humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the NY-ESO-1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. NY-ESO-1, an antigen found in normal testes and various tumors, including bladder, breast, hepatocellular, melanoma, and prostate cancers. The surfactant mannide monooleate in Montanide ISA 51 VG is derived from vegetable-grade (VG) oleic acid that was purified from olive oil.  
^`NY-ESO-1 protein/microparticle MDP/bacterial DNA-containing MIS416 vaccine:  A combination preparation composed of a protein derived from the human tumor-associated antigen (TAA) cancer-testis antigen 1 (NY-ESO-1) and a microparticle combining two immune-modifying components derived from the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes, a bacterial cell wall component that is rich in muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and bacteria-derived single-stranded DNA fragments, with potential immunomodulating, immunoadjuvant and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of NY-ESO-1 protein/microparticle MDP/bacterial DNA-containing MIS416 vaccine, MIS416 localizes in and is taken up mainly by the liver, thereby forming a liver depot. MIS416 is then taken up by immune cells, such as monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), where MDP and the bacterial DNA target and bind to the cytosolic innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), respectively. The simultaneous binding and activation of both NOD2 and TLR9, leads to activation of both NOD2 and TLR9 signaling pathways. This stimulates the innate immune system, induces secretion of cytokines, particularly interferon (IFN), and modulates the activation of various immune cells. In the presence of the NY-ESO-1 peptide, MIS416 enhances the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against NY-ESO-1, resulting in an increased anti-tumor immune response. NY-ESO-1 is expressed in normal testes and on the surfaces of various tumor cells, and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`NY-ESO-1 reactive TCR retroviral vector transduced autologous PBL: Human autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon isolation, transduction, expansion ex vivo, and reintroduction into the patient, the NY-ESO-1 reactive TCR-transduced autologous PBLs bind to NY-ESO-1-overexpressing tumor cells. This may result in a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) killing of NY-ESO-1-positive cancer cells. NY-ESO-1, a tumor associated antigen (TAA), is found in normal testis and on the surface of various tumor cell types; the TCR is specific for NY-ESO-1: 157-165.  
^`NY-ESO-1(157-165) peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with a peptide derived from the tumor associated antigen human cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 (NY-ESO-1(157-165)), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the NY-ESO-1(157-165) peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount both an anti-tumoral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and an antibody-mediated immune response against NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell lysis. NY-ESO-1 is expressed both in normal testes and on the surfaces of various tumor cells, and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`NY-ESO-1/GLA-SE vaccine ID-G305:  A cancer vaccine composed of a recombinant form of the tumor antigen NY-ESO-1 and glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA)-stable emulsion (GLA-SE), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon intramuscular injection, the adjuvant portion of the NY-ESO-1/GLA-SE vaccine ID-G30 binds to toll-like receptor subtype 4 (TLR-4) expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, macrophages and B cells. The activated DCs present the NY-ESO-1 antigen to Th1 CD4 T-lymphocytes. This leads to the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and the killing of NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells. This vaccine also induces specific antibody responses and increases the production of inflammatory cytokines.  
^`NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 HLA class I/II peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing HLA class I- and II-binding peptides derived from the NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 cancer/testis antigen with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 HLA class I/II peptide vaccine may induce a cytotoxic immune response against tumor cells that over-express NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1. Rarely expressed by normal cells, the NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 cancer/testis antigen has been shown to be preferentially expressed on the surface of some cancer cell types.  
^`NY-ESO-1/MART-1 peptide-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with peptides derived from the tumor-associated antigens human cancer/testis antigen NY-ESO-1 and melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells (MART-1/Melan-A), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the NY-ESO-1/MART-1 peptide-pulsed DC vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount an anti-tumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against NY-ESO-1/MART-1-expressing tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell lysis. NY-ESO-1 is expressed both in normal testes and on the surfaces of various tumor cells. MART-1 is expressed by melanoma cells.  
^`NY-ESO-1/PRAME/MAGE-A3/WT-1 peptide vaccine:  A peptide-based cancer vaccine comprised of synthetic peptides derived from the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME), human melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3) and the human Wilms tumor protein-1 (WT-1), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, NY-ESO-1/PRAME/MAGE-A3/WT-1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing NY-ESO-1, PRAME, MAGE-A3 and WT-1, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The NY-ESO-1, PRAME, MAGE-A3 and WT-1 peptides, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, play a key role in tumor cell proliferation.  
^`NY-ESO-1b peptide vaccine:  A recombinant nonapeptide used as an antineoplastic vaccine. NY-ESO-1b peptide vaccine contains the amino acid sequence SLLMWITQC, derived from the cancer-testis tumor antigen (NY-ESO-1), which is expressed on tumor cells of many different types, including melanomas. Vaccination with this peptide vaccine may elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses to NY-ESO-1-expressing cancers.  
^`NY-ESO-1-specific CD4-positive T lymphocytes:  A preparation of autologous CD4+ T-lymphocytes sensitized to cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. CD4-positive T-lymphocytes are exposed to a NY-ESO-1 peptide ex vivo, expanded, and introduced into the patient. The NY-ESO-1-specific CD4-positive T-lymphocytes may stimulate the host immune system to produce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the NY-ESO-1 antigen, which results in tumor cell lysis. NY-ESO-1, an antigen found in normal testis, may be upregulated in various cancers.  
^`NY-ESO-1-specific TCR gene-transduced T lymphocytes TBI-1301:  Human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, with potential antineoplastic activity. Following leukapheresis, isolation of lymphocytes, expansion ex vivo, transduction, and introduction into the patient, the NY-ESO-1-specific TCR gene-transduced T lymphocytes TBI-1301 bind to NY-ESO-1 on tumor cells. This may result in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated elimination of NY-ESO-1-positive cancer cells. NY-ESO-1, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is found in normal testis and on the surface of various tumor cell types.  
^`NY-ESO-B:  A tumor-associated antigen belonging to the family of immunogenic testicular proteins that are aberrantly expressed in human cancers in a lineage-nonspecific fashion. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed NY-ESO-1 mRNA expression in a variable proportion of a wide array of human cancers, including melanoma, breast cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma; and restricted expression in normal tissues, with high-level mRNA expression found only in testis and ovary tissues. The gene for NY-ESO-1 maps to Xq28 and codes for an 18-kDa protein having no homology with any known protein. NY-ESO-1 elicits a strong, integrated humoral and cellular immune response in a high proportion of patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing tumors and is under investigation as a cancer immunotherapy agent.  


^`O6-benzylguanine:  A guanine analogue with antineoplastic activity. O(6)-benzylguanine binds the DNA repair enzyme O(6)-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), transferring the benzyl moiety to the active-site cysteine and resulting in inhibition of AGT-mediated DNA repair. Co-administration of this agent potentiates the effects of other chemotherapeutic agents that damage DNA.  
^`oat biscuit:  A biscuit containing oats.  
^`obatoclax mesylate:  The mesylate salt of obatoclax, a synthetic small-molecule inhibitor of the bcl-2 family of proteins with potential pro-apoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Obatoclax binds to members of the Bcl-2 protein family, preventing the binding of these anti-apoptotic proteins to the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak and so promoting the activation of the apoptotic pathway in Bcl-2-overexpressing cells. The Bcl-2 family of proteins (bcl-2, bcl-xl, bcl-w, and Mcl-1) are overexpressed in a wide variety of cancers, including those of the lymphatic system, breast, lung, prostate, and colon.  
^`obinutuzumab:  A glycoengineered, fully humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Obinutuzumab, a third generation type II anti-CD20 antibody, selectivity binds to the extracellular domain of the human CD20 antigen on malignant human B cells. The Fc region carbohydrates of the antibody, enriched in bisected non-fucosylated glycosylation variants, contribute to its higher binding affinity for human FcgammaRIII receptors compared to non-glycoengineered antibodies, resulting in enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and caspase-independent apoptosis. In addition, modification of elbow hinge sequences within the antibody variable framework regions may account for the strong apoptosis-inducing activity of R7159 upon binding to CD20 on target cells.  
^`oblimersen sodium:  The sodium salt of a phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide targeted to the initiation codon region of mRNA for the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2. Oblimersen inhibits Bcl-2 mRNA translation, which may result in decreased expression of the Bcl-2 protein and tumor cell apoptosis. This agent may enhance the efficacy of standard cytotoxic chemotherapy. The anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein is an integral outer mitochondrial membrane protein (OMMP) that is overexpressed in some cancer cell types and is linked to tumor drug resistance.  
^`ocaratuzumab:  An Fc-engineered monoclonal antibody directed against human CD20 with potential antineoplastic activity. Ocaratuzumab specifically binds to CD20 antigen (B1), preventing mitogen-induced B-cell proliferation; inhibiting B-cell differentiation; and promoting antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and apoptosis of B cells expressing CD20. The Fc portion of this monoclonal antibody has been engineered to possess a higher binding affinity for variant Fc receptors on T helper cells, resulting in an augmentation of the anti-tumor immune response. Because of Fc engineering, this agent may be significantly more potent than rituximab in inducing B cell-directed ADCC. CD20 is a non-glycosylated cell surface phosphoprotein that is exclusively expressed on B cells during most stages of B cell development.  
^`ocrelizumab:  A Fc-modified, humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the B-cell CD20 cell surface antigen, with immunosuppressive activity. Ocrelizumab binds to CD20 on the surfaces of B-cells, triggering complement-dependent cell lysis (CDCL) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of B-cells overexpressing CD20. The CD20 antigen, a non-glycosylated cell surface phosphoprotein that acts as a calcium ion channel, is found on over 90% of B-cells, B-cell lymphomas, and other lymphoid tumor cells of B-cell origin; it plays an important role in B-cell functioning.  
^`Octreoscan:  (Other name for~ indium In 111 pentetreotide) 
^`octreotide acetate:  The acetate salt of a synthetic long-acting cyclic octapeptide with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin. Octreotide is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than somatostatin. Similar to somatostatin, this agent also suppresses the luteinizing hormone response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, decreases splanchnic blood flow, and inhibits the release of serotonin, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), secretin, motilin, pancreatic polypeptide, and thyroid stimulating hormone.  
^`octreotide pamoate:  A synthetic long-acting octapeptide analogue of endogenous somatostatin. Octreotide pamoate binds to somatostatin receptors expressed by some neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine tumor cells, thereby initiating somatostatin receptor-mediated apoptosis. Other possible antineoplastic activities of this agent include suppression of tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth-promoting insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).  
^`odanacatib:  An inhibitor of cathepsin K with potential anti-osteoporotic activity. Odanacatib selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of cathepsin K, which may result in a reduction in bone resorption, improvement of bone mineral density, and a reversal in osteoporotic changes. Cathepsin K, a tissue-specific cysteine protease that catalyzes degradation of bone matrix proteins such as collagen I/II, elastin, and osteonectin plays an important role in osteoclast function and bone resorption.  
^`Odomzo:  (Other name for~ sonidegib) 
^`OEPA regimen:  A regimen consisting of vincristine, etoposide, prednisone and doxorubicin for the treatment of male patients with childhood Hodgkin lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`Oestrogenine:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Oestromenin:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Oestromon:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`ofatumumab:  A fully human, high-affinity IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the B cell CD20 cell surface antigen with potential antineoplastic activity. Ofatumumab binds specifically to CD20 on the surfaces of B cells, triggering complement-dependent cell lysis (CDCL) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of B cells overexpressing CD20. The CD20 antigen, found on over 90% of B cells, B cell lymphomas, and other B cells of lymphoid tumors of B cell origin, is a non-glycosylated cell surface phosphoprotein that acts as a calcium ion channel; it is exclusively expressed on B cells during most stages of B cell development.  
^`OFF regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen that includes leucovorin, 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, which may be used in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`ofloxacin:  A fluoroquinolone antibacterial antibiotic. Ofloxacin binds to and inhibits bacterial topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, enzymes involved in DNA replication and repair, resulting in cell death in sensitive bacterial species.  
^`oglufanide disodium:  The disodium salt of a synthetic form of a naturally-occurring dipeptide consisting of L-glutamic acid and L-tryptophan with potential antiangiogenic and potential immunomodulating activities. Oglufanide inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which may inhibit angiogenesis. This agent has also been reported to stimulate the immune response to hepatitic C virus and intracellular bacterial infections.  
^`olanzapine: A synthetic derivative of thienobenzodiazepine with antipsychotic, antinausea, and antiemetic activities. As a selective monoaminergic antagonist, olanzapine binds with high affinity binding to the following receptors:  serotoninergic, dopaminergic, muscarinic M1-5, histamine H1, and alpha-1-adrenergic receptors; it binds weakly to gamma-aminobutyric acid type A, benzodiazepine, and beta-adrenergic receptors. The antinausea and antiemetic effects of this agent appear to be due to the blockade of 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors for serotonin. Although its exact mechanism of action in schizophrenia is unknown, it has been proposed that olanzapine's antipsychotic activity is mediated through antagonism to dopamine D2 receptors with rapid ligand-receptor dissociation kinetics that help to minimize extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Olanzapine may also stimulate appetite.  
^`olaparib:  A small molecule inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) with potential chemosensitizing, radiosensitizing, and antineoplastic activities. Olaparib selectively binds to and inhibits PARP, inhibiting PARP-mediated repair of single strand DNA breaks; PARP inhibition may enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents and may reverse tumor cell chemoresistance and radioresistance. PARP catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins and can be activated by single-stranded DNA breaks.  
^`olaratumab:  A fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR alpha) with potential antineoplastic activity. Olaratumab selectively binds to PDGFR alpha, .blocking the binding of its ligand, PDGF; signal transduction downstream of PDGFR through the MAPK and PI3K pathways is inhibited, which may result in inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. Overexpressed by various cancer cell types, PDGFR is a transmembrane protein tyrosine kinase receptor, consisting of isoforms A and B, that is important in regulating cellular growth and differentiation and angiogenesis.  
^`oleandrin:  A lipid soluble cardiac glycoside with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, oleandrin specifically binds to and inhibits the alpha3 subunit of the Na/K-ATPase pump in human cancer cells. This may inhibit the phosphorylation of Akt, upregulate MAPK, inhibit NF-kb activation and inhibit FGF-2 export and may downregulate mTOR thereby inhibiting p70S6K and S6 protein expression. All of this may lead to an induction of apoptosis. As cancer cells with relatively higher expression of the alpha3 subunit and with limited expression of the alpha1 subunit are more sensitive to oleandrin, one may predict the tumor response to treatment with lipid-soluble cardiac glycosides such as oleandrin based on the tumors Na/K-ATPase pump protein subunit expression. Overexpression of the alpha3 subunit in tumor cells correlates with tumor proliferation.  
^`oligofructose-enriched inulin:  A mixture of non-digestible carbohydrates, containing the fermentable plant fructans oligosaccharide and inulin, with potential prebiotic activity. Resisting hydrolysis by intestinal digestive enzymes, inulin and oligofructose serve as growth media and energy substrates for bifidobacteria in the colon; beneficial colonic commensal bacteria such as bifidobacteria may inhibit the colonization of the intestine by pathogenic bacteria and have been inplicated to inhibit colon carcinogenesis. Oligofructose-enriched inulin may be administered in combination with probiotic bifidobacteria. In addition, this agent may promote the absorption of calcium and magnesium from the gastrointestinal tract.  
^`oligonucleotide SPC2996:  A synthetic antisense oligonucleotide against Bcl-2 messenger RNA with potential antitumor activity. Oligonucleotide SPC2996 binds to and inactivates Bcl-2 mRNA, thereby inhibiting the expression of Bcl-2 protein, promoting tumor cell apoptosis, and potentially enhancing the efficacy of standard cytotoxic chemotherapy. Linked to tumor drug resistance, the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 is upregulated in several types of cancers.  
^`olive oil extract/curcumin-based capsule:  A capsule containing an extract of olive oil, rich in polyphenols and curcumin, the polyphenol derived from the plant Curcuma longa, also known as turmeric, with potential anti-neoplastic, -angiogenic, -inflammatory, -oxidant and chemopreventive activities. The olive oil extract/curcumin-based capsule is rich in phytonutrients, especially polyphenols. Upon oral administration, the polyphenols, and other active ingredients in this supplement may exert anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the production of inflammation mediators, such as TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL) 1-beta, IL-6, IL-10, interferon gamma, thromboxane B2, and leukotriene B4. They also inhibit a variety of pro-inflammatory enzymes, such as cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and COX-2, block the formation of reactive-oxygen species and neutralize free radicals. In addition, curcumin and some other polyphenols disrupt cell signal transduction pathways involved in carcinogenesis. Specifically, curcumin inhibits cell invasion by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression by suppressing NF-kB and AP-1 activation.  
^`olive oil/soya oil/egg lecithin-based emulsion:  An injectable, isotonic, nutritional lipid emulsion composed of approximately 80% refined olive oil and 20% refined soybean oil, used for parenteral nutrition. The olive oil/soya oil/egg lecithin emulsion provides about 15% of saturated fatty acids (SFA), 65% of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 20% of essential poly-unsaturated fatty acids (EPUFA). Upon parenteral administration, the emulsion supplies calories, for energy, and essential fatty acids that can be incorporated into cell membranes. The fatty acids may decrease the production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In addition to olive oil and soya oil, this lipid emulsion contains egg lecithin and provides phosphorus and choline, which are needed to maintain cell membrane integrity.  
^`Olysio:  (Other name for~ simeprevir) 
^`omacetaxine mepesuccinate:  A semisynthetic formulation of the cytotoxic plant alkaloid homoharringtonine isolated from the evergreen tree Cephalotaxus with potential antineoplastic activity. Omacetaxine mepesuccinate binds to the 80S ribosome in eukaryotic cells and inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with chain elongation. This agent also induces differentiation and apoptosis in some cancer cell types.  
^`omalizumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the C-epsilon 3 domain of immunoglobulin E. Olizumab binds to this IgE domain, thereby preventing IgE from binding to its high-affinity mast-cell receptor. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir:  An orally bioavailable combination agent containing ombitasvir, an inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) replication complex, paritaprevir, a synthetic acylsulfonamide inhibitor of the HCV protease complex comprised of non-structural protein 3 and 4A (NS3/NS4A), and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitor ritonavir, with potential activity against HCV. Upon oral administration of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, enters the cell and binds to and blocks the activity of the NS5A protein. This results in the disruption of the viral RNA replication complex, blockage of HCV RNA production, and inhibition of viral replication. After intracellular uptake, paritaprevir reversibly binds to the active center and binding site of the HCV NS3/NS4A protease and prevents NS3/NS4A protease-mediated polyprotein maturation. This disrupts both the processing of viral proteins and the formation of the viral replication complex, which inhibits viral replication in HCV genotype 1-infected host cells. Although ritonavir is not active against HCV, it strongly inhibits the activity of CYP3A4, thereby blocking the degradation of paritaprevir, which is a CYP3A4 substrate. This leads to an increased concentration and half-life of paritaprevir as compared to the administration of paritaprevir without ritonavir. NS5A, a zinc-binding and proline-rich hydrophilic phosphoprotein, plays a crucial role in HCV RNA replication. NS3, a serine protease essential for the proteolytic cleavage of multiple sites within the HCV polyprotein, plays a key role during HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) replication. NS4A is an activating factor for NS3. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, and infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).  
^`ombrabulin:  A synthetic water-soluble analogue of combretastatin A4, derived from the South African willow bush (Combretum caffrum), with potential vascular-disrupting and antineoplastic activities. Ombrabulin binds to the colchicine binding site of endothelial cell tubulin, inhibiting tubulin polymerization and inducing mitotic arrest and apoptosis in endothelial cells. As apoptotic endothelial cells detach from their substrata, tumor blood vessels collapse; the acute disruption of tumor blood flow may result in tumor necrosis.  
^`omega-3 fatty acid:  Any fatty acid that contains an unsaturated bond originating from the 3rd carbon from the methyl end. Omega-3 fatty acids do not occur naturally with chain lengths shorter than 16 carbon units.  
^`omeprazole:  A benzimidazole with selective and irreversible proton pump inhibition activity. Omeprazole forms a stable disulfide bond with the sulfhydryl group of the hydrogen-potassium (H+ - K+) ATPase found on the secretory surface of parietal cells, thereby inhibiting the final transport of hydrogen ions (via exchange with potassium ions) into the gastric lumen and suppressing gastric acid secretion. This agent exhibits no anticholinergic activities and does not antagonize histamine H2 receptors.  
^`omiganan pentahydrochloride:  A pentahydrochloride salt of omiganan, a synthetic cationic antimicrobial peptide with wide-spectrum activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Omiganan pentahydrochloride, an analog of indolicidin, acts by disrupting bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and has been tested in a topical gel for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections.  
^`Omnipaque:  (Other name for~ iohexol) 
^`OmniScan:  (Other name for~ gadodiamide) 
^`onartuzumab:  A humanized monovalent monoclonal antibody directed against the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met) with potential antineoplastic activity. Onartuzumab binds to the extracellular domain of c-Met, preventing the binding of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF); the activation of the c-Met signaling pathway is thus inhibited, which may result in cell death in c-Met-expressing tumor cells. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of a variety of cancer cell types and may play a key role in their proliferation, invasion and survival.  
^`Oncaspar:  (Other name for~ pegaspargase) 
^`Oncaspar-IV:  (Other name for~ calaspargase pegol) 
^`OncoGel:  (Other name for~ PGLA/PEG copolymer-based paclitaxel) 
^`OncoLAR:  (Other name for~ octreotide pamoate) 
^`oncolytic adenovirus Ad5-DNX-2401:  An adenovirus serotype 5 strain, selectively replication competent in cells defective in the Rb/p16 tumor suppressor pathway, with potential oncolytic activity. Oncolytic adenovirus Ad5-Delta 24RGD contains an integrin binding RGD-4C motif, allowing Coxsackie adenovirus receptor-independent infection of tumor cells, which are often deficient for Coxsackie and adenovirus receptors (CARs). Selectively replication competent in cells that are defective in retinoblastoma gene (Rb) or cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-2A (p16), active replication of oncolytic adenovirus Ad5-Delta 24RGD in tumor cells may induce oncolysis or cell lysis. As integral components of the late G1 restriction point, the Rb gene product and p16 are negative regulators of the cell cycle; ovarian cancer cells and non-small cell lung cancer cells may be defective in the Rb/p16 pathway.  
^`oncolytic adenovirus encoding GM-CSF:  A recombinant oncolytic adenovirus encoding the immunohematopoietic cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the oncolytic adenovirus selectively infects and replicates in tumor cells, which may result in tumor cells lysis. Synergistically, GM-CSF (sargramostim) expressed by the oncolytic adenovirus may promote a cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells harboring the oncolytic adenovirus, resulting in an immune-mediated tumor cell death.  
^`oncolytic adenovirus ICOVIR5-infected autologous mesenchymal stem cells:  Bone marrow-derived autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) infected with the oncolytic, replication-competent adenovirus ICOVIR5, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon infusion of the oncolytic adenovirus ICOVIR5-infected autologous MSCs, these cells target the adenovirus to tumors. The oncolytic virus then selectively transfects and replicates in the tumor cells causing a direct cytotoxic effect and lysis of the tumor cells. In addition, the viral infection may stimulate an immune response against the virally-infected tumor cells. This may lead to an inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. ICOVIR-5, a virus derived from wild-type human adenovirus serotype 5 (Had5), has been modified to selectively replicate in tumor cells that have a deregulated retinoblastoma/E2F pathway.  
^`oncolytic herpes simplex virus encoding GM-CSF:  An ICP34.5-, ICP47-deleted, oncolytic herpes simplex type-1 virus (HSV-1) isolated from the mouth of an HSV-1-infected patient of Chinese Han ethnicity, and encoding the immunostimulating factor cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the recombinant human GM-CSF HSV-1 selectively infects and replicates in tumor cells, thereby inducing tumor cell lysis. In addition, GM-CSF attracts dendritic cells (DCs) and may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells, which results in immune-mediated tumor cell death. Deletion of the gene encoding for ICP34.5 provides tumor selectivity and prevents replication in healthy cells. As ICP47 blocks antigen presentation in HSV-infected cells, deletion of this gene may induce a more potent antitumor immune response in the tumor cells. Additionally, deletion of ICP47 causes increased expression of the HSV US11 gene and allows US11 to be expressed as an immediate early and not a late gene. This further enhances the degree of viral replication and oncolysis of tumor cells. Interruption of the ICP6 gene, which encodes the large subunit of the viral ribonucleotide reductase, in the viral vector also enhances selective replication in tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`oncolytic HSV-1 rRp450:  A gene therapy agent containing an attenuated, replication-competent, genetically engineered mutant form of the Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) strain KOS with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon infusion into the hepatic artery, oncolytic HSV-1 rRp450 replicates in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and exerts direct cytotoxic effects eventually disrupting cancer cell membranes and liberating progeny virions thereby infecting adjacent tumor cells. In addition, rRp450 expresses the cytochrome P450 transgene that activates oxazaphosphorines, such as cyclophosphamide (CPA). Therefore, CPA can become activated in the presence of rRp450 and exert its antineoplastic effect. rRp450 is deleted for the HSV-1 gene UL39, encoding the viral ribonucleotide reductase large subunit infected cell protein 6 (ICP6), thereby disrupting the activity of viral ribonucleotide reductase and resulting in the inhibition of nucleotide metabolism and viral DNA synthesis in nondividing cells but not in dividing cells. UL39 is replaced by the rat CYP2B1 gene, encoding a cytochrome P450 enzyme that activates oxazaphosphorines. rRp450 also expresses viral thymidine kinase, which activates the cancer prodrug ganciclovir.  
^`oncolytic HSV-1716:  A neuroattenuated, replication-restricted, ICP34.5 deleted (RL1 gene)-mutant herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I, constructed from wild-type strain 17, with potential oncolytic activity. Upon intratumoral injection, oncolytic HSV1716 transfects, replicates in, and lyses rapidly dividing cells such as tumor cells. Because the RL1 gene is deleted , HSV1716 is unable to replicate in non-dividing cells.  
^`oncolytic measles virus encoding thyroidal sodium iodide symporter:  An attenuated oncolytic Edmonston (Ed) strain of measles virus encoding the human thyroidal sodium iodide symporter (MV-NIS) with potential gene expression and antineoplastic activities. After attachment to and fusion with host tumor cell membranes, MV-NIS may induce tumor cell syncytia and tumor cell lysis. When combined with iodine 123 (I-123), expressed NIS facilitates uptake of I-123 by MV-NIS-infected tumor cells, allowing noninvasive imaging of these cells. MV-NIS may also enhance the oncolytic activity of MV against radiosensitive tumor cells by facilitating the uptake of iodine 131 (I-131) by MV-NIS-infected cells. The cellular receptor for MV is the human CD46 antigen, a type 1 integral membrane glycoprotein found on nearly all human tissues and overexpressed on many cancer cell types.  
^`oncolytic Newcastle disease virus:  An oncolytic viral agent containing the oncolytic, live-attenuated strain of the paramyxovirus Newcastle disease virus (NDV), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, NDV specifically infects and replicates in cancer cells. This may result in a direct cytotoxic effect involving the lysis of tumor cells via apoptotic mechanisms and may eventually lead to an inhibition of cancer cell proliferation.  
^`Onconase:  (Other name for~ ranpirnase) 
^`Oncophage:  (Other name for~ vitespen) 
^`Oncoquest-L vaccine:  (Other name for~ autologous tumor cell proteoliposome chronic lymphocytic leukemia vaccine) 
^`OncoVax-PR:  (Other name for~ PSA prostate cancer vaccine) 
^`Oncovin:  (Other name for~ vincristine sulfate) 
^`Oncoxin:  (Other name for~ green tea extract-based antioxidant supplement) 
^`ondansetron:  A carbazole derivative with antiemetic activity. As a selective serotonin receptor antagonist, ondansetron competitively blocks the action of serotonin at 5HT3 receptors, resulting in suppression of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.  
^`ondansetron hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of the racemic form of ondansetron, a carbazole derivative and a selective, competitive serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist with antiemetic activity. Although its mechanism of action has not been fully characterized, ondansetron appears to competitively block the action of serotonin at 5HT3 receptors peripherally in the gastrointestinal tract as well as centrally in the area postrema of the CNS, where the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) for vomiting is located, resulting in the suppression of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.  
^`Onivyde:  (Other name for~ irinotecan hydrochloride liposome) 
^`Onrigin:  (Other name for~ laromustine) 
^`Onsolis:  (Other name for~ fentanyl buccal soluble film) 
^`Ontak:  (Other name for~ denileukin diftitox) 
^`Onyx:  (Other name for~ ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer-based embolic agent) 
^`ONYX-015:  An E1B-55kDa-deleted adenovirus that is able to selectively replicate in and lyse TP53-deficient human tumor cells. After tumor cell lysis, released viruses infect neighboring tumor cells, tripping a chain of ONYX-015-mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity.  
^`Opana:  (Other name for~ oxymorphone hydrochloride) 
^`OPCs/green tea,/spirullina/curcumin/antrodia camphorate/fermented soymilk extract capsule:  A capsule containing a fermented soymilk extract and oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), green tea, spirullina, curcumin and antrodia camphorate powder, with potential antioxidant, immunomodulating, anti-infective and anti-cancer activities. OPCs/green tea/spirullina/curcumin/antrodia camphorate/fermented soymilk extract capsule may boost the immune system and may alleviate fatigue and poor appetite in cancer chemotherapy patients.  
^`Opdivo:  (Other name for~ nivolumab) 
^`Opdivo Injection:  (Other name for~ nivolumab) 
^`opebacan:  An injectable formulation composed of opebacan, a 21 kDa recombinant fragment of human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), with potential anti-infective activity. Upon intravenous administration, opebacan is able to mimic BPI and binds to and neutralizes lipopolysaccharides (LPS or endotoxins), which are components of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria that induce a potent innate immune response. This may prevent an endotoxin-mediated inflammatory response and may prevent graft-versus-host-disease (GvHD) after myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT). BPI, a host-defense protein against microbial infection, is naturally produced by neutrophils. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy induce neutropenia and depletion of endogenous BPI. These therapies also cause intestinal damage and release of bacterial endotoxins into the bloodstream, which initiate a systemic inflammatory response, activate donor T-lymphocytes and possibly cause GvHD following aHSCT.  
^`opioid agonist GIC-1001: A sulfonate-based salt form of a trimebutine derivative, an orally available, peripherally-acting opioid agonist and muscarinic antagonist, with potential visceral analgesic activity. Upon oral administration of GIC-1001, this agent may exert its therapeutic effects through the potential mechanisms of action for the trimebutine and sulfonate moieties:  The trimebutine moiety can act as a motility enhancer in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, as an antispasmodic agent to reduce colonic spasms, as an agonist of colonic mu and kappa opioid receptors, which could provide an analgesic effect, and blocks sodium channels and the release of a variety of GI peptides, which modulates the activity of visceral afferents. The sulfonate moiety releases hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is involved, through an as of yet not fully elucidated mechanism of action, in the modulation of visceral perception and pain, possibly through the activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) ion channels and mu opioid receptors. Altogether, administration of this agent may both facilitate the insertion of the colonoscope during a colonoscopy and reduce colonic spasms and pain.  
^`opioid agonist GIC-1002:  An orally available, peripherally-acting opioid agonist, with potential visceral analgesic activity. Upon oral administration of GIC-1002, this agent binds to colonic mu and kappa opioid receptors causing analgesic effects.  
^`opioid growth factor:  An endogenous pentapeptide with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. Opioid growth factor (OGF) binds to and activates the opioid growth factor receptor (OGFr), present on some tumor cells and vascular cells, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis.  
^`opium tincture:  Also known as laudanum and formulated for oral administration, opium tincture is made of air-dried poppy (Papaver somniferum) latex and contains alkaloids such as morphine and codeine. As an antidiarrheal agent, it slows transit of intestinal contents by increasing intestinal smooth muscle tone and inhibiting motility; water is absorbed from fecal contents, decreasing diarrhea.  
^`OPPA regimen:  A regimen consisting of vincristine, prednisone, procarbazine and doxorubicin (OPPA) used in combination with radiation therapy for the treatment of female patients with childhood Hodgkin lymphoma with low-risk features. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`oprelvekin:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine interleukin 11 (IL-11). Secreted by bone marrow stromal cells and a number of mesenchymal cells, IL-11 binds to and activates its cell-surface receptor, promoting primary and secondary immune responses, modulating antigen-specific antibody reactions, and preventing apoptotic cell death. This agent also stimulates the T-cell-dependent development of IgG-secreting B-cells in spleen cell cultures and may be an important regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis.  
^`oprozomib:  An orally bioavailable proteasome inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Oprozomib inhibits the activity of the proteasome, thereby blocking the targeted proteolysis normally performed by the proteasome; this may result in an accumulation of unwanted or misfolded proteins. Disruption of various cell signaling pathways may follow, eventually leading to the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of tumor growth. Proteasomes are large protease complexes that degrade unneeded or damaged proteins that have been ubiquitinated.  
^`OptiPrep:  (Other name for~ iodixanol) 
^`Optison:  (Other name for~ perflutren protein-type A microspheres) 
^`Oracit:  (Other name for~ sodium citrate) 
^`oral aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride:  A powder for an oral solution comprised of the hydrochloride salt of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) with a potential application for photodynamic therapy. After oral administration, ALA is converted intracellularly into the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Upon exposure to light of appropriate wavelength (violet to blue range), excited PpIX emits a characteristic red fluorescence which could facilitate guided resection, and generates excited singlet oxygen molecules that could kill cells when appropriate laser dosage is applied. ALA is preferentially taken up by and accumulates in many types of cancer cells compared to normal, healthy cells. Consequently, cancer cells can be visualized and can be distinguished from normal, healthy cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`oral azacitidine:  An orally bioavailable formulation of azacitidine, a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue of cytidine, with antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, azacitidine is taken up by cells and metabolized to 5-azadeoxycitidine triphosphate. The incorporation of 5-azadeoxycitidine triphosphate into DNA reversibly inhibits DNA methyltransferase, and blocks DNA methylation. Hypomethylation of DNA by azacitidine may re-activate tumor suppressor genes previously silenced by hypermethylation, resulting in an antitumor effect. In addition, the incorporation of 5-azacitidine triphosphate into RNA disrupts normal RNA function and impairs tRNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase activity, resulting in an inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis.  
^`oral fludarabine phosphate:  An oral formulation of the phosphate salt of fludarabine, a synthetic purine nucleoside analogue antimetabolite with antineoplastic activity. Fudarabine is preferentially transported into malignant cells and metabolized by deoxycytidine kinase to its active form, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP; 2-fluoro-ara-ATP competes directly with deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) and inhibits alpha DNA polymerase, RNA reductase, and DNA primase, which may result in inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell death.  
^`oral Hsp90 inhibitor IPI-493:  An orally bioavailable formulation of the ansamycin derivative 17-amino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AG) with potential antineoplastic activity. Oral Hsp90 inhibitor IPI-493 binds to and inhibits Hsp90, which may result the in growth inhibition in sensitive tumor cell populations. Hsp90, a 90 kDa molecular chaperone, may be highly expressed in tumor cells, playing a key role in the conformational maturation, stability and function of other substrate or "client" proteins within the cell; many of these client proteins are involved in signal transduction, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, and may include kinases, transcription factors and hormone receptors.  
^`oral microencapsulated diindolylmethane:  An orally bioavailable microencapsulated formulation of diindolylmethane, an indole phytonutrient found in cruciferous vegetables, with estrogen-modulating, antiandrogenic, and potential antineoplastic activities. As a dimer of indole-3-carbinol, diindolylmethane (DIM) modulates estrogen balance by reducing the levels of 16-hydroxy estrogen metabolites and increasing the formation of beneficial 2-hydroxy estrogen metabolites. DIM also antagonizes androgen receptor activity, which may result in diminished cell proliferation and apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations. Pure DIM, which is relatively hydrophobic, is poorly absorbed after oral administration. This oral formulation, which consists of DIM, d-alpha-tocopheryl acid succinate, phosphatidylcholine, and silica microencapsulated in starch, significantly improves the gastrointestinal absorption of DIM.  
^`oral milataxel:  An orally bioavailable taxane with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, milataxel and its major active metabolite M-10 bind to and stabilize tubulin, resulting in the inhibition of microtubule depolymerization and cell division, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Unlike other taxane compounds, milataxel appears to be a poor substrate for the multidrug resistance (MDR) membrane-associated P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump and may be useful for treating multidrug-resistant tumors.  
^`oral picoplatin:  An oral preparation of picoplatin, a third generation platinum compound with antineoplastic activity. Designed to overcome platinum drug resistance, picoplatin alkylates DNA, forming both inter- and intra-strand cross-linkages, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication and RNA transcription and the induction of apoptosis. Because of the increase in steric bulk around the platinum center, there is a relative reduction in the inactivation of picoplatin by thiol-containing species such as glutathione and metallothionein in comparison to cisplatin.  
^`oral rehydration solution:  An aqueous solution composed of glucose and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, and phosphorus, with dehydration preventative and rehydration activities. Upon oral administration of the oral rehydration solution (ORS), water, electrolytes and glucose are absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into the systemic circulation. This replenishes the body's supply of water, carbohydrates and electrolytes, and prevents both dehydration and renal dysfunction.  
^`oral sodium phenylbutyrate:  An orally active derivative of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate with potential antineoplastic activity. 4-Phenylbutyrate inhibits histone deacetylase, resulting in cell cycle gene expression modulation, reduced cell proliferation, increased cell differentiation, and apoptosis. This agent also initiates fragmentation of genomic DNA, resulting in decreased DNA synthesis and the inhibition of tumor cell migration and invasion.  
^`oral topotecan hydrochloride:  An oral formulation of the hydrochloride salt of topotecan, a semisynthetic derivative of the quinoline alkaloid camptothecin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Topotecan selectively inhibits topoisomerase I activity by stabilizing topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes during the S phase of the cell cycle, thereby inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks and producing potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks when encountered by the DNA replication machinery.  
^`Oralet:  (Other name for~ fentanyl citrate) 
^`Oramorph:  (Other name for~ morphine sulfate) 
^`Oramorph SR:  (Other name for~ morphine sulfate) 
^`orantinib:  An orally bioavailable receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Orantinib binds to and inhibits the autophosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), thereby inhibiting angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Orantinib also inhibits the phosphorylation of the stem cell factor receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit, often expressed in acute myelogenous leukemia cells.  
^`Ora-Testryl:  (Other name for~ fluoxymesterone) 
^`Orathecin:  (Other name for~ rubitecan) 
^`oraxol:  A combination formulation composed of a capsule containing the taxane compound paclitaxel and a tablet containing the multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor HM30181A, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration of oraxol, the HM30181A moiety binds to and inhibits P-gp, which prevents P-gp-mediated efflux of paclitaxel, therefore enhancing its oral bioavailability. In turn, paclitaxel binds to and stabilizes microtubules, preventing their depolymerization, which results in the inhibition of cellular motility, mitosis, and replication. Altogether, this may result in greater intracellular concentration of paclitaxel, and enhanced cytotoxicity against tumor cells, when compared to the administration of paclitaxel alone. P-gp, encoded by the MDR-1 gene, is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transmembrane transporters; it prevents the intestinal uptake and intracellular accumulation of various cytotoxic agents.  
^`Orazol:  (Other name for~ enteric-coated zoledronic acid tablet MER-101) 
^`oregovomab:  A murine monoclonal antibody that attaches to the tumor-associated antigen CA125. Vaccination with monoclonal antibody B43.13 may stimulate a host cytotoxic immune response against tumor cells that express CA125.  
^`Orencia:  (Other name for~ abatacept) 
^`Orestralyn:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol) 
^`ormaplatin:  A platinum(IV) analogue with antineoplastic activity. Ormaplatin alkylates DNA, forming both inter- and intra-strand platinum-DNA crosslinks, which result in inhibition of DNA replication and transcription and cell-cycle nonspecific cytotoxicity.  
^`Orplatna:  (Other name for~ satraplatin) 
^`ortataxel:  A semisynthetic, second-generation taxane derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Ortataxel binds to and stabilizes tubulin molecules, thereby interfering with the dynamics of microtubule assembly/disassembly. This results in the inhibition of cell division and cellular proliferation. As it represents a poor substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multi-drug resistance protein (MRP-1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) mediated efflux, ortataxel modulates multi-drug resistance mechanisms and may be useful for treating multi-drug resistant tumors that express Pgp, MRP-1 and BCRP.  
^`orteronel:  An orally bioavailable non-steroidal androgen synthesis inhibitor of steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase (17,20 lyase) with potential antiandrogen activity. Orteronel binds to and inhibits the steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase in both the testes and adrenal glands, thereby inhibiting androgen production. This may decrease androgen-dependent growth signaling and may inhibit cell proliferation of androgen-dependent tumor cells. The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP17A1 (P450C17), localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), exhibits both 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities, and plays a key role in the steroidogenic pathway that produces steroidal hormones, such as progestins, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens.  
^`Orthoclone OKT3:  (Other name for~ muromonab-CD3) 
^`Ortho-Novum:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) 
^`Orudis:  (Other name for~ ketoprofen) 
^`Oruvail:  (Other name for~ ketoprofen) 
^`OSE 2101:  A proprietary cancer DNA vaccine that contains multiple natural and modified epitopes derived from the four tumor associated antigens, CEA, HER2/neu, p53, and MAGE 2/3. OSE 2101 also includes CAP1-6D, a heteroclitic CEA analog, and PADRE, a proprietary universal T-cell epitope that serves to enhance the immunogenicity of the epitopes. This agent has been shown to elicit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against tumor cells expressing these multiple epitopes.  
^`oseltamivir phosphate:  The phosphate salt of oseltamivir, a synthetic derivative prodrug of ethyl ester with antiviral activity. By blocking neuraminidases on the surfaces of influenza viruses, oseltamivir interferes with host cell release of complete viral particles.  
^`OSI-7904L:  A liposome-encapsulated formulation of the benzoquinazoline folate analog OSI-7904 with antineoplastic activity. As a thymidylate synthase inhibitor, OSI-7904 noncompetitively binds to thymidylate synthase, resulting in inhibition of thymine nucleotide synthesis and DNA replication. Liposome encapsulation improves the efficacy and increases the half-life of OSI-7904.  
^`osimertinib:  An orally available, irreversible, third-generation, mutant-selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, osimertinib selectively and covalently binds to and inhibits the activity of the mutant forms of EGFR, including the T790M EGFR mutant form, thereby preventing EGFR-mediated signaling. This may both induce cell death and inhibit tumor growth in EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many types of cancers, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization. As osimertinib inhibits T790M, a secondarily acquired resistance mutation, this agent may have therapeutic benefits in tumors with T790M-mediated resistance. As this agent is selective towards mutant forms of EGFR, its toxicity profile may be reduced as compared to non-selective EGFR inhibitors, which also inhibit wild-type EGFR.  
^`Osmitrol:  (Other name for~ mannitol) 
^`Ossirene:  (Other name for~ ammonium trichlorotellurate) 
^`Ostarine:  (Other name for~ enobosarm) 
^`otlertuzumab:  A recombinant single-chain polypeptide engineered to exhibit the full binding and activity of an anti-CD37 monoclonal antibody with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Otlertuzumab binds to CD37 on B-cells, which may result in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and apoptosis. CD37 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed at high-levels on B cells and to a lesser extent on T cells and myeloid cells. This agent may have a longer half-life in vivo than conventional monoclonal antibodies.  
^`ovapuldencel-T:  A cancer vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with autologous, lethally irradiated cancer cells and mixed with the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon vaccination, ovapuldencel-T may stimulate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against the repertoire of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) found in the irradiated cancer cells. GM-CSF enhances the activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and promotes antigen presentation to both B- and T-lymphocytes.  
^`OvaRex:  (Other name for~ oregovomab) 
^`ovarian cancer peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of synthetic peptides corresponding to naturally-occurring peptides derived from ovarian cancer cell antigens. Ovarian cancer peptide vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing the related ovarian cancer cell antigens.  
^`ovarian cancer stem cell/hTERT/survivin mRNAs-loaded autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing autologous dendritic cells (DCs) that are transfected with mRNAs extracted from amplified ovarian cancer stem cells, and mRNAs of the universal tumor antigens human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and survivin with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, ovarian cancer stem cell/hTERT/survivin mRNAs-loaded autologous DC-006 vaccine may elicit a highly specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against ovarian cancer cells expressing hTERT, survivin, and specific ovarian cancer stem cell antigens. hTERT, the catalytic subunit of human telomerase, and survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins, may be upregulated in certain tumor cell types, playing key roles in tumor cell growth and survival. Ovarian cancer stem cells contain a specific range of antigens that are essential for the neoplastic growth and survival of ovarian cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`ovarian tumor antigen-activated autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) activated with an ovarian tumor cell lysate containing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the ovarian tumor antigen-activated autologous DC vaccine may stimulate an anti-tumoral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against ovarian cancer cells expressing ovarian tumor cell-specific antigens, which may result in ovarian tumor cell lysis.  
^`OVax:  (Other name for~ autologous dinitrophenyl-modified ovarian cancer vaccine) 
^`Ovcon:  (Other name for~ ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) 
^`Ovrette:  (Other name for~ norgestrel) 
^`oxaliplatin:  An organoplatinum complex in which the platinum atom is complexed with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) and with an oxalate ligand as a 'leaving group.' A 'leaving group' is an atom or a group of atoms that is displaced as a stable species taking with it the bonding electrons. After displacement of the labile oxalate ligand leaving group, active oxaliplatin derivatives, such as monoaquo and diaquo DACH platinum, alkylate macromolecules, forming both inter- and intra-strand platinum-DNA crosslinks, which result in inhibition of DNA replication and transcription and cell-cycle nonspecific cytotoxicity. The DACH side chain appears to inhibit alkylating-agent resistance.  
^`oxaliplatin-encapsulated transferrin-conjugated N-glutaryl phosphatidylethanolamine liposome:  A nanoparticle formulation containing N-glutaryl phosphatidylethanolamine (NGPE)-liposomes encapsulating oxaliplatin and conjugated to the human transferrin (Tf) ligand, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon infusion of oxaliplatin-encapsulated transferrin-conjugated NGPE liposomes, the transferrin moiety targets and binds to the Tf receptor, which is overexpressed on a variety of human cancer cells. Upon binding and internalization, oxaliplatin is released and its active derivatives alkylate macromolecules, forming both inter- and intra-strand platinum-DNA crosslinks, resulting in an inhibition of DNA replication and transcription. By extending the circulation time and specifically targeting transferrin receptors, this formulation may improve the efficacy and safety of oxaliplatin therapy, compared to administration of oxaliplatin alone. NGPE, a reactive phospholipid, is used as a linker to attach the Tf ligand, to the liposome.  
^`Oxandrin:  (Other name for~ oxandrolone) 
^`oxandrolone:  A synthetic, anabolic steroid hormone analog of testosterone. Similar to testosterone, oxandrolone binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors. This agent may be used for testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men, in HIV-wasting syndrome, and in other conditions in order to increase nitrogen retention and fat-free muscle mass.  
^`oxcarbazepine:  A dibenzazepine carboxamide derivative with an anticonvulsant property. As a prodrug, oxcarbazepine is converted to its active metabolite, 10-monohydroxy. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, electrophysiological studies indicate this agent blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby stabilizing hyper-excited neural membranes, inhibiting repetitive neuronal firing, and decreasing the propagation of synaptic impulses.  
^`Oxecta:  (Other name for~ oxycodone hydrochloride) 
^`Oxepa:  (Other name for~ gluten-free DHA/EPA/GLA/antioxidant-rich nutritional liquid) 
^`oxidized avidin:  An oxidized form of the glycoprotein avidin, that can be used as a linking agent for tissue-pretargeted radionuclide therapy. Upon intralesional administration, the aldehyde groups of oxidized avidin strongly bind to the amino groups on tissue proteins, via the formation of Schiff bases. As avidin is able to strongly bind to biotin, intravenous administration of radiolabeled biotin may lead to the selective eradication of the pre-targeted tumor cells.  
^`oxitriptan:  An aromatic amino acid with antidepressant activity. In vivo, oxitriptan is converted into 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin) as well as other neurotransmitters. Oxitriptan may exert its antidepressant activity via conversion to serotonin or directly by binding to serotonin (5-HT) receptors within the central nervous system (CNS). Endogenous 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is produced from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. Exogenous therapeutic 5-HTP is isolated from the seeds of the African plant Griffonia simplicifolia.  
^`OxPhos Inhibitor VLX600:  A lipophilic cation-based triazinoindolyl-hydrazone compound and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon infusion, in normal cells and proliferating tumor cells where glucose is readily available, inhibition of OxPhos by VLX600 induces a hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1alpha)-dependent shift to, and an increase in glycolysis. Glycolysis alone does not produce enough energy to support the growth of tumor cells in this environment, and the induction of autophagy occurs. In the metabolically compromised tumor microenvironment, the availability of oxygen and glucose is limited due to poor vascularization and perfusion of tumor micro-areas. Tumor cells growing in this environment are thus unable to compensate for decreased mitochondrial function by increasing glycolysis. This leads to nutrient depletion, decreased energy production, induction of autophagy, tumor cell death and an inhibition of cell proliferation in quiescent tumor cells. Mitochondrial OxPhos, which is hyperactivated in cancer cells, plays a key role in the promotion of cancer cell proliferation.  
^`Oxsoralen:  (Other name for~ methoxsalen) 
^`Oxsoralen-Ultra:  (Other name for~ methoxsalen) 
^`oxycodone hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of oxycodone, a methylether of oxymorphone and semisynthetic opioid agonist with analgesic and antitussive properties. Oxycodone binds to mu-receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates. In addition to analgesia and a depressive effect on the cough center in the medulla, this agent may cause euphoria, anxiolysis, miosis, sedation, physical dependence, constipation, and respiratory depression, depending on dosage and variations in individual metabolism.  
^`oxycodone hydrochloride/naloxone hydrochloride prolonged-release tablet:  A prolonged-release tablet formulation composed of the hydrochloride salt form of the opioid receptor agonist oxycodone and the hydrochloride salt form of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone which may produce analgesia while relieving opioid-mediated gastrointestinal (GI) side effects. Upon oral administration, oxycodone binds to opioid receptors, thereby mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates to provide analgesia. As naloxone is very poorly absorbed, this agent binds locally to opiate receptors in the GI tract, thereby preventing oxycodone from binding to these receptors. This relieves the opioid-related side effects on the GI tract, including opioid-induced constipation.  
^`oxycodone/acetaminophen:  A combination preparation of the analgesic and antipyretic acetaminophen and the semisynthetic opioid agonist oxycodone with analgesic and antitussive properties. Acetaminophen exerts its analgesic activity by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, while oxycodone exerts its analgesic activity by binding to the mu-receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of endogenous opioids.  
^`OxyContin:  (Other name for~ oxycodone hydrochloride) 
^`oxymorphone hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of oxymorphone, a semisynthetic opioid with a potent analgesic property. Oxymorphone hydrochloride binds to and activates opiate receptors, specifically mu-receptors, in the central nervous system (CNS). This results in sedation, analgesia, decreased gastrointestinal motility, and respiratory depression.  
^`ozarelix:  A highly modified, fourth generation linear decapeptide with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or LHRH) antagonizing properties. Ozarelix competitively binds to and blocks the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor in the anterior pituitary gland, thereby inhibiting the secretion and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In males, the inhibition of LH secretion prevents the release of testosterone. As a result, this may relieve symptoms associated with hormonally dependent disease states such as hormone-dependent prostate cancer.  
^`Ozurdex:  (Other name for~ dexamethasone intravitreal implant) 


^`p.DOM-WT1-126 DNA vaccine:  A fusion DNA vaccine containing the first domain of fragment C (FrC) of tetanus toxin (TT865-1120) (p.DOM) fused to the human Wilms' Tumor gene-1 (WT1)-derived MHC class I-binding epitope WT1.126, with potential antitumor activity. Upon vaccination with p.DOM-WT1-126 DNA and subsequent electroporation, this vaccine may induce a WT1 epitope-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against WT1 expressing cells, resulting in cell lysis and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in WT1-overexpressing cancer cells. WT1, a tumor associated antigen, is overexpressed in most types of leukemia and in a variety of solid cancers. The FrC of tetanus toxin contains the MHC II-binding sequence, p30, which induces T-helper cell activation for long-lasting immunity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`p.DOM-WT1-37 DNA vaccine:  A fusion DNA vaccine containing the first domain of fragment C (FrC) of tetanus toxin (TT865-1120) (p.DOM) fused to the human Wilms' Tumor gene-1 (WT1)-derived MHC class I-binding epitope WT1.37, with potential antitumor activity. Upon vaccination with p.DOM-WT1-37 DNA and subsequent electroporation, this vaccine may induce a WT1 epitope-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against WT1 expressing cells, resulting in cell lysis and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in WT1-overexpressing cancer cells. WT1, a tumor associated antigen, is overexpressed in most types of leukemia and in a variety of solid cancers. The FrC of tetanus toxin contains the MHC II-binding sequence, p30, which induces T-helper cell activation for long-lasting immunity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`p110beta/delta PI3K Inhibitor GS-9820:  An inhibitor of the beta and delta isoforms of the 110 kDa catalytic subunit of class IA phosphoinositide-3 kinases (PI3K) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. p110beta/delta PI3K inhibitor GS-9820 inhibits the activity of PI3K, thereby preventing the production of the second messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), which decreases tumor cell proliferation and induces cell death. PI3K-mediated signaling is often dysregulated in cancer cells; the targeted inhibition of PI3K is designed to preserve PI3K signaling in normal, non-neoplastic cells.  
^`p38 MAPK inhibitor LY2228820 dimesylate:  The dimesylate salt form of LY2228820, a tri-substituted imidazole derivative and orally available, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor with potential anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, LY2228820 inhibits the activity of p38, particularly the alpha and beta isoforms, thereby inhibiting MAPKAPK2 phosphorylation and preventing p38 MAPK-mediated signaling. This may inhibit the production of a variety of cytokines involved in inflammation, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), interleukin (IL)-1, -6 and -8, vascular endothelial growth factor, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha. Ultimately this induces apoptosis and reduces tumor cell proliferation. In addition, inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway by LY2228820 increases the antineoplastic activity of certain chemotherapeutic agents. p38 MAPK, a serine/threonine protein kinase that is often upregulated in cancer cells, plays a crucial role in tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis.  
^`p38 MAPK inhibitor LY3007113:  An orally active p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor with potential immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, LY3007113 inhibits the activity of p38, thereby preventing p38 MAPK-mediated signaling. This may result in the inhibition of the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. p38 MAPK, a serine/threonine protein kinase often upregulated in cancer cells, plays a crucial part in the production of a variety of cytokines involved in inflammation and cellular proliferation such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1 and -6.  
^`p38/Tie2 kinase inhibitor Arry-614:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of p38 and Tie2 kinases with potential antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic activities. p38/Tie2 kinase inhibitor Arry-614 binds to and inhibits the activities of p38 and Tie2 kinases, which may inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines and may decrease tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell growth and survival. p38 is a MAP kinase that is often upregulated in cancer cells, playing a crucial part in the production of a variety of cytokines involved in inflammation and cellular proliferation such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1 and -6. Tie2 is an endothelial cell specific receptor that is activated by angiopoietins, growth factors required for angiogenesis. This agent has also been reported to inhibit other kinases including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR2) and Src tyrosine kinases.  
^`p53 peptide vaccine:  A peptide-based cancer vaccine composed of amino acids 264 to 272 of the wild-type protein encoded by the P53 gene. p53 peptide vaccine may elicit an HLA-A2.1-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte immune response against tumor cells that overexpress p53 protein.  
^`p53 synthetic long peptide (70-251) vaccine:  A peptide vaccine consisting of 10 synthetic long peptides (SLPs), 25-30 amino acids in size and derived from the middle portion of p53 (amino acids 70-251), mixed with the adjuvant Montanide ISA-51 with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Upon administration, p53 synthetic long peptide (70-251) vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte (CTL) response against p53-expressing tumor cells. p53, a tumor associated antigen (TAA), may be overexpressed in variety of cancer cell types.  
^`p53/HDM2 interaction inhibitor CGM097:  An orally bioavailable HDM2 (human homolog of double minute 2) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, p53/HDM2 interaction inhibitor CGM097 inhibits the binding of the HDM2 protein to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing this HDM2-p53 interaction, the proteosome-mediated enzymatic degradation of p53 is inhibited, which may result in the restoration of p53 signaling and, thus, the p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. HDM2, a zinc finger nuclear phosphoprotein, is a negative regulator of the p53 pathway, often overexpressed in cancer cells and has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.  
^`p53-HDM2 protein-protein interaction inhibitor MI-773:  An orally available spiro-oxindole HDM2 (human double minute 2) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, the p53-HDM2 protein-protein interaction inhibitor MI-773 binds to HDM2, preventing the binding of the HDM2 protein to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing this HDM2-p53 interaction, the proteosome-mediated enzymatic degradation of p53 is inhibited and the transcriptional activity of p53 is restored, which may result in the restoration of p53 signaling and lead to the p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. HDM2, a zinc finger protein and a negative regulator of the p53 pathway, is often overexpressed in cancer cells. It has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.  
^`p70S6K inhibitor LY2584702:  An orally available inhibitor of p70S6K signaling, with potential antineoplastic activity. p70S6K inhibitor LY2584702 inhibits ribosomal protein S6 Kinase (p70S6K), and prevents phosphorylation of the S6 subunit of ribosomes, thereby inhibiting normal ribosomal function within tumor cells leading to a decrease in protein synthesis and in cellular proliferation. P70S6K, a serine/threonine kinase, acts downstream of PIP3 and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 in the PI3 kinase pathway, is often upregulated in a variety of cancer cells, and is involved in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, motility, and survival.  
^`p70S6K/Akt inhibitor MSC2363318A:  An orally available inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinases ribosomal protein S6 Kinase (p70S6K) and Akt (protein kinase B), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, p70S6K/Akt inhibitor MSC2363318A binds to and inhibits the activity of p70S6K and Akt. This prevents the activation of the PI3K/Akt/p70S6K signaling pathway and inhibits tumor cell proliferation in cancer cells that have an overactivated PI3K/Akt/p70S6K signaling pathway. Constitutive activation and dysregulated signaling of the PI3K/Akt/p70S6K pathway are frequently associated with tumorigenesis of many tumor types; targeting multiple kinases in this pathway is more efficacious than targeting a single kinase.  
^`p97 inhibitor CB-5083:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of valosin-containing protein (VCP) p97, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, CB-5083 specifically binds to and inhibits the activity of p97. This prevents ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation and causes cellular accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins. The inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation activates the ER-dependent stress response pathway, and leads to both an induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation in susceptible tumor cells. p97, a type II AAA ATPase, plays a key role in cellular protein homeostasis. Its overexpression in many tumor cell types is associated with increased tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`paclitaxel:  A compound extracted from the Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia with antineoplastic activity. Paclitaxel binds to tubulin and inhibits the disassembly of microtubules, thereby resulting in the inhibition of cell division. This agent also induces apoptosis by binding to and blocking the function of the apoptosis inhibitor protein Bcl-2 (B-cell Leukemia 2).  
^`paclitaxel albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation:  A Cremophor EL-free, albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation of the natural taxane paclitaxel with antineoplastic activity. Paclitaxel binds to and stabilizes microtubules, preventing their depolymerization and so inhibiting cellular motility, mitosis, and replication. This formulation solubilizes paclitaxel without the use of the solvent Cremophor, thereby permitting the administration of larger doses of paclitaxel while avoiding the toxic effects associated with Cremophor.  
^`paclitaxel injection concentrate for nanodispersion:  A nanoparticle-based injectable concentrate containing the water-insoluble taxane paclitaxel, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon reconstitution and administration, paclitaxel binds to tubulin and inhibits the disassembly of microtubules, thereby resulting in the inhibition of cell division. Compared to paclitaxel alone, the nanodispersion-based formulation uses less toxic solvents and allows for administration of higher doses resulting in higher concentrations of paclitaxel at the tumor site, and an increased safety profile. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`paclitaxel poliglumex:  The agent paclitaxel linked to a biodegradable, water-soluble polyglutamate polymer with antineoplastic properties. The polyglutamate residue increases the water solubility of paclitaxel and allows delivery of higher doses than those achievable with paclitaxel alone. Paclitaxel promotes microtubule assembly and prevents microtubule depolymerization, thus interfering with normal mitosis.  
^`paclitaxel vitamin E-based emulsion formulation:  A cremophor-free, P-glycoprotein-inhibiting, vitamin E-based emulsion particle formulation of paclitaxel with antineoplastic activity. Paclitaxel binds to tubulin and inhibits the disassembly of microtubules, thereby resulting in the inhibition of cell division. This agent also induces apoptosis by binding to and blocking the function of the apoptosis inhibitor protein Bcl-2 (B-cell Leukemia 2). The vitamin-E based emulsion allows bolus infusion without steroid premedication and may diminish hypersensitivity reactions; tumor tissue may be passively targeted due to preferential deposition of emulsion particles while an emulsion formulation component inhibits the P-glycoprotein drug efflux pump.  
^`paclitaxel-loaded polymeric micelle:  A biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide) copolymer miceller nanoparticle-entrapped formulation of paclitaxel with antineoplastic activity. Paclitaxel promotes microtubule assembly and prevents depolymerization, thus interfering with normal mitosis. The copolymer residue increases the water-solubility of paclitaxel and allows delivery of higher doses than those achievable with paclitaxel alone.  
^`pacritinib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and the JAK2 mutant JAK2V617F with potential antineoplastic activity. Pacritinib competes with JAK2 for ATP binding, which may result in inhibition of JAK2 activation, inhibition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and so caspase-dependent apoptosis. JAK2 is the most common mutated gene in bcr-abl-negative myeloproliferative disorders; the JAK2V617F gain-of-function mutation involves a valine-to-phenylalanine modification at position 617. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a major mediator of cytokine activity.  
^`PAD regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen containing bortezomib, doxorubicin and dexamethasone regimen used in the treatment of multiple myeloma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`padeliporfin:  A vascular-acting photosensitizer consisting of a water-soluble, palladium-substituted bacteriochlorophyll derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, paldeliporfin is activated locally when the tumor bed is exposed to low-power laser light; reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed upon activation and ROS-mediated necrosis may occur at the site of interaction between the photosensitizer, light and oxygen. Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) with padeliporfin may allow tumor-site specific cytotoxicity while sparing adjacent normal tissues.  
^`PADRE 965.10:  Pan-DR epitope (PADRE) 965.10 is a helper peptide. PADRE peptides have been shown the capacity to deliver help for antibody responses in vivo. They were also found to be able to provide significant helper T-cell activity in vivo. Acts as an adjuvant.  
^`PADRE-CMV fusion peptide vaccine:  A peptide-based vaccine containing a pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) fused to a cytomegalovirus (CMV) peptide epitope, with potential anti-viral and immunomodulating activities. Upon administration, PADRE-CMV fusion peptide may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CMV in the CMV-infected host. The synthetic peptide PADRE is a universal helper T cell epitope.  
^`PAK4 inhibitor PF-03758309:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) with potential antineoplastic activity. PAK4 inhibitor PF-03758309 binds to PAK4, inhibiting PAK4 activity and cancer cell growth. PAK4, a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the p21-activated kinase (PAK) family, is often upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types and plays an important role in cancer cell motility, proliferation, and survival.  
^`PAK4/NAMPT inhibitor KPT-9274:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of both the serine/threonine kinase P21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-synthesizing enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT; NAMPRTase), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, KPT-9274 allosterically binds to, destabilizes and causes degradation of PAK4. This inhibits PAK4-mediated signaling, induces cell death in, and inhibits the proliferation of PAK4-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, KPT-9274 binds to and inhibits the activity of NAMPT. This depletes cellular NAD and inhibits NAD-dependent enzymes, both of which are needed for rapid cell proliferation; this results in tumor cell death in NAMPT-overexpressing cancer cells. PAK4, a serine/threonine kinase and member of the PAK family of proteins upregulated in various cancer cell types, regulates cell motility, proliferation and survival. NAMPT, an enzyme that is responsible for maintaining the intracellular NAD pool, plays a key role in the regulation of cellular metabolism and has cytokine-like activities. NAMPT is often overexpressed in a variety of cancers and metabolic disorders and tumor cells rely on NAMPT activity for their NAD supply.  
^`palbociclib:  An orally available cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Palbociclib selectively inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and 6 (CDK6), thereby inhibiting retinoblastoma (Rb) protein phosphorylation early in the G1 phase leading to cell cycle arrest. This suppresses DNA replication and decreases tumor cell proliferation. CDK4 and 6 are serine/threonine kinases that are upregulated in many tumor cell types and play a key role in the regulation of cell cycle progression.  
^`Palestrol:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`palifermin:  A recombinant form of the endogenous human keratinocyte growth factor. Palifermin binds to epithelial cell surface receptors in the lining of the mouth and gastrointestinal tract, resulting in stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation and upregulation of cytoprotective mechanisms.  
^`palifosfamide:  A synthetic mustard compound with potential antineoplastic activity. An active metabolite of ifosfamide covalently linked to the amino acid lysine for stability, palifosfamide irreversibly alkylates and cross-links DNA through GC base pairs, resulting in irreparable 7-atom inter-strand cross-links; inhibition of DNA replication and cell death follow. Unlike ifosfamide, this agent is not metabolized to acrolein or chloroacetaldehyde, metabolites associated with bladder and CNS toxicities. In addition, because palifosfamide does not require activation by aldehyde dehydrogenase, it may overcome the tumor resistance seen with ifosfamide.  
^`palifosfamide tromethamine:  A synthetic mustard compound of the tromethamine (tris) salt of palifosfamide (Isophosphamide mustard), with potential antineoplastic activity. As the stabilized active metabolite of ifosfamide, palifosfamide irreversibly alkylates and crosslinks DNA through GC base pairs, resulting in irreparable 7-atom interstrand crosslinks. This leads to an inhibition of DNA replication and ultimately cell death. Unlike ifosfamide, this agent is not metabolized to acrolein or chloroacetaldehyde, metabolites associated with bladder and CNS toxicities. In addition, because palifosfamide does not require activation by aldehyde dehydrogenase, it may overcome the tumor resistance seen with ifosfamide. Stabilization with tris instead of lysine further increases stability and may further decrease nephrotoxicity.  
^`palladium Pd 103:  A radioisotope of the metal palladium used in brachytherapy implants or 'seed'. With a half-life of 17 days, palladium 103 administered with brachytherapy allows continuous, tumor-site specific low-energy irradiation to the tumor cell population while sparing normal adjacent tissues from radiotoxicity.  
^`palladium-bacteriopheophorbide:  A novel palladium-substituted bacteriochlorophyll derivative and photosensitizer with potential antitumor activity. Upon administration, inactive palladium-bacteriophephorbide is activated locally when the tumor bed is exposed to photoirradiation; the activated form induces local cytotoxic processes, resulting in local tissue damage, disruption of tumor vasculature, and tumor hypoxia and necrosis.  
^`palonosetron hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of palonosetron, a carbazole derivative and a selective serotonin receptor antagonist with antiemetic activity. Palonosetron competitively blocks the action of serotonin at 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptors located on vagal afferents in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), resulting in suppression of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. The CTZ is located in the area postrema on the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata at the caudal end of the fourth ventricle and outside the blood-brain barrier (BBB).  
^`pamidronate disodium:  The disodium salt of the synthetic bisphosphonate pamidronate. Although its mechanism of action is not completely understood, pamidronate appears to adsorb to calcium phosphate crystals in bone, blocking their dissolution by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. This agent does not inhibit bone mineralization and formation.  
^`Pamolyn 300:  (Other name for~ conjugated linoleic acid) 
^`pan FGFR inhibitor ARQ 087:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. FGFR inhibitor ARQ 087 binds to and potently inhibits the activity of FGFR subtypes 1, 2 and 3. This may result in the inhibition of FGFR-mediated signal transduction pathways, tumor cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell death in FGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is upregulated in many tumor cell types and plays a key role in tumor cellular proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and survival.  
^`pan FGFR kinase inhibitor BGJ398:  An orally bioavailable pan inhibitor of human fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. pan FGFR kinase inhibitor BGJ398 selectively binds to and inhibits the activities of FGFRs, which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation, and the induction of tumor cell death. FGFRs are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases which may be upregulated in various tumor cell types and may be involved in tumor cell differentiation and proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, and tumor cell survival.  
^`pan-AKT inhibitor ARQ 751:  An orally bioavailable pan inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase AKT (protein kinase B) enzyme family with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, AKT inhibitor ARQ 751 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of the AKT isoforms 1, 2 and 3, which may result in the inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway. This may lead to a reduction in tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. The AKT signaling pathway is often deregulated in cancer and is associated with tumor cell proliferation, survival and migration.  
^`pan-AKT kinase inhibitor GSK690693:  An aminofurazan-derived inhibitor of Akt kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Pan-AKT kinase inhibitor GSK-690693 binds to and inhibits Akt kinases 1, 2, and 3, which may result in the inhibition of protein phosphorylation events downstream from Akt kinases in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and, subsequently, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, this agent may inhibit other protein kinases including protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA). As serine/threonine protein kinases which are involved in a number of biological processes, AKT kinases promote cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis and are required for glucose transport.  
^`Pancrease:  (Other name for~ pancrelipase) 
^`pancrelipase:  A standardized enzyme concentrate containing the pancreatic enzymes, lipase, protease and amylase used in enzyme substitution therapy. Lipase, protease and amylase break down fat, protein, and starches, respectively in the small intestine, thereby promoting digestion. Pancrelipase is used to reduce malabsorption when the pancreas is unable to secrete sufficient amounts of these enzymes.  
^`pan-FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor BAY1163877:  A pan inhibitor of human fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Pan-FGFR kinase inhibitor BAY1163877 inhibits the activities of FGFRs, which may result in the inhibition of both tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation, and the induction of tumor cell death. FGFRs are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which may be upregulated in various tumor cell types and may be involved in tumor cell differentiation and proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, and tumor cell survival.  
^`pan-FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor JNJ-42756493:  An orally bioavailable, pan fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, JNJ-42756493 binds to and inhibits FGFR, which may result in the inhibition of FGFR-related signal transduction pathways and thus the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death in FGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. FGFR, upregulated in many tumor cell types, is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential to tumor cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Panglobulin:  (Other name for~ therapeutic immune globulin) 
^`Panhematin:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hemin) 
^`pan-HER kinase inhibitor AC480:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule pan-HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic and radiosensitizing activities. Pan-HER kinase inhibitor AC480 binds to and inhibits the human epidermal growth factor receptors (HER) HER1 (EGFR), HER2 (ErbB-2) and HER4, which may prevent downstream signaling and inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells that overexpress these receptors. In addition, this agent may enhance the radiosensitivity of certain tumor cell types that express HER1 and HER2 through cell cycle redistribution in G1 phase and inhibition of DNA repair. EGFRs, frequently overexpressed on tumor cells, play a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`pan-HER/VEGFR2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor BMS-690514:  A pyrrolotriazine-based compound and a pan inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Pan HER/VEGFR2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor BMS-690514 binds to human epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) 1, 2 and 4 (HER1, HER2 and HER4) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, 2 and 3 (VEGFR-1, -2 and -3), all of which are frequently overexpressed by a variety of tumor types. Binding of this agent to these receptors may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation; the inhibition of endothelial cell migration and proliferation and angiogenesis; and tumor cell death.  
^`panitumumab:  A human monoclonal antibody produced in transgenic mice that attaches to the transmembrane epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. Panitumumab may inhibit autocrine EGF stimulation of tumor cells that express the EGF receptor, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation.  
^`panitumumab-IRDye800:  An imaging agent composed of panitumumab, a humanized anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody, conjugated to the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye IRDye800, that can potentially be used for the imaging of EGFR-expressing tumors. Upon administration of panitumumab-IRDye800, the panitumumab moiety targets and binds to EGFR expressed on tumor cells. Upon fluorescence imaging of IRDye800, the tumor cells can be detected.  
^`PankoMab-GEX:  (Other name for~ anti-TA-MUC1 monoclonal antibody PankoMab) 
^`panobinostat:  A cinnamic hydroxamic acid analogue with potential antineoplastic activity. Panobinostat selectively inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC), inducing hyperacetylation of core histone proteins, which may result in modulation of cell cycle protein expression, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and apoptosis. In addition, this agent appears to modulate the expression of angiogenesis-related genes, such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1a) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thus impairing endothelial cell chemotaxis and invasion. HDAC is an enzyme that deacetylates chromatin histone proteins.  
^`pan-PI3K inhibitor CLR457:  An orally bioavailable pan inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, pan-PI3K inhibitor CLR457 inhibits all of the PI3K kinase isoforms, which may result in apoptosis and growth inhibition in tumor cells overexpressing PI3K. Activation of the PI3K pathway promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy.  
^`pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PQR309:  An orally bioavailable pan inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3K) and inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor PQR309 inhibits the PI3K kinase isoforms alpha, beta, gamma and delta and, to a lesser extent, mTOR kinase, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and growth inhibition in cells overexpressing PI3K/mTOR. Activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase downstream of PI3K, may also be activated independent of PI3K, this agent may potentially be more potent than an agent that inhibits either PI3K kinase or mTOR kinase. By inhibiting mTOR to a lesser extent than PI3K, PQR309 does not interfere with the mTOR-mediated negative feedback loop on PI3K signaling. Blocking the negative feedback loop would potentially increase PI3K signaling and decrease therapeutic efficacy.  
^`pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibitor SF1126:  A water soluble, small-molecule prodrug containing the pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibitor LY294002/SF1101 conjugated to the RGD-containing tetra-peptide SF1174 with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. The targeting peptide SF1174 moiety of pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibitor SF1126 selectively binds to cell surface integrins and, upon cell entry, the agent is hydrolyzed to the active drug SF1101; SF1101 selectively inhibits all isoforms of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and other members of the PI3K superfamily, such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and DNA-PK. By inhibiting the PI3K signaling pathway, this agent may inhibit tumor cell and tumor endothelial cell proliferation and survival. Integrins are transmembrane cell adhesion proteins expressed on the surfaces of endothelial and tumor cells.  
^`pan-PIM inhibitor INCB053914:  An orally available, small molecule and selective ATP-competitive pan-inhibitor of proviral integration sites for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, pan-PIM kinase inhibitor INCB053914 binds to and inhibits the activities of the three PIM isoforms, PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3. This prevents phosphorylation of their downstream targets and inhibits proliferation in cells that overexpress PIMs. PIMs, constitutively active proto-oncogenic serine/threonine kinases upregulated in various types of cancers, play key roles in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`pan-PIM kinase inhibitor AZD1208:  An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of PIM kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Pan-PIM kinase inhibitor AZD1208 inhibits the activities of PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3 serine/threonine kinases, which may result in the interruption of the G1/S phase cell cycle transition, thereby causing cell cycle arrest and inducing apoptosis in cells that overexpress PIMs. The growth inhibition of several leukemia cell lines by this agent is correlated with the expression levels of PIM1, which is the substrate of STAT transcription factors. PIM kinases are downstream effectors of many cytokine and growth factor signaling pathways and are upregulated in various malignancies.  
^`pan-Raf inhibitor LXH254:  An orally available inhibitor of all members of the serine/threonine protein kinase Raf family, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, pan-RAF inhibitor LXH254 binds to Raf proteins and inhibits Raf-mediated signal transduction pathways. This inhibits proliferation of Raf-overexpressing tumor cells. Raf protein kinases are critical enzymes in the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and are upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types. They play key roles in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`pan-RAF inhibitor LY3009120:  An orally available inhibitor of all members of the serine/threonine protein kinase Raf family, including A-Raf, B-Raf and C-Raf protein kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, pan-RAF kinase inhibitor LY3009120 inhibits Raf-mediated signal transduction pathways, which may inhibit tumor cell growth. Raf protein kinases play a key role in the RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, which is often dysregulated in human cancers and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`pan-RAF kinase inhibitor CCT3833:  An orally available inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase family Raf, including A-Raf, B-Raf and C-Raf, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, pan-RAF kinase inhibitor CCT3833 inhibits Raf-mediated signal transduction pathways, which may inhibit the proliferation of Raf-overexpressing tumor cells. Raf protein kinases play a key role in the RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, which is often dysregulated in human cancers and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`pan-RAF kinase inhibitor TAK-580:  An orally available inhibitor of A-Raf, B-Raf and C-Raf protein kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, pan-RAF kinase inhibitor TAK-580 inhibits Raf-mediated signal transduction pathways, which may inhibit tumor cell growth. Raf protein kinases play a key role in the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which is often deregulated in human cancers and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`Panretin:  (Other name for~ alitretinoin) 
^`pan-selectin antagonist GMI-1070:  A synthetic, glycomimetic molecule and pan-selectin antagonist, with potential use in a vaso-occlusive crisis. Upon administration, GMI-1070 prevents the interaction between leukocytes and the endothelium and may prevent cell activation and adhesion. By preventing selectin-mediated cell adhesion in sickle cell anemia, this agent may inhibit red blood cell-white blood cell interactions, normalize blood flow and reduce inflammation and vascular occlusive pain. GMI-1070 has the strongest antagonistic activity towards E-selectin but the incorporation of a sulfate-binding domain allows for interactions with P- and L-selectins. Selectins, containing lectin- and EGF-like domains, are a family of cell adhesion molecules implicated in inflammatory processes and cancer.  
^`pantoprazole sodium:  The sodium salt form of a substituted benzimidazole with proton pump inhibitor activity. Pantoprazole is a lipophilic, weak base that crosses the parietal cell membrane and enters the acidic parietal cell canaliculus where it becomes protonated, producing the active metabolite sulfenamide, which forms an irreversible covalent bond with two sites of the H+/K+-ATPase enzyme located on the gastric parietal cell, thereby inhibiting both basal and stimulated gastric acid production.  
^`PANVAC-F:  (Other name for~ falimarev) 
^`PANVAC-V:  (Other name for~ inalimarev) 
^`pan-VEGFR/Tie2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor CEP-11981:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinases with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Pan-VEGFR/Tie2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor CEP-11981 selectively binds to VEGFR and Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinases, which may result the inhibition of endothelial cell migration, proliferation and survival and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. VEGFR and Tie2 are frequently overexpressed by a variety of tumor cell types and play crucial roles in the regulation of angiogenesis and the maintenance of tumor blood vessels. Tie2 (tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains) is activated by angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1).  
^`Panwarfin:  (Other name for~ warfarin) 
^`Panzem:  (Other name for~ 2-methoxyestradiol) 
^`papaverine:  An opiate alkaloid isolated from the plant Papaver somniferum and produced synthetically. As a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant, papaverine is not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in structure or pharmacological actions; its mechanism of action may involve the non-selective inhibition of phosphodiesterases and direct inhibition of calcium channels. This agent also exhibits antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus, cytomegalovirus, and HIV.  
^`Paraflex:  (Other name for~ chlorzoxazone) 
^`Paraplat:  (Other name for~ carboplatin) 
^`Paraplatin:  (Other name for~ carboplatin) 
^`parathyroid hormone-related protein (1-36):  A recombinant form of a mature, N-terminal secretory peptide derived from a parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) preprohormone through posttranslational endoproteolytic processing with vasodilating, myorelaxant, and parathyroid hormone (PTH)-like calciotropic activities. Expressed throughout the cardiovascular system, parathyroid hormone-related protein (1-36) [PTHrP (1-36)] was first identified as the PTH-like hypercalcemic factor of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy; however, its sequence differs significantly from that of PTH (1-34) although both proteins share the same N-terminal end which accounts for the calciotropic activity. Both PTHrP (1-36) and PTH (1-34) bind to the type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R), a specific seven-transmembrane-helix-containing G protein-coupled receptor mainly located in bone and kidney cells.  
^`parecoxib sodium:  A water-soluble, injectable sodium salt form of parecoxib, an amide prodrug of the cyclooxygenase II (COX-2) selective, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) valdecoxib, with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. Upon intravenous or intramuscular administration, parecoxib is hydrolyzed by hepatic carboxyesterases to its active form, valdecoxib. Valdecoxib selectively binds to and inhibits COX-2. This prevents the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, which are involved in the regulation of pain, inflammation, and fever. This NSAID does not inhibit COX-1 at therapeutic concentrations and, therefore, does not interfere with blood coagulation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`paricalcitol:  A synthetic noncalcemic, nonphosphatemic vitamin D analogue. Paricalcitol binds to the vitamin D receptor and has been shown to reduce parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. This agent also increases the expression of PTEN ('Phosphatase and Tensin homolog deleted on chromosome Ten'), a tumor-suppressor gene, in leukemic cells and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis and tumor cell differentiation into normal phenotypes.  
^`Parlodel:  (Other name for~ bromocriptine mesylate) 
^`Parnate:  (Other name for~ tranylcypromine sulfate) 
^`paromomycin sulfate:  The sulfate salt form of paromomycin, a structural derivative of neomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with amebicidal and bactericidal effects against predominantly aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Paromomycin binds specifically to the RNA oligonucleotide at the A site of bacterial 30S ribosomes, thereby causing misreading and premature termination of translation of mRNA and inhibition of protein synthesis followed by cell death.  
^`paroxetine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of paroxetine, a phenylpiperidine derivative and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. Paroxetine binds to the pre-synaptic serotonin transporter complex resulting in negative allosteric modulation of the complex thereby blocking reuptake of serotonin by the pre-synaptic transporter. Inhibition of serotonin recycling enhances serotonergic function through serotonin accumulation in the synaptic cleft, resulting in long-term desensitization and downregulation of 5HT1 (serotonin) receptors and leading to symptomatic relief of depressive illness.  
^`PARP 1/2 inhibitor E7449:  An orally available small molecule inhibitor of the nuclear enzymes poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, E7449 selectively binds to PARP 1 and 2, thereby preventing the repair of damaged DNA via the base excision repair (BER) pathway. This agent enhances the accumulation of single and double strand DNA breaks and promotes genomic instability eventually leading to apoptosis. PARP 1/2 inhibitor E7449 may enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents and of radiotherapy. PARP catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins that signal and recruit other proteins to repair damaged DNA.  
^`PARP inhibitor BGB-290:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), with potential antineoplastic activity. PARP inhibitor BGB-290 selectively binds to PARP and prevents PARP-mediated repair of single-strand DNA breaks via the base-excision repair (BER) pathway. This enhances the accumulation of DNA strand breaks, promotes genomic instability, and eventually leads to apoptosis. PARP is activated by single-strand DNA breaks and, subsequently, catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins which then transduce signals to recruit other proteins to repair damaged DNA. BGB-290 may both potentiate the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents and reverse tumor cell chemo- and radioresistance.  
^`PARP inhibitor CEP-9722:  A small-molecule prodrug of CEP-8983, a novel 4-methoxy-carbazole inhibitor of the nuclear enzymes poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration and conversion from CEP-9722, CEP-8983 selectively binds to PARP 1 and 2, preventing repair of damaged DNA via base excision repair (BER). This agent enhances the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and promotes genomic instability and apoptosis. CEP-8983 may potentiate the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents and reverse tumor cell chemo- and radioresistance. PARP catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins that signal and recruit other proteins to repair damaged DNA and can be activated by single strand breaks in DNA.  
^`PARP inhibitor E7016:  An inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) with potential chemo- and/or radiosensitizing activity. PARP inhibitor E7016 selectively binds to PARP and prevents PARP-mediated DNA repair of single strand DNA breaks via the base-excision repair pathway. This enhances the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and promotes genomic instability and eventually leads to apoptosis. In addition, this agent may enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents and reverse tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. PARP catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins that signal and recruit other proteins to repair damaged DNA and is activated by single-strand DNA breaks.  
^`PARP-1/2 inhibitor ABT-767:  An orally available inhibitor of the nuclear enzymes poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ABT-767 selectively binds to PARP 1 and 2, thereby preventing repair of damaged DNA via the base excision repair (BER) pathway. This agent enhances the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and promotes genomic instability eventually leading to apoptosis. ABT-767 may enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents and reverse tumor cell chemo- and radioresistance. PARP catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins that signal and recruit other proteins to repair damaged DNA and can be activated by single strand DNA (ssDNA) breaks. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`ParvOryx:  (Other name for~ parvovirus H-1) 
^`parvovirus H-1:  A replication-competent oncolytic parvovirus with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon infection of host cells, parvovirus H-1 preferentially replicates in tumor cells compared to healthy normal cells, thereby potentially resulting in tumor cell lysis and leading to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. In addition, H1-infected tumor cells strongly induce the release of the inducible heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72i), which chaperone tumor associated antigens in the H1-mediated tumor lysates and may activate antigen presenting cells (APCs), thereby leading to antitumor immune responses. Parvovirus H-1 does not cause any pathogenic effect in normal, healthy cells and is able to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB).  
^`pasireotide:  A synthetic long-acting cyclic peptide with somatostatin-like activity. Pasireotide activates a broad spectrum of somatostatin receptors, exhibiting a much higher binding affinity for somatostatin receptors 1, 3, and 5 than octreotide in vitro, as well as a comparable binding affinity for somatostatin receptor 2. This agent is more potent than somatostatin in inhibiting the release of human growth hormone (HGH), glucagon, and insulin.  
^`patent blue V dye:  A synthetic dye with imaging and food coloring property. It is a sodium or calcium salt of [4-(alpha-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy- 2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethylammonium hydroxide inner salt. Patent blue V dye is used in sentinel lymph node (SLN) technique to guide nodal dissection or other imaging procedures.  
^`patidegib:  An orally bioavailable, cyclopamine-derived inhibitor of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway with potential antineoplastic activity. Specifically, patidegib binds to and inhibits the cell membrane-spanning G-protein coupled receptor SMO, which may result in the suppression of Hh pathway signaling and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation and survival. SMO is activated upon binding of Hh ligand to the cell surface receptor Patched (PTCH); inappropriate activation of Hh signaling and uncontrolled cellular proliferation may be associated with SMO mutations. The Hh signaling pathway plays an important role in proliferation of neuronal precursor cells in the developing cerebellum and other tissues.  
^`patient-specific follicular lymphoma-derived anti-idiotype vaccine:  A patient-specific cancer vaccine directed against the soluble protein idiotype of an individual follicular lymphoma with potential antineoplastic activity. A patient-specific follicular lymphoma-derived anti-idiotype vaccine may be composed of a patient-specific, synthetic idiotype-related peptide (such as one corresponding to a hypervariable region of an IgG heavy chain) conjugated to the immunostimulant carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Upon administration, this vaccine may induce an idiotype-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against follicular lymphoma cells expressing the idiotype, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`Patisiran:  (Other name for~ anti-transthyretin siRNA ALN-TTR02) 
^`patritumab:  A fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the membrane-bound receptor HER3 (ERBB3) with potential antineoplastic activity. Patritumab binds to and inhibits HER3 activation, which may result in inhibition of HER3-dependent PI3K/Akt signaling and so inhibition of cellular proliferation and differentiation. HER3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is frequently overexpressed in solid tumors, including breast, lung, and colorectal tumors of epithelial origin; it has no active kinase domain itself but is activated through heterodimerization with other members of the EGFR receptor family that do.  
^`patupilone:  A compound isolated from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum. Similar to paclitaxel, patupilone induces microtubule polymerization and stabilizes microtubules against depolymerization conditions. In addition to promoting tubulin polymerization and stabilization of microtubules, this agent is cytotoxic for cells overexpressing P-glycoprotein, a characteristic that distinguishes it from the taxanes. Epothilone B may cause complete cell-cycle arrest.  
^`Pavabid:  (Other name for~ papaverine) 
^`Pavatym:  (Other name for~ papaverine) 
^`Paxil:  (Other name for~ paroxetine hydrochloride) 
^`pazopanib hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a small molecule inhibitor of multiple protein tyrosine kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Pazopanib selectively inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR)-1, -2 and -3, c-kit and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R), which may result in inhibition of angiogenesis in tumors in which these receptors are upregulated.  
^`pBCAR3 phosphopeptide-tetanus peptide vaccine:  A vaccine composed of a phosphorylated peptide from the tumor-associated antigen breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance-3 (BCAR3) and a tetanus-derived peptide, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of pBCAR3 phosphopeptide-tetanus peptide vaccine, the pBCAR3 phosphopeptide may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against phosphopeptide-containing tumor cells. The tetanus peptide serves as an immunoadjuvant and induces a helper T-cell response, which may help stimulate an immune response against the pBCAR3-expressing melanoma tumor cells. BCAR3 is upregulated in a variety of cancer cells.  
^`pBCAR3/pIRS2-phosphopeptide-tetanus peptide vaccine:  A vaccine composed of phosphorylated peptides from the tumor associated antigens breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance-3 (BCAR3) and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS2) and a tetanus-derived peptide, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of pBCAR3/pIRS2 phosphopeptide-tetanus peptide vaccine, the pBCAR3/pIRS2 phosphopeptide may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing either phosphopeptide. The tetanus peptide serves as an immunoadjuvant and induces a helper T-cell response which may help stimulate an immune response against pBCAR3 and pIRS2-expressing melanoma tumor cells. BCAR3 and IRS2 are upregulated in a variety of cancer cells.  
^`pbi-shRNA STMN1 lipoplex:  A proprietary RNA interference construct consisting of bifunctional short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) against human stathmin 1 (STMN1) encapsulated in the cationic bilamellar invaginated vesicle lipoplex (LP) with potential antineoplastic activity. pbi-shRNA STMN1 LP contains 2 stem-loop structures encoded by a plasmid vector. Upon intratumoral administration, one shRNA unit with a perfectly matched sequence renders the suppression of STMN1 mRNA translation (mRNA sequestration and cleavage-independent degradation) while the other unit with an imperfectly matched sequence renders STMN1 mRNA degradation via RNase H-like cleavage (cleavage-dependent mRNA silencing). The suppression of STMN1 expression in tumor cells results in a reduction of tumor cell proliferation. STMN1, a ubiquitous cytosolic phosphoprotein and tubulin modulator that plays a key role in mitosis, is overexpressed in a variety of tumors and correlates with poor prognosis.  
^`PBN derivative OKN-007:  A disulfonyl derivative of phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN), with potential anti-glioma activity. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action of OKN007 are still largely unknown, this agent appears to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and migration. This agent appears to inhibit the activity of sulfatase 2 (SULF2), a highly specific endoglucosamine-6-sulfatase that is overexpressed in the extracellular matrix of cancer cells and catalyzes the removal of sulfate from the 6-O-sulfate esters of heparin. In addition, OKN007 may induce changes in tumor metabolism and scavenge free radicals.  
^`PBTL CD19CAR-28 zeta:  Peripheral blood T-lymphocytes (PBTLs) transduced with a retroviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-CD19 scFv (single chain variable fragment) coupled to the costimulatory signaling domain CD28, the signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137), and the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon transfusion, PBTL CD19CAR-28/CD137zeta directs the T-lymphocytes to CD19-expressing tumor cells and induces selective toxicity in CD19-expressing tumor cells. CD28, a T-cell surface-associated co-stimulatory molecule, is required for full T-cell activation, proliferation, and survival. The 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances activation and signaling after recognition of CD19. Furthermore, inclusion of the 4-1BB signaling domain may increase the antitumor activity compared to the inclusion of the CD28 costimulatory domain and TCR zeta chain alone. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen, which is expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies.  
^`p-cadherin antagonist PF-03732010:  An agent that inhibits p-cadherin (cdh3), with potential antineoplastic activity. PF-03732010 binds to and inhibits the activity of p-cadherin. Inhibition of the activity of p-cadherin may inhibit tumor cell invasion and proliferation in p-cadherin expressing tumor cells. P-cadherin, a cell-surface protein and member of the cadherin family, is overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors, and plays a role in cell adhesion, motility, invasion and proliferation.  
^`P-cadherin inhibitor PCA062:  An agent that inhibits p-cadherin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous infusion, PCA062 binds to and inhibits the activity of p-cadherin. Inhibition of the activity of p-cadherin may inhibit both invasion and proliferation of p-cadherin expressing tumor cells. P-cadherin, a cell-surface protein and member of the cadherin family, is overexpressed in a variety of tumors and plays a role in cell adhesion, motility, invasion, and proliferation.  
^`P-cadherin-targeting agent PF-06671008:  An agent that targets p-cadherin (CDH3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, PF-06671008 binds to and inhibits the activity of p-cadherin; this may inhibit both invasion and proliferation of p-cadherin-expressing tumor cells. P-cadherin, a cell-surface protein and member of the cadherin family, is overexpressed in a variety of tumors and plays a role in cell adhesion, motility, invasion, and proliferation.  
^`PCV regimen:  A regimen consisting of procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine used for the treatment of gliomas. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`PD0325901:  An orally bioavailable, synthetic organic molecule targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPK/ERK kinase or MEK) with potential antineoplastic activity. MEK inhibitor PD325901, a derivative of MEK inhibitor CI-1040, selectively binds to and inhibits MEK, which may result in the inhibition of the phosphorylation and activation of MAPK/ERK and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. The dual specific threonine/tyrosine kinase MEK is a key component of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that is frequently activated in human tumors.  
^`PD-1 knockout autologous T lymphocytes:  A population of engineered autologous T lymphocytes in which the gene encoding for the programmed cell death protein 1 (PDCD-1) is deleted, with potential immunomodulating activity. Following collection of peripheral blood lymphocytes and selection of T cells, the PDCD-1 gene was knocked out and the T cells were expanded. Upon reinfusion of the PDCD-1 knockout T lymphocytes, these T cells target and lyse cancer cells. The PDCD-1 protein, found on activated T cells and often overexpressed on T cells in cancer patients, negatively regulates T-cell activity; it plays a key role in immune evasion and prevents tumor cell lysis. PDCD-1 knockout enhances cytotoxicity and T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses.  
^`PDGFR alpha/KIT mutant-specific inhibitor BLU-285:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of specific mutated forms of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR alpha; PDGFRa) and mast/stem cell factor receptor c-Kit (SCFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, BLU-285 specifically binds to and inhibits specific mutant forms of PDGFRa and c-Kit, including the PDGFRa D842V mutant and various KIT exon 17 mutants. This results in the inhibition of PDGFRa- and c-Kit-mediated signal transduction pathways and the inhibition of proliferation in tumor cells that express these PDGFRa and c-Kit mutants. PDGFRa and c-Kit, protein tyrosine kinases and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), are mutated in various tumor cell types; they play key roles in the regulation of cellular proliferation.  
^`PDK1 inhibitor AR-12:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule, celecoxib-derived inhibitor of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) with potential antineoplastic activity. Devoid of any COX inhibiting activity, PDK1 inhibitor AR-12 binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1).; subsequently, the phosphorylation and activation of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B or PKB) is inhibited, which may result in inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, this agent appears to induce the activity of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), which plays a key role in the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Activation and dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis and dysregulated PI3K/Akt signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`PE/HPV16 E7/KDEL fusion protein TVGV-1:  A fusion protein consisting of a peptide sequence of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 nuclear protein and fused to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE) and a endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (KDEL), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of PE/HPV16 E7/KDEL fusion protein TVGV-1, the PE moiety binds to CD91 (LRP1) expressed on a variety of cells, including antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs), which facilitates the internalization, through endocytosis, of TVGV-1. Following endocytosis, this agent is proteolytically cleaved by the proteosome and the epitopes from the HPV E7 protein become bound to MHC-I molecules and are presented on the DC-cell surface. This facilitates a cytotoxic T-cell-mediated immune response against HPV16 E7 expressing-tumor cells. KDEL targets the fusion protein to the ER, which increases this agent's potential to be bound by MHC-I molecules; this increases the immune response against HPV16 E7-expressing cancer cells.  
^`PEB regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin used for the treatment of pediatric germ cell tumors (GCT). In the PEB regimen, the pediatric patients receive bleomycin once per cycle and do not receive weekly bleomycin during the weeks between cycles (every 21 days); in the adult BEP regimen, patients receive weekly bleomycin. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`PectaSol-C:  (Other name for~ modified citrus pectin supplement) 
^`PEDIARIX:  (Other name for~ diphtheria toxoid/tetanus toxoid/acellular pertussis adsorbed, recombinant hepatitis B/inactivated poliovirus vaccine combined) 
^`PediaSure:  (Other name for~ nutritional supplement drink (pediatric)) 
^`Pedi-Vit-A:  (Other name for~ retinol) 
^`PedvaxHIB:  (Other name for~ Haemophilus influenzae b vaccine) 
^`PEG-3350/sodium sulfate/sodium chloride/potassium chloride/sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid-based laxative:  A preparation containing the nonabsorbable polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG or macrogol) 3350 and sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium ascorbate and ascorbic acid with laxative activity. Upon oral administration, the PEG-3350, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium ascorbate and ascorbic acid-based laxative promotes the retention of water in the bowel. This increases the water content of stool, which results in increased gastrointestinal motility and evacuation of colonic contents. This results in a complete cleansing of the colon. Compared to the 4 liter PEG-3350-based preparations, this PEG-based laxative is a low volume (2 liter) preparation, which improves patients’ tolerance.  
^`pegaspargase:  A complex of polyethylene glycol conjugated with L-asparaginase. Asparaginase hydrolyzes L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia, thereby depleting these cells of asparagine and blocking protein synthesis and tumor cell proliferation, especially in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The agent also induces apoptosis in tumor cells. Pegylation decreases the enzyme's antigenicity. Asparagine is critical to protein synthesis in leukemic cells, which cannot synthesize this amino acid due to the absence of the enzyme asparagine synthase.  
^`PEGASYS:  (Other name for~ PEG-interferon alfa-2a) 
^`PEG-based laxative NER1006:  A preparation containing the nonabsorbable polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG or macrogol) 3350 with laxative activity. Upon oral administration, the PEG-3350-based laxative NER1006 promotes the retention of water in the bowel. This increases both the water content and volume of stool, which results in increased gastrointestinal motility and the evacuation of colonic contents leading to a complete cleansing of the colon. Compared to the 4 liter PEG-3350-based preparations, this PEG-based laxative is a low volume (2 liter) preparation, which may improve tolerance.  
^`pegdinetanib:  A highly specific, synthetic peptide vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) antagonist with potential antiangiogenic activity. Derived from human fibronectin with a proprietary protein engineering process, pegdinetanib may block the activation of VEGFR-2 by all known activating ligands, thereby inhibiting the growth of new tumor blood vessels.  
^`pegfilgrastim:  A long-acting pegylated form of a recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to an endogenous human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Produced endogenously by monocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, G-CSF binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors, stimulating neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation and selected neutrophil functions. Conjugation of the cytokine with a branched polyethylene glycol molecule (pegylation) significantly increases its therapeutic half-life.  
^`pegfilgrastim anti-neutropenic factor:  A long-acting, engineered and pegylated version of human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), with potential hematopoietic activity. Similar to G-CSF, pegfilgrastim anti-neutropenic factor (ANF) binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors, and stimulates neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, this agent may prevent the duration and incidence of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Compared to filgrastim, the conjugation with a branched polyethylene glycol molecule reduces renal clearance and increases its plasma half-life.  
^`pegfilgrastim biosimilar LA-EP2006:  A biosimilar of pegfilgrastim, a long-acting pegylated form of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) filgrastim, with hematopoietic activity. In a similar manner to G-CSF, pegfilgrastim biosimilar LA-EP2006 binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors, stimulating neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation and selected neutrophil functions. Therefore, this agent may prevent the incidence and shorten the duration of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Conjugation of the cytokine with a branched polyethylene glycol molecule significantly increases this agent's therapeutic half-life compared to filgrastim.  
^`PEG-interferon alfa-2a:  A covalent conjugate of recombinant interferon alfa, subtype 2a, and polyethylene glycol (PEG), used as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. The biological activity of this agent is derived from its interferon alpha-2a protein moiety. Interferons alfa bind to specific cell-surface receptors, leading to the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer and immune-modulating effects. The PEG moiety lowers the clearance of interferon alpha-2a, thereby extending the duration of its therapeutic effects, but may also reduce interferon-mediated stimulation of an immune response.  
^`peginterferon alfa-2b:  A covalent conjugate of recombinant interferon alpha, subtype 2b, and polyethylene glycol (PEG), used as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. The biological activity of this agent is derived from its interferon alpha-2b protein moiety. Interferons alfa bind to specific cell-surface receptors, leading to the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immune-modulating effects. The PEG moiety lowers the clearance of interferon alpha-2b, thereby extending the duration of its therapeutic effects, but may also reduce the interferon-mediated stimulation of an immune response.  
^`PEG-interleukin-2:  A complex of polyethylene glycol conjugated with human recombinant cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) with antineoplastic activity. PEG-interleukin-2 induces natural killer (NK) cell activity and the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and enhances T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Pegylation of IL-2 protects the cytokine from degradation.  
^`PEG-Intron:  (Other name for~ peginterferon alfa-2b) 
^`PEG-linked L-RNA oligonucleotide hepcidin-targeting agent NOX-H94:  A proprietary 44-nucleotide L-stereoisomer RNA oligonucleotide conjugated to a 40 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) that targets hepcidin with potential anti-anemic activity. Upon intravenous or subcutaneous administration, PEG-linked L-RNA oligonucleotide hepcidin targeting agent NOX-H94 binds to hepcidin and prevents it from binding to the iron channel ferroportin, located on the basolateral surface of gastrointestinal enterocytes and the plasma membrane of macrophages. This prevents hepcidin-induced internalization and degradation of ferroportin, thus decreasing macrophage iron retention. In turn, binding of NOX-H94 to hepcidin normalizes plasma iron levels and increases erythropoiesis. This may inhibit anemia caused by inflammation. Hepcidin, a peptide hormone that plays a key role in the homeostasis of systemic iron, is upregulated during acute and chronic inflammation in response to cytokines. The unique mirror-image configuration of this agent renders it resistant to hydrolysis and shows a low antigenicity profile. Pegylation increases the half-life of this agent.  
^`pegol sihematide:  A synthetic peptide derived from erythropoietin (EPO) linked to polyethylene glycol (PEG), with erythropoietic stimulating activity. Upon administration, pegol sihematide binds to and activates EPO receptors on the surface of erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow resulting in their differentiation and proliferation. This increases the production of red blood cells and prevents anemia. Pegylation increases this agent's blood circulation time.  
^`PEG-PEI-cholesterol lipopolymer-encased IL-12 DNA plasmid vector GEN-1:  A nanoparticle-based formulation composed of a non-viral plasmid DNA vector encoding the human pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) encapsulated in a biodegradable, biocompatible lipoplex composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylenimine (PEI), and cholesterol, with potential immuno-activating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intraperitoneal (IP) delivery of the PEG-PEI-cholesterol lipopolymer-encased IL-12 DNA plasmid vector GEN-1, the lipoplex is endocytosed by nearby cells, and the plasmid DNA is transported into the nucleus, which leads to local expression of IL-12. In turn, the increased IL-12 production at the tumor site activates the immune system by promoting the activation of natural killer cells (NKs), inducing secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-g) and promoting cytotoxic T-cell responses against tumor cells.  
^`PEG-proline-interferon alpha-2b:  A long-acting formulation of recombinant interferon alpha subtype 2b (IFN-a2b) protein, in which IFN-a2b is coupled, via proline, to polyethylene glycol (PEG), with antiviral, immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, IFN-a2b binds to specific interferon cell-surface receptors. This activates interferon-mediated signal transduction pathways and induces the transcription and translation of genes with interferon-specific response elements (ISREs); the protein products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immune-modulating effects. The PEG moiety inhibits proteolytic breakdown and clearance of IFN-a2b, which prolongs its half-life, extends the duration of its therapeutic effects and allows less frequent dosing. The proline linker facilitates the synthesis of a predominant (90%) positional isomer which allows for further increases in stability and a longer half-life than previous PEG conjugates.  
^`pegteograstim:  An analogue of pegfilgrastim, a recombinant, pegylated form of endogenous human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), with hematopoietic activity. Similar to endogenous G-CSF, this agent binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors, and stimulates neutrophil progenitor proliferation, differentiation and selected neutrophil functions. Pegteograstim may prevent and shorten the duration of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN). Pegylation of teograstim increases the half-life of this agent. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`pegvisomant:  A pegylated, recombinant, human growth hormone (GH) structural analog with GH receptor antagonist activity. As a GH analog, the structure of pegvisomant is similar to that of native GH with the exception of 9 amino acid substitutions. Pegvisomant selectively binds to GH receptors on cell surfaces, interfering with endogenous GH receptor binding and so GH signal transduction. Inhibition of GH signal transduction results in decreased serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and other GH-responsive serum proteins, including IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and the acid-labile subunit (ALS), and may inhibit the growth of cancers in which IGF-1 is upregulated.  
^`pegylated anti-GFR antibody fragment:  A pegylated, cross-linked, humanized divalent-Fab' antibody fragment directed against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) with potential antiangiogenic and antitumor activities. Pegylated anti-GFR antibody fragment binds to and inhibits VEGFR-2, which may inhibit angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. Multivalent Fab' antibody fragments may exhibit improved retention and internalization properties compared to their parent IgGs.  
^`pegylated arginine deiminase:  An agent consisting of the arginine-degrading enzyme arginine deiminase combined with polyethylene glycol (20,000 MW) (ADI-PEG 20) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, arginine deiminase breaks down the amino acid arginine into citrulline. Although arginine is a nonessential amino acid for normal human cells, certain cancer cells are autotrophic for arginine and need arginine in order to survive. Depletion of arginine may lead to an inhibition of cellular proliferation in those cancer cells. ADI is coupled to PEG in order to enhance this agent's half-life.  
^`pegylated granulocyte colony stimulating factor MAXY-G34:  A long-acting, pegylated recombinant variant of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) with immunomodulating activity. Pegylated granulocyte colony stimulating factor MAXY-G34 contains multiple non-naturally occurring lysines that have been introduced into alpha helixes of wild type human G-CSF as pegylation sites; other naturally occurring lysine residues have been removed to prevent pegylation and the variant G-CSF is pegylated with methoxypolyethylene glycol succinimidyl propionate (mPEG SPA) at three amino acid residues. Similar to endogenous G-CSF, this agent binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors, stimulating neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation and selected neutrophil functions. A difference in the degree of pegylation may account for the extended half-life of this agent compared to pegfilgrastim which is pegylated at only one amino acid residue.  
^`pegylated human recombinant arginase AEB1102:  A recombinant modified form of the human enzyme arginase 1 (ARG1), in which cobalt is substituted for manganese as a cofactor, covalently attached to polyethylene glycol (PEG), with potential arginine degrading and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration of pegylated recombinant human ARG1 AEB1102, ARG1 metabolizes the amino acid arginine to ornithine and urea, thereby lowering blood arginine levels. This normalizes blood arginine levels in patients with ARG1 deficiency and prevents hyperargininemia. This also inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells that are dependent on extracellular arginine uptake for their proliferation. In normal, healthy cells, arginine is synthesized intracellularly by the enzymes ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), argininosuccinate synthase (ASS), and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL); thus they are not dependent on extracellular arginine for survival. In cancer cells these enzymes are disabled; therefore, this agent may inhibit proliferation and survival of these cells by depleting extracellular arginine. Pegylation improves blood circulation times and cobalt substitution increases the catalytic activity of ARG1.  
^`pegylated interferon alfa:  A covalent conjugate of recombinant interferon alpha and polyethylene glycol (PEG), used as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. The biological activity of this agent is derived from its interferon alpha protein moiety. Interferons alfa bind to specific cell-surface receptors, leading to the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immune-modulating effects. The PEG moiety lowers the clearance of interferon alpha, thereby extending the duration of its therapeutic effects, but may also reduce interferon-mediated stimulation of an immune response.  
^`pegylated irinotecan NKTR 102:  A formulation of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-encapsulated irinotecan with antineoplastic activity. The prodrug irinotecan, a semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, is converted to the biologically active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin by a carboxylesterase-converting enzyme. One thousand-fold more potent than its parent compound irinotecan, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin inhibits topoisomerase I activity by stabilizing the cleavable complex of topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks that inhibit DNA replication and trigger apoptosis. Pegylation provides improved drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, thereby increasing the duration of therapeutic effects while lowering the toxicity profile.  
^`pegylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride:  A liposome-encapsulated form of the hydrochloride salt of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin. Doxorubicin intercalates between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby preventing DNA replication and ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis. Additionally, doxorubicin inhibits topoisomerase II which results in an increased and stabilized cleavable enzyme-DNA linked complex during DNA replication and subsequently prevents the ligation of the nucleotide strand after double-strand breakage. Doxorubicin also forms oxygen free radicals resulting in cytotoxicity secondary to lipid peroxidation of cell membrane lipids. Liposomal delivery of doxorubicin HCL improves drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, thereby increasing the duration of therapeutic drug effects; a liposomal formulation of doxorubicin also modulates toxicity, specifically the cardiac effects commonly seen with anthracycline antitumor drugs.  
^`pegylated liposomal irinotecan:  A formulation of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified liposomes encapsulating the semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin irinotecan, with antineoplastic activity. As a prodrug, irinotecan is converted to the biologically active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38) by a carboxylesterase-converting enzyme. In turn, SN-38 inhibits topoisomerase I activity by stabilizing the cleavable complex of topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks. This results in an inhibition of DNA replication and an induction of apoptosis. Pegylated liposomal delivery of irinotecan improves drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, thereby increasing the duration of exposure while lowering systemic toxicity.  
^`pegylated liposomal mitomycin C lipid-based prodrug:  A pegylated liposomal formulation comprised of a lipophilic prodrug of the antineoplastic antibiotic mitomycin C containing a cleavable disulfide bond (PL-MLP), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of the pegylated liposomal mitomycin C lipid-based prodrug, the MLP moiety becomes activated upon thiolysis at the tumor site, thereby releasing mitomycin C. Bioreduced mitomycin C generates oxygen radicals, alkylates DNA, and produces interstrand DNA cross-links, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. The thiolytic environment and upregulated expression of thioredoxins at the tumor site allow for the activation and release of mitomycin C. This prodrug formulation allows for greater circulation time, less systemic toxicity and increased accumulation of mitomycin C at the tumor site.  
^`pegylated recombinant human arginase I BCT-100:  A recombinant human arginase I (liver arginase) covalently attached, via a succinamide propionic acid (SPA) linker, to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) of molecular weight 5,000 [rhArg-peg(5,000mw)] with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of pegylated recombinant human arginase I BCT-100, arginase metabolizes the amino acid arginine to ornithine and urea, depleting intracellular arginine, which may inhibit proliferation of cells that are auxotrophic for arginine such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. This agent may also work synergistically with various cytotoxic agents.  
^`pegylated recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20:  A pegylated formulation of a recombinant form of human hyaluronidase with potential antitumor activity. Upon intravenous administration, pegylated recombinant human PH20 degrades hyaluronic acid (HA) coating tumor cells, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell growth. In addition, the degradation of HA may result in a lowering of the interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), allowing better penetration of chemotherapeutic agents into the tumor bed. HA is a glycosaminoglycan found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) that is frequently overproduced by various tumor cell types. The presence of HA in tumors correlates with increased tumor cell growth, metastatic potential, tumor progression, increased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, and an elevation in tumor IFP.  
^`pegylated recombinant human interleukin-10 AM0010:  A covalent conjugate of recombinant human interleukin-10 (IL-10) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), with potential anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, pegylated recombinant human interleukin-10 AM0010 may activate cell-mediated immunity against cancer cells by stimulating the differentiation and expansion of tumor specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. This agent may also lower serum cholesterol levels and reduce atherosclerotic plaques by inhibiting the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Interferon-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF-alpha, and GM-CSF. The PEG moiety inhibits proteolytic breakdown and clearance of AM0010, which prolongs its half-life, extends the duration of its therapeutic effects and allows less frequent dosing.  
^`pegylated recombinant L-asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi:  A pegylated, recombinant form of L-asparaginase derived from the bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi (mPEG-R-crisantaspase), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of pegylated recombinant L-asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi, asparaginase hydrolyzes L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia, thereby depleting cancer cells of asparagine thus blocking protein synthesis and tumor cell proliferation. Asparagine is critical to protein synthesis in cancer cells, which cannot synthesize this amino acid due to the absence of the enzyme asparagine synthase. Compared to other available Erwinia chrysanthemi derived L-asparaginase agents, the pegylated form is longer acting and less immunogenic. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`pelitinib:  A 3-cyanoquinoline pan-ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Pelitinib irreversibly binds covalently to epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) ErbB-1, -2 and -4, thereby inhibiting receptor phosphorylation and signal transduction and resulting in apoptosis and suppression of proliferation in tumor cells that overexpress these receptors.  
^`pelitrexol:  A water soluble antifolate with anti-proliferative activity. Pelitrexol inhibits activity of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT), the first folate-dependent enzyme of the de novo purine synthesis pathway essential for cell proliferation. Enzyme inhibition reduces the purine nucleotides pool required for DNA replication and RNA transcription. As a result, this agent causes cell cycle arrest in S-phase, and ultimately inhibits tumor cell proliferation.  
^`pembrolizumab:  A humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 antibody directed against human cell surface receptor PD-1 (programmed death-1 or programmed cell death-1) with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, pembrolizumab binds to PD-1, an inhibitory signaling receptor expressed on the surface of activated T cells, and blocks the binding to and activation of PD-1 by its ligands, which results in the activation of T-cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. The ligands for PD-1 include programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), overexpressed on certain cancer cells, and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2), which is primarily expressed on APCs. Activated PD-1 negatively regulates T-cell activation and plays a key role in in tumor evasion from host immunity.  
^`pemetrexed disodium:  The disodium salt of a synthetic pyrimidine-based antifolate. Pemetrexed binds to and inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS) which catalyses the methylation of 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (dUMP) to 2'-deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate (dTMP), an essential precursor in DNA synthesis.  
^`penclomedine:  A synthetic derivative of pyrimidine with antineoplastic activity. Penclomedine alkylates and crosslinks DNA, resulting in DNA strand breaks and inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent is more active against tumor cells that are defective in p53 function.  
^`penicillamine:  A beta dimethyl analog of the amino acid cysteine. As a degradation product of penicillin antibiotics, penicillamine chelates with heavy metals and increases their urinary excretion. Possessing antineoplastic properties, penicillamine induces apoptosis by a p53-mediated mechanism and inhibits angiogenesis by chelating with copper, a cofactor for angiogenesis.  
^`penicillin V potassium:  The potassium salt of penicillin V, a member of the penicillin antibiotic family with broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. Penicillin V binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzymes located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall, resulting in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and cell lysis. PBPs participate in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall, and in reshaping the cell wall during cell division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity.  
^`Pentam:  (Other name for~ pentamidine isethionate) 
^`pentamethylmelamine:  A principal metabolite of hexamethylmelamine with antineoplastic activity. Pentamethylmelamine alkylates DNA and other macromolecules and forms DNA intrastrand and DNA-protein crosslinks, thereby preventing DNA replication.  
^`pentamidine:  A synthetic derivative of amidine with antiprotozoal and antifungal activities. Although the precise mode of action of pentamidine is unclear, it appears to interact directly with the pathogen genome by binding to AT-rich regions of duplex DNA and the minor groove of DNA, thereby interfering with DNA replication.  
^`pentamidine isethionate:  A synthetic amidine derivative, Pentamidine Isethionate is an antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that appears to interact with the minor groove of AT-rich DNA regions of the pathogen genome, interfering with DNA replication and function. It is effective in the treatment of trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, some fungal infections, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients.  
^`Pentasa:  (Other name for~ mesalamine) 
^`pentavalent KLH conjugate vaccine:  A pentavalent vaccine comprised of the epitope antigens of the ganglioside lactones GD2L and GD3L, Globo H hexasaccharide 1 (Globo H), fucosyl GM1 and N-propionylated polysialic acid conjugated with the immunostimulant keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with the pentavalent KLH conjugate vaccine may induce production of IgG and IgM antibodies as well as an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumors expressing any of these antigens. The antigens included in the pentavalent KLH conjugate vaccine are upregulated in a variety of cancer cells. KLH, a natural protein isolated from the marine mollusk keyhole limpet, is an immunostimulant carrier protein.  
^`pentetic acid calcium:  The calcium salt of pentetic acid, a synthetic chelating agent related to the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Pentetic acid chelates with the metallic radioisotopic moieties of unbound, extracellular radioimmunotherapeutic agents, resulting in higher specific tumor cell binding of radioimmunotherpeutic agents; this results in improved tumor cell radiocytotoxicity and the sparing of normal cells and tissues from the radiocytotoxic effects of these agents.  
^`pentosan polysulfate sodium:  The sodium salt of a semisynthetic heparin-like glucosaminoglycan. Although its mechanism of action is unknown, pentosan polysulfate may act as a buffer to control cell permeability by preventing irritating solutes from reaching cells coated with it. Administered orally, excreted pentosan polysulfate adheres to the urinary bladder wall, preventing irritants from entering bladder cells and the development or progression of interstitial cystitis (IC), a complication of some chemotherapies. This agent also exhibits anticoagulant and fibrinolytic properties.  
^`pentostatin:  A purine nucleotide analogue antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces antibioticus. Also known as 2'-deoxycoformycin, pentostatin binds to and inhibits adenine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme essential to purine metabolism; ADA activity is greatest in cells of the lymphoid system with T-cells having higher activity than B-cells and T-cell malignancies higher ADA activity than B-cell malignancies. Pentostatin inhibition of ADA appears to result in elevated intracellular levels of dATP which may block DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase. This agent may also inhibit RNA synthesis and may selectively deplete CD26+ lymphocytes.  
^`pentoxifylline:  A methylxanthine derivative with hemorrheologic and immunomodulating properties. Pentoxifylline inhibits phosphodiesterase, resulting in increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in erythrocytes, endothelium, and the surrounding tissues. This leads to vasodilation, improves erythrocyte flexibility, and enhances blood flow. In addition, the increased level of cAMP in platelets inhibits platelet aggregation, which may contribute to a reduction in blood viscosity. This agent also inhibits production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, while it induces Th2-like (T-helper 2) cytokine production, thereby inhibiting Th1-mediated (T-helper 1) inflammatory and autoimmune responses.  
^`Pen-Vee:  (Other name for~ penicillin V potassium) 
^`PEP-3-KLH conjugate vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of PEP-3, a synthetic peptide encompassing a tumor-specific mutated segment of the epidermal growth factor receptor type vIII (EGFRvIII), conjugated to the naturally-occuring immunoadjuvant keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, PEP-3-KLH conjugate vaccine may induce a cytotoxic immune response against tumor cells that overexpress EGFRvIII; this antitumoral immune response may involve antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).  
^`Pepcid:  (Other name for~ famotidine) 
^`Pepcid AC:  (Other name for~ famotidine) 
^`PEP-CMV vaccine:  A peptide vaccine derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens with potential immunostimulating activity. Intradermal administration of the PEP-CMV vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a specific helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CMV-infected tumor cells. Infection with the herpesvirus CMV may play a significant role in tumor cell initiation and progression as well as chemoresistance.  
^`peplomycin:  A semisynthetic analog of Bleomycin, a mixture of several basic glycopeptide antineoplastic antibiotics isolated from the fungus Streptomyces verticillus. Peplomycin forms complexes with iron that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals that cause single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA. This agent appears to show greater antitumor activity than bleomycin; its use is limited due to pulmonary toxicity.  
^`Peptamen:  (Other name for~ enzymatically hydrolyzed whey protein-based nutritional supplement) 
^`Pepto-Bismol:  (Other name for~ bismuth subsalicylate) 
^`perampanel:  An orally active, non-competitive, and selective alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor antagonist, with anti-epileptic activity. Although the mechanism of action through which perampanel exerts its antiepileptic effect has not been fully elucidated, this agent antagonizes the AMPA subtype of the excitatory glutamate receptor found on postsynaptic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). This antagonistic action prevents AMPA receptor activation by glutamate and results in the inhibition of neuronal excitation, repetitive neuronal firing, and the stabilization of hyper-excited neural membranes. Glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, plays an important role in various neurological disorders caused by neuronal hyperexcitation.  
^`Percocet:  (Other name for~ oxycodone/acetaminophen) 
^`Perdolat:  (Other name for~ penicillamine) 
^`peretinoin:  An orally available, acyclic retinoid with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Peretinoin binds to and activates nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR), which in turn recruit coactivator proteins and promote, with other transcriptional complexes, the transcription of target genes. As a result, this agent may modulate the expression of genes involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis of both normal and tumor cells.  
^`perflenapent emulsion:  An oil-in-water nano-emulsion composed of the perfluorocarbon perflenapent, that has oxygen-carrying capacity, can be used as a contrast agent and has potential antihypoxic and radiosensitizing activities. Upon intravenous administration of the perflenapent emulsion, this agent increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, enhances the transport of oxygen to hypoxic and ischemic tissues and increases the oxygen concentration in these tissues. Hypoxic tumors are correlated with increased resistance to radiation treatment; therefore, since perflenapent may increase tumor oxygenation, it may improve the tumor’s sensitivity to radiation therapy.  
^`perflubron:  A synthetic radiopaque liquid form of perfluorooctyl bromide. Used as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), perflubron is also used as a liquid ventilation agent to improve pulmonary gas exchange and lung compliance and may be used in surgery to reduce or eliminate the need for a donor blood. Ventilation with perfluorocarbon fluid improves lung function in conditions involving surfactant deficiency and dysfunction, including respiratory distress syndrome and adult respiratory distress syndrome.  
^`perflutren:  A fluorinated hydrocarbon and gaseous substance used as an imaging contrast agent. After administration in microsphere form, perflutren exhibits lower acoustic impedance than blood and improves ultrasound signaling.  
^`perflutren lipid microspheres:  An injectable suspension of liposome-encapsuled microspheres containing the fluorocarbon gas perflutren for contrast enhancement in ultrasound procedures. Because the acoustic impedance of perflutren lipid microspheres is much lower than that of blood, impinging ultrasound waves are scattered and reflected at the microsphere-blood interface and may be visualized with ultrasound imaging.  
^`perflutren protein-type A microspheres:  A sterile non-pyrogenic suspension of microspheres of human serum albumin with the stable, high-molecular-weight fluorocarbon gas perflutren, used as a contrast enhancement agent for ultrasound procedures. Because the acoustic impedance of perflutren protein-type A microspheres is much lower than that of blood, impinging ultrasound waves are scattered and reflected at the microsphere-blood interface and may be visualized with ultrasound imaging. At the frequencies used in adult echocardiography (2-5 MHZ), the microspheres resonate which further increases the extent of ultrasound scattering and reflection.  
^`perfosfamide:  The active metabolite of the nitrogen mustard cyclophosphamide with potent antineoplastic and immunosuppressive properties. Perfosfamide alkylates DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA and protein synthesis.  
^`Pergamid:  (Other name for~ perfosfamide) 
^`Periactin:  (Other name for~ cyproheptadine hydrochloride) 
^`Peridex:  (Other name for~ chlorhexidine gluconate) 
^`perifosine:  An orally active alkyl-phosphocholine compound with potential antineoplastic activity. Targeting cellular membranes, perifosine modulates membrane permeability, membrane lipid composition, phospholipid metabolism, and mitogenic signal transduction, resulting in cell differentiation and inhibition of cell growth. This agent also inhibits the anti-apoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and modulates the balance between the MAPK and pro-apoptotic stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK/JNK) pathways, thereby inducing apoptosis. Perifosine has a lower gastrointestinal toxicity profile than the related agent miltefosine.  
^`perillyl alcohol:  A naturally occurring monoterpene related to limonene with antineoplastic activity. Perillyl alcohol inhibits farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase, thereby preventing post-translational protein farnesylation and isoprenylation and activation of oncoproteins such as p21-ras, and arresting tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.  
^`perindopril erbumine:  The tert-butylamine salt of perindopril, the ethyl ester of a non-sulfhydryl angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with antihypertensive activity. Upon hydrolysis, perindopril erbumine is converted to its active form perindoprilat, inhibiting ACE and the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II; consequently, angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction and angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex are inhibited and diuresis and natriuresis ensue.  
^`Perjeta:  (Other name for~ pertuzumab) 
^`Permitil:  (Other name for~ fluphenazine hydrochloride) 
^`Persantine:  (Other name for~ dipyridamole) 
^`personalized polyepitope plasmid DNA breast cancer vaccine:  A polyepitope DNA vaccine composed of a DNA plasmid encoding multiple, highly immunogenic tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) that are specifically selected after genome profiling of the patient's breast cancer cells, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular administration and electroporation of the personalized polyepitope plasmid DNA breast cancer vaccine, the expressed TAAs induce cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses against tumor cells expressing the TAAs.  
^`personalized synthetic long peptide breast cancer vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of one or more long, synthetic peptides derived from patient-specific breast cancer tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular administration of the personalized synthetic long peptide breast cancer vaccine, the peptides stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the TAAs, which results in tumor cell lysis.  
^`Pertofrane:  (Other name for~ desipramine hydrochloride) 
^`pertuzumab:  A humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular dimerization domain of the HER-2 tyrosine kinase receptor. Binding of the antibody to the dimerization domain of the HER-2 tyrosine kinase receptor protein directly inhibits the ability of the HER-2 tyrosine kinase receptor protein (the most common pairing partner) to dimerize with other HER tyrosine kinase receptor proteins; inhibiting receptor protein dimerization prevents the activation of HER signaling pathways, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`petrolatum-mineral oil-lanolin-ceresin ointment:  A petrolatum-based ointment absorbed by dry and moist skin, petrolatum-mineral oil-lanolin-ceresin ointment is non-comedogenic, non-irritating, and non-sensitizing. It can reduce healing time of cracked, dry skin on hands, elbows, and knees, and helps prevent diaper rash. The original ointment also contained mineral oil, ceresin, lanolin alcohol. Its use is indicated in atopic dermatitis, eczema, and psoriasis when extra protection from a heavier base is needed.  
^`pevonedistat:  A small molecule inhibitor of Nedd8 activating enzyme (NAE) with potential antineoplastic activity. Pevonedistat binds to and inhibits NAE, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and survival. NAE activates Nedd8 (Neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 8), an ubiquitin-like (UBL) protein that modifies cellular targets in a pathway that is parallel to but distinct from the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP). Functioning in diverse regulatory activities, proteins conjugated to UBLs like Nedd8 typically are not targeted for proteasomal degradation.  
^`pexastimogene-devacirepvec:  A thymidine kinase-deleted vaccinia virus expressing human GM-CSF (hGM-CSF) with oncolytic activity. Upon intratumoral or intravenous administration, pexastimogene-devacirepvec may selectively infect and lyse tumor cells. While vaccinia displays a natural tumor cell tropism, deletion of the thymidine kinase gene increases the tumor selectivity of vaccinia by limiting viral replication to transformed cells. hGM-CSF expression by this agent may help recruit antigen processing cells (APCs), such as denritic cells and macrophages, to virally infected tumor cells, initiating a systemic antitumoral immune response.  

^`pexidartinib:  A capsule formulation containing a small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor of KIT, CSF1R and FLT3 with potential antineoplastic activity. Pexidartinib binds to and inhibits phosphorylation of stem cell factor receptor (KIT), colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and down-modulation of macrophages, osteoclasts and mast cells involved in the osteolytic metastatic disease. FLT3, CSF1R and FLT3 are overexpressed or mutated in many cancer cell types and play major roles in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`PGG beta-glucan:  An injectable formulation of the polysaccharide beta 1,3/1,6 glucan derived from the cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. PGG beta-glucan binds to an alternate site on the neutrophil complement receptor 3 (CR3), priming the neutrophil to become cytotoxic when binding to complement on tumor cells via CR3. This agent has been reported to selectively activate immune cells without inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, potentially reducing potential side effects observed with the induction of broad innate immune responses. In addition, PGG beta-glucan may induce hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) mobilization.  
^`PGLA/PEG copolymer-based paclitaxel:  A controlled-release, intratumoral paclitaxel formulation in which paclitaxel is incorporated into a thermosensitive, biodegradable triblock copolymer consisting of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Upon intratumoral injection, paclitaxel is released slowly and continuously into tumor tissues from the gelled thermosensitive triblock copolymer over a period of 4 to 6 weeks; in tumor cells, paclitaxel binds to tubulin and inhibits the disassembly-assembly dynamics of microtubules, resulting in cell cycle arrest and cell death. The thermosensitive triblock copolymer component of this formulation transforms from a water-soluble polymer at room temperature to a water-insoluble, biodegradable gel depot at body temperature; intratumoral controlled-release of paclitaxel from the gel minimizes systemic exposure to paclitaxel and the paclitaxel toxicity profile.  
^`P-glycoprotein inhibitor HM30181AK:  An inhibitor of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), with adjuvant activity. Upon oral administration, P-gp inhibitor HM30181AK selectively binds to and inhibits the multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pump P-gp, which prevents the efflux of various chemotherapeutic agents from intestinal epithelial cells to the gastrointestinal tract. This leads to an increase in both oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. P-gp prevents the intestinal uptake and intracellular accumulation of various cytotoxic agents. HM30181AK is not systemically absorbed.  
^`PH20 hyaluronidase-expressing adenovirus VCN-01:  An oncolytic, replication-competent adenovirus encoding the human glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored enzyme PH20 hyaluronidase with potential antitumor activity. After intratumoral administration, PH20 hyaluronidase-expressing adenovirus VCN-01 selectively replicates in tumor cells, which may both cause oncolytic virus-induced cell death and induce the infection of adjacent tumor cells. In addition, the virus expresses hyaluronidase, which hydrolyzes and degrades the hyaluronic acid (HA) that coats tumor cells. The degradation of HA may result in a decrease for both the viscosity of the interstitial space and the tumor's interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). This increases viral spread and may result in the inhibition of tumor cell growth. In addition, HA degradation facilitates the penetration of chemotherapeutic agents into the tumor. HA is a glycosaminoglycan found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is frequently overproduced by various tumor cell types. The presence of HA in tumors correlates with increases in tumor cell growth, metastatic potential, tumor progression and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.  
^`Phaleria macrocarpa Extract DLBS-1425:  An extract of the flesh from the fruit of Phaleria macrocarpa, an Indonesian herbal medicine, with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the active ingredients and exact components are unclear, gallic acid and its derivatives in DLBS-1425 appear to inhibit the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway by reducing PI3K transcription followed by a reduction in AKT phosphorylation. This extract also appears to induce apoptosis through induction of pro-apoptotic genes such as BAX, BAD and PUMA and inhibition of the apoptosis suppressor Bcl-2.  
^`PHC:  (Other name for~ cholecalciferol/d-alpha tocopherol/L-selenomethionine/green tea extract/saw palmetto berry extract/daidzein/genistein/lycopene prostate health supplement) 
^`Phellodendron amurense bark extract:  A proprietary formulation consisting of a Phellodendron amurense (Amur cork tree) bark extract, often used in traditional Chinese medicine, with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and potential chemopreventive and antineoplastic activities. Phellodendron amurense bark extract contains certain isoquinoline alkaloids, flavone glycosides and phenolic compounds. Upon administration of Phellodendron amurense bark extract, the various phytochemicals in this formulation modulate multiple signal transduction pathways. This agent appears to block the activation of the transcription factor cAMP response binding protein (CREB) and inhibits Akt signaling, thereby inhibiting tumor cell growth and inducing apoptosis in Akt- and CREB-overexpressing cancer cells. In addition, this agent inhibits cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa b (NF-kB) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a)-mediated signaling; COX-2, NF-kB and TNF-a are upregulated in certain types of cancer and during inflammation.  
^`phenelzine sulfate:  A hydrazine derivative and a potent non-selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor with anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. Phenelzine sulfate irreversibly binds to MAO, thereby blocking the oxidative deamination of monoamines resulting in an increased concentration of biogenic amines and a concurrent decrease in catabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and serotonin, in the brain. In addition, through its primary metabolite phenylethylidenehyrazine (PEH), phenelzine causes elevated GABA levels in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens thereby exerting its anxiolytic effects.  
^`Phenergan:  (Other name for~ promethazine hydrochloride) 
^`phenethyl isothiocyanate:  An isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables with chemopreventive and potential antitumor activities. Although the mechanism of action is unclear, phenethyl Isothiocyanate (PEITC) was shown to induce apoptosis in tumor cells, possibly mediated through its metabolic intermediates, reactive oxygen species (ROS). PEITC also is able to activate ERK and JNK signal transduction, which in turn induces expression of stress-responsive genes. Specifically, this agent has been shown to reactivate gene expression of a detoxification enzyme, glutathione S-transferase that is silenced in prostate carcinoma.  
^`phenethyl isothiocyanate-containing watercress juice:  A juice extracted from watercress containing high amounts of phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), with potential chemopreventive and antitumor activities. Although the mechanism(s) of action through which PEITC exerts its effect(s) has yet to be fully elucidated, PEITC is able to induce apoptosis in tumor cells through the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, PEITC is able to modulate extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways, activating the expression of stress-responsive genes and eventually inducing apoptosis. PEITC also inhibits the expression of genes involved in tumor progression such as HIF, STAT-3, HER2, BCL-XL, and XIAP and induces the expression of genes involved in tumor suppression such as p53, ATF-2, and p57. Furthermore, this agent has been shown to reactivate the gene expression of certain detoxification enzymes.  
^`phenformin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of phenformin, an agent belonging to the biguanide class of antidiabetics with antihyperglycemic activity. Phenformin is not used clinically due to the high risk of lactic acidosis that is associated with its use.  
^`phenobarbital:  A long-acting barbituric acid derivative with antipsychotic property. Phenobarbital binds to and activates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor, thereby mimicking the inhibitory actions of GABA in the brain. The activation effects of the phenobarbital-receptor-ionophore complex include increased frequency of chloride channel openings, membrane hyperpolarization and ultimately synaptic inhibition and decreased neuronal excitability. In addition, this agent inhibits glutamate induced depolarization.  
^`phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of phenoxybenzamine, a synthetic, dibenzamine alpha-adrenergic antagonist with antihypertensive and vasodilatory properties. Phenoxybenzamine non-selectively and irreversibly blocks the postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor in smooth muscle, thereby preventing vasoconstriction, relieving vasospasms, and decreasing peripheral resistance. Reflex tachycardia may occur and may be enhanced by blockade of alpha-2 receptors which enhances norepinephrine release. Phenoxybenzamine is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.  
^`phenprocoumon:  An orally available, long-acting derivative of coumarin with anticoagulant activity. Upon administration, phenprocoumon inhibits the vitamin K epoxide reductase enzyme; inhibition of this enzyme prevents the formation of the reduced, active form of vitamin K (vitamin KH2), which is essential for the carboxylation of glutamate residues of vitamin K-dependent proteins. This prevents the activation of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X and the anticoagulant proteins C and S, which abrogates both thrombin production and thrombus formation.  
^`phentolamine mesylate:  The mesylate salt of a synthetic imidazoline with alpha-adrenergic antagonist activity. As a competitive alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine binds to alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors, resulting in a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and vasodilatation. This agent also may block 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors and stimulate release of histamine from mast cells.  
^`phosphatidylcholine-bound silybin:  An oral preparation of the flavonoid silybin with potential antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Silybin, also known as silibinin, is a mixture of two stereoisomers, denoted silybin A and silybin B, and is the major active constituent of silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans extracted from blessed milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Silybin modulates P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated cellular efflux; has oxygen radical-scavenging effects; inhibits the arachidonic acid pathway; and inhibits various cytochrome P450 enzymes. This agent may also exhibit anti-angiogenic activity, possibly by inducing endothelial cell apoptosis via modulation of the transcription factor NF-kB, the Bcl-2 family of proteins, and caspases. Complexing silybin with phosphatidylcholine increases its bioavailability.  
^`Phosphoral:  (Other name for~ sodium phosphate) 
^`phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer AVI-4126:  A c-Myc antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) with potential antineoplastic activity. Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer AVI-4126 binds to c-Myc mRNA and blocks its translation, which may result in the death of tumor cells overexpressing c-Myc. Differing from traditional antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), neutrally charged PMOs are composed of subunits of nucleic acid bases linked to a synthetic backbone and, so, are less prone to enzymatic degradation. c-Myc, a proto-oncogene overexpressed in a variety of cancers, is involved in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.  
^`phosphorus P32:  A radioactive isotope of phosphorus with beta particle-emitting radiocytotoxic activity. Emitted by phosphorus P32, beta particles directly damage cellular DNA and, by ionizing intracellular water to produce several types of cytotoxic free radicals and superoxides, indirectly damage intracellular biological macromolecules, resulting in tumor cell death.  
^`Photochlor:  (Other name for~ HPPH) 
^`photocyanine:  A metal complex compound of phthalocyanide with photosensitizing activity. Upon injection with photocyanide and subsequent introduction to photodynamic therapy (PDT), photocyanide becomes activated and forms reactive oxygen species that induce apoptosis.  
^`Photofrin:  (Other name for~ porfimer sodium) 
^`Photolon:  (Other name for~ phytochlorin sodium-polyvinylpyrrolidone complex) 
^`photosensitizer LUZ 11:  A bacteriochlorin-based photosensitizer, with antineoplastic activity upon photodynamic therapy (PDT). Following intravenous administration, the photosensitizer LUZ 11 preferentially accumulates in hyperproliferative tissues, such as tumors. Local application of laser light at the tumor site results in the absorption of light by this agent and a photodynamic reaction between LUZ 11 and oxygen. This results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which includes singlet oxygen molecules, the superoxide ion, and other cytotoxic free radicals. The formation of ROS induces free radical-mediated DNA damage and cell death.  
^`Phyllocontin:  (Other name for~ aminophylline) 
^`phytochemical:  The term 'phyto' originated from a Greek word meaning plant. Phytonutrients are certain organic components of plants, and these components are thought to promote human health. Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts and teas are rich sources of phytonutrients. Unlike the traditional nutrients (protein, fat, vitamins, minerals), phytonutrients are not 'essential' for life, so some people prefer the term 'phytochemical'. (USDA Agricultural Research Service)  
^`phytochlorin sodium-polyvinylpyrrolidone complex:  A photosensitizer composed of the sodium salt form of chlorin e6 and its derivatives complexed with a low-molecular weight polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer component, with diagnostic and antineoplastic activities upon photodynamic therapy (PDT). Upon intravenous administration, the photosensitizer phytochlorin-PVP sodium complex preferentially accumulates in hyperproliferative tissues, such as tumors. Local application of light with a certain wavelength to the tumor site results in the absorption of light by this agent, leading to its photoactivation. This results in a photodynamic reaction between phytochlorin and oxygen, which causes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen molecules, the superoxide ion, and other cytotoxic free radicals. The formation of ROS induces free radical-mediated oxidative DNA damage followed by apoptosis of tumor cells. Chlorin e6-PVP is able to penetrate deeply into tissues and is therefore able to treat hard-to-reach tumors.  
^`phytonadione:  An analogue of the naphthoquinone vitamin K found in plants. The vitamins K are essential for blood coagulation as it is necessary for the hepatic synthesis of the coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X; deficiency results in a bleeding diathesis. These vitamins are lipo-soluble; absorption via intestinal lymphatics requires the presence of bile salts.  
^`PI3K alpha inhibitor MLN1117:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) alpha isoform with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K alpha inhibitor MLN1117 selectively inhibits PI3K alpha kinase, including mutations of PIK3CA, in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and growth inhibition in PI3K alpha-expressing tumor cells. By specifically targeting class I PI3K alpha, this agent may be more efficacious and less toxic than pan PI3K inhibitors. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is frequently found in solid tumors and results in promoting tumor cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; PIK3CA, one of the most highly mutated oncogenes, encodes the p110-alpha catalytic subunit of the class I PI3K.  
^`PI3K alpha/beta inhibitor BAY1082439:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) alpha and beta isoforms with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K alpha/beta inhibitor BAY1082439 selectively inhibits both PI3K alpha, including mutated forms of PIK3CA, and PI3K beta in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and growth inhibition in PI3K-expressing and/or PTEN-driven tumor cells. By specifically targeting class I PI3K alpha and beta, this agent may be more efficacious and less toxic than pan PI3K inhibitors. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is frequently found in solid tumors and results in increased tumor cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. PIK3CA, one of the most highly mutated oncogenes, encodes the p110-alpha catalytic subunit of the class I PI3K. PTEN, a tumor suppressor protein and negative regulator of PI3K activity, is often mutated in a variety of cancer cells.  
^`PI3K alpha/mTOR inhibitor PWT33597 mesylate:  The mesylate salt form of PWT33597, an orally bioavailable dual inhibitor of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) alpha and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K alpha/mTOR dual inhibitor PWT33597 selectively inhibits both PI3K alpha kinase and mTOR kinase, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and growth inhibition in PI3K/mTOR-overexpressing tumor cells. Activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase downstream of PI3K, may also be activated independent of PI3K.  
^`PI3K delta inhibitor PWT143:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the delta isoform of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, PI3K-delta inhibitor PWT143 selectively inhibits the delta isoform of PI3K and prevents the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This both decreases proliferation and induces cell death in PI3K-delta-overexpressing tumor cells. PI3K-delta plays a key role in the proliferation and survival of hematologic cancer cells. The targeted inhibition of PI3K-delta is designed to preserve PI3K signaling in normal, non-neoplastic cells. PI3K, an enzyme often overexpressed in cancer cells, plays a crucial role in tumor cell regulation and survival.  
^`PI3K delta inhibitor TGR-1202:  An orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of the delta isoform of the 110 kDa catalytic subunit of class I phosphoinositide-3 kinases (PI3K) with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K-delta inhibitor TGR-1202 inhibits PI3K and prevents the activation of the PI3K/AKT kinase signaling pathway. This decreases proliferation and induces cell death in susceptible tumor cells. Unlike other isoforms of PI3K, PI3K-delta is expressed primarily in tumor cells and cells of the hematopoietic lineage. The targeted inhibition of PI3K-delta allows for PI3K signaling in normal, non-neoplastic cells. PI3K, an enzyme often overexpressed in cancer cells, plays a crucial role in tumor cell regulation and survival.  
^`PI3K delta/gamma inhibitor RP6530:  An orally active, highly selective, small molecule inhibitor of the delta and gamma isoforms of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, PI3K delta/gamma inhibitor RP6530 inhibits the PI3K delta and gamma isoforms and prevents the activation of the PI3K/AKT-mediated signaling pathway. This may lead to a reduction in cellular proliferation in PI3K delta/gamma-expressing tumor cells. In addition, this agent modulates inflammatory responses through various mechanisms, including the inhibition of both the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from neutrophils and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha activity. Unlike other isoforms of PI3K, the delta and gamma isoforms are overexpressed primarily in hematologic malignancies and in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. By selectively targeting these isoforms, PI3K signaling in normal, non-neoplastic cells is minimally impacted or not affected at all, which minimizes the side effect profile for this agent.  
^`PI3K inhibitor ACP-319:  An orally available inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K inhibitor ACP-319 inhibits PI3K, which prevents the activation of the PI3K/AKT (protein kinase B)-mediated signaling pathway. This results in the inhibition of growth and survival of PI3K-overexpressing tumor cells. Activation of the PI3K signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`PI3K inhibitor BGT226:  A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K inhibitor BGT226 specifically inhibits PIK3 in the PI3K/AKT kinase (or protein kinase B) signaling pathway, which may trigger the translocation of cytosolic Bax to the mitochondrial outer membrane, increasing mitochondrial membrane permeability; apoptotic cell death may ensue. Bax is a member of the proapoptotic Bcl2 family of proteins.  
^`PI3K inhibitor GDC-0084:  A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K inhibitor GDC-0084 specifically inhibits PI3K in the PI3K/AKT kinase (or protein kinase B) signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the activation of the PI3K signaling pathway. This may result in the inhibition of both cell growth and survival in susceptible tumor cell populations. Activation of the PI3K signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis. Dysregulated PI3K signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 bismesylate:  The orally bioavailable bismesylate salt of a potent small-molecule thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine inhibitor of the class I phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) isoforms p100alpha and p100delta with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 selectively binds to PI3K isoforms in an ATP-competitive manner, inhibiting the production of the secondary messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) and activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; inhibition of tumor cell growth, motility and survival in susceptible tumor cell populations may result. Activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis; dysregulated PI3K/Akt signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`PI3K inhibitor GSK1059615:  A phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K inhibitor GSK1059615 inhibits PI3K in the PI3K/AKT kinase signaling pathway, which may trigger the translocation of cytosolic Bax to the mitochondrial outer membrane and an increase in mitochondrial membrane permeability, followed by apoptosis. Bax is a member of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family of proteins. PIK3, an enzyme often overexpressed in cancer cells, plays a crucial role in tumor cell regulation and survival.  
^`PI3K inhibitor GSK2126458:  A small-molecule pyridylsulfonamide inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K inhibitor GSK2126458 binds to and inhibits PI3K in the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, which may trigger the translocation of cytosolic Bax to the mitochondrial outer membrane, increasing mitochondrial membrane permeability and inducing apoptotic cell death. Bax is a member of the proapoptotic Bcl2 family of proteins. PI3K, often overexpressed in cancer cells, plays a crucial role in tumor cell regulation and survival.  
^`PI3K inhibitor PX-866:  A small-molecule wortmannin analogue inhibitor of the alpha, gamma, and delta isoforms of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K inhibitor PX-866 inhibits the production of the secondary messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) and activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which may result in inhibition of tumor cell growth and survival in susceptible tumor cell populations. Activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis and dysregulated PI3K/Akt signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`PI3K inhibitor WX-037:  A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K inhibitor WX-037 specifically inhibits PI3K, which prevents the activation of the PI3K/protein kinase B-mediated signaling pathway. This may result in the inhibition of both tumor cell growth and survival in PI3K-overexpressing tumor cells. Activation of the PI3K signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis. Dysregulated PI3K signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474:  An orally available, s-triazine derivative, ATP-competitive phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 inhibits all four PI3K isoforms. Inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/AKT kinase (or protein kinase B) signaling pathway results in inhibition of tumor cell growth and survival in susceptible tumor cell populations. Dysregulated PI3K signaling may contribute to tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents. This agent does not induce apoptosis but rather induces strong G(0)/G(1) arrest, which might contribute to its favorable efficacy in tumor cells.  
^`PI3K p110beta/delta inhibitor KA2237:  A dual selective inhibitor of the beta and delta isoforms of the 110 kDa catalytic subunit of class I phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-beta/delta, with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K-beta/delta inhibitor KA2237 selectively inhibits the PI3K-beta and -delta isoforms and prevents their activation, which inhibits PI3K-beta/delta-mediated signal transduction pathways. This decreases proliferation and induces cell death in susceptible tumor cells. Unlike other isoforms of PI3K, PI3K-beta and -delta are overexpressed primarily in solid and hematological tumor cells and play crucial roles in tumor cell survival, and immunoregulation. The targeted inhibition of these PI3Ks allows this agent to potentially be more efficacious and less toxic than pan-PI3K inhibitors, which also affect normal, healthy cells.  
^`PI3K/HDAC inhibitor CUDC-907:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of both phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) class I and pan histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, CUDC-907 inhibits the activity of both PI3K class I isoforms and HDAC, thereby preventing the activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal transduction pathway that is often overactivated in many cancer cell types. This may prevent growth of PI3K and/or HDAC-expressing tumor cells. CUDC-907 shows an increased inhibition of tumor cell growth and induction of apoptosis when compared to inhibitors that target either PI3K or HDAC.  
^`PI3K/mTOR dual kinase inhibitor XL765:  An orally bioavailable small molecule targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinases in the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K/mTOR dual kinase inhibitor XL765 inhibits both PI3K kinase and mTOR kinase, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and growth inhibition in susceptible tumor cell populations. Activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase downstream of PI3K, may also be activated in a PI3K-independent fashion in response to nutrient and energy deprivation. Accordingly, this agent maybe more potent compared to an agent that inhibits either PI3K kinase or mTOR kinase alone.  
^`PI3K/mTOR inhibitor LY3023414:  An orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of certain class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms and mammalian target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) in the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K/mTOR inhibitor LY3023414 inhibits both certain PI3K isoforms and mTOR in an ATP-competitive manner which may inhibit both the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway in and proliferation of tumor cells overexpressing PI3K and/or mTOR. The PI3K/mTOR pathway is upregulated in a variety of tumor cells and plays a key role in promoting cancer cell proliferation, and survival, motility and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase downstream of PI3K, may also be activated in a PI3K-independent fashion; therefore, this agent may be more potent than an agent that inhibits either PI3K or mTOR alone. In addition, LY3023414 may inhibit DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), thereby inhibiting the ability of tumor cells to repair damaged DNA. DNA-PK is activated upon DNA damage and plays a key role in repairing double-stranded DNA breaks.  
^`PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor BEZ235:  An orally bioavailable imidazoquinoline targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 inhibits PI3K kinase and mTOR kinase in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR kinase signaling pathway, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and growth inhibition in PI3K/mTOR-overexpressing tumor cells. Activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase downstream of PI3K, may also be activated independent of PI3K.  
^`PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor DS-7423:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase in the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor DS-7423 inhibits both PI3K kinase and mTOR kinase, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and growth inhibition in susceptible tumor cells. Activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase downstream of PI3K, may also be activated independent of PI3K. Consequently, this agent may potentially be more potent than an agent that inhibits either PI3K kinase or mTOR kinase.  
^`PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor PF-04691502:  An agent targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor PF-04691502 inhibits both PI3K and mTOR kinases, which may result in apoptosis and growth inhibition of cancer cells overexpressing PI3K/mTOR. Activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase downstream of PI3K, may also be activated independent of PI3K.  
^`PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor VS-5584:  A potent and selective inhibitor of both phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase in the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor VS-5584 inhibits mTOR kinase and all class I PI3K isoforms. Consequently, this disrupts phosphorylation of substrates downstream of PI3K and mTOR and may result in apoptosis and growth inhibition in susceptible tumor cells. Activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase downstream of PI3K, which also has PI3K-independent activity. Consequently, this agent may potentially be more potent than an agent that inhibits either PI3K kinase or mTOR kinase.  
^`PI3K/mTOR/ALK-1/DNA-PK inhibitor P7170:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK-1) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, PI3K/mTOR/ALK-1/DNA-PK inhibitor P7170 inhibits the activity of all four kinases. This prevents PI3K/mTOR and ALK-1-mediated signaling pathways and may lead to the inhibition of cancer cell growth in PI3K/mTOR-overexpressing tumor cells and angiogenesis in ALK-1-overexpressing endothelial cells. Also, by inhibiting DNA-PK, this agent inhibits the ability of tumor cells to repair damaged DNA. The PI3K/mTOR pathway is upregulated in a variety of tumors and plays an important role in regulating cancer cell proliferation, growth, and survival. ALK-1, a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b) type I receptor family, is overexpressed on endothelial cells in a variety of tumor types and increases endothelial cell proliferation and migration. DNA-PK is activated upon DNA damage and plays a key role in repairing double-stranded DNA breaks.  
^`PI3K/mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor DCBCI0901:  An inhibitor of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), raptor-mTOR (mTOR complex 1 or mTORC1) and rictor-mTOR (mTOR complex 2 or mTORC2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous infusion, PI3K/mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor DCBCI0901 binds to and inhibits PI3K as well as both mTORC1 and mTORC2, which may result in both apoptosis and a decrease in cell proliferation in tumor cells overexpressing PI3K, mTORC1, and mTORC2. Activation of the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase downstream of PI3K, may also be activated independently of PI3K.  
^`PI3Ka/mTOR inhibitor PKI-179:  A second generation, small-molecule mimetic of ATP that targets the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) with potential antineoplastic activity. PKI-179 selectively inhibits mTOR and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) alpha. By inhibiting the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, this agent may inhibit tumor cell proliferation and survival.  
^`PI3Kalpha inhibitor AZD8835:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the class I phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA), with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K alpha inhibitor AZD8835 selectively binds to and inhibits PIK3CA and its mutated forms, in the PI3K/Akt (protein kinase B)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. This results in both apoptosis and growth inhibition in PIK3CA-expressing tumor cells. By specifically targeting PIK3CA, this agent may be more efficacious and less toxic than pan-PI3K inhibitors. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is often found in solid tumors and results in the promotion of tumor cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemo- and radio-therapy. PIK3CA, one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes, encodes the p110-alpha catalytic subunit of the class I PI3K.  
^`PI3Kbeta inhibitor AZD8186:  An inhibitor of the beta isoform of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, PI3Kbeta inhibitor AZD8186 selectively inhibits the activity of PI3Kbeta in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which may result in a decrease of tumor cell proliferation. It also induces cell death in PI3K-expressing cancer cells. By specifically targeting class I PI3K beta, this agent may be more efficacious and less toxic than pan PI3K inhibitors. PI3K-mediated signaling is often dysregulated in cancer cells and contributes to increased tumor cell growth, survival, and tumor resistance to a variety of antineoplastic agents.  
^`PI3K-beta inhibitor GSK2636771:  An orally bioavailable, substituted benzimidazole inhibitor of the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) beta isoform with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K beta inhibitor GSK2636771 selectively inhibits PI3K beta kinase activity in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and growth inhibition in PI3K beta-expressing and/or PTEN-driven tumor cells. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is frequently found in solid tumors and results in the promotion of tumor cell growth, survival, and resistance to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. PI3K beta is the p110-beta catalytic subunit of the class I PI3K. PTEN, a tumor suppressor protein and negative regulator of PI3K activity, is often mutated in a variety of cancer cells.  
^`PI3K-beta Inhibitor SAR260301:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) beta isoform with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K beta inhibitor SAR260301 selectively inhibits PI3K beta kinase activity in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which may result in apoptosis and growth inhibition in PI3K beta-expressing and/or phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-deficient tumor cells. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is frequently found in solid tumors and contributes to increased tumor cell growth, tumor cell survival, and resistance to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. PI3K beta is the p110-beta catalytic subunit of the class I PI3K. PTEN, a tumor suppressor protein and negative regulator of PI3K activity, is often mutated in a variety of cancer cells. By specifically targeting class I PI3K beta, this agent may be more efficacious and less toxic than pan-PI3K inhibitors.  
^`PI3K-delta inhibitor AMG 319:  A highly selective, potent, and orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of the delta isoform of the 110 kDa catalytic subunit of class IA phosphoinositide-3 kinases (PI3K) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. PI3K-delta inhibitor AMG 319 prevents the activation of the PI3K signaling pathway through inhibition of the production of the second messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), thus decreasing proliferation and inducing cell death. Unlike other isoforms of PI3K, PI3K-delta is expressed primarily in hematopoietic lineages. The targeted inhibition of PI3K-delta is designed to preserve PI3K signaling in normal, non-neoplastic cells.  
^`PI3Kdelta inhibitor INCB040093:  An orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of the delta isoform of the 110 kDa catalytic subunit of class I phosphoinositide-3 kinases (PI3K) with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3Kdelta inhibitor INCB040093 specifically inhibits PI3Kdelta, which prevents both the production of the second messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) and the activation of the PI3K/AKT kinase signaling pathway. This decreases proliferation and induces cell death in PI3K-overexpressing tumor cells. Unlike other isoforms of PI3K, PI3Kdelta is often overexpressed in tumor cells, especially those of hematologic origin, and plays a crucial role in tumor cell regulation and survival. The targeted inhibition of PI3Kdelta allows for PI3K signaling in normal, non-neoplastic cells.  
^`PI3K-delta inhibitor INCB050465:  An inhibitor of the delta isoform of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) with potential antineoplastic activity. PI3K-delta inhibitor INCB050465 inhibits the delta isoform of PI3K and prevents the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This both decreases proliferation and induces cell death in PI3K-delta-overexpressing tumor cells. Unlike other isoforms of PI3K, PI3K-delta is expressed primarily in hematopoietic disease and cell lineages. The targeted inhibition of PI3K-delta is designed to preserve PI3K signaling in normal, non-neoplastic cells. PI3K, an enzyme often overexpressed in cancer cells, plays a crucial role in tumor cell regulation and survival.  
^`PI3K-gamma inhibitor IPI-549:  An orally bioavailable, highly selective small molecule inhibitor of the gamma isoform of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K-gamma) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, IPI-549 prevents the activation of the PI3K-gamma-mediated signaling pathways, which may lead to a reduction in cellular proliferation in PI3K-gamma-expressing tumor cells. In addition, this agent is able to modulate anti-tumor immune responses and inhibit tumor-mediated immunosuppression. Unlike other isoforms of PI3K, the gamma isoform is overexpressed in certain tumor cell types and immune cells; its expression increases tumor cell proliferation and survival. By selectively targeting the gamma isoform, PI3K signaling in normal, non-neoplastic cells is minimally or not affected, which results in a reduced side effect profile.  
^`PI-88:  A mixture of highly sulfated, monophosphorylated mannose oligosaccharides, derived from the extracellular phosphomannan of the yeast Pichia (Hansenula) holstii, with potential antiangiogenic activity. Heparanase inhibitor PI-88 inhibits the endo-beta-D-glucuronidase heparanase, which may interfere with the heparanase-mediated degradation of heparan-sulfate proteoglycans in extracellular matrices, an important step in the metastatic process. This agent may also bind with high affinity to the heparan sulfate-binding domains of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2, thereby reducing their functional activities and inhibiting VEGF and FGF stimulation of tumor angiogenesis. Increased heparanase activity has been implicated in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.  
^`pibenzimol:  A fluorescent dye of benzimidazole derivative. Pibenzimol binds to AT-specific sites in the minor groove of duplex DNA and inhibits topoisomerase I, and DNA polymerase, thereby preventing DNA replication. This agent prolongs the G2 phase of the cell cycle and initiates apoptosis in tumor cells.  
^`pibrozelesin:  A semisynthetic water-soluble derivative of the antineoplastic antibiotic duocarmycin B2. Activated by carboxyl esterase, pibrozelesin alkylates DNA by binding to adenine-thymine (A-T)-rich sequences in the minor groove of DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and inducing apoptosis.  
^`Picato:  (Other name for~ ingenol mebutate gel) 
^`picibanil:  A lyophilized formulation containing cultures of a low-virulent strain of Streptococcus pyogenes, treated and killed with pencillin G, with potential sclerosing, immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Besides its activity as a sclerosing agent, picibanil appears to have multiple effects on the immune system as a non-specific immunostimulant. This agent activates the host immune system by stimulating the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages and lymphocytes, and by enhancing the production of several key immune mediators, including interleukins (ILs) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).  
^`picoplatin:  A new generation organic platinum analog with an extended spectrum of antineoplastic activity. Designed to overcome platinum drug resistance, picoplatin alkylates DNA, forming both inter- and intra-strand cross-linkages, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication and transcription, and the induction of apoptosis.  
^`picropodophyllin:  A cyclolignan alkaloid found in the mayapple plant family (Podophyllum peltatum), and a small molecule inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Picropodophyllin specifically inhibits the activity and downregulates the cellular expression of IGF1R without interfering with activities of other growth factor receptors, such as receptors for insulin, epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and mast/stem cell growth factor (KIT). This agent shows potent activity in the suppression o f tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. IGF1R, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, plays a critical role in the growth and survival of many types of cancer cells.  
^`pidilizumab:  A humanized, immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody directed against human inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1; PDCD1), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Pidilizumab binds to PD-1 and blocks the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-1 ligand 2 (PD-L2). This prevents the activation of PD-1 and its downstream signaling pathways. This may restore immune function through the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) against tumor cells. PD-1, an inhibitory receptor belonging to the B7-receptor family expressed on activated T-lymphocytes, B-cells and NK cells, negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function when activated by its ligands; it plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity.  
^`pilocarpine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a natural alkaloid extracted from plants of the genus Pilocarpus with cholinergic agonist activity. As a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent, pilocarpine predominantly binds to muscarinic receptors, thereby inducing exocrine gland secretion and stimulating smooth muscle in the bronchi, urinary tract, biliary tract, and intestinal tract. When applied topically to the eye, this agent stimulates the sphincter pupillae to contract, resulting in miosis; stimulates the ciliary muscle to contract, resulting in spasm of accomodation; and may cause a transitory rise in intraocular pressure followed by a more persistent fall due to opening of the trabecular meshwork and an increase in the outflow of aqueous humor.  
^`PIM kinase inhibitor LGH447:  An orally available pan-PIM protein kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. PIM kinase inhibitor LGH447 binds to and inhibits the activities of PIM-1, -2 and -3 serine/threonine kinases, which may result in the interruption of the G1/S phase cell cycle transition, the expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl2 protein, and tumor cell apoptosis in cells that overexpress PIMs. PIM kinases, downstream effectors of many cytokine and growth factor signaling pathways, play key roles in cell cycle progression and apoptosis inhibition and may be overexpressed in various malignancies.  
^`Pim kinase inhibitor SGI-1776:  A small-molecule pan-Pim protein kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Pim kinase inhibitor SGI-1776 binds to and inhibits the activities of Pim-1, -2 and -3, serine-threonine kinases, which may result in the interruption of the G1/S phase cell cycle transition, the expression of pro-apoptotic Bcl2 proteins and tumor cell apoptosis. PIM kinases play key roles in cell cycle progression and apoptosis inhibition and may be overexpressed in various malignancies.  
^`pimasertib:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2 (MEK1/2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Pimasertib selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK1/2, preventing the activation of MEK1/2-dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, which may result in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK1/2 (MAP2K1/K2) are dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases that play key roles in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and are often upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`pimecrolimus cream:  A 33-epi-chloro-derivative of the ascomycin macrolactam with immunosuppressant properties. Pimecrolimus binds to the receptor macrophilin-12 (FKBP-12) forming a complex that blocks the calcium-dependent signal transduction cascade mediated by calcineurin. Via dephosphorylation, calcineurin is the enzyme responsible for activating nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NF-AT), a T cell transcriptional regulatory factor. As a consequence, the synthesis and release of Th1- (T helper 1) and Th2- (T helper 2) type cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators from T-cells and mast cells are blocked and the expression of signals essential for the activation of inflammatory T-lymphocytes is inhibited. However, pimecrolimus mode of action is cell-selective and does not affect Langerhans' cells/dendritic cells and primary fibroblasts.  
^`pimonidazole:  A nitroimidazole with hypoxic selectivity and radiosensitizing property. Pimonidazole is reduced in hypoxic environments as in tumor cells, thereby it can be used as an hypoxia marker. In hypoxic cells, reduced pimonidazole binds to -SH-containing molecules such as glutathione and proteins, and the resulting complexes accumulated in tissues, thereby sensitizing cells to be more susceptible for radiation treatment.  
^`pimonidazole hydrochloride:  A substituted nitroimidazole salt. Hypoxic cells bioreductively activate and bind pimonidazole. This agent may be used as a hypoxia marker for detecting oxygen gradients in living tissues. Pimonidazole also exhibits radiosensitizing properties.  
^`pinaverium bromide:  An orally available bromide salt form of pinaverium, a calcium channel blocker (CCB) with antispasmodic activity. Upon oral administration, pinaverium blocks the voltage-dependent calcium channels and inhibits calcium ion influx into the smooth muscle cells located in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This prevents smooth muscle contraction and relaxes the GI tract. In addition, pinaverium may both reduce bowel uptake of and facilitate the function of locally active, co-administered drugs.  
^`pioglitazone hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of an orally-active thiazolidinedione with antidiabetic properties and potential antineoplastic activity. Pioglitazone activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), a ligand-activated transcription factor, thereby inducing cell differentiation and inhibiting cell growth and angiogenesis. This agent also modulates the transcription of insulin-responsive genes, inhibits macrophage and monocyte activation, and stimulates adipocyte differentiation.  
^`piperacillin sodium:  The sodium salt of piperacillin, a broad-spectrum semisynthetic, ampicillin-derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Piperacillin binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzymes located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall, resulting in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and cell lysis. PBPs participate in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall, and in reshaping the cell wall during cell division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity.  
^`piperazinedione:  A crystalline antibiotic fermentation product isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces griseoluteus with antineoplastic activity. Piperazinedione alkylates DNA at the N-7 position of guanine, inhibiting DNA replication and inducing cell cycle arrest.  
^`piperine extract (standardized):  A standardized extract containing the active alkaloid piperine, derived from the fruit of the plant Piper nigrum (black pepper) and/or the plant Piper longum L. (long pepper), with thermogenic properties. Co-ingestion of piperidine enhances the bioavailability of various nutrients, including beta-carotene, curcumin, selenium, pyridoxine and coenzyme Q10. In addition, this agent may exert anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities and may enhance the production of serotonin.  
^`Pipracil:  (Other name for~ piperacillin sodium) 
^`pirarubicin:  An analogue of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin. Pirarubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent is less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin and exhibits activity against some doxorubicin-resistant cell lines.  
^`pirfenidone:  An orally active synthetic antifibrotic agent structurally similar to pyridine 2,4-dicarboxylate. Pirfenidone inhibits fibroblast, epidermal, platelet-derived, and transforming beta-1 growth factors, thereby slowing tumor cell proliferation. This agent also inhibits DNA synthesis and the production of mRNA for collagen types I and III, resulting in a reduction in radiation-induced fibrosis.  
^`piritramide:  A diphenylpropylamine and opioid receptor agonist, with analgesic activity. Upon administration, piritramide binds to and activates mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of endogenous opioids and producing analgesic relief.  
^`piritrexim:  A synthetic antifolate agent with antiparasitic, antipsoriatic and antitumor properties. Piritrexim inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase enzyme, thereby disrupting folate metabolism and DNA synthesis and cell division.  
^`pirotinib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB; EGFR) family, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, pirotinib selectively and irreversibly binds to and inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptors 1 (ErbB1; EGFR), 2 (ErbB2; HER2), and 4 (ErbB4; HER4). This may result in the inhibition of cell growth and angiogenesis in tumors overexpressing these RTKs. EGFRs play major roles in both tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization, and are overexpressed in many cancer cell types.  
^`piroxantrone:  An anthrapyrazole antineoplastic antibiotic. Piroxantrone intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. Although less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin, this agent exhibits a narrow spectrum of antineoplastic activity.  
^`piroxicam:  A nonsteroidal oxicam derivative with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties. As a non-selective, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), piroxicam binds and chelates both isoforms of cyclooxygenases (COX1 and COX2), thereby stalling phospholipase A2 activity and conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin precursors at the rate limiting cyclooxygenase enzyme step. This results in inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis. As a second, independent effect, piroxicam inhibits the activation of neutrophils thereby contributing to its overall anti-inflammatory effects.  
^`pIRS2 phosphopeptide-tetanus peptide vaccine:  A vaccine composed of a phosphorylated peptide from the tumor associated antigen insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS2) and a tetanus-derived peptide, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of pIRS2 phosphopeptide-tetanus peptide vaccine, the pIRS2 phosphopeptide may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against phosphopeptide-containing tumor cells. The tetanus peptide serves as an immunoadjuvant and induces a helper T-cell response which may help stimulate an immune response against the pIRS2-expressing melanoma tumor cells. IRS2 is upregulated in a variety of cancer cells.  
^`Pitocin:  (Other name for~ recombinant oxytocin) 
^`pixantrone dimaleate:  The dimaleate salt of a synthetic, noncardiotoxic aza-anthracenedione analogue with potential antineoplastic activity. Pixantrone intercalates into DNA and induces topoisomerase II-mediated DNA strand crosslinks, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication and tumor cell cytotoxicity.  
^`placebo:  An inactive substance, treatment or procedure that is intended to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol of a clinical trial.  
^`pladienolide derivative E7107:  A synthetic urethane derivative of pladienolide D with potential antineoplastic activity. Pladienolide derivative E7107 is generated from the 12-membered macrolide pladienolide D, one of several macrolides derived from the bacterium Streptomyces platensis Mer-11107. This agent appears to bind to the 130-kDa subunit 3 (spliceosome-associated protein 130; SAP130) of the splicing factor 3b (SF3b), resulting in inhibition of pre-messenger RNA splicing and the arrest of cell-cycle progression. The splicing factor SF3b is a multiprotein complex integral to the accurate excision of introns from pre-messenger RNA; the subunit SAP130 associates with U2 snRNP and is recruited to prespliceosomal complexes.  
^`Plan B:  (Other name for~ levonorgestrel) 
^`plant-derived hematopoiesis enhancer PG2:  A proprietary botanical formulation derived from a traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) plant with hematopoietic activity. Although the mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, plant-derived hematopoiesis enhancer PG2 appears to stimulate multi-lineage progenitor cells that may be closely related to the hematopoietic stem cell. In both chemotherapy- and radiation therapy-induced animal models of myelosuppression, this agent has been shown to restore granulocyte, erythrocyte, and platelet counts to normal levels. Plant-derived hematopoiesis enhancer PG2 stimulates the production of numerous cytokines such as granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and may stimulate the production of neuroendocrine hormones.  
^`plasmacytoid dendritic cell vaccine:  A whole cell vaccine derived from a distinct subset of dendritic cells (DCs) with a plasma cell-like morphology that exhibits immunomodulating activity. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) express a characteristic set of surface markers, such as CD123 (interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain), BDCA-2 (blood dendritic cell antigen 2; CD303) and BDCA-4 (CD304), as well as intracellular toll-like receptors 7 and 9. Upon stimulation, the activated pDCs produce substantial amounts of interferon (IFN) alpha, and to a lesser degree IFN-beta, as well as other cytokines and chemokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukins 1, 6 and 8. In addition, these pDCs, directly or indirectly stimulate T-cells, B-cells and natural killer cells. This may potentially lead to increased immunity against tumor cells.  
^`plasmid encoding antiangiogenic metargidin peptide:  A plasmid encoding the protein antiangiogenic metargidin plasmid (AMEP), the disintegrin domain of ADAM-15 (metargidin), with potential antiangiogenic and antimetastatic activities. Upon intratumoral electrotransfer of plasmid encoding AMEP, AMEP binds to cellular integrin receptors alpha-v-beta-3 (avb3) and alpha-5-beta-1 (a5b1), which are upregulated on activated endothelial cells and a variety of tumor cells. Binding to the integrin receptors may inhibit angiogenesis and may inhibit tumor cell proliferation.  
^`Platinol:  (Other name for~ cisplatin) 
^`Platinol-AQ:  (Other name for~ cisplatin) 
^`Plavix:  (Other name for~ clopidogrel bisulfate) 
^`PLED-based MnSOD mimetic:  A derivative of pyridoxyl ethyldiamine (PLED) and mimetic of the human mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), with antioxidant, metal chelating and potential chemoprotective activities. Upon administration, PLED-based MnSOD mimetic mimics MnSOD and scavenges oxygen free radicals such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, thereby preventing oxygen free radical damage to macromolecules such as DNA and minimizing oxygen free radical-related chemotoxicity in normal tissues. In addition, this agent is able to strongly bind to iron.  
^`pleiotropic pathway modifier CC-122 hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of CC-122, an orally available pleiotropic pathway modulator with potential antineoplastic activity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
plerixafor~ A bicyclam with hematopoietic stem cell-mobilizing activity. Plerixafor blocks the binding of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1alpha) to the cellular receptor CXCR4, resulting in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) release from bone marrow and HSC movement into the peripheral circulation.  
^`plevitrexed:  An orally bioavailable, small molecule, non-polyglutamatable, antifolate quinazoline derivative thymidine synthetase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Plevitrexed is transported into the cell via the physiological reduced folate carrier (RFC) system. Intracellularly, this agent selectively binds to the folate binding site of thymidylate synthase and inhibits thymidine synthesis, which may result in DNA synthesis inhibition and apoptosis.  
^`plicamycin:  An antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces plicatus with antineoplastic activity. Plicamycin, also known as mithramycin, binds to the minor groove of DNA at GC-rich sites, resulting in inhibition of RNA synthesis; this agent also inhibits mRNA expression, resulting in a reduction in protein synthesis. In addition, plicamycin may inhibit bone resorption by down regulating transcription of c-src, an oncogene involved in bone metabolism and resorption.  
^`plinabulin:  An orally active diketopiperazine derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Plinabulin selectively binds to the colchicine-binding site of tubulin, thereby interrupting equilibrium of microtubule dynamics; mitotic spindle assembly is disrupted, resulting in cell cycle arrest at the M phase and blockage of cell division in tumor cells. In addition, this agent induces tubulin depolymerization in vascular endothelial cells, resulting in the disruption of tumor blood vessel architecture and a selective collapse of tumor vasculature.  
^`plitidepsin:  A cyclic depsipeptide isolated from the marine tunicate Aplidium albicans. Plitidepsin displays a broad spectrum of antitumor activities, inducing apoptosis by triggering mitochondrial cytochrome c release, initiating the Fas/DC95, JNK pathway and activating caspase 3 activation. This agent also inhibits elongation factor 1-a, thereby interfering with protein synthesis, and induces G1 arrest and G2 blockade, thereby inhibiting tumor cell growth.  
^`PLK1 inhibitor TAK-960:  An orally available, Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor TAK-960 selectively inhibits PLK1, inducing selective G2/M cell-cycle arrest followed by apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells while causing reversible cell-cycle arrest at the G1 and G2 stages without apoptosis in normal cells. PLK1 inhibition may result in the inhibition of proliferation in PLK1-overexpressed tumor cells. PLK1, named after the polo gene of Drosophila melanogaster, is a serine/threonine kinase crucial in the regulation of mitosis.  
^`plozalizumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), with potential antiangiogenic, immunomodulating, antimetastatic, and antineoplastic activities. Plozalizumab binds to CCR2 and prevents binding of the endothelium-derived CLL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or MCP1) to its receptor CCR2, which may result in inhibition of CCR2 activation and so inhibition of angiogenesis, tumor cell migration, and tumor cell proliferation. In addition, this agent may reduce levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). The G-protein coupled receptor CCR2 is expressed on the surface of monocytes and macrophages, stimulates the migration and infiltration of these cell types, and plays an important role in inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor cell migration and proliferation.  
^`PM00104:  A synthetic tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid related to the marine natural compounds Jorumycin and the family of Renieramycins, obtained from molluscs and sponges, respectively, with potential antineoplastic activity. PM00104 reversibly binds to DNA and interferes with DNA replication, transcription, and translation. DNA binding by this agent does not trigger DNA damage checkpoint responses, hence PM00104 exhibits a reversible cytotoxicity.  
^`pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine:  A pneumococcal conjugate vaccine containing 13 different strains of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, used in children and studied in immunocompromised patients for the prevention of pneumococcal disease. The pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine contains capsular antigen polysaccharides derived from the S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F that are individually conjugated to a nontoxic diphtheria cross-reactive material (CRM) carrier protein (CRM197). Upon vaccination, pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine induces active immunization against 13 different serotypes of S. pneumoniae and protects against pneumococcal disease.  
^`pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine:  An active immunizing agent used to prevent infection by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine consists of a solution of saccharides of the capsular antigens of Streptococcus serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F individually conjugated to diphtheria CRM 197 protein.  
^`pneumococcal polyvalent vaccine:  An polyvalent vaccine used to prevent infection by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal polyvalent vaccine contains higly purified capsular antigens from the 23 most prevalent or invasive pneumococcal types of Streptococcus pneumoniae to ensure cross-protection. Following vaccination, protective capsular type-specific antibody levels typically develop by the third week; serotype-specific antibody levels generally decline after 5-10 years.  
^`Pneumovax 23:  (Other name for~ pneumococcal polyvalent vaccine) 
^`pNGVL3-hICD vaccine:  A plasmid DNA cancer vaccine encoding the intracellular domain (ICD) of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene. Upon administration and after cellular uptake by skin or muscle cells, the pNGVL3-hICD vaccine plasmid expresses the HER-2/neu protein, which, after intracellular processing, may elicit both antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and humoral immune responses against tumor cells expressing HER-2. The HER-2/neu ICD protein is highly immunogenic and, as a subdominant epitope, may be associated with decreased immune tolerance.  
^`pNGVL4a-CRT/E7(detox) DNA vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of the DNA plasmid pNGVL4a-A encoding calreticulin (CRT) linked to a detox form of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 antigen, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, this vaccine may generate a potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against E7-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell death. For E7(detox), the amino acids in E7 at positions 24 (cysteine to glycine) and 26 (glutamic acid to glycine) were substituted. CRT, a 46 kDa protein located in the lumen of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum (ER), may potentiate MHC class I presentation of HPV-16 E7 to E7-specific CD8-positive T cells. In addition, pNGVL4a-A contains two short immunostimulatory DNA sequences (ISS) in the noncoding region, which may elicit the production of IFN- and IL-12 in transfected keratinocytes and dermal antigen presenting cells (APCs), resulting in a potent T helper cell type 1 response.  
^`pNGVL4a-Sig/E7(detox)/HSP70 DNA vaccine:  An antigen-specific DNA cancer vaccine consisting of the coding sequences of a signal peptide (pNGVL4a-Sig), a detox form of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) antigen E7, and the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Upon administration, this vaccine may generate potent cytotoxic CD8(+) T-cell responses against E7-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell death.  
^`PNP-expressing ovine atadenovirus FP253:  An ovine atadenovirus encoding E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) with prodrug activating activity. Under the control of a prostate-directed promoter, PNP-expressing atadenovirus vaccine FP253 expresses PNP in prostate tissue only after intraprostatic administration; this enzyme catalyzes systemically administered fludarabine prodrug into the active agent, 2-fluoroadenine. Localized prodrug activation provides prostate-targeted chemotherapy, potentially reducing systemic side effects.  
^`Pnu-Imune 23:  (Other name for~ pneumococcal polyvalent vaccine) 
^`Pol I inhibitor CX5461:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of RNA polymerase I (Pol I), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, CX-5461 selectively binds to and inhibits Pol I, prevents Pol I-mediated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, induces apoptosis, and inhibits tumor cell growth. Pol I, the multiprotein complex that synthesizes rRNA, is upregulated in cancer cells and plays a key role in cell proliferation and survival. Hyperactivated rRNA transcription is associated with uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation.  
^`polaprezinc:  An orally bioavailable chelate composed of zinc and L-carnosine, with potential gastroprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon administration, polaprezinc increases the expression of various anti-oxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), SOD-2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), peroxidredoxin-1 (PRDX1; PRXI) and PRXD5 (PRXV) in the gastric mucosa, which protect cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, this agent inhibits the activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) and reduces the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) 1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a). Polaprezinc also increases the expression of various growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), and various heat shock proteins (HSPs), including HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP47, HSP27, and HSP10. This protects against damages to, and accelerates healing of the gastric mucosa.  
^`polatuzumab vedotin:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a monoclonal antibody directed against B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein beta chain (CD79B) conjugated, via a protease-cleavable peptide linker, to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an auristatin derivative and a potent microtubule inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, polatuzumab vedotin selectively binds to CD79B, a protein which is abundantly expressed on the surface of B-cells. Upon internalization and proteolytic cleavage, MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, resulting in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. CD79B, a component of the B-cell receptor (BCR), plays a key role in B-cell receptor signaling and is expressed on the surface of almost all types of malignant B-cells.  
^`polifeprosan 20 with carmustine implant:  A synthetic, biodegradable wafer containing the agent carmustine with antineoplastic activity. Used to deliver drug directly into a brain tumor site and typically implanted post-surgically, the wafer is made of a biodegradable poly-anhydride copolymer and contains the nitrosourea carmustine. As an antineoplastic nitrosourea, carmustine alkylates and cross-links DNA during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in disruption of DNA function, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Carmustine also carbamoylates proteins, including DNA repair enzymes, resulting in an enhanced cytotoxic effect. Carmustine is highly lipophilic and crosses the blood-brain barrier readily.  
^`polihexanide solution:  A solution containing the polymer polihexanide, with potential antimicrobial, disinfectant and wound healing activities. Upon application to a wound, polihexanide strongly binds to the wound surface and exerts an antiseptic effect through the binding of the positively charged guanidine groups of polihexanide with the negatively charged phospholipids of the bacterial cell membrane. This compromises the stability of the bacterial cell membrane, which results in the leakage of cytoplasmic components and leads to bacterial cell death. In addition, polihexanide accelerates wound healing by promoting epithelial cell migration and proliferation.  
^`Polocaine:  (Other name for~ mepivacaine hydrochloride) 
^`Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor GSK-461364:  A small molecule Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor GSK461364 selectively inhibits Plk1, inducing selective G2/M arrest followed by apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells while causing reversible cell arrest at the G1 and G2 stage without apoptosis in normal cells. Plk1, named after the polo gene of Drosophila melanogaster, is a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in regulating mitotic spindle function in a non-ATP competitive manner.  
^`Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor MK1496:  An orally bioavailable Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor MK1496 selectively inhibits Plk1, inducing selective G2/M arrest followed by apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells while causing reversible cell arrest at the G1 and G2 stage without apoptosis in normal cells. Plk1, named after the polo gene of Drosophila melanogaster, is a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in regulating mitotic spindle function in a non-ATP competitive manner.  
^`Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor NMS-1286937:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor NMS-1286937 selectively inhibits PLK1, inducing selective G2/M cell-cycle arrest followed by apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells while causing reversible cell-cycle arrest at the G1 and G2 stages without apoptosis in normal cells. PLK1 inhibition may result in the inhibition of proliferation in PLK1-overexpressing tumor cells. PLK1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase crucial in the regulation of mitosis.  
^`Polo-like kinase 4 inhibitor CFI-400945 fumarate:  An orally available fumarate salt form of CFI-400945, a polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, polo-like kinase 4 inhibitor CFI-400945 selectively inhibits PLK4, which results in the disruption of mitosis and the induction of apoptosis. PLK4 inhibition also prevents cell division and inhibits proliferation of PLK4-overexpressing tumor cells. PLK4, a member of the polo family of serine/threonine kinases overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, plays a crucial role in the regulation of centriole duplication during the cell cycle.  
^`poly AU:  A synthetic polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid double-stranded RNA. Poly AU may stimulate the release of cytotoxic cytokines and, by inducing the production of interferon, may increase the number and tumoricidal activities of various immunohematopoietic cells.  
^`poly IC:  A synthetic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid double-stranded RNA. Poly IC may stimulate the release of cytotoxic cytokines and, by inducing interferon-gamma production, may increase the number and tumoricidal activities of various immunohematopoietic cells.  
^`poly ICLC:  A synthetic complex of carboxymethylcellulose, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, and poly-L-lysine double-stranded RNA. Poly ICLC may stimulate the release of cytotoxic cytokines and, by inducing interferon-gamma production, may increase the tumoricidal activities of various immunohematopoietic cells.  
^`polyacrylamide hydrogel:  A transparent, biocompatible, non-resorbable, homogenous hydrogel containing 97.5% apyrogenic water and 2.5% of the cross-linked, synthetic polyacrylamide. Upon injection into the urethral submucosal tissue, the polyacrylamide hydrogel serves as a bulk forming agent and may possibly increase the strength of the urethral sphincter and thereby prevent or decrease stress-induced urinary incontinence.  
^`poly-alendronate dextran-guanidine conjugate:  A polybisphosphonate dextran-guanidine conjugate with potential anti-resorptive and antineoplastic activities. Alendronic acid and aminoguanidine were conjugated sequentially to oxidized dextran resulting in an average of 8 alendronate and 50 guanidine groups coupled to the dextran backbone. Upon administration, the poly-alendronate dextran-guanidine conjugate inhibits the mevalonate pathway by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) which leads to a reduction in protein prenylation and to the loss of downstream metabolites essential for osteoclast function. This eventually leads to the induction of apoptosis in osteoclasts. Also, by preventing osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, this agent decreases bone turnover and stabilizes the bone matrix. The guanidine moiety increases the nitrogen content and possibly the activity of the bisphosphonate and its ability to inhibit FDPS. In addition, the guanidine moiety facilitates cell internalization and may contribute to this agent’s cytotoxicity.  
^`polyamine analogue PG11047:  A second generation polyamine analogue, synthesized through the restriction of molecular conformations of parent polyamine compounds, with potential antineoplastic activity. Polyamine analogue PG11047 may displace endogenous polyamines from DNA binding sites, thereby interfering with cell cycle processes dependent upon polyamine binding and function, and resulting in cell-cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, depletion of polyamines, and interference with gene and ligand-receptor activities involved with cell growth. This agent may exhibit decreased toxicity and enhanced cytotoxicity profiles compared to first-generation polyamine compounds. In tumor cells, there is an increase dependence on polyamines as well as a dysregulated polyamine metabolic pathway resulting in abnormal or sustained tumor growth.  
^`polycarbophil/carbomer/glycerin/palm oil glyceride/mineral oil-containing vaginal moisturizer:  A commercial combination preparation that contains an adhesive polycarbophil polymer, which is used for vaginal lubrication. Polycarbophil is an insoluble compound that absorbs water and, after topical administration, adheres to vaginal epithelial cells. As a result, it helps both moisturize vaginal tissue and relieve the discomfort that is associated with vaginal dryness.  
^`polyethylene glycol 1000 cetyl ether cream:  A cream containing a non-ionic surfactant belonging to the polyethylene glycol (PEG) family. Polyethylene glycol 1000 cetyl ether is used as an ointment base, but can also be used as an emulsifier and solubilizer.  
^`polyethylene glycol 3350-containing enema NER1008:  An enema containing the osmotic agent polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350, also called macrogol 3350, with laxative activity. Upon rectal administration of the PEG3350-containing enema NER1008, PEG creates an osmotic gradient, which promotes the retention of water in the bowel. This increases the water content of stool, which results in increased gastrointestinal (GI) motility, decreased stool transit time and evacuation of colonic contents.  
^`polyethylene glycol recombinant endostatin:  A formulation containing recombinant endostatin attached to polyethylene glycol (PEG), with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Endostatin, a 20 kDa C-terminal proteolytic fragment of collagen XVIII, induces microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis and inhibits endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis, which may result in a reduction of tumor cell growth. Modification with PEG extends the circulation half-life of endostatin, improves stability and increases solubility in organic solvents.  
^`polyethyleneglycol-7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin:  A polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugate of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin with potential antineoplastic activity. After hydrolysis in vivo, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38), an active metabolite of irinotecan, is released from polyethyleneglycol-7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (PEG-SN38); 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin selectively stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes, resulting in single-stranded and double-stranded DNA breaks, the inhibition of DNA replication, and the induction of apoptosis. This agent is designed to deliver the active metabolite to tumor cells without the need for conversion as is the case with irinotecan. Compared to unPEGylated 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, PEGylation improves solubility and allows for parental delivery, and may result in a longer half-life and higher exposure for tumor cells.  
^`polyethyleneglycol-7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin DFP-13318:  A long-acting formulation composed of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38), a camptothecin derivative and active metabolite of irinotecan conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG), via a proprietary, cleavable linker, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the proprietary linkage system allows for very slow release of SN38 from the formulation. Upon release, SN38 selectively stabilizes covalent topoisomerase I-DNA complexes, and results in single-stranded and double-stranded DNA breaks, the inhibition of DNA replication, and the induction of apoptosis. This agent is designed to deliver the active metabolite to tumor cells without the need for conversion as is the case with irinotecan. Compared to other PEG-SN38-based formulations, the linker system in DFP-13318 increases its half-life and the exposure time for tumor cells, while decreasing both blood plasma concentrations and exposure to off-target organs; this results in increased efficacy.  
^`Polygam S/D:  (Other name for~ therapeutic immune globulin) 
^`poly-gamma glutamic acid:  A water-soluble and biodegradable polymer naturally synthesized by various strains of Bacillus and composed of D- and L-glutamic acid polymerized via gamma-amide linkages, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, poly-gamma glutamic acid may augment the immune response by increasing the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and inducing the activation of macrophage and natural killer (NK) cells. In addition to its tumor control properties, IFN-gamma is a major mediator of innate and adaptive immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections. TNF-alpha is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation, which is capable of inducing apoptotic cell death and exhibits anti-tumoral effects.  
^`polyglutamate camptothecin:  A therapeutic formulation consisting of camptothecin, an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata, conjugated with polyglutamate. During the S phase of the cell cycle, camptothecin selectively stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes, thereby inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks and producing potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks when encountered by the DNA replication machinery. Conjugation with polyglutamate renders this agent more water soluble and less toxic than the parent molecule.  
^`polymeric camptothecin prodrug XMT-1001:  A polymeric prodrug of camptothecin (CPT) with potential antineoplastic activity. Polymeric camptothecin prodrug XMT-1001 consists of CPT conjugated to the 60-70 kDa, inert, bio-degradable, hydrophilic copolymer poly[1-hydroxymethylene hydroxymethyl formal] (PHF). Through a dual-phase, non-enzymatic release mechanism, CPT is first released in plasma from XMT-1001 as the lipophilic prodrugs CPT-SI (a succinimidoglycinate derivative) and CPT-SA (a succinamidoyl glycinate derivative), which are then hydrolyzed within tissues to release the lactone form of CPT. CPT inhibits the catalytic activity of DNA topoisomerase I, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and inducing apoptosis. This agent may exhibit a more favorable pharmacokinetic profile than other agents in the same class.  
^`Polymox:  (Other name for~ amoxicillin) 
^`PolyMVA:  (Other name for~ alpha-lipoic acid/vitamin/mineral supplement PolyMVA) 
^`polymyxin B:  A mixture of the polypeptides polymyxins B1 and B2, both obtained from Bacillus polymyxa strains, with antimicrobial activity. Polymyxin B exerts its antimicrobial effect through its cationic detergent action on cell membranes. Specifically, this antibiotic binds to the negatively charged site in the lipopolysaccharide layer of the bacterial cell membrane via electrostatic affinity with the positively charged amino groups in the cyclic peptide portion. Subsequently, the fatty acid portion of polymyxin B dissolves in the hydrophobic region of the bacterial cell membrane. This results in an alteration in cell membrane structure, disruption of cell wall integrity and an increase in permeability for water and molecules. This will eventually lead to bacterial cell death.  
^`Polyphenon E Ointment:  (Other name for~ kunecatechins ointment) 
^`polysaccharide-K:  A protein-bound polysaccharide derived from the mushroom Trametes versicolor (Turkey Tail) with immunoadjuvant and potential antitumor activities. Although its mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that polysaccharide-K induces peripheral blood monocyte secretion of IL-8 and TNF-alpha, induces T cell proliferation, and prevents cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. This agent has also been reported to stimulate macrophages to produce reactive nitrogen intermediates and superoxide anions and to promote apoptosis in the promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60.  
^`poly-TLR agonist polyantigenic vaccine CADI-05:  A poly-Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist polyantigenic vaccine containing heat killed Mycobacterium indicus pranii (Mycobacterium w or Mw) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, poly-TLR agonist polyantigenic vaccine activates a number of TLRs, which may result in macrophage and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) stimulation; secretion of interferon alpha; production of pro-inflammatory cytokines; upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules, enhanced T and B-cell stimulatory responses; T cell proliferation, and a Th1 immune response. TLRs are transmembrane receptors that recognize structurally conserved microbial molecules such as bacterial cell-surface lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins, lipopeptides, lipoarabinomannan and flagellin, among others; immune responses stimulated by TLR activation may result in antineoplastic effects.  
^`polyunsaturated fatty acid:  A fatty acid containing more than one double bond (C=C). The essential fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that contain 2 or more cis double bonds. Dietary intake of some PUFAs may have beneficial effects on blood pressure, serum lipds, and inflammation. Some PUFAs, such as omega-3 PUFAs, may have antineoplastic or chemopreventive activities.  
^`polyvalent antigen-KLH conjugate vaccine:  A multivalent cancer vaccine comprised of the five tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) globo H, GM2 ganglioside, Tn-MUC1, TF, and sTn conjugated with the immunoadjuvant keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, polyvalent antigen-KLH conjugate vaccine may induce production of IgG and IgM antibodies and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells expressing these TAAs, resulting in tumor cell death and tumor growth inhibition. Globo H (globo H hexasaccharide 1); GM2 ganglioside; Tn-MUC1 (human tumor-associated epithelial mucin 1 carrying the tumor-specific glycan Tn); TF (Thompson-Friedreich); and sTn (sialyl-Tn) are overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells. KLH is a hapten carrier and serves as an immunostimulant to improve immune recognition of antigens.  
^`polyvalent melanoma vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of whole irradiated heterologous melanoma cells which express multiple melanoma-related antigens. Polyvalent melanoma vaccine may stimulate an antitumoral cytotoxic T-cell immune response in the host, resulting in inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death.  
^`polyvinylpyrrolidone-sodium hyaluronate gel:  An oral bioadherent gel containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium hyaluronate with muco-protective activity. Upon oral application, this gel adheres to the mucosal surface of the mouth and throat, forming a thin layer that acts as a barrier to protect exposed and sensitized nerve endings from the painful stimuli associated with eating, drinking, and talking.  
^`pomalidomide:  An orally bioavailable derivative of thalidomide with potential immunomodulating, antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Although its exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, pomalidomide appears to inhibit TNF-alpha production, enhance the activity of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells and enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In addition, pomalidomide may inhibit tumor angiogenesis, promote cell cycle arrest in susceptible tumor cell populations, and stimulate erythropoeisis.  
^`Pomalyst:  (Other name for~ pomalidomide) 
^`pomegranate juice:  A natural juice isolated from the fruit of the plant Punica granatum with antioxidant, potential antineoplastic, and chemopreventive activities. Pomegranate juice contains flavonoids which promote differentiation and apoptosis in tumor cells by down-regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stimulating migration inhibitory factor (MIF), thereby inhibiting angiogenesis. The flavanoids in pomegranate juice also scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, in some cell types, may prevent ROS-mediated cell injury and death.  
^`pomegranate liquid extract:  A liquid extract preparation derived from pomegranate (Punica granatum) seeds with antioxidant, and potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Pomegranate liquid extract contains flavonoids which may promote differentiation and apoptosis in tumor cells by down-regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stimulating migration inhibitory factor (MIF), thus inhibiting angiogenesis.Pomegranate liquid extract flavanoids also scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, in some cell types, may prevent ROS-mediated cell injury and death.  
^`pomegranate-extract pill:  A pill formulation of polyphenol extracts derived from the fruit of the deciduous shrub Punica granatum with antioxidant and potential chemopreventive activities. By binding and neutralizing free-radical compounds, the polyphenol extracts contained in pomegranate-extract pill may prevent their genotoxic and carcinogenic effects.  
^`POMx:  (Other name for~ pomegranate-extract pill) 
^`ponatinib hydrochloride:  An orally bioavailable multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Ponatinib hydrochloride inhibits unmutated and all mutated forms of Bcr-Abl, including T315I, the highly drug therapy-resistant missense mutation of Bcr-Abl. This agent also inhibits other tyrosine kinases including those associated with vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs); in addition, it inhibits the tyrosine kinase receptor TIE2 and FMS-related tyrosine kinase receptor-3 (Flt3). RTK inhibition by ponatinib hydrochloride may result in the inhibition of cellular proliferation and angiogenesis and may induce cell death. Bcr-Abl is a fusion tyrosine kinase encoded by the Philadelphia chromosome.  
^`ponesimod:  An orally available sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1, S1P1) agonist that acts as a functional antagonist, with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon oral administration, ponesimod selectively binds to S1PR1 on lymphocytes and causes transient receptor activation followed by S1PR1 internalization and degradation. This results in the sequestration of lymphocytes in lymph nodes. By preventing egress of lymphocytes, ponesimod reduces both the number of circulating peripheral lymphocytes and the infiltration of lymphocytes into target tissues. This prevents a lymphocyte-mediated immune response. S1PR1, a G-protein coupled receptor, plays a key role in lymphocyte migration from lymphoid tissues.  
^`porcupine inhibitor ETC-1922159:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) porcupine (PORCN), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, ETC-1922159 binds to and inhibits PORCN in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which blocks post-translational palmitoylation of Wnt ligands and inhibits their secretion. This prevents the activation of Wnt ligands, interferes with Wnt-mediated signaling, and inhibits cell growth in Wnt-driven tumors. Porcupine catalyzes the palmitoylation of Wnt ligands, and plays a key role in Wnt ligand secretion. Wnt signaling is dysregulated in a variety of cancers.  
^`porcupine inhibitor WNT974:  An orally available inhibitor of porcupine (PORCN), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, WNT974 binds to and inhibits PORCN in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which blocks post-translational acylation of Wnt ligands and inhibits their secretion. This prevents the activation of Wnt ligands, interferes with Wnt-mediated signaling, and inhibits cell growth in Wnt-driven tumors. Porcupine, a membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT), is required for the palmitoylation of Wnt ligands, and plays a key role in Wnt ligand secretion and activity. Wnt signaling is dysregulated in a variety of cancers.  
^`porfimer sodium:  The sodium salt of a mixture of oligomers formed by ether and ester linkages of up to eight porphyrin units with photodynamic activity. Absorbed selectively by tumor cells, porfimer produces oxygen radicals after activation by 630 nm wavelength laser light, resulting in tumor cell cytotoxicity. In addition, tumor cell death may occur due to ischemic necrosis secondary to vascular occlusion that appears to be partly mediated by the release of thromboxane A2.  
^`porfiromycin:  An N-methyl derivative of the antineoplastic antibiotic mitomycin C isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces ardus and other Streptomyces bacterial species. Bioreduced porfiromycin generates oxygen radicals and alkylates DNA, producing interstrand cross-links and single-strand breaks, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. Porfiromycin is preferentially toxic to hypoxic cells.  
^`Portrazza:  (Other name for~ necitumumab) 
^`posaconazole:  A broad-spectrum, second generation, triazole compound with antifungal activity. Posaconazole strongly inhibits 14-alpha demethylase, a cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme. Inhibition of 14-alpha-demethylase prevents the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, an important component of the fungal cell wall. Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis changes the fungal cell membrane composition and integrity, alters membrane permeability and eventually leads to fungal cell lysis. Compared to other azole antifungals, posaconazole is a significantly more potent inhibitor of sterol 14-alpha demethylase.  
^`Posidur:  (Other name for~ extended release bupivacaine hydrochloride resorbable matrix formulation) 
^`povidone-iodine solution:  An iodophor solution containing a water-soluble complex of iodine and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with broad microbicidal activity. Free iodine, slowly liberated from the povoiodine-iodine (PVPI) complex in solution, kills eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells through iodination of lipids and oxidation of cytosplasmic and membrane compounds. This agent exhbits a broad range of microbicidal activity against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Slow release of iodine from the PVPI complex in solution minimizes iodine toxicity towards mammalian cells.  
^`poziotinib:  An orally bioavailable, quinazoline-based, mall-molecular and irreversible pan-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or HER) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Poziotinib inhibits EGFR (HER1 or ErbB1), HER2, HER4 and EGFR mutants, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells that overexpress these receptors. EGFRs, cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases, are often upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types and play key roles in cellular proliferation and survival.  
^`PP14 derivative-treated HLA-matched donor mononuclear cell-enriched leukocytes:  A preparation of allogeneic HLA-matched leukocytes treated with a derivative of placental protein 14 (PP14) with potential immunomodulating activity. PP14 derivative-treated HLA-matched donor mononuclear cell-enriched leukocytes contain at least fifty-five percent early-apoptotic T cells; after infusion and when processed by recipient dendritic cells, early-apoptotic T cells may help induce a decrease in the donor effector T-cell responses against the recipient of an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant, thereby minimizing allogeneic HSC transplant-related graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). PP14, a 162 amino acid glycosylated protein secreted by the late secretory phase endometrium, binds to T cells in a carbohydrate fashion and has been shown to induce T-cell apoptosis; maternal immune tolerance to the fetus and pregnancy-related remissions of autoimmune disease may involve PP14-induced T cell apoptosis.  
^`P-p68 inhibitor RX-5902:  An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of phosphorylated-p68 RNA helicase (P-p68), with potential anti-proliferative and antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, P-p68 inhibitor RX-5902 may both inhibit the activity of the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein and facilitate the induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21). This may prevent G2/M cell cycle progression and lead to growth inhibition in tumor cells. P-p68 is overexpressed in various types of solid tumors but absent in normal tissues, and plays a role in tumor progression and metastasis. p21 is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor which regulates cell cycle progression and mediates both growth arrest and cellular senescence.  
^`PPE-expressing replication-defective HSV-1 vector NP2:  A replication-defective (ICP4-deleted) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) viral vector expressing the human preproenkephalin A (PPE) gene with potential antinociceptive activity. Upon intradermal administration, PPE-expressing replication-defective HSV-1 vector NP2 is transported by retrograde axonal transport to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and becomes dormant. In the DRG, the vector transduces sensory neurons with high efficiency, delivering the engineered PPE gene; transduced neurons then express the protein proenkephalin A, the precursor for Met- and Leu-enkephalin. After proteolytic cleavage from proenkephalin A in the DRG neuronal cytosol, transgene-mediated Met- and Leu-enkephalin bind to mu and gamma- opioid receptors, which may result in the inhibition of nociceptive neurotransmission.  
^`PPI-2458:  A synthetic derivative of fumagillin with antineoplastic and cytotoxic properties. PPI-2458 irreversibly inhibits the enzyme methionine aminopeptidase type 2 (MetAP2), thereby preventing abnormal cell growth and angiogenesis. PPI-2458 is reported to have a better toxicity profile compared to other agents of its class.  
^`PR1 leukemia peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing PR1, a 9 amino-acid human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 restricted peptide derived from proteinase 3, with potential immunotherapeutic activity. Vaccination with PR1 leukemia peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing proteinase 3, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Often overexpressed in leukemic cells, proteinase 3 is a serine proteinase that activates progelatinase A and is involved in angiogenesis and metastasis.  
^`PR-104:  A non-toxic, small-molecule, hypoxia-activated, 3,5-dinitrobenzamide nitrogen mustard pre-prodrug with potential antitumor activity. Upon intravenous administration, PR-104 is converted by systemic phosphatases to the alcohol intermediate PR-104A, which is reduced to form the active DNA-crosslinking mustard species hydroxylamine PR-104H intracellularly under hypoxic conditions. PR-104H specifically crosslinks hypoxic tumor cell DNA, resulting in the inhibition of DNA repair and synthesis, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis in susceptible hypoxic tumor cell populations while sparing normoxic tissues.  
^`pracinostat:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Pracinostat inhibits HDACs, which may result in the accumulation of highly acetylated histones, followed by the induction of chromatin remodeling; the selective transcription of tumor suppressor genes; the tumor suppressor protein-mediated inhibition of tumor cell division; and, finally, the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This agent may possess improved metabolic, pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties compared to other HDAC inhibitors.  
^`Pradaxa:  (Other name for~ dabigatran etexilate mesylate) 
^`pralatrexate:  A folate analogue inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) exhibiting high affinity for reduced folate carrier-1 (RFC-1) with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. Pralatrexate selectively enters cells expressing RFC-1; intracellularly, this agent is highly polyglutamylated and competes for the folate binding site of DHFR, blocking tetrahydrofolate synthesis, which may result in depletion of nucleotide precursors; inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis; and apoptotic tumor cell death. Efficient intracellular polyglutamylation of pralatrexate results in higher intracellular concentrations compared to non-polyglutamylated pralatrexate, which is more readily effuxed by the MRP (multidrug resistance protein) drug efflux pump. RFC-1, an oncofetal protein expressed at highest levels during embryonic development, may be overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various cancer cell types.  
^`PRAME-targeting T-cell receptor/I\inducible caspase 9 BPX-701:  Human allogeneic T lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a high-affinity T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-01-restricted, preferentially-expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) and containing the chemical induction of dimerization (CID) suicide/safety switch, composed of a drug binding domain coupled to the signaling domain of the suicide enzyme caspase-9, with potential antineoplastic activity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are isolated from a patient, transduced with an anti-PRAME-HLA-A2 restricted TCR, expanded ex vivo, and reintroduced into the HLA-A2-positive patient. Upon reintroduction, PRAME-targeting T-cell receptor-based therapy BPX-701 binds to tumor cells expressing PRAME, which may induce cell death in and halt the growth of PRAME-expressing cancer cells. The tumor-associated antigen PRAME is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types. If potential T-cell toxicity due to graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) occurs, the chemical dimerizer rimiducid (AP1903) can be adminstered. Rimiducid binds to the drug binding domain expressed by the BPX-701 T cells, and triggers activation of the caspase-9 domain, which leads to caspase 9-mediated signaling, the induction of apoptosis and to selective and complete elimination of BPX-701 cells.  
^`pramipexole dihydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of pramipexole, a benzothiazole derivative. As a nonergot dopamine agonist, pramipexole binds to D2 and D3 dopamine receptors in the striatum and substantia nigra of the brain. Compared to other dopamine agonists, the use of this agent may be associated with fewer dyskinetic side effects in treated subjects.  
^`Prandin:  (Other name for~ repaglinide) 
^`prasterone:  A synthetic form of dehydroepiandrosterone with potential chemopreventive activity. Produced endogenously, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an intermediate in the conversion of cholesterol to androgens and estrogens. Although the mechanisms of action of exogenously administered DHEA have not been fully illuminated, they may result in both direct and indirect physiologic effects. Direct effects include GABA-a receptor complex and NMDA receptor modulation, and enhanced pancreatic beta cell insulin secretion and antiglucocorticoid activities.  
^`Pravachol:  (Other name for~ pravastatin sodium) 
^`pravastatin sodium:  The sodium salt of pravastatin with cholesterol-lowering and potential antineoplastic activities. Pravastatin competitively inhibits hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a key step in cholesterol synthesis. This agent lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels, and modulates immune responses by suppressing MHC II (major histocompatibility complex II) on interferon gamma-stimulated, antigen-presenting cells such as human vascular endothelial cells. In addition, pravastatin, like other statins, exhibits pro-apoptotic, growth inhibitory, and pro-differentiation activities in a variety of tumor cells; these antineoplastic activities may be due, in part, to inhibition of the isoprenylation of Ras and Rho GTPases and related signaling cascades.  
^`Precedex:  (Other name for~ dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) 
^`Precose:  (Other name for~ acarbose) 
^`prednisolone:  A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. After cell surface receptor attachment and cell entry, prednisolone enters the nucleus where it binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. This agent also decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes, induces cell differentiation, and stimulates apoptosis in sensitive tumor cells populations.  
^`prednisone:  A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. After cell surface receptor attachment and cell entry, prednisone enters the nucleus where it binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. This agent also decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes, induces cell differentiation, and stimulates apoptosis in sensitive tumor cell populations.  
^`pregabalin:  A 3-isobutyl derivative of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) with anti-convulsant, anti-epileptic, anxiolytic, and analgesic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, pregabalin selectively binds to alpha2delta (A2D) subunits of presynaptic voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) located in the central nervous system (CNS). Binding of pregabalin to VDCC A2D subunits prevents calcium influx and the subsequent calcium-dependent release of various neurotransmitters, including glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and substance P, from the presynaptic nerve terminals of hyperexcited neurons; synaptic transmission is inhibited and neuronal excitability is diminished. Pregabalin does not bind directly to GABA-A or GABA-B receptors and does not alter GABA uptake or degradation.  
^`Pregnyl:  (Other name for~ recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin) 
^`preimplantation factor PIF-1:  A synthetic version, known as PIF-1, of the peptide preimplantation factor (PIF), an embryo-secreted peptide, with potential activity against graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). PIF-1 is believed to have wide-ranging activity on the immunologic system, including a whole host of immunologic changes that resemble pregnancy, in which there is neither graft-versus-host or host-versus-graft disease between the mother and the embryo. Replication of the immunologic profile of pregnancy through the administration of PIF-1 may thus benefit patients undergoing bone marrow transplant (BMT) who experience graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Native embryonic PIF has been found to have a multi-targeted effect on various aspects of the immune system, coordinated so that there is a successful embryonic implantation and a successful pregnancy.  
^`Prelay:  (Other name for~ troglitazone) 
^`Prelone:  (Other name for~ prednisolone) 


^`Premarin:  (Other name for~ conjugated estrogens) 
^`Prevnar:  (Other name for~ pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine) 
^`Prevnar 13:  (Other name for~ pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine) 
^`prexasertib:  An inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1 (chk1) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, prexasertib selectively binds to chk1, thereby preventing activity of chk1 and abrogating the repair of damaged DNA. This may lead to an accumulation of damaged DNA and may promote genomic instability and apoptosis. Prexasertib may potentiate the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents and reverse tumor cell resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Chk1, a serine/threonine kinase, mediates cell cycle checkpoint control and is essential for DNA repair and plays a key role in resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.  
^`Prialt:  (Other name for~ ziconotide) 
^`Prilosec:  (Other name for~ omeprazole) 
^`PRIMA-1 analogue APR-246:  A methylated derivative and structural analog of PRIMA-1 (p53 re-activation and induction of massive apoptosis), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, PRIMA-1 analogue APR-246 covalently modifies the core domain of mutated forms of cellular tumor antigen p53 (p53) through the alkylation of thiol groups. These modifications restore both the wild-type conformation and function to mutant p53, which reconstitutes endogenous p53 activity, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells. This agent may work synergistically with other antineoplastic agents. p53, a tumor suppressor and transcription factor normally activated upon DNA damage, is frequently mutated and overexpressed in cancer cells; it plays a key role in both DNA repair and the induction of apoptosis.  
^`primary prostate cancer tissue/hTERT/survivin mRNA-loaded autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  An autologous dendritic cell (DCs) vaccine targeting prostate cancer with immunostimulating activity. The autologous DC vaccine is prepared via transfecting DCs with mRNAs extracted from primary prostate cancer tissue, and mRNAs of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and survivin. Upon administration, this DC vaccine may elicit a potent cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against prostate cancer cells, resulting in tumor cell death. Both hTERT and survivin are essential in neoplastic growth, and are considered to be universal tumor antigens.  
^`Prinivil:  (Other name for~ lisinopril) 
^`prinomastat:  A synthetic hydroxamic acid derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Prinomastat inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (specifically, MMP-2, 9, 13, and 14), thereby inducing extracellular matrix degradation, and inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion, and metastasis. As a lipophilic agent, prinomastat crosses the blood-brain barrier.  
^`Pristiq:  (Other name for~ desvenlafaxine succinate) 
^`probenecid:  A benzoic acid derivative with antihyperuricemic property. Probenecid competitively inhibits the active reabsorption of urate at the proximal tubule in the kidney thereby increasing urinary excretion of uric acid and lowering serum urate concentrations. This prevents urate deposition and promotes resolution of existing urate deposits. In addition, probenecid modulates the transport of organic acids and acidic drugs at the proximal and distal renal tubule, thereby increasing the drug serum concentration.  
^`procarbazine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a methylhydrazine derivative with antineoplastic and mutagenic activities. Although the exact mode of cytotoxicity has not been elucidated, procarbazine, after metabolic activation, appears to inhibit the trans-methylation of methionine into transfer RNA (t-RNA), thereby preventing protein synthesis and consequently DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent may also undergo auto-oxidation, resulting in the formation of cytotoxic free radicals which damage DNA through an alkylation reaction.  
^`procaspase activating compound-1 VO-100:  An orally bioavailable procaspase activating compound-1 (PAC-1), with potential proapoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, VO-100 binds to and forms a chelating complex with zinc (Zn) ions inside cells, which prevents the binding of Zn ions to procaspase-3 (PC3) and abrogates the Zn-mediated inhibition of PC3. This allows for the proteolytic autoactivation of PC3 into the active form caspase-3. This results in the selective caspase-3-mediated induction of apoptosis and cell death in cancer cells. In addition, VO-100 is able to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). PC3, a Zn-inhibited proenzyme, is upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types, while its expression is minimal in normal healthy cells.  
^`prochlorperazine:  A synthetic propylpiperazine derivative of phenothiazine with antiemetic, antipsychotic, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic activities. Prochlorperazine antagonizes the dopamine D2-receptor in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the brain and may prevent chemotherapy-induced emesis.  
^`Prochymal:  (Other name for~ remestemcel-L) 
^`Procrit:  (Other name for~ epoetin alfa) 
^`Proctocort:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`Prodiaben:  (Other name for~ chlorpropamide) 
^`Proellex:  (Other name for~ telapristone acetate) 
^`Profasi:  (Other name for~ recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin) 
^`proflavine hemisulfate:  The hemisulfate salt form of proflavine, an acridine-derived fluorescent contrast and disinfectant agent that can potentially be used for cellular imaging and antiseptic purposes. Upon topical application of proflavine hemisulfate, proflavine diffuses into cells and intercalates into DNA, thereby accumulating in and staining the nucleus. During fluorescence imaging, the cell nuclei can be visualized. This allows nuclear morphometry and the identification of cancer cells. In addition, proflavine exerts its antibacterial effect by binding to bacterial DNA, thereby disrupting DNA synthesis and halting bacterial cell growth.  
^`progenipoietin:  A recombinant, chimeric, dual-receptor agonist fusion protein with immunohematopoietic activity. Progenipoietin (ProGP) consists of portions of the ligands for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and human fetal liver tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3); variants progenipoietin-1, 2 and 3 differ in the orientation of the two receptor agonists. ProGP binds simultaneously to G-CSF and FLT3 receptors with receptor affinities approximately two- to three-fold higher than the respective native ligands. When administered in vivo, this agent may augment the number of circulating granulocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). ProGP may promote the proliferation of and prevent apoptosis in several human hematopoietic cell lineages, exhibiting the additive activities of a combination of C-GSF and FLT3.  
^`Progenta:  (Other name for~ telapristone acetate) 
^`progesterone vaginal insert:  A tablet preparation formulated for vaginal administration containing a micronized synthetic form of the endogenous steroid hormone progesterone with progesterone activity. Upon vaginal insertion, progesterone binds to the progesterone receptor, resulting in dissociation of heat shock proteins, receptor phosphorylation, and transcription activation through direct or indirect interaction with transcription factors. This agent exerts inhibitory effects on estrogen by decreasing the number of estrogen receptors and increasing its metabolism to inactive metabolites. Progesterone induces secretory changes in the endometrium, decreases uterine contractility during pregnancy, and maintains pregnancy.  
^`Progestin:  (Other name for~ therapeutic progesterone) 
^`Proglycem:  (Other name for~ diazoxide) 
^`Prograf:  (Other name for~ tacrolimus) 
^`prohibitin-targeting peptide 1:  A chimeric, 25-mer peptide that targets prohibitin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Prohibitin-targeting peptide 1 (prohibitin-TP01) consists of a fat-targeting motif (CKGGRAKDC), two repeats of a proapoptotic peptide motif (KLAKLAK) and a GG linker. This peptide binds specifically to prohibitin in the white adipose vasculature; upon receptor-mediated cell internalization, the ligand/receptor complex triggers apoptosis and results in ablation of white fat. Destruction of white fat may potentially have positive consequences for men with prostate cancer since a high level of white fat has been implicated as a critical contributing factor in poor prostate cancer outcome. Prohibitin, a multifunctional membrane-associated protein that is thought to regulate cell survival and growth, has been shown by immunohistochemical analysis to be expressed in the membrane of endothelial cells in white adipose tissue.  
^`Prokine:  (Other name for~ sargramostim) 
^`Prolarix:  (Other name for~ caricotamide/tretazicar) 
^`Prolastin-C:  (Other name for~ alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor human) 
^`Proleukin:  (Other name for~ aldesleukin) 
^`Prolia:  (Other name for~ denosumab) 
^`Prolixin:  (Other name for~ fluphenazine hydrochloride) 
^`Prolutin:  (Other name for~ therapeutic progesterone) 
^`Promacta:  (Other name for~ eltrombopag olamine) 
^`promethazine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of promethazine, a phenothiazine derivative with antihistaminic, sedative and antiemetic properties. Promethazine hydrochloride selectively blocks peripheral H1 receptors thereby diminishing the effects of histamine on effector cells. Promethazine hydrochloride also blocks the central histaminergic receptors, thereby depressing the reticular system causing sedative and hypnotic effects. In addition, promethazine hydrochloride also has centrally acting anticholinergic properties and probably mediates nausea and vomiting by acting on the medullary chemoreceptive trigger zone.  
^`Promycin:  (Other name for~ porfiromycin) 
^`pronase oral solution:  An oral solution containing a mixture of proteinases, which are produced by Streptomyces griseus, with mucolytic activity and potential diagnostic applications. Upon oral administration, pronase is able to cleave peptide chains of polypeptides into individual amino acids, thereby dissolving mucus. The removal of mucus may improve the visibility of parts of the digestive tract, such as the esophagus and the stomach, during endoscopy. Pre-treatment with pronase before endoscopic examination may help in the detection of certain cancers, such as esophageal and gastric cancer.  
^`propacetamol:  A water-soluble para-aminophenol derivative and ester prodrug of acetaminophen in which acetaminophen is bound to the carboxylic acid diethylglycine, with analgesic and antipyretic activities. Upon intravenous administration, propacetamol is hydrolyzed by plasma esterases into its active form acetaminophen. Although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated despite its widespread use, acetaminophen enters the central nervous system and acts centrally. This agent binds to cyclooxygenase (COX) and prevents the metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin. A reduction in prostaglandin formation relieves pain and reduces fever. Acetaminophen may also act centrally on cannabinoid receptors and on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors.  
^`propofol:  A hypnotic alkylphenol derivative. Formulated for intravenous induction of sedation and hypnosis during anesthesia, propofol facilitates inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This agent is associated with minimal respiratory depression and has a short half-life with a duration of action of 2 to 10 minutes.  
^`propranolol hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of propranolol, a synthetic beta-adrenergic receptor blocker with antianginal, antiarrhythmic, and antihypertensive properties. Propranolol competitively antagonizes beta-adrenergic receptors, thereby inhibiting beta-adrenergic reactions, such as vasodilation, and negative chronotropic and inotropic effects.  
^`propylthiouracil:  A thiourea derivative with antithyroid property. Propylthiouracil (PTU) interferes with the oxidation of iodine possibly by interaction with peroxidase or a peroxidase-mediated complex reaction, thereby inhibiting synthesis of thyroid hormones tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). In addition, this agent inhibits the Type I 5'-deiodinase (D1), an enzyme involved in the peripheral conversion of thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine. This results in decreased plasma triodothyronine concentrations and decreased entrance of thyroxine into cells thereby reducing thyroid hormone activity.  
^`Prorex:  (Other name for~ promethazine hydrochloride) 
^`Proscar:  (Other name for~ finasteride) 
^`ProstaMedix:  (Other name for~ gallium Ga 68-labeled PSMA ligand Glu-urea-Lys(Ahx)) 
^`Pro-Stat 101:  (Other name for~ concentrated, fortified, collagen protein hydrolysate liquid supplement) 
^`prostate cancer vaccine ONY-P1:  A cell-based vaccine derived from prostate cancer with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. Prostate cancer vaccine ONY-P1 is derived from three irradiated allogeneic prostate cancer cell lines that represent different stages of prostate cancer and express a broad range of prostate and prostate cancer antigens. Upon administration, this vaccine may stimulate a host immune response against prostate cancer cells; in the vaccination schedule, the first two vaccinations are co-administered with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) as an adjuvant.  
^`Prostate Health Cocktail:  (Other name for~ cholecalciferol/d-alpha tocopherol/L-selenomethionine/green tea extract/saw palmetto berry extract/daidzein/genistein/lycopene prostate health supplement) 
^`prostate tumor antigen-activated autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) activated with a prostate tumor cell lysate containing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the prostate tumor antigen-activated autologous DC vaccine may stimulate an anti-tumoral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against prostate cancer cells expressing prostate tumor cell-specific antigens, which may result in prostate tumor cell lysis.  
^`prostatic acid phosphatase-sargramostim fusion protein:  A genetically-engineered protein formed by the fusion of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and sargramostim (GM-CSF). Vaccination with antigen-presenting cells (APC) loaded with prostatic acid phosphatase-sargramostim fusion protein may elicit a cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells that express PAP.  
^`protein kinase C inhibitor LXS196:  An orally available protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor with potential immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, protein kinase C inhibitor LXS196 binds to and inhibits PKC, which prevents the activation of PKC-mediated signaling pathways. This may lead to the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in susceptible tumor cells. PKC, a serine/threonine protein kinase overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells, is involved in tumor cell differentiation, proliferation, invasion and survival.  
^`protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor LB-100:  A water soluble inhibitor of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), with potential chemo- and radiotherapy enhancing activity. Upon injection, PP2A inhibitor LB-100 inhibits the removal of phosphate groups from proteins essential for cell cycle progression. When used with radio- or chemotherapy treatment, this agent prevents the activation of PP2A-mediated repair mechanisms and allows for malignant cells to progress through the cell cycle without having their damaged DNA repaired. This enhances the cytotoxic effect of the chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic agent and results in tumor cell apoptosis. PP2A, a serine/threonine phosphatase that plays a key role in the control of cell growth and DNA damage repair.  
^`protein stabilized liposomal docetaxel nanoparticles:  A formulation containing protein-stabilized liposome nanoparticles encapsulating the poorly water-soluble, second-generation taxane analog docetaxel with antineoplastic activity. Docetaxel binds to and stabilizes the beta-tubulin subunit, thereby inhibiting microtubule disassembly which results in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. This agent also inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and displays immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory properties by inducing various mediators of the inflammatory response. Compared to the use of toxic carriers to increase solubilization of docetaxel, protein-stabilized liposomal docetaxel improves drug solubility while avoiding carrier-associated toxicity.  
^`proteolytic enzymes:  Enzymes produced and secreted by the pancreas which aid in the proteolysis of proteins in the digestive tract. Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes include trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase; these enzymes are secreted as zymogens, inactive precursors of the enzymes, and are activated in the lumen of the digestive canal. Another proteolytic enzyme, enteropeptidase, is associated with the brush border of enterocytes; this enzyme catalyses the conversion of trypsinogen into trypsin which, in turn, can activate a number of other pancreatic zymogens.  
^`Provecta:  (Other name for~ PV-10) 
^`Provenge:  (Other name for~ sipuleucel-T) 
^`Proventil:  (Other name for~ albuterol sulfate) 
^`Provera:  (Other name for~ medroxyprogesterone) 
^`Provera Dosepak:  (Other name for~ medroxyprogesterone) 
^`Provigan:  (Other name for~ promethazine hydrochloride) 
^`Provigil:  (Other name for~ modafinil) 
^`PSA prostate cancer vaccine:  A peptide vaccine containing the prostate specific antigen (PSA) with potential antineoplastic activity. PSA, a glycoprotein secreted by prostatic epithelial and ductal cells, is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells and is used as a tumor marker for both diagnosis and treatment evaluation. Vaccination with PSA peptide vaccine may produce anti-PSA antibodies as well as elicit a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against prostate cancer cells expressing this antigen, thereby decreasing tumor cell growth.  
^`PSA RNA-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine:  An autologous dendritic cell vaccine with potential immunostimulatory activity. Dendritic cells harvested from a prostate cancer patient are transfected with the mRNA encoding for prostate specific antigen (PSA), a tumor marker secreted by prostatic epithelial and ductal cells. When reintroduced back to the patient, these PSA RNA pulsed autologous dendritic cells may elicit a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against PSA-positive prostate cancer cells.  
^`PSA/IL-2/GM-CSF vaccine:  A prostate cancer vaccine containing prostate specific antigen (PSA) combined with the cytokines, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intradermal vaccination, PSA/IL-2/GM-CSF vaccine may activate the immune system to induce a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against prostate cancer cells expressing this antigen, thereby decreasing tumor cell growth. PSA, a glycoprotein secreted by prostatic epithelial and ductal cells, is overexpressed by prostate cancer cells. IL-2 stimulates natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T-cells against the PSA-expressing tumor cells. GM-CSF promotes antigen presentation to dendritic cells and further stimulates a tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response.  
^`PSA/PSMA DNA plasmid INO-5150:  A plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular delivery and electroporation of the PSA/PSMA DNA plasmid INO-5150, both PSA and PSMA are translated in cells which then activate the immune system. This induces cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumor cells expressing PSA and PSMA. This may result in both immune-mediated tumor cell death and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. PSA and PSMA are overexpressed on a variety of cancer cell types. The DNA encoding the TAAs in INO-5150 is based on both human and other primate antigen gene sequences. As the plasmid genes differ from the human gene sequences encoding these antigens, INO-5150 may overcome immune tolerance to human TAAs.  
^`PSA:154-163(155L) peptide vaccine: A cancer vaccine comprised of a synthetic peptide with an amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 154-163 of the amino acid sequence for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) with a leucine substitution at position 155. Upon administration, PSA: 154-163(155L) peptide vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells that express PSA.  
^`PSA-PAP/KLH-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with the prostate-specific tumor associated antigens (TAAs) prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acid phosphatase (PAP), and conjugated to the immunostimulant keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, prostate cancer antigen/KLH-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against prostate cancer cells expressing PSA and PAP, which may result in prostate cancer cell lysis. KLH is an immunogenic carrier and serves as an immunostimulant to improve antigenic immune recognition and T-cell responses and can be used to evaluate vaccine efficacy.  
^`Pseudomonas aeruginosa preparation:  A preparation containing the inactivated Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon inoculation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa preparation may stimulate the immune system, increasing macrophage and natural killer cell activity; it may be used thereby in cancer adjuvant treatments, and it may reduce the incidence of infection.  
^`psilocybine:  A tryptamine alkaloid, isolated from various genera of fungi including the genus Psilocybe, with hallucinogenic, anxiolytic, and psychoactive activities. In vivo, psilocybine is rapidly dephosphorylated into the active compound psilocin, which activates serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the effects of serotonin.  
^`PSMA/TARP peptide vaccine:  A peptide-based cancer vaccine containing epitopes of T cell receptor gamma-chain alternate reading frame protein (TARP) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in combination with a Poly IC-LC immunoadjuvant, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, PSMA/TARP peptide vaccine may stimulate a host cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against TARP- and PSMA-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell cytotoxicity. The nuclear protein TARP and PSMA are commonly expressed in prostate cancer cells.  
^`PSMA-targeted docetaxel nanoparticles BIND-014:  A proprietary preparation of polymeric nanoparticles containing the second-generation taxane docetaxel, targeted to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), with antineoplastic activity. PSMA-targeted docetaxel nanoparticles BIND-014 carry docetaxel within a matrix of polylactic acid covered with a coating of polyethylene glycol; embedded on the surface of the polyethylene glycol coating are ligands targeted to PSMA. BIND-014 allows gradual release of docetaxel upon degradation of the polylactic acid, and the PEG encapsulation escapes the host immune response while PSMA ligands on the surface restrict the cytotoxic effect to PSMA-expressing cells. Docetaxel binds to and stabilizes the beta-tubulin subunit, thereby inhibiting microtubule disassembly which results in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. PSMA is a cell-surface antigen that is abundantly present on the surface of cancer cells and on the neovasculature that feeds a wide variety of tumor types.  
^`PSMA-targeted tubulysin B-containing conjugate EC1169:  An injectable, water soluble, small molecule drug conjugate (SMDC) containing a ligand specific for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), conjugated via a stable, enzyme-cleavable linker to the cytotoxic agent tubulysin B hydrazide (TubBH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of PSMA-targeted tubulysin B-containing conjugate EC1169, the PSMA ligand specifically targets and binds to PSMA, a protein which is abundantly expressed on the surface of metastatic and hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells as well as on the neovasculature of many solid tumors. This allows for the specific delivery of TubBH to PSMA-expressing cancer cells. Upon internalization and cleavage, tubulysin B binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule polymerization, which blocks cell division and results in G2/M phase arrest, tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in PSMA-expressing tumor cells.  
^`Psoria-Gold:  (Other name for~ curcumin-based gel) 
^`pTVG-HP plasmid DNA vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing plasmid DNA encoding human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) (pTVG-HP) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, pTVG-HP plasmid DNA vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to generate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against PAP-expressing prostate cancer cells. PAP or prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) is a tumor associated antigen (TAA) that may be overexpressed in prostate cancer.  
^`Pulmozyme:  (Other name for~ dornase alfa inhalation solution) 
^`pUMVC3-hIGFBP-2 multi-epitope plasmid DNA vaccine:  A plasmid DNA vaccine containing mammalian expression vector pUMVC3, encoding epitopes of human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (hIGFBP-2) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon vaccination, pUMVC3-hIGFBP-2 multi-epitope plasmid DNA vaccine may activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against hIGFBP-2-expressing cells. The tumor associated antigen (TAA) hIGFBP-2, a member of the insulin like growth factor receptor family, is overexpressed in a number of cancer cell types and its expression has been associated with increased invasiveness.  
^`pUMVC3-IGFBP2-HER2-IGF1R plasmid DNA vaccine: A polyepitope plasmid DNA vaccine containing the mammalian expression vector pUMVC3 encoding epitopes derived from three tumor-associated antigens (TAAs):  human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; ERBB2) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal vaccination, pUMVC3-IGFBP2-HER2-IGF1R plasmid DNA vaccine transfects local keratinocytes, which process the plasmid, express the epitopes and present them to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This activates the immune system to mount a combined response from specific T helper type 1 (Th1) cells, memory T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against IGFBP2-, HER2-, and IGF1R-expressing tumor cells. IGFBP2, HER2, and IGF1R are tumor-associated proteins overexpressed in certain tumor cell types, and play key roles in cellular proliferation and survival.  
^`Purinethol:  (Other name for~ mercaptopurine) 
^`Purixan:  (Other name for~ mercaptopurine) 
^`Purixan:  (Other name for~ mercaptopurine oral suspension) 
^`Purlytin:  (Other name for~ rostaporfin) 
^`purple grape juice:  Juice made form dark, purple grapes that contain polyphenols with antioxidant and potential cardiovascular protecting activities. Purple grape juice contains high amounts of flavonoids that may increase antioxidant activity and reduce oxidative stress, reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and improve nitric oxide formation, endothelial function and vasodilation.  
^`PV-10:  An injectable ten percent solution of rose bengal disodium, an iodinated fluorescein derivative, with potential antineoplastic and radiosensitizing activities. When injected into tumor tissue, PV-10 specifically targets and concentrates in tumor cells, producing cytotoxic singlet oxygen when exposed to ionizing radiation. In addition, PV-10 may stimulate an anti-tumor immune response.  
^`PV701:  An attenuated, replication-competent, oncolytic strain of Newcastle disease virus. PV701 selectively lyses tumor cells. The selectivity of this agent is related to defects in the interferon-mediated antiviral response found in tumor cells.  
^`PVA microporous hydrospheres:  An embolic material composed of microspheres of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers. These water-soluble, compressible microspheres may be used to encapsulate various therapeutic agents; drug-loaded microspheres can then be used as a drug delivery vehicle during embolization of tumor vasculature.  
^`PVA microporous hydrospheres/doxorubicin hydrochloride:  An embolic material composed of microspheres of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride with antineoplastic activity. Doxorubicin hydrochloride-loaded microspheres may be used as a drug delivery vehicle during embolization of tumor vasculature. Doxorubicin intercalates DNA, interferes with catalytic activity of topoisomerase II, and causes DNA adducts and other DNA damage, resulting in tumor cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. When used in tumor vasculature embolization, this preparation may provide more tumor-specific treatment with doxorubicin compared to the systemic administration of doxorubicin, thereby reducing the systemic toxicity of doxorubicin.  
^`pVAXrcPSAv53l vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing xenogenic DNA from rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) that encodes prostate specific antigen (PSA) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon repeated intradermal administration via electroporation, pVAXrcPSAv53l vaccine may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against PSA-expressing prostate cancer cells. Rhesus PSA is 89% homologous to human PSA.  
^`PVDF/sirolimus topical: A topical formulation consisting of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer resin containing the macrolide sirolimus (rapamycin), produced by the organism Streptomyces hygroscopicus, with immunosuppressive activity. Upon application of topical PVDF/sirolimus, sirolimus migrates from the PVDF polymer resin into the skin. Once inside cells, sirolimus binds to the immunophilin FK binding protein-12 (FKBP-12) and forms a sirolimus: FKBP-12 complex. This complex binds to and inhibits the activity of the serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which may result in the suppression of cytokine-driven T-cell activation and proliferation.  
^`Pycnogenol:  (Other name for~ French maritime pine bark extract) 
^`pyrazinamide:  A synthetic pyrazinoic acid amide derivative with bactericidal property. Pyrazinamide is particularly active against slowly multiplying intracellular bacilli (unaffected by other drugs) by an unknown mechanism of action. Its bactericidal action is dependent upon the presence of bacterial pyrazinamidase, which removes the amide group to produce active pyrazinoic acid. Pyrazinamide is an important component of multidrug therapy for tuberculosis.  
^`pyrazine diazohydroxide:  A congener of pyridine 2-diazohydroxide. Pyrazine diazohydroxide forms DNA adducts via the reactive pyrazine diazonium ion, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis.  
^`pyrazofurin:  A nucleoside analog. Pyrazofurin potently inhibits orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase, thereby interfering with de novo synthesis of uridine nucleotides and resulting in cytotoxicity. This agent also causes a rapid depletion of the pyrimidine deoxynucleotide pool, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell replication.  
^`pyrazoloacridine:  A 9-methoxy acridine compound containing a reducible 5-nitro substituent. Pyrazoloacridine appears to intercalate into DNA and inhibit RNA synthesis, DNA synthesis, and the activities of topoisomerases I and II, thereby causing cytotoxicity.  
^`pyridoxine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of pyridoxine, a water-soluble B vitamin. Pyridoxine is converted in the liver into the metabolically active coenzyme form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (P5P), an essential cofactor in many enzymatic reactions in amino acid metabolism, including transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation. P5P is required for glycogenolysis and the synthesis of sphingolipids and is essential to red blood cell, nervous system, and immune system functions.  
^`pyrimethamine:  A synthetic derivative of ethyl-pyrimidine with potent antimalarial properties. Pyrimethamine is a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). DHFR is a key enzyme in the redox cycle for production of tetrahydrofolate, a cofactor that is required for the synthesis of DNA and proteins. This agent is often used in combination with other antimalarials for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria.  
^`pyrotinib:  An orally bioavailable, dual kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or HER-1) and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ErbB2 or HER-2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, pyrotinib binds to and inhibits both EGFR and HER2, which may result in the inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis, and tumor regression in EGFR/HER2-expressing tumor cells. EGFR and HER2 are receptor tyrosine kinases that are upregulated in various tumor cell types and play major roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.  
^`pyroxamide:  A synthetic derivative of hydroxamic acid with antineoplastic properties, Pyroxamide inhibits histone deacetylases involved in transcription; induces hyperacetylation of core histones, modulating chromatin structure and affecting transcription of some genes that inhibit tumor growth; and induces growth arrest and apoptosis. Pyroxamide is used in clinical studies for cancer chemotherapy.  
^`pyrrolobenzodiazepine-based anti-CD19 antibody-drug conjugate SGN-CD19B:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of an anti-CD19 humanized monoclonal antibody (hBU12ec) with engineered cysteines (EC-mAb) conjugated, via a maleimidocaproyl-valine-alanine dipeptide protease-cleavable linker, to the cytotoxic, DNA minor-groove crosslinking agent pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer (SGD-1882), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of anti-CD19 ADC SGN-CD19B, the antibody moiety targets the cell surface antigen CD19, which is found on B-cell-derived cancers. Upon antibody/antigen binding, internalization and lysosome uptake, the cytotoxic PBD moiety is released. In turn, the imine groups of the PBD moiety bind to the N2 positions of guanines on opposite strands of DNA. This induces DNA strand breaks, inhibits DNA replication, leads to G2/M cell cycle arrest, induces cell death, and inhibits the proliferation of CD19-overexpressing tumor cells. CD19, a transmembrane receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily and a B-cell specific antigen, is expressed on B-cell-derived cancers. The cysteine engineering of the EC-mAb allows for a site-specific and stable conjugation of PBD to the antibody.  
^`pyruvate kinase inhibitor TLN-232:  A synthetic cyclic heptapeptide with potential antineoplastic activity. Pyruvate kinase (PK) inhibitor TLN-232 targets pyruvate kinase M2 (M2PK), which may disrupt tumor cell anaerobic glycolysis. M2PK is a dimeric isoform of PK and the predominant PK isoform found in tumor cells.  


^`QS21:  A purified, natural saponin isolated from the soapbark tree Quillaja saponaria Molina with potential immunoadjuvant activity. When co-administered with vaccine peptides, QS21 may increase total antitumoral vaccine-specific antibody responses and cytotoxic T-cell responses.  
^`Quadramet:  (Other name for~ samarium Sm 153 lexidronam pentasodium) 
^`quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine:  A non-infectious recombinant, quadrivalent vaccine prepared from the highly purified virus-like particles (VLPs) of the major capsid (L1) protein of human papillomavirus (HPV) Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 with immunoprophylactic activity. The immunoprohylactic efficacy of L1 VLP vaccines, such as quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine, appear to be mediated by the development of humoral immune responses. HPV Types 16 and 18 account for approximately 70% of cervical cancers and HPV Types 6 and 11 account for approximately 90% of genital warts.  
^`quarfloxacin: A fluoroquinolone derivative with antineoplastic activity. Quarfloxin disrupts the interaction between the nucleolin protein and a G-quadruplex DNA structure in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) template, a critical interaction for rRNA biogenesis that is overexpressed in cancer cells; disruption of this G-quadruplex DNA: protein interaction in aberrant rRNA biogenesis may result in the inhibition of ribosome synthesis and tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine nanoparticles:  A crosslinked nanoparticle formulation containing quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine (QA-PEI) with potential antibacterial activity. The cationic polymer PEI kills bacteria by rupturing their cell membranes without the development of resistance. Quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine nanoparticles can be incorporated into dental composite resins or silicon obturator prostheses and may prevent or delay bacterial growth.  
^`quercetin: A polyphenolic flavonoid with potential chemopreventive activity. Quercetin, ubiquitous in plant food sources and a major bioflavonoid in the human diet, may produce antiproliferative effects resulting from the modulation of either EGFR or estrogen-receptor mediated signal transduction pathways. Although the mechanism of action of action is not fully known, the following effects have been described with this agent in vitro:  decreased expression of mutant p53 protein and p21-ras oncogene, induction of cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and inhibition of heat shock protein synthesis. This compound also demonstrates synergy and reversal of the multidrug resistance phenotype, when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs, in vitro. Quercetin also produces anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy effects mediated through the inhibition of the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, thereby preventing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.  
^`quinacrine dihydrochloride:  The dihydrochloride salt of the 9-aminoacridine derivative quinacrine with potential antineoplastic and antiparasitic activities. Quinacrine may inhibit the transcription and activity of both basal and inducible nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), which may result in the induction of tumor suppressor p53 transcription, the restoration of p53-dependent apoptotic pathways, and tumor cell apoptosis. Continuous NF-kappaB signaling, present in many tumors and in chronic inflammatory processes, promotes the expression of antiapoptotic proteins and cytokines while downregulating the expression of proapoptotic proteins, such as p53.  
^`Quinamed:  (Other name for~ amonafide dihydrochloride) 
^`quinidine:  An alkaloid extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree with class 1A antiarrhythmic and antimalarial effects. Quinidine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by binding to and inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby inhibiting the sodium influx required for the initiation and conduction of impulses resulting in an increase of the threshold for excitation and decreased depolarization during phase 0 of the action potential. In addition, the effective refractory period (ERP), action potential duration (APD), and ERP/APD ratios are increased, resulting in decreased conduction velocity of nerve impulses. Quinidine exerts its antimalarial activity by acting primarily as an intra-erythrocytic schizonticide through association with the heme polymer (hemazoin) in the acidic food vacuole of the parasite thereby preventing further polymerization by heme polymerase enzyme. This results in accumulation of toxic heme and death of the parasite.  
^`quinine:  A quinidine alkaloid isolated from the bark of the cinchona tree. Quinine has many mechanisms of action, including reduction of oxygen intake and carbohydrate metabolism; disruption of DNA replication and transcription via DNA intercalation; and reduction of the excitability of muscle fibers via alteration of calcium distribution. This agent also inhibits the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein which is overexpressed in multi-drug resistant tumors and may improve the efficacy of some antineoplastic agents.  
^`quisinostat:  An orally bioavailable, second-generation, hydroxamic acid-based inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) with potential antineoplastic activity. Quisinostat inhibits HDAC leading to an accumulation of highly acetylated histones, which may result in an induction of chromatin remodeling; inhibition of the transcription of tumor suppressor genes; inhibition of tumor cell division; and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. HDAC, an enzyme upregulated in many tumor types, deacetylates chromatin histone proteins. Compared to some first generation HDAC inhibitors, JNJ-26481585 may induce superior HSP70 upregulation and bcl-2 downregulation.  
^`Quixin:  (Other name for~ levofloxacin) 
^`quizartinib:  An orally available small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Quizartinib selectively inhibits class III receptor tyrosine kinases, including FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3/STK1), colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R/FMS), stem cell factor receptor (SCFR/KIT), and platelet derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), resulting in inhibition of ligand-independent leukemic cell proliferation and apoptosis. Mutations in FLT3, resulting in constitutive activation, are the most frequent genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and occur in approximately one-third of AML cases.  
^`Qvar:  (Other name for~ beclomethasone dipropionate) 


^`R-(-)-gossypol acetic acid:  The orally bioavailable solvate of the R-(-) enantiomer of gossypol and acetic acid with potential antineoplastic activity. As a BH3 mimetic, R-(-)-gossypol binds to the hydrophobic surface binding groove BH3 of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, blocking their heterodimerization with pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins such as Bad, Bid, and Bim; this may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Racemic gossypol is a polyphenolic compound isolated from cottonseed.  
^`R(+)XK469:  The R-isomer of a synthetic quinoxaline phenoxypropionic acid derivative with proapoptotic and antiproliferative activities. R(+)XK469 selectively inhibits topoisomerase II-beta, blocks activation of MEK/MAPK signaling kinases, stimulates caspases, and upregulates p53-dependent proteins, including cyclins A and B1, thereby arresting cancer cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Both R(+) and S(-) isomers of this agent are cytotoxic, although the R-isomer is more potent.  
^`R1 Cooling Gel Plus R2 Moisturizing/Sun Protecting Lotion:  A skin care treatment system consisting of a cytokine-containing milk-based cooling gel and a cytokine-containing milk-based soothing lotion with hydrating and potential protective activity against radiation-induced dermatitis. Application of the R1 cooling gel immediately upon radiation treatment may hydrate the skin, provide cooling relief, and may protect the skin against radiation-induced dermatitis. The subsequent application of the R2 lotion moisturizes the skin while also protecting the skin against inflammation. In addition, R2 contains avobenzone, homosalate, octinoxate and octocrylene, which exert UVA and UVB skin protective activity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`rabeprazole sodium:  The sodium salt of the prodrug rabeprazole, a substituted benzimidazole proton pump inhibitor, with potential anti-ulcer activity. After protonation, accumulation, and transformation to the active sulfenamide within the acidic environment of gastric parietal cells, rabeprazole selectively and irreversibly binds to and inhibits the H+, K+ATPase (hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase) enzyme system located on the parietal cell secretory surface, inhibiting gastric acid secretion.  
^`rabusertib:  An inhibitor of the cell cycle checkpoint kinase 2 (chk2) with potential chemopotentiating activity. Rabusertib binds to and inhibits the activity of chk2, which may prevent the repair of DNA caused by DNA-damaging agents, thus potentiating the antitumor efficacies of various chemotherapeutic agents. Chk2, an ATP-dependent serine-threonine kinase, is a key component in the DNA replication-monitoring checkpoint system and is activated by double-stranded breaks (DSBs); activated chk2 is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`racemic XK469:  The racemic form of a synthetic quinoxaline phenoxypropionic acid derivative with antineoplastic properties. XK469R selectively inhibits topoisomerase II by stabilizing the enzyme-DNA intermediates in which topoisomerase subunits are covalently linked to DNA through 5-phosphotyrosyl linkages, thereby interfering with DNA repair and replication, RNA and protein synthesis. This agent possesses unusual solid tumor selectivity and activity against multidrug-resistant cancer cells. XK469R is more water soluble and active than the pure isomers, R(+)XK469 and S(-)XK469.  
^`racotumomab:  An anti-idiotype murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) specific to P3 MoAb with anti-metastatic effect. Racotumomab binds to the idiotype region of P3 MoAb and functionally mimics the three-dimensional structure of N-glycolyl ceramides of mono-sialyl lactose, the antigenic target of P3. As a result, this anti-idiotype antibody may stimulate the host immune system to elicit humoral and cellular immune responses against tumor cells expressing NeuGc-GM3 gangliosides, which are expressed in a wide variety of tumor cells.  
^`RadiaPlex Rx Gel:  (Other name for~ sodium hyaluronate topical hydrogel) 
^`radiosensitizer RRx-001:  A dinitroazetidine derivative with potential radiosensitizing activity. Upon administration, RRx-001 is able to dilate blood vessels, thereby increasing tumor blood flow and thus improving oxygenation to the tumor site. By increasing oxygen levels, these tumor cells may be more susceptible to radiation therapy. Tumor hypoxia is correlated with tumor aggressiveness, metastasis and resistance to radiotherapy.  
^`radium Ra 223 dichloride:  A radiopharmaceutical composed of the dichloride salt of the alpha-emitting isotope radium Ra 223, with antineoplastic activity. Like calcium, radium targets bone tissue and preferentially accumulates in osteoblastic lesions, such as those seen in areas of bone metastases. Radium Ra 223 forms complexes with hydroxyapatite and becomes incorporated into the bone matrix. The radioisotope Ra 223 kills bone cancer cells through local emission of high energy alpha particles, causing DNA double-strand breaks and tumor regression in the skeleton. The short range effects of alpha emission allows for localized DNA damage with limited toxicity to nearby healthy bone tissue.  
^`Radix Angelicae sinensis/Radix Astragali herbal supplement:  A traditional Chinese medicine comprising of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (RAS) and Radix Astragali (RA), with potential anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory, neuroprotective, anti-hepatotoxic and antineoplastic activities. The main chemical constituents of RAS include ferulic acid, Z-ligustilide, butylidenephthalide and various polysaccharides. RA is the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus with primary constituents such polysaccharides, triterpenoids as well as isoflavones. Though their mechanisms of action remain largely elusive, Radix Angelicae Sinensis/Radix Astragali herbal supplements are commonly used for the treatment of various health conditions affecting women including premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, recovery from childbirth and menopausal symptoms. These agents are also used for alleviating constipation, preventing and treating anemia and allergic attacks, and for the management of hypertension, joint pain and ulcers.  
^`radotinib hydrochloride:  An orally available, hydrochloride salt form of radotinib, a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor of Bcr-Abl fusion protein and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, radotinib specifically inhibits the Bcr-Abl fusion protein, an abnormal enzyme expressed in Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. In addition, this agent also inhibits PDGFR thereby blocking PDGFR-mediated signal transduction pathways. The inhibitory effect of radotinib on these specific tyrosine kinases may decrease cellular proliferation and inhibit angiogenesis. This agent has shown potent efficacy in CML cells that are resistant to the first-generation standard tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib. PDGFR, upregulated in many tumor cell types, is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential to cell migration and the development of the microvasculature. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`rAD-p53:  A replication-defective, recombinant adenoviral vector encoding the wild-type human tumor-suppressor protein p53 gene with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intratumoral administration, rAD-p53 binds to the coxsakie-and-adenovirus receptor (CAR) on tumor cells and enters cells selectively via receptor-mediated endocytosis, which may result in the overexpression of wild-type p53 intracellularly and p53-mediated tumor regression. In addition, this agent may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against tumor cells, may activate natural killer (NK) cells to exert antitumor ‘bystander effects’ and may downregulate the expression of various oncogenes. The p53 protein blocks tumor cell cycle progression and directly initiates apoptosis; the p53 gene, a tumor suppressor gene, is deleted or mutated in a significant number of cancers.  
^`Raf kinase inhibitor HM95573:  An orally available inhibitor of members of the Raf family of serine/threonine protein kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, Raf kinase inhibitor HM95573 binds to and inhibits the B-Raf mutant V600E and C-Raf. This inhibits B-Raf V600E- and C-Raf-mediated signal transduction pathways, thereby inhibiting tumor cell growth of susceptible tumor cells. In addition, HM95573 may also inhibit mutated Ras proteins. Raf protein kinases play a key role in the Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, which is often dysregulated in human cancers and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival. The Raf mutation B-Raf V600E, where the valine at residue 600 is substituted for glutamic acid, is frequently overexpressed in a variety of human tumors and results in the constitutive activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway.  
^`Raf kinase inhibitor LGX818:  An orally available Raf kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. LGX818 specifically inhibits Raf kinase, a serine/threonine enzyme in the RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. By inhibiting the activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, the administration of LGX818 may result in a decrease in proliferation of tumor cells. The Raf mutation BRAF V600E is frequently upregulated in a variety of human tumors and results in the constitutive activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that regulates cellular proliferation and survival.  
^`Raf kinase inhibitor XL281:  An orally active, small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. XL281 specifically inhibits RAF kinases, located downstream from RAS in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK kinase signaling pathway, which may result in reduced proliferation of tumor cells. RAS mutations may result in constitutive activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK kinase signaling pathway, and have been found to occur frequently in human tumors.  
^`Raf/MEK dual kinase inhibitor RO5126766:  A protein kinase inhibitor specific for the Raf and MEK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) with potential anti-neoplastic activity. Raf/MEK dual kinase Inhibitor RO5126766 specifically inhibits the kinase activities of Raf and MEK, resulting in the inhibition of of target gene transcription that promotes malignant transformation of cells. Both Raf and MEK are serine/threonine-specific kinases that respond to extracellular stimuli, such as mitogens, and are involved in the regulation of cellular processes, such as gene expression, mitosis, differentiation, and apoptosis.  
^`raloxifene hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of raloxifene, a selective benzothiophene estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) with lipid lowering effects and activity against osteoporosis. Raloxifene hydrochloride specifically binds to estrogen receptors in responsive tissue, including liver, bone, breast, and endometrium. The resulting ligand-receptor complex is translocated to the nucleus where, depending on the tissue type, it promotes or suppresses the transcription of estrogen-regulated genes, thereby exerting its agonistic or antagonistic effects. This agent functions as an estrogen agonist in lipid metabolism, thereby decreasing total and LDL cholesterol levels. In tissue like bone, it decreases bone resorption and bone turnover and increases bone mineral density. Raloxifene hydrochloride acts as an estrogen antagonist in uterine and breast tissue. This agent also exerts an anti-proliferative effect on estrogen-sensitive breast cancer.  
^`raltegravir potassium:  The orally bioavailable potassium salt of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase strand transfer inhibitor (HIV-1 INSTI) with HIV-1 antiviral activity. Raltegravir binds to and inhibits integrase, an HIV enzyme that inserts viral genetic material into the genetic material of the infected human cell. Inhibition of integrase prevents insertion of HIV DNA into the human DNA genome, thus blocking HIV replication.  
^`raltitrexed:  A quinazoline folate analogue with antineoplastic activity. After transport into cells via the reduced folate carrier, raltitrexed undergoes intracellular polyglutamation and blocks the folate-binding site of thymidylate synthase, thereby inhibiting tetrahydrofolate activity and DNA replication and repair and resulting in cytotoxicity.  
^`ramelteon:  A synthetic melatonin analogue with hypnotic and circadian rhythm-modulating activities. Ramelteon binds to and activates melatonin receptors 1 and 2 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain, thereby promoting the onset of sleep. Unlike the nonbenzodiazepine sedative hypnotics zolpidem and zaleplon, this agent does not activate GABA receptors and, so, produces no GABA receptor-mediated anxiolytic, myorelaxant, and amnesic effects.  
^`ramipril:  A prodrug and nonsulfhydryl angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with antihypertensive activity. Ramipril is converted in the liver by de-esterification into its active form ramiprilat, which inhibits ACE, thereby blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This abolishes the potent vasoconstrictive actions of angiotensin II and leads to vasodilatation. This agent also causes an increase in bradykinin levels and a decrease in angiotensin II-induced aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex, thereby promoting diuresis and natriuresis.  
^`ramosetron hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of ramosetron, a selective serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonist with potential antiemetic activity. Upon administration, ramosetron selectively binds to and blocks the activity of 5-HT subtype 3 (5-HT3) receptors located in the vagus nerve terminal and in the vomiting center in the central nervous system (CNS), suppressing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.  
^`ramucirumab:  A recombinant, fully human monoclonal antibody directed against human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) with antiangiogenesis activity. Ramucirumab specifically binds to and inhibits VEGFR-2, which may result in an inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and a decrease in tumor nutrient supply. VEGFR-2 is a pro-angiogenic growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by endothelial cells.  
^`Ranexa:  (Other name for~ ranolazine) 
^`ranibizumab:  A second-generation, recombinant humanized IgG1 kappa monoclonal antibody fragment directed against human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) alpha. Ranibizumab binds to VEGF alpha and inhibits VEGF alpha binding to its receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, thereby preventing the growth and maintenance of tumor blood vessels. The molecular weight of this agent (48 kD) is much smaller than the molecular weight of bevacizumab (MW ~149 kD), allowing complete penetration of the retina and the subretinal space following intravitreal injection. In contrast to other anti-VEGF aptamers such as pegaptanib, ranibizumab has a high specificity and affinity for all soluble human isoforms of VEGF.  
^`ranimustine:  A chloroethylnitrosourea derivative that inhibits proliferation and growth of tumor cells by alkylation and cross-linkage of DNA strands of tumor cells.  
^`ranitidine hydrochloride/bismuth potassium citrate/sucralfate hydrate formulation:  A formulation containing the hydrochloride salt form of the non-imidazole histamine H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine, bismuth potassium citrate, and the hydrate form of sucralfate, a basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose, with potential antacid, radio- and cytoprotective activities. Upon oral administration of the ranitidine hydrochloride/bismuth potassium citrate/sucralfate hydrate formulation, ranitidine binds to and blocks the activity of the histamine H2 receptors in the parietal cells in the stomach and in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, thereby decreasing acid secretion. Sucralfate physically binds to the surface of damaged mucosa, thereby forming a protective barrier that shields the GI tract from stomach acid. It also neutralizes stomach acid. Bismuth inhibits peptic activity, increases mucosal secretions and acts as a barrier to prevent damage by acid. Altogether, this protects against ulcer formation and may help to heal existing ulcers.  
^`ranolazine:  An orally available, piperazine derivative with anti-anginal and potential antineoplastic activities. Ranolazine’s mechanism of action for its anti-ischemic effects has yet to be fully elucidated but may involve the alteration of the trans-cellular late sodium current in the ischemic myocyte. By preventing the rise of intracellular sodium levels, ranolazine may affect the transport activity of sodium-dependent calcium channels and prevent the calcium overload during myocardial ischemia, thereby preventing cellular injury. Ranolazine’s potential antineoplastic effect may depend on its inhibitory effect on fatty acid oxidation, which may sensitize tumor cells to apoptosis and decrease tumor cell proliferation; fatty acid oxidation provides energy and promotes tumor cell proliferation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`ranpirnase:  A natural homologue of ribonuclease A isolated from the eggs of the frog Rana pipiens. Ranpirnase primarily degrades cellular transfer RNA with a substrate specificity for uridine-guanidine base-pair sequences, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis and cytotoxicity. This agent also activates caspase-9 in mitochondria, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`Rapaflo:  (Other name for~ silodosin) 
^`Rapamune:  (Other name for~ sirolimus) 
^`rapamycin-polarized Th1/Tc1 autologous T lymphocytes:  A population of T lymphocytes polarized by rapamycin with potential immunomodulating activity. The autologous T cells collected from the patient were co-stimulated with antibodies to the T-cell cell surface proteins CD3 and CD28 and expanded ex vivo in the presence of rapamycin, an immunosuppressive drug, and then infused back into the same patient. Both CD3 and CD28 are required for full T cell activation. These lymphocytes expressed anti-apoptotic bcl-2 family member proteins (reduced Bax, Bak; increased phospho-Bad); maintained mitochondrial membrane potentials; and displayed reduced apoptosis. Adoptive transfer of this type of T cell potentially induces an anti-apoptotic Th1/Tc1 effector phenotype by promoting autophagy.  
^`ras peptide cancer vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing a RAS oncogene-encoded peptide with potential antineoplastic activity. RAS peptide cancer vaccine may stimulate a RAS peptide-specific antitumoral T-cell cytotoxic immune response, resulting in an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death.  
^`rasburicase:  A recombinant urate oxidase enzyme isolated from a genetically-modified strain of Saccharomyces cerevisae. Urate oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to the excretable mebolite allantoin, a molecule that is 5-10 times more water-soluble than uric acid. An enzyme that occurs endogenously in most mammals, urate oxidase is not found in humans.  
^`ravuconazole:  A triazole with antifungal activity. Ravuconazole inhibits 14a demethylase, an enzyme involved in sterol synthesis, resulting in lysis of the fungal cell wall and fungal cell death.  
^`Rayaldee:  (Other name for~ modified-release calcifediol capsule) 
^`RayGel:  (Other name for~ reduced glutathione-L-cysteine-anthocyanins gel) 
^`Razadyne:  (Other name for~ galantamine hydrobromide) 
^`razoxane:  An orally bioavailable bis-dioxopiperazine and a derivative of the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) with antineoplastic, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic activities. Razoxane specifically inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase II without inducing DNA strand breaks, which may result in the inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell division in the premitotic and early mitotic phases of the cell cycle. This agent may also exhibit antiangiogenic and antimetastatic activities although the precise molecular mechanisms of these actions are unknown.  
^`R-CHOP regimen:  An immunochemotherapy regimen consisting of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin hydrochloride (doxorubicin hydrochloride), vincristine (Oncovin) and prednisone used to treat both indolent and aggressive forms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`R-CVP regimen:  A regimen consisting of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone used to treat indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`Re-186 hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate:  An synthetic compound containing the organic phosphonate hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (HEDP) labeled with the radioisotope rhenium Re 186. Re-186 hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate binds to hydroxyapatitie in bone, delivering a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to primary and metastatic bone tumors. Re-186 is a beta emitter with a short half-life, a radioisotope profile that provides localized antitumor radiocytotoxicity while sparing extramedullary bone marrow tissues.  
^`realgar-Indigo naturalis formulation:  An orally bioavailable, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-based formulation composed of Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula (RIF) with potential antineoplastic activity. The main constituents in RIF are realgar, Indigo naturalis, and Salvia miltiorrhiza, with tetraarsenic tetrasulfide (As4S4), indirubin and tanshinone IIA as the main active ingredients, respectively, which appear to exert synergistic effects on cancer cells. Tetraarsenic tetrasulfide specifically induces the ubiquitination and degradation of the oncoprotein promyelocytic leukemia retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML-RARalpha). In addition, the active ingredients in the Realgar-Indigo naturalis formulation enhance the expression of myeloid differentiation genes, and induce G(1)/G(0) cell cycle arrest. PML-RARalpha, an acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)-specific fusion gene, inhibits differentiation and promotes survival of myeloid precursor cells.  
^`rebamipide:  A quinolinone derivative with anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities. Rebamipide induces cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) synthesis which results in an increase in endogenous prostaglandin synthesis in the gastric mucosa. This agent also inhibits H. pylori-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and subsequent inflammation of the gastric mucosa. In addition, rebamipide scavenges oxygen-derived free radicals that potentially cause mucosal injury, and stimulates prostaglandin EP4 receptor gene expression followed by mucous secretion, thereby enhancing the gastric mucosal defense.  
^`rebastinib tosylate:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Rebastinib binds to and inhibits the Bcr-Abl fusion oncoprotein by changing the conformation of the folded protein to disallow ligand-dependent and ligand-independent activation; in addition, this agent binds to and inhibits Src family kinases LYN, HCK and FGR and the receptor tyrosine kinases TIE-2 and VEGFR-2. Rebastinib may exhibit more potent activity against T315I Bcr-Abl gatekeeper mutant kinases than other Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors. The TIE-2 and VEGFR-2 receptor tyrosine kinases regulate angiogenesis, respectively, while the Src family kinases Abl, LYN, and HCK Src regulate a variety of cellular responses including differentiation, division, adhesion, and the stress response.  
^`Rebetol:  (Other name for~ ribavirin) 
^`Rebif:  (Other name for~ recombinant interferon beta) 
^`rebimastat:  A sulfhydryl-based second-generation matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Rebimastat selectively inhibits several MMPs (MMP 1, 2, 8, 9, and 14), thereby inducing extracellular matrix degradation, and inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion, and metastasis.  
^`Recentin:  (Other name for~ cediranib maleate) 
^`recombinant 70-kD heat-shock protein:  A recombinant peptide that is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous 70-kD heat shock protein (HSP70). HSP70 is a molecular chaperone that prevents physiologic stress-induced cell death by inhibiting both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis. Because this peptide is often overexpressed in tumor cells, autologous vaccination with HSP70 derived from tumor cells may stimulate the host immune system to mount a tumoricidal cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response.  
^`recombinant adenovirus-hIFN-beta:  A recombinant replication-defective adenovirus which encodes the gene for the cytokine human interferon-beta (IFN-beta). Once inserted into and replicating in host tumor cells, recombinant adenovirus-hIFN-beta expresses human IFN-beta, which may stimulate an antiproliferative natural killer (NK) cell response against tumor cells and induce caspase-mediated tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`recombinant adenovirus-interferon SCH 721015:  A replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus encoding human interferon alpha-2b with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravesical administration, recombinant adenovirus-interferon SCH 721015 infects nearby tumor cells and expresses INF alpha-2b intracellularly which activates the transcription and translation of genes whose products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, antitumor, and immune-modulating effects.  
^`recombinant adenovirus-interferon/Syn3:  A non-replicating recombinant adenovirus type 5 (Ad5)-vector encoding the gene for interferon alpha-2b (IFNα2b) and the gene transfer enhancement agent Syn 3, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravesical administration, recombinant adenovirus-interferon with Syn3 transfects both cancerous and normal bladder cells, and the adenovirus secretes interferon (IFNα2b) into the bladder. IFN exerts a direct antitumor killing effect and a bystander effect, thereby killing adjacent, non-transfected cancerous bladder cells. Syn 3 enhances the ability of the adenoviral vector to transfect cells.  
^`recombinant adenovirus-L523S vaccine:  A replication-defective adenovirus containing a gene that encodes the human protein L523S with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, recombinant adenovirus-L523S vaccine expresses L523S, which may stimulate antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumor cells expressing L523S. L523S is an RNA-binding protein that belongs to the KOC (K homology domain containing protein over-expressed in cancer) family of proteins. As an oncofetal protein, L523S is normally expressed in early embryonic tissues and certain normal adult tissues such as colon, fallopian tube, gall bladder, and ovary tissues but may be overexpressed in squamous cell cancers of the lung.  
^`recombinant adenovirus-p53 SCH-58500:  A genetically-engineered adenovirus that contains the gene that encodes the human tumor-suppressor protein p53 with potential antineoplastic activity. Recombinant adenovirus-p53 SCH-58500 delivers p53 into tumor cells, which may result in p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.  
^`recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium expressing IL-2:  An orally available, genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium strain expressing a truncated form of the human cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene, with antitumor activity. Upon administration of recombinant attenuated S. typhimurium expressing IL-2 (SalpIL2), this Salmonella strain may selectively accumulate and divide in a variety of tumor types, and express IL-2. In turn, IL-2 may induce natural killer (NK) cell proliferation thereby enhancing their activity. This may inhibit the growth of tumor cells.  
^`recombinant B. pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin-tyrosinase A2 epitope vaccine:  A recombinant vaccine containing a genetically detoxified adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) of Bordetella pertussis coupled, through its catalytic site, to the melanoma tyrosinase A2 epitope YMDGTMSQV, with potential antineoplastic activity. Via the toxin moiety, the recombinant B. pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin-tyrosinase A2 epitope specifically binds to the alphaMbeta2 integrin (CD11b/CD18) located on CD11b-positive antigen-presenting cells (APC). Upon processing and presentation of the melanoma-specific epitope by MHC class I molecules to the surface of these APCs, a specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing tyrosinase may be initiated, resulting in decreased tumor growth and cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`recombinant bispecific single-chain antibody rM28:  A recombinant, bispecific, single chain antibody directed against both the T-cell surface-associated costimulatory molecule CD28 and a melanoma-associated proteoglycan (MAPG) with potential antitumor activity. By targeting both CD28 and MAPG, recombinant bispecific single-chain antibody rM28 enhances cytotoxic T-cell recognition of melanoma cells, which may result in immune effector cell-mediated tumor cell death and a decrease in distant metastases. This agent appears to have a long serum half-life secondary to the formation of dimers. When activated, CD28 facilitates interactions between T-cells and other immune effector cells resulting in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses; MAPG is a surface antigen expressed on the majority of melanomas, including primary cutaneous, ocular and metastatic melanomas.  
^`recombinant CD40-ligand:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to CD40-ligand. CD40-ligand, also known as CD40L/TRAP and CD154, is a type II membrane protein which binds to CD40, a cell surface receptor that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor family; CD40 is expressed on B lymphocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells (DC), hematopoietic progenitors, endothelial cells and epithelial cells. Recombinant CD40-ligand may be used to activate DC ex vivo via CD40 binding; CD40-ligand-activated DC may provide or augment a protective antitumor immunity when administered in dendritic cell cancer vaccines.  
^`recombinant cell-surface anchored sialidase DAS181:  A recombinant sialidase fusion protein composed of a sialidase catalytic domain derived from Actinomyces viscosus, a constituent of the normal oral and gastrointestinal flora in humans, fused to a cell surface-anchoring domain, with potential anti-viral activity. Following administration by oral inhalation, DAS181 proteolytically removes sialic acid from the airway epithelium, which inhibits viral binding to and internalization by cells of the respiratory epithelium and prevents viral replication. The cell surface anchoring-domain of this agent may increase retention time and drug potency. Sialic acids in the respiratory tract are used by influenza and parainfluenza viruses to invade airway epithelial cells.  
^`recombinant dHER2 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a truncated recombinant HER2 peptide (dHER2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, recombinant dHER2 vaccine may stimulate the host immune response to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against tumor cells that overexpress the HER2 protein, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The HER2 protein is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) that is overexpressed in a variety of cancers. dHER2 includes the extracellular domain (ECD) and a part of the intracellular domain (ICD) of the HER2 protein.  
^`recombinant DNA-L523S vaccine:  A plasmid DNA encoding human L523S, an RNA-binding protein that belongs to the KOC (K homology domain containing protein overexpressed in cancer) family, with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with L523S DNA may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that express the L523S protein. As an oncofetal protein, L523S is normally expressed in early embryonic tissue, but is overexpressed in certain cancer cell types.  
^`recombinant EphB4-HSA fusion protein:  A recombinant fusion protein composed of the full-length extracellular domain (soluble) of human receptor tyrosine kinase ephrin type-B receptor 4 (sEphB4) and fused, at its C-terminus, to full-length human serum albumin (HSA), with potential antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic activities. sEphB4-HSA functions as a decoy receptor for the membrane-bound ligand Ephrin-B2 (Efnb2) and interferes with the binding of Efnb2 to its native receptors, including EphB4 and EphA3. This may result in a reduction of angiogenesis and a reduction in cell growth of Efnb2 and/or EphB4 over-expressing tumor cells. In addition, this agent also prevents the angiogenic effects of numerous growth factors due to interactions between Efnb2 and EphB4. Efnb2 and EphB4 are overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types; the bi-directional signaling of Efnb2-EphB4 plays an important role in angiogenesis and tumor cell migration, invasion, and proliferation. Albumin reduces this agent’s degradation, improves circulation time and may thus improve efficacy.  
^`recombinant flt3 ligand:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine Flt3. Flt3 ligand binds to the Flt3 tyrosine kinase receptor and, synergistically with other growth factors, stimulates the proliferation and mobilization of certain bone marrow precursor cells, including CD34+ cells, and dendritic cells. When proteolytically cleaved, the transmembrane isoform of Flt3 ligand generates the soluble form soluble Flt3 ligand , which is also biologically active.  
^`recombinant fowlpox GM-CSF vaccine adjuvant:  A cancer vaccine adjuvant consisting of a recombinant fowlpox virus encoding human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). GM-CSF binds to specific cell surface receptors on various immuno-hematopoietic cell types, enhancing their proliferation and differentiation and stimulating macrophage and dendritic cell functions in antigen presentation and antitumor cell-mediated immunity. Administration of recombinant fowlpox GM-CSF vaccine adjuvant may induce an immune response against tumor cells. Fowlpox virus is an attractive vector because its genome is easy to manipulate and it is replication incompetent in mammalian cells.  
^`recombinant fowlpox-B7.1 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant fowlpox virus vector encoding the stimulatory molecule transgene B7-1. Recombinant fowlpox-B7.1 (rF-B7.1) vaccine may enhance antigen presentation and activate antitumoral cytotoxic T-cells.  
^`recombinant fowlpox-CEA(6D)/TRICOM vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant fowlpox virus vector encoding the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and a TRIad of COstimulatory Molecules (B7-1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3) (TRICOM). This agent may enhance CEA presentation to antigen presenting cells (APC) and activate cytotoxic T-cells against CEA-expressing tumors.  
^`recombinant fowlpox-prostate specific antigen vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a recombinant fowlpox virus encoding human prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Administration of this agent may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response against PSA-expressing tumor cells. Fowlpox virus is an attractive vector because its genome is easy to manipulate and it is replication incompetent in mammalian cells.  
^`recombinant fowlpox-PSA(L-155)TRICOM vaccine: A cancer vaccine consisting of a recombinant fowlpox virus encoding fragment of human prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PSA: 154-163 (155L), and a TRIad of COstimulatory Molecules (B7-1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3) (TRICOM). Administration of this agent may induce a cytotoxic T cell response against PSA-expressing tumor cells. Dendritic cells infected with TRICOM vectors greatly enhance naive T-cell activation and peptide-specific T-cell stimulation. Fowlpox virus is an attractive vector because its genome is easy to manipulate and it is replication incompetent in mammalian cells.  
^`recombinant fowlpox-TRICOM vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant fowlpox virus vector encoding TRICOM. TRICOM is comprised of three co-stimulatory molecule transgenes (B7-1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3) that may enhance antigen presentation and activate cytotoxic T-cells. Fowlpox virus is an attractive vector because its genome is easy to manipulate and it is replication incompetent in mammalian cells.  
^`recombinant fowlpox-tyrosinase vaccine:  A recombinant fowlpox virus vaccine with potential antineoplastic activity. Binding to the melanoma antigen tyrosinase, recombinant fowlpox-tyrosinase vaccine generates cellular immune responses against melanoma cells expressing the tyrosinase antigen; this effect is enhanced by the co-administration of interleukin 2 (IL-2). Fowlpox virus is an attractive vector because its genome is easy to manipulate and it is replication incompetent in mammalian cells.  
^`recombinant hsp110-gp100 chaperone complex vaccine:  A recombinant chaperone-peptide complex-based vaccine composed of a complex between heat shock protein hsp110 and the human melanoma-associated antigen gp100, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon vaccination, recombinant hsp110-gp100 chaperone complex activates the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T cell immune response and antigen-specific interferon-gamma production against gp100-overexpressing cancer cells. Gp100, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types. Hsp110, binds to and chaperones full-length proteins during heat shock; as an immunoadjuvant it is able to enhance an immune response against antigen(s) and stimulate T-lymphocyte activation.  
^`recombinant human 6Ckine:  A therapeutic recombinant analogue of a member of the endogenous CC chemokines with potential antineoplastic activity. Expressed by various lymphoid tissues, endogenous 6Ckine is chemotactic for B and T lymphocytes and dendritic cells.  
^`recombinant human adenovirus type 5 H101:  A replication selective, recombinant, E1B and partial E3 gene deleted form of human adenovirus type 5, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intratumoral injection of recombinant human adenovirus type 5, the adenovirus selectively replicates in cancer cells while preventing viral replication in normal, healthy cells. This induces a selective adenovirus-mediated cytotoxicity in cancer cells, which leads to cancer cell lysis. In addition, viral spread to adjacent cells, following lysis of infected cells, may activate the immune system to kill the infected tumor cells. The E1B protein causes p53 inactivation, which promotes viral replication; deletion of E1B allows for p53 activation in normal cells, which prevents viral replication in normal, healthy cells. The mutation and subsequent inactivation of p53 in cancer cells enables the E1B-deleted adenovirus to selectively replicate in cancer cells. Partial deletion of E3, encoding the adenovirus death protein, enhances the safety profile of the administered adenovirus.  
^`recombinant human albumin-human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor:  A long-acting recombinant fusion protein incorporating human serum albumin (HSA)-derived and human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-derived moieties with potential granulopoietic activity. G-CSF, a naturally occurring cytokine, stimulates the production of granulocytes and stem cells in the bone marrow and their release into the blood; it also stimulates the differentiation, function, and survival of neutrophil precursors and mature neutrophils. Albumin fusion may promote an increased serum half-life and bioavailability of the G-CSF moiety of this fusion protein.  
^`recombinant human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 APN01:  A recombinant, soluble glycosylated form of human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (rhACE2) with antihypertensive and potential antineoplastic activities. Recombinant human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 APN01 may normalize ACE2 levels, cleaving angiotensin II to create angiotensin-(1-7) and restoring the function of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). ACE2, a homolog of ACE1, appears to function as a negative regulator of the RAS system by converting angiotensin II to angiotensin-(1-7), a peptide with actions that counteract the cardiovascular actions of angiotensin II. In addition, angiotensin-(1-7) may inhibit cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and the production of proinflammatory prostaglandins and may activate the angiotensin-(1-7) G protein-coupled receptor Mas, resulting in diminished tumor cell proliferation. ACE2 levels may be reduced in malignancy and diabetes and in liver, cardiovascular and lung diseases.  
^`recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous glycoprotein hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). HCG binds to cells of the corpus luteum, thereby stimulating progesterone production and helping to maintain a secretory endometrium.  
^`recombinant human EGF-rP64K/Montanide ISA 51 vaccine:  A peptide vaccine preparation, containing recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rEGF) linked to the Neisseria meningitidis-derived recombinant immunogenic carrier protein P64k (rP64k) and mixed with the immunoadjuvant Montanide ISA 51, with potential active immunotherapy activity. Recombinant human EGF-rP64K/Montanide ISA 51 vaccine may trigger a humoral immune response against vaccine rEGF and rP64K and, so, against endogenous EGF. Antibody-mediated inhibition of endogenous EGF binding to its receptor, epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.  
^`recombinant human endostatin:  A recombinant human proteolytic fragment of the C-terminal end of type XVIII collagen. Endostatin induces microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis and inhibits endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis, which may result in a reduction in tumor burden. This agent also may decrease hepatic metastasis by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-dependent cell attachment to the hepatic microvasculature.  
^`recombinant human epidermal growth factor:  A recombinant form of the naturally-occurring polypeptide human epidermal growth factor with potential epithelial regenerative and cytoprotective activities. Upon topical application, recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) may stimulate epithelial proliferation, differentiation and migration, which may result in the acceleration of epithelial regeneration and wound healing. In addition, rhEGF may attenuate epithelial cytotoxicities related to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.  
^`recombinant human fusion protein L19TNFalpha:  An immunocytokine consisting of human pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) fused to a human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) directed against the extra-domain B (ED-B) of fibronectin (L19), with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. The L19 moiety of recombinant human fusion protein L19TNFalpha binds to the ED-B domain of fibronectin on tumor cells in the tumor neovasculature. In turn, the TNFalpha moiety may locally induce an immune response against ED-B fibronectin-expressing tumor cells and may specifically decrease the proliferation of ED-B-expressing tumor cells. ED-B is predominantly expressed during angiogenesis and tumor growth.  
^`recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Secreted by monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils and other cells after activation, G-CSF stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells committed to the neutrophil/ granulocyte lineage.  
^`recombinant human hyaluronidase:  A human recombinant form of the naturally occurring human enzyme hyaluronidase with potential chemoadjuvant activity. Upon local administration, recombinant human hyaluronidase hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, a glucosaminoglycan responsible for the viscosity of the interstitial barrier. The digestion of hyaluronic acid lowers the viscosity in the interstitial space, thereby increasing permeability and facilitating local penetration of chemotherapeutic agents into cancer cells.  
^`recombinant human interleukin-15:  A recombinant agent that is chemically identical or similar to the endogenous cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15) with immunomodulating activity. IL-15, secreted by mononuclear phagocytes (and some other cell types) following viral infection, regulates T and natural killer cell activation and proliferation. This cytokine induces activation of transcription activators STAT3, STAT5, and STAT6 via JAK kinase signal transduction pathways in mast cells, T cells, and dendritic epidermal T cells. IL-15 and interleukin-2 (IL-2) are structurally similar and share many biological activities; both may bind to common hematopoietin receptor subunits, negatively regulating each other's activity. CD8+ memory T cell number has been shown to be regulated by a balance between IL-15 and IL-2.  
^`recombinant human mannose-binding lectin:  A recombinant protein similar or identical to human mannan-binding lectin (MBL) with opsonin activity. MBL, a soluble pattern recognition receptor (PRR) collectin in the C-type lectin superfamily, is a plasma protein that plays an important role in innate immunity; MBL contains a carbohydrate recognition domain at one end and a collagen-like stalk domain at the other. Upon MBL binding to mannose residues on mannose-containing polysaccharides (mannans) on the surfaces of a microorganisms, activation of the complement system results in the deposition of complement components (opsonization) and the clearance of the opsonized microorganisms by phagocytic cells. MBL is part of the mannan-binding lectin pathway (also known as the Ali/Krueger pathway), which has similarities to the classical complement pathway in that activation of C4 and C2 produce activated complement proteins further down the complement cascade. However, unlike the classical complement pathway, activation of this pathway is not antibody dependent.  
^`recombinant human papillomavirus nonavalent vaccine:  A non-infectious, recombinant, nonavalent vaccine prepared from highly purified virus-like particles (VLPs) comprised of the major capsid (L1) proteins from human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, with active immunizing activity. Upon administration, the recombinant HPV nonavalent vaccine activates the immune system to produce antibodies against the 9 HPV types. This protects against HPV infection and HPV-related cancers. Altogether, HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 account for the majority of the HPV types that cause cervical, vulvar, vaginal and anal cancers.  
^`recombinant human serum amyloid P/pentraxin 2:  A fully recombinant form of the human pentraxin 2 (PTX2) protein with potential antifibrotic activity. Upon intravenous administration, recombinant human serum amyloid P/pentraxin 2 (PRM-151) may inhibit myofibroblast generation by preventing the differentiation of circulating monocytes into fibrocytes and profibrotic macrophages. PTX2 is a circulating plasma protein that belongs to the class of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) of the innate immune system.  
^`recombinant human stem cell factor:  A therapeutic glycoprotein cytokine chemically identical to or similar to endogenous human stem cell factor with hematopoietic activity. Recombinant human stem cell factor (rhSCF) binds to the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit, which may stimulate the growth of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs). This agent works synergistically with other hematopoietic growth factors. rhSCF may promote bone marrow recovery after myeloablative therapies and procedures.  
^`recombinant interferon:  One of a group of recombinant therapeutic glycoprotein cytokines with antiviral, anti-proliferative, and immunomodulating activities. Interferons bind to specific cell-surface receptors, leading to the transcription and translation of genes with interferon-specific response elements (ISREs). The resultant proteins mediate many complex effects, ultimately leading to inhibition of viral protein synthesis and cellular growth, alteration of cellular differentiation, interference with oncogene expression, activation of natural killer cells, alteration of cell surface antigen expression, and augmentation of lymphocyte and macrophage cytotoxicity. The production of endogenous interferons is induced in response to foreign agents such as bacteria, viruses and parasites and to tumor cells.  
^`recombinant interferon alfa:  A class of naturally-isolated or recombinant therapeutic peptides used as antiviral and anti-tumor agents. Alpha interferons are cytokines produced by nucleated cells (predominantly natural killer (NK) leukocytes) upon exposure to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA or bacterial products. These agents bind to specific cell-surface receptors, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes containing an interferon-specific response element. The proteins so produced mediate many complex effects, including antiviral effects (viral protein synthesis); antiproliferative effects (cellular growth inhibition and alteration of cellular differentiation); anticancer effects (interference with oncogene expression); and immune-modulating effects (natural killer cell activation, alteration of cell surface antigen expression, and augmentation of lymphocyte and macrophage cytotoxicity).  
^`recombinant interferon alfa-2b:  A non-glycosylated recombinant interferon with antiviral and antineoplastic activities. Alfa interferons bind to specific cell-surface receptors, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immune-modulating effects.  
^`recombinant interferon Alpha 2b-like protein:  A proprietary recombinant protein highly resembling human interferon alpha 2b (IFN-a2b), with potential anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and antiviral activities. Upon injection, recombinant IFN alpha 2b-like protein binds to specific IFN alpha cell surface receptors. This activates interferon-mediated signal transduction pathways and induces the transcription and translation of genes with interferon-specific response elements (ISREs). This may activate the immune system, including the activation of natural killer cells (NKs) and may result in an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, metastasis and an induction of apoptosis. Compared to human IFN-a2b (HuINF-a2b), this agent exhibits enhanced antiviral and antiproliferative activities. In addition, this agent exhibits antiviral activity against a variety of viruses, including hepatitis B and C viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Avian Influenza.  
^`recombinant interferon alpha-1b:  The non-glycosylated recombinant interferon alpha, subtype 1b, with immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Alpha interferon-1b binds to specific cell-surface receptors, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immune-modulating effects.  
^`recombinant interferon alpha-2a:  A non-glycosylated recombinant human alpha interferon, subtype 2a, produced in the bacterium E. coli. Interferon alpha-2a binds to its specific cell-surface receptor, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products have antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immune modulating effects.  
^`recombinant interferon beta:  A recombinant protein which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous interferon beta with antiviral and anti-tumor activities. Endogenous interferons beta are cytokines produced by nucleated cells (predominantly natural killer cells) upon exposure to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA or bacterial products. These agents bind to specific cell-surface receptors, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes with an interferon-specific response element. The proteins so produced mediate many complex effects, including antiviral (the most important being inhibition of viral protein synthesis), antiproliferative and immune modulating effects. The recombinant therapeutic forms of interferon beta are interferon beta 1-a and interferon beta 1-b.  
^`recombinant interferon gamma:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous lymphokine interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) with antineoplastic, immunoregulatory, and antiviral activities. Therapeutic IFN-gamma binds to and activates the cell-surface IFN-gamma receptor, stimulating antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and enhances natural killer cell attachment to tumor cells. This agent also activates caspases, thereby inducing apoptosis in malignant cells.  
^`recombinant interleukin-12:  A recombinant form of the endogenous heterodimeric cytokine interleukin-12 with potential antineoplastic activity. Recombinant interleukin-12 binds to and activates its cell-surface receptor, stimulating the production of interferon-gamma (IFN) which, in turn, induces IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and so inhibits tumor angiogenesis.  
^`recombinant interleukin-18:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18). Produced primarily by macrophages, IL-18 induces the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and enhances the activity of natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). As a potential immunotherapeutic agent, IL-18 displays antitumor effects in vitro and in animal models.  
^`recombinant interleukin-1-alpha:  A recombinant agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous protein cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). The IL-1 precursor is produced by monocytes, activated macrophages, and other cell types; mature IL-1 is generated by proteolytic cleavage by proteases such as IL-1-beta converting enzyme (ICE). This agent enhances T cell proliferation and B cell growth and differentiation and induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines.  
^`recombinant interleukin-1-beta:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous protein cytokine interleukin 1 (IL-1)-beta. Produced by monocytes and activated macrophages, endogenous mature IL-1 is generated through proteolytic cleavage by proteases such as IL-1-beta converting enzyme (ICE). This agent promotes angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, and neutrophil chemotaxis; it also regulates the functions of lymphocytes and epithelial cells and is involved in the 'acute phase response' to infection.  
^`recombinant interleukin-3:  A recombinant form of interleukin-3, a cytokine produced by activated T-cells and mast cells involved in intercellular communication, hematopoiesis, and inflammation. IL-3 binds and activates specific receptors on hematopoietic cells and in the nervous system, triggering expression of specific genes via the Ras signaling pathway and through Jak2 activation. This agent stimulates the proliferation of pluripotent hematopoietic progenitor cells.  
^`recombinant interleukin-4:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4). Produced primarily by activated T-cells, IL-4 binds to and activates its cell-surface receptor, stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of activated B-cells and enhancing their ability to present antigens to T-cells. As a potential immunotherapeutic agent, recombinant IL-4 also augments the effects of other cytokines on dendritic cells (DC), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL).  
^`recombinant interleukin-6:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) with antiapoptotic, proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, proproliferative and proangiogenic activities. IL-6 binds to its receptor (IL-6R), activating a receptor-CD130 receptor complex; the CD130 portion of the complex is a signal transduction protein that activates JAK kinases and ras-mediated signaling pathways, which in turn activate downstream signaling pathways, resulting in the activation of various transcription factors (STAT, ELK-1, NF-IL-6, etc.) and gene transcription. The physiological effects of IL-6 are complex and varied and include hematopoietic, pyrogenic and thermogenic, proinflammatory, antiinflammatory, proproliferative (anti-apoptotic), and angiogenic effects.  
^`recombinant interleukin-7:  A recombinant protein which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous interleukin-7 (IL-7) with hematopoietic and immunopotentiating properties. Produced by bone marrow, thymic stromal, and spleen cells, the cytokine interleukin-7 is a hematopoietic growth factor for progenitor B cells and T cells and stimulates proliferation and differentiation of mature T-cells and natural killer cells.  
^`recombinant leukocyte interleukin:  A cocktail preparation of synthetic interleukin (IL) -1, IL-2, IL-6 , tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon gamma and other cytokines that are chemically identical to or similar to signaling molecules secreted by leukocyte cells. Leukocyte interleukins are essential in many immune responses, such as antibodies production, modulating secretion of other cytokines, and activation of bone marrow stem cells.  
^`recombinant macrophage colony-stimulating factor:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous protein cytokine macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Synthesized endogenously by mesenchymal cells, M-CSF stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series and can reverse treatment-related neutropenias. Recombinant M-CSF may also enhance antigen presentation and activate antitumoral cytotoxic T-cells.  
^`recombinant MAGE-3.1 antigen:  A recombinant tumor-specific melanoma antigen. Vaccination with recombinant MAGE-3.1 antigen may induce a host immune response against MAGE-expressing cells, resulting in antitumoral T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. MAGE-expressing cells are found in melanoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and esophageal carcinoma.  
^`recombinant MIP1-alpha variant ECI301:  A recombinant form of a human macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP1-alpha) with a substitution of aspartate to alanine at position 26, with potential immunomodulating and radiotherapy potentiating activity. Intravenous administration of recombinant MIP1-alpha variant ECI301 after local tumor irradiation enhances the anti-tumor effect of ionizing radiation at the irradiated site as well as the antitumor effect at non-irradiated tumor sites (known as the abscopal effect). The abscopal effect appears to be attributed to this agent’s ability to recruit and activate leukocytes, such as monocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and T lymphocytes, thereby initiating an anti-tumor immune response against cancer cells. MIP1-alpha, also known as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3, is a ligand for the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR4 and CCR5 that are involved in immune and inflammatory responses.  
^`recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara-5T4 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding the 5T4 fetal oncoprotein (MVA-h5T4). Vaccination with recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara-5T4 vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing 5T4 fetal oncoprotein antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The MVA viral vector, derived from the replication-competent strain Ankara, is a highly attentuated, replication-defective vaccinia strain incapable of virion assembly.  
^`recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2:  An 85-amino acid recombinant peptide derived from protein c2 of the hemophagocytic hookworm Ancylostoma caninum (a common canine parasite) with anticoagulant activity. Recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2 (rNAPc2) binds to circulating activated factor X (FXa) or zymogen factor X (FX) to form a binary complex which subsequently binds to and inhibits membrane-bound activated factor VII/tissue factor complex (FVIIa/TF). When administered prophylactically, this agent may reduce the incidence of deep venous thrombosis without hemostatic compromise. Because rNAPc2 inhibits the formation of the FVIIa/TF protease complex, which may play a role in the cellular signaling of both metastatic and angiogenic processes, it may impede tumor progression.  
^`recombinant oncolytic poliovirus PVS-RIPO:  A recombinant, live attenuated, nonpathogenic oncolytic virus containing the oral poliovirus Sabin type 1 in which the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) is replaced with the IRES from human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intratumoral administration of recombinant oncolytic poliovirus PVS-RIPO, the poliovirus is selectively taken up by and replicates in tumor cells expressing CD155 (poliovirus receptor, PVR or NECL5) eventually causing tumor cell lysis. CD155, an oncofetal cell adhesion molecule and tumor antigen, is ectopically expressed in certain cancers, such as glioblastoma multiforme (GMB), and plays an important role in tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Due to the heterologous HRV2 IRES in this recombinant virus, PVS-RIPO only propagates in susceptible, nonneuronal cells (e.g., GBM). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`recombinant oxytocin:  A synthetic cyclic peptide form of the naturally occurring posterior pituitary hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin binds to oxytocin receptors in the uterine myometrium, which triggers the G-protein coupled receptor signal transduction cascade that causes increased intracellular calcium concentrations. Increased calcium concentration levels activate myosin light chain kinase which, in turn, induces the formation of the contractile protein actomyosin. This stimulates uterine smooth muscle contractions. This agent also stimulates smooth muscles in the mammary glands, thereby causing lactation.  
^`recombinant parathyroid hormone:  A recombinant therapeutic agent that is identical or similar to an 84-amino-acid polypeptide produced by the parathryoid gland which functions to maintain a constant concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the extracellular fluid. In target tissues, parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to and activates the parathryorid hormone receptor (PTHR), a cell surface G protein-coupled receptor; there are two types of receptors, parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R) found in bone and the kidney and parathyroid hormone receptor 2 (PTH2R) found primarily in the central nervous system (CNS), pancreas, testis, and placenta. Activation of PTHRs results in the activation of adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C in target tissue cells, which, depending upon the specific target tissue, results in the enhancement of intestinal Ca2+ absorption, mobilization of bone Ca2+, and renal Ca2+ reabsorption.  
^`recombinant platelet factor 4:  A recombinant form of the endogenous chemokine platelet factor 4 with potential antiangiogenesis and antineoplastic activities. As a heparin-binding tetramer, recombinant platelet factor 4 inhibits growth factor-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis; it has been shown that this agent inhibits fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) angiogenic activity downstream from the FGF2 receptor. Its activity is antagonized by heparin. Recombinant platelet factor 4 may also directly inhibit the proliferation of some tumor cell types.  
^`recombinant PRAME protein plus AS15 adjuvant GSK2302025A:  A recombinant form of the human PRAME (Preferentially Expressed Antigen of Melanoma) protein combined with the AS15 adjuvant, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular administration, GSK2302025A may stimulate the host immune response to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that overexpress the PRAME protein, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The tumor-associated antigen PRAME is often overexpressed by a variety of tumor cell types. AS15 is an potent adjuvant liposomal formulation that contains CpG 7909, monophosphoryl lipid, and QS-21.  
^`recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisia-CEA(610D) vaccine GI-6207:  A whole, heat-killed, recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast-based vaccine genetically altered to express the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) peptide 610D with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisia-CEA(610D) vaccine GI-6207 may stimulate a host cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CEA-expressing tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell lysis. CEA, a tumor associated antigen, is overexpressed on a wide variety of human cancer cells including colorectal, gastric, lung, breast and pancreatic cancer cells. CEA 610D encodes for 9 amino acids (605-613) in which aspartate is substituted for asparagine at position 610 (610D) in order to strengthen the induction of the CTL response against CEA-expressing tumor cells.  
^`recombinant soluble human CD4 protein:  A recombinant human soluble CD4 with antiviral activity. Recombinant human soluble CD4 has the amino terminus but not the T-cell binding domain of the endogenous CD4 antigen. This soluble CD4 protein competitively binds to envelope glycoprotein (gp120) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resulting in inhibition of interaction between gp120 and the endogenous CD4 antigen, thereby blocking viral recognition of CD4 and subsequent entry of HIV into CD4 bearing cells.  
^`recombinant super-compound interferon:  A recombinant form of the naturally-occurring cytokine interferon-alpha (IFN-a) that has a modified spatial configuration, with immunomodulating, antiviral and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of recombinant super-compound interferon (rSIFN-co), this agent binds to IFN-specific cell surface receptors, resulting in the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products have antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immune-modulating effects. The 3-dimensional conformational change improves efficacy and causes fewer side effects compared to IFN-a.  
^`recombinant thymosin:  A recombinant form of a polypeptide chemically identical to or similar to the hormone secreted by the thymus gland. Thymosin is generally known to have functions in the preprocessing of T cells and the development of B cells to plasma cells to produce antibodies. In particular, the predominant form of thymosin, beta 4 thymosin, is the principal actin-sequestering protein that plays an important role in functions that involve actin molecules, such as maintenance of cell shape, cytoplasmic organization, cell movement, and cell division.  
^`recombinant thyroid-stimulating hormone:  A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland.  
^`recombinant thyrotropin alfa:  A recombinant form of the human anterior pituitary glycoprotein thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) with use in the diagnostic setting. With an amino acid sequence identical to that of human TSH, thyrotropin alfa binds to TSH receptors on normal thyroid epithelial cells or well-differentiated thyroid cancer cells, stimulating iodine uptake and organification, synthesis and secretion of thyroglobulin (Tg), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4).  
^`recombinant transforming growth factor-beta-2:  A recombinant polypeptide chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine transforming growth factor-beta-2 (TGF-beta-2). TGF-beta-2 modulates cell growth and immune function and may promote or inhibit tumor growth, depending on the tumor cell type. TGF-beta-2 may also suppress host immune system recognition of and/or response to tumor cells.  
^`recombinant tumor necrosis factor family protein:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to one of a number of endogenous tumor necrosis factor (TNF) proteins. TNF family cytokines bind to and activate specific cell-surface receptors, thereby mediating inflammatory processes, cell proliferation, immunity, angiogenesis, and tumor cell cytotoxicity. One primary antitumor effect of TNFs involves stimulation of T cell-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity.  
^`recombinant tyrosinase-related protein-2:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to an endogenous non-mutated melanocyte differentiation antigen expressed by both normal and malignant melanocytes. Vaccinations with recombinant tyrosinase-related protein-2 may elicit an antitumoral cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells and some normal cells that express tyrosinase-related protein-2.  
^`recombinant vaccinia prostate-specific antigen vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia virus encoding prostate specific antigen (PSA). Vaccination with recombinant vaccinia prostate-specific antigen vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing PSA.  
^`recombinant vaccinia viral vector RO5217790:  A vaccine consisting of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding mutated forms of the genes for the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 derived from the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and the human cytokine interleukin-2 (hIL2), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, recombinant vaccinia viral vector RO5217790 may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against cells expressing HPV E6 and E7, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Oncoproteins E6 and E7 have been implicated in the tumorigenesis of cervical carcinoma.  
^`recombinant vaccinia-B7.1 vaccine:  A recombinant vaccinia virus encoding the T-cell co-stimulatory molecule B7-1. Co-administration of recombinant vaccinia-B7.1 and a tumor-associated antigen in a cancer vaccine may enhance tumor-associated antigen-specific T-cell responses.  
^`recombinant vaccinia-CEA(6D)-TRICOM vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia virus encoding the tumor-associated antigen carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and a TRIad of COstimulatory Molecules (B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3; also called TRICOM). Vaccination with recombinant vaccinia-CEA(6D)-TRICOM vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a T-cell response against tumor cells expressing the CEA antigen. The use of TRICOM in the vaccine may elicit a greater antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune response compared to the use of vaccinia-CEA alone.  
^`recombinant vaccinia-MUC1 vaccine:  A vaccine containing a recombinant vaccinia virus that encodes the gene for human mucin-1, a tumor-associated antigen. Upon administration, recombinant vaccinia-MUC-1 vaccine may elicit a MUC-1-specific cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells bearing MUC-1.  
^`recombinant vaccinia-multiepitope melanoma peptides-B7.1-B7.2 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of an inactivated recombinant vaccinia virus encoding epitope peptides derived from melanoma-related HLA-A2-restricted tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), including Melan-A(27-35), gp100(280-288) and tyrosinase(1-9), and two co-stimulatory B7 proteins, B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86). Upon administration, recombinant vaccinia-multiepitope melanoma peptides-B7.1-B7.2 vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against melanoma cells that express TAAs which share epitopes with the epitope peptides expressed by the vaccine viral vector, resulting in tumor cell lysis; vaccine viral vector-expressed co-stimulatory proteins B7.1 and B7.2 may enhance the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte immune response to the TAAs.  
^`recombinant vaccinia-NY-ESO-1 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a recombinant vaccinia viral vector encoding an immunogenic peptide derived from the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, an antigen found in normal testis and various tumors, including bladder, breast, hepatocellular, melanoma, and prostate cancers. Vaccination with recombinant vaccinia- NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing NY-ESO-1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`recombinant vaccinia-TRICOM vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia virus encoding a triad of costimulatory molecules (B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3; also called TRICOM). Vaccination with recombinant vaccinia-TRICOM vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a non-specific T-cell response. With the addition of a tumor-associated antigen peptide, this vaccine may enhance a tumor-specific immune response.  
^`recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-expressing interferon-beta:  A recombinant, replicating oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) carrying the human interferon-beta (IFN-b) gene, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, recombinant VSV expressing IFN-b replicates in the tumor environment specifically, partially due to defective innate antiviral host defense mechanisms in tumor cells, involving type I IFNs, and exerts its cytolytic activity towards the tumor cells. By expressing human IFN-b, an INF-b-mediated antiviral immune response in surrounding normal cells is activated which protects normal cells against virus replication and VSV-mediated cell lysis. However, tumor cells have a defective IFN-b-mediated innate antiviral immune response allowing for VSV to replicate in these cells without interference. In addition, the IFN-b produced by VSV may activate an immune response in surrounding normal cells and may activate T-lymphocytes, dendritic cells and natural killer cells; thus, inducing an anti-tumor immune response against the tumor cells. VSV, a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Vesiculovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae, is relatively nonpathogenic to healthy humans.  
^`Recombivax HB:  (Other name for~ hepatitis B vaccine (recombinant)) 
^`Recormon:  (Other name for~ epoetin beta) 
^`Rectoid:  (Other name for~ therapeutic hydrocortisone) 
^`red tomato juice:  Tomato juice derived from red tomatoes, with potential antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Red tomato juice contains higher levels of the trans-isomer of lycopene (trans-LYC) compared to the cis-isomer (cis-LYC). Lycopene, a linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, is the major red pigment in certain fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As an antioxidant, lycopene scavenges free radicals which may both inhibit cellular oxidation and prevent free radical damage to cells. cis-LYC is better absorbed than its trans form.  
^`reduced glutathione-L-cysteine-anthocyanins gel:  A gel formulation containing reduced glutathione, L-cysteine, and anthocyanins with potential antioxifdant, immunostimulating, and chemoprotective activities. Reduced glutathione is the primary cellular antioxidant and plays important roles in the antioxidation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals and, as a thiol-containing co-enzyme, in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. In addition, glutathione affects DNA synthesis and repair and exerts immunostimulating activity by increasing the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), promoting antigen presentation, and stimulating T-suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8 cells) cells. The flavonoid anthocyanins, derived from various blue and purple flowering plants, are potent scavengers of reactive oxygen species.  
^`refametinib:  An orally bioavailable selective MEK inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Refametinib specifically inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP2K1 or MAPK/ERK kinase 1), resulting in inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK, a dual specificity threonine/tyrosine kinase, is a key component of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that regulates cell growth; constitutive activation of this pathway has been implicated in many cancers.  
^`Refludan:  (Other name for~ lepirudin) 
^`regadenoson:  An adenosine derivative and selective A2A adenosine receptor agonist with coronary vasodilating activity. Upon administration, regadenoson selectively binds to and activates the A2A adenosine receptor, which induces coronary vasodilation. This leads to an increase in coronary blood flow and enhances myocardial perfusion. Compared to adenosine, regadenoson has a longer half-life and shows higher selectivity towards the A2A adenosine receptor. This agent is a very weak agonist for the A1 adenosine receptor and has negligible affinity for the A2B and A3 adenosine receptors.  
^`Regenecare:  (Other name for~ collagen/aloe vera/vitamin E/lidocaine topical hydrogel) 
^`Regitine:  (Other name for~ phentolamine mesylate) 
^`Reglan:  (Other name for~ metoclopramide hydrochloride) 
^`regorafenib:  An orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Regorafenib binds to and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 2 and 3, and Ret, Kit, PDGFR and Raf kinases, which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. VEGFRs are receptor tyrosine kinases that play important roles in tumor angiogenesis; the receptor tyrosine kinases RET, KIT, and PDGFR, and the serine/threonine-specific Raf kinase are involved in tumor cell signaling.  
^`Regular Novolin R:  (Other name for~ insulin, regular) 
^`Relenza:  (Other name for~ zanamivir) 
^`Remeron:  (Other name for~ mirtazapine) 
^`remestemcel-L: Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) harvested from bone marrow of healthy adult donors and expanded ex vivo, with potential immunosuppressive activity. Remestemcel-L cells are hypo-immunogenic due to lack of major histocompatibility II (MHC II) molecule expression, eliciting little, if any, host immune response upon intravenous infusion. Infusion of allogeneic MSCs may result in:  a) increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10, prostaglandin E, and hepatocyte growth factor; b) decreased mononuclear phagocyte expression of indoleamine 2,3,-dioxygenase, which catabolizes L-tryptophan into its pro-inflammatory metabolites; and c) modulated dendritic cell (DC)maturation and disrupted activities of natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. In addition, pluripotent MSCs, upon administration, may be recruited to damaged tissue sites, differentiating along specific lineages when stimulated.  
^`Remicade:  (Other name for~ infliximab) 
^`Remifemin:  (Other name for~ black cohosh) 
^`remifentanil hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of remifentanil, a synthetic anilidopiperidine derivative and short-acting opiate agonist with analgesic and anesthetic properties. Remifentanil selectively binds to and activates the mu-opioid receptor, thereby producing analgesia, respiratory depression, miosis, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and euphoria.  
^`Reminyl:  (Other name for~ galantamine hydrobromide) 
^`Remitogen:  (Other name for~ apolizumab) 
^`renal cell carcinoma peptides vaccine IMA901:  A multipeptide cancer vaccine targeting renal cell carcinoma with potential immunopotentiating activity. Renal cell carcinoma peptides vaccine IMA901 consists of 10 different synthetic tumor-associated peptide (TUMAP) antigens (9 HLA-class I-binding and 1 HLA class II-binding); endogenously, these TUMAPs are expressed by the majority of renal cell carcinomas. Vaccination with this agent may significantly increase host cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses against tumor cells expressing these peptide antigens.  
^`renal cell carcinoma/CD40L RNA-transfected autologous dendritic cell vaccine AGS-003:  A cancer vaccine in which autologous dendritic cells are transfected with patient-specific renal cell carcinoma (RCC) RNA and a synthetic, truncated human CD40 ligand (CD40L) RNA with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Individual RCC-specific RNA, encoding a unique repertoire of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) (including telomerase reverse transcriptase, G250, and oncofetal antigen) is electroporated into autologous dencritic cells (DCs), transfected with synthetic RNA that encodes a truncated version of the T-cell protein CD40L; the transfected autlogous DCs express and process both patient-specific RCC TAAs and the truncated CD40L protein. When reintroduced back to the patient, renal cell carcinoma/CD40L RNA-transfected autologous dendritic cell vaccine AGS-003 may elicit a highly specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against RCC cells expressing the patient-specific RCC TAA repertoire. The signal cascade initiated by stimulation of the truncated, ectopically expressed co-stimulatory molecule CD40L results in the secretion of the inflammatory cytokine IL-12 downstream.  
^`Rencarex:  (Other name for~ girentuximab) 
^`Renova:  (Other name for~ tretinoin) 
^`REOLYSIN:  (Other name for~ wild-type reovirus) 
^`repaglinide:  A nonsulfonylurea insulin secretagogue belonging to the melgitinide class with hypoglycemic activity. Repaglinide is rapidly absorbed and has a rapid onset and short duration of action. This agent is metabolized in the liver by CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 and its metabolites are excreted in the bile. Repaglinide has a half-life of one hour.  
^`reparixin:  An orally available inhibitor of CXC chemokine receptor types 1 (CXCR1) and 2 (CXCR2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, reparixin allosterically binds to CXCR1 and prevents CXCR1 activation by its ligand interleukin 8 (IL-8 or CXCL8). This may cause cancer stem cell (CSC) apoptosis and may inhibit tumor cell progression and metastasis. CXCR1, overexpressed on CSCs, plays a key role in CSC survival and the ability of CSC to self-renew; it is also linked to tumor resistance to chemotherapy. Inhibition of the IL-8/CXCR1 interaction also potentiates the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, reparixin inhibits CXCR2 activation and may reduce both neutrophil recruitment and vascular permeability during inflammation or injury. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`R-EPOCH regimen:  A regimen consisting of rituximab, followed by a continuous infusion of etoposide, vincristine and doxorubicin, given with prednisone and a bolus dose of cyclophosphamide, used for the treatment of aggressive forms of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, including mantle cell lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`Requip:  (Other name for~ ropinirole hydrochloride) 
^`Resectisol:  (Other name for~ mannitol) 
^`Resimmune:  (Other name for~ anti-CD3 immunotoxin A-dmDT390-bisFv(UCHT1)) 
^`resiniferatoxin:  A naturally occurring capsaicin analog found in the latex of the cactus Euphorbia resinifera with analgesic activity. Resiniferatoxin (RTX) binds to and activates the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a non-selective cation channel in the plasma membrane of primary afferent sensory neurons. This increases the permeability to cations, and leads to an influx of calcium and sodium ions. This results in membrane depolarization, causing an irritant effect, followed by desensitization of the sensory neurons thereby inhibiting signal conduction in afferent pain pathways and causing analgesia. TRPV1, a member of the transient receptor potential channel (TRP) superfamily, is a heat- and chemo-sensitive calcium/sodium ion channel that is selectively expressed in a subpopulation of pain-sensing primary afferent neurons.  
^`resiquimod:  An imidazoquinolinamine Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist with potential immunostimulatory activity. Resiquimod binds to and activates TLRs 7 and 8, mainly on dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and B-lymphocytes, which results in the activation of the TLR signaling pathway and nuclear translocation of the transcription activator NF-kB another transcription factors; subsequently, the production of cytokines, especially interferon-alpha (INF-a), increases, enhancing T-helper 1 (Th1) immune responses. In addition, topical application of resiquimod appears to activate Langerhans cells, which may result in enhanced activation of T-lymphocytes. Due to its immunostimulatory activity, this agent may potentially be useful as a vaccine adjuvant.  
^`resiquimod topical gel:  A topical gel containing the Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist resiquimod, an imidazoquinolinamine and with potential immunomodulating activity. Resiquimod binds toTLR7 and 8, mainly on dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes, and activates the TLR signaling pathway, resulting in the induction of the nuclear translocation of transcription activator NF-kB and activation of other transcription factors; subsequently, gene expression increases and the production of cytokines increases, especially interferon-alpha (INF-a), resulting in the enhancement of T-helper 1 (Th1) immune responses. In addition, topical application of resiquimod appears to activate epidermal Langerhans cells, leading to an enhanced activation of T-lymphocytes.  
^`resistant starch:  A form of dietary fiber that resists degradation in the small intestine by gastrointestinal (GI) enzymes with potential chemopreventive and prebiotic activity. Upon consumption of resistant starch, the fiber is not metabolized or absorbed in the small intestine and enters the colon unaltered. Once in the colon, the starch is fermented by anaerobic colonic bacteria and produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), including butyrate, which has anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. In addition, butyrate appears to exert antitumor effects by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing tumor cell differentiation and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells.  
^`resminostat:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) with potential antineoplastic activity. Resminostat binds to and inhibits HDACs leading to an accumulation of highly acetylated histones. This may result in an induction of chromatin remodeling, inhibition of the transcription of tumor suppressor genes, inhibition of tumor cell division and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. HDACs, upregulated in many tumor types, are a class of enzymes that deacetylate chromatin histone proteins.  
^`Respbid:  (Other name for~ theophylline) 
^`Restasis:  (Other name for~ cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion) 
^`resveratrol:  A phytoalexin derived from grapes and other food products with antioxidant and potential chemopreventive activities. Resveratrol induces phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes (anti-initiation activity); mediates anti-inflammatory effects and inhibits cyclooxygenase and hydroperoxidase functions (anti-promotion activity); and induces promyelocytic leukemia cell differentiation (anti-progression activity), thereby exhibiting activities in three major steps of carcinogenesis. This agent may inhibit TNF-induced activation of NF-kappaB in a dose- and time-dependent manner.  
^`resveratrol formulation SRT501:  A proprietary formulation of resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin derived from grapes and other food products with potential antioxidant, anti-obesity, antidiabetic and chemopreventive activities. Resveratrol may activate sirtuin subtype 1 (SIRT-1). SIRT1 activation has been reported to inhibit tumorigenesis and tumor cell proliferation. SIRT-1 is a member of the silent information regulator 2 (SIR2) (or sirtuin) family of enzymes that plays an important role in mitochondrial activity and acts as a protein deacetylase. SIRT1 appears to be involved in the regulation of numerous transcription factors such as Nf-kB and p53.  
^`retaspimycin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a small-molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) with antiproliferative and antineoplastic activities. Retaspimycin binds to and inhibits the cytosolic chaperone functions of HSP90, which maintains the stability and functional shape of many oncogenic signaling proteins and may be overexpressed or overactive in tumor cells. Retaspimycin-mediated inhibition of HSP90 promotes the proteasomal degradation of oncogenic signaling proteins in susceptible tumor cell populations, which may result in the induction of apoptosis.  
^`Retin-A:  (Other name for~ tretinoin) 
^`Retin-A MICRO:  (Other name for~ tretinoin) 
^`retinoid 9cUAB30:  A synthetic analogue of 9-cis retinoic acid with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Retinoid 9cUAB30 binds to and activates retinoid X receptor (RXR) homodimers and/or and retinoic acid receptor (RAR)/RXR heterodimers, which may result in the dissociation of corepressor protein and the recruitment of coactivator protein, followed by transcription of downstream target genes into mRNAs and protein translation. Gene transcription regulated by these transcription factors may result in inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of cell differentiation, and apoptosis of both normal cells and tumor cells.  
^`retinoid analogue NRX 195183:  An orally bioavailable retinoid acid receptor (RAR) alpha agonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Retinoid analogue NRX 195183 binds to and activates RAR alpha, modulating the transcription of genes responsible for cell differentiation and proliferation, which may result in cell differentiation, decreased cell proliferation, and the inhibition of tumorigenesis. Encoded by the RARA gene, RAR alpha is a nuclear receptor and a member of the steroid receptor superfamily.  
^`retinol:  The fat soluble vitamin retinol. Vitamin A binds to and activates retinoid receptors (RARs), thereby inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis of some cancer cell types and inhibiting carcinogenesis. Vitamin A plays an essential role in many physiologic processes, including proper functioning of the retina, growth and differentiation of target tissues, proper functioning of the reproductive organs, and modulation of immune function.  
^`retinyl acetate:  A naturally-occurring fatty acid ester form of retinol (vitamin A) with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Retinyl acetate binds to and activates retinoid receptors, inducing cell differentiation and decreasing cell proliferation. This agent also inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplastic transformation in some cancer cell types and exhibits immunomodulatory properties.  
^`retrovector encoding mutant anti-cyclin G1:  A replication-incompetent, pathotropic, tumor matrix (collagen)-targeted, retroviral vector encoding an N-terminal deletion mutant form of the cyclin G1 gene with potential antineoplastic activity. Under the control of a hybrid long-terminal repeat/cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, retrovector encoding mutant anti-cyclin G expresses the mutant cyclin G1 construct, resulting in disruption of tumor cell cyclin G1 activity and decreased cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. This agent preferentially targets collagen of the tumor matrix because of the incorporation of the collagen-binding domain of von Willebrand factor (vWF) on the retrovector surface. Exploiting the collagen-targeting mechanism of vWF permits delivery of the retrovector to tumor sites where angiogenesis and collagen matrix exposure occur.  
^`Retrovir:  (Other name for~ zidovudine) 
^`Revia:  (Other name for~ naltrexone hydrochloride) 
^`Revimmune:  (Other name for~ cyclophosphamide) 
^`Revival:  (Other name for~ soy protein isolate) 
^`Revlimid:  (Other name for~ lenalidomide) 
^`RevM10 gene:  RevM10 is a dominant-negative mutant of HIV-1 Rev gene, which encodes a RNA-binding protein involving in nuclear trafficking of unspliced viral mRNAs. Due to the fact that Rev is essential for HIV-1 replication makes it an attractive target for antiviral approaches. Based on the notion of intracellular immunization, in vitro studies that introducing RevM10 gene into stem cells have demonstrated its ability to combat HIV-1 infection in human hematopoietic cells.  
^`REXIN-G:  (Other name for~ retrovector encoding mutant anti-cyclin G1) 
^`rexinoid NRX194204:  An orally bioavailable synthetic retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist with potential antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities. Rexinoid NRX 194204 selectively binds to and activates RXRs. Because RXRs can form heterodimers with several nuclear receptors (NRs), RXR activation by this agent may result in a broad range of gene expression depending on the effector DNA response elements activated. Rexinoid NRX 194204 may inhibit the tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated release of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin 6 (IL6) and may inhibit tumor cell proliferation. This agent appears to be less toxic than RAR-selective ligands.  
^`Rezulin:  (Other name for~ troglitazone) 
^`RFT5-dgA immunotoxin:  A recombinant immunotoxin consisting of the anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody RFT5 fused to the deglycosylated ricin A-chain (dgA) with potential antitumor activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of RFT5-dgA immunotoxin attaches to CD25 (the alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor complex) on the cell membrane; after internalization, the dgA moiety cleaves the N-glycosidic bond between the ribose and adenine base at position 4324 in 28S ribosomal RNA, resulting in ribosome inactivation, inhibition of protein synthesis, and cell death. CD25 is expressed on activated normal T and B cells and macrophages and is frequently upregulated in many hematologic malignancies.  
^`rhEndostatin:  (Other name for~ recombinant human endostatin) 
^`rhenium Re 188 BMEDA-liposome:  A liposome-based preparation consisting of the beta- and gamma-emitting radionuclide rhenium Re 188 (Re 188) linked to the chelator N,N-bis (2-mercaptoethyl)-N',N'-diethylethylenediamine (BMEDA) and encapsulated in liposomes, with potential tumor imaging and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous infusion of rhenium Re 188 BMEDA-labeled liposomes, the liposomes selectively target tumor cells, facilitate the retention of the radioisotope by those cells, and cause localized antitumor radiocytotoxicity while sparing surrounding normal, healthy cells. In addition, Re 188 BMEDA-labeled liposomes can be used for imaging purposes. Re 188 has a short half-life and a short path length, which further contribute to limiting the radiotoxicity to the tumor cells.  
^`rhenium Re 188 ethiodized oil:  A rhenium (Re) 188 conjugate of ethiodized oil (lipiodol), an iodinated ethyl ester derived from poppy seed oil, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon hepatic intra-arterial injection rhenium Re 188 ethiodized oil accumulates in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor cells, thereby delivering a cytotoxic dose of radiation through Re 188 directly to the tumor cells. This may kill tumor cells while sparing surrounding normal cells and tissues. Compared to iodine I 131, Re 188 has a shorter half-life.  
^`Rheumatrex:  (Other name for~ methotrexate) 
^`rhizoxin:  A macrocyclic lactone. Rhizoxin binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule assembly, thereby inducing cytotoxicity. This agent also may inhibit endothelial cell-induced angiogenic activity, which may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation.  
^`rhubarb/licorice herbal supplement:  A decoction of rhubarb root (Da Huang) and licorice root (Gan Cao) used in Chinese Herbal Medicine. Upon ingestion, the rhubarb/licorice herbal supplement may help improve appetite. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`ribavirin:  A synthetic nucleoside analogue of ribofuranosyl with antiviral activity. Ribavirin incorporates into viral nucleic acid, inhibits viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, induces viral genome mutations, and inhibits normal viral replication. Ribavirin shows activity against a variety of RNA viruses, especially hepatitis C virus.  


^`ribociclib:  An orally available cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor targeting cyclin D1/CDK4 and cyclin D3/CDK6 cell cycle pathway, with potential antineoplastic activity. Ribociclib specifically inhibits CDK4 and 6, thereby inhibiting retinoblastoma (Rb) protein phosphorylation. Inhibition of Rb phosphorylation prevents CDK-mediated G1-S phase transition, thereby arresting the cell cycle in the G1 phase, suppressing DNA synthesis and inhibiting cancer cell growth. Overexpression of CDK4/6, as seen in certain types of cancer, causes cell cycle deregulation.  
^`riboflavin:  An essential human nutrient that is a heat-stable and water-soluble flavin belonging to the vitamin B family. Riboflavin is a precursor of the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These coenzymes are of vital importance in normal tissue respiration, pyridoxine activation, tryptophan to niacin conversion, fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, and glutathione reductase mediated detoxification. Riboflavin may also be involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity. This vitamin is essential for healthy skin, nails, and hair.  
^`ribonuclease QBI-139:  A nuclease of mammalian origin that cleaves the phosphodiester bond between nucleotides of ribonucleic acids with potential antineoplastic activity. Ribonuclease QBI-139 catalyzes the hydrolysis and degradation of RNA leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death.  
^`ribosome-inactivating protein CY503:  A recombinant protein that inactivates the ribosome with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Ribosome-inactivating protein CY503 binds to the cell surface sialyltransferase CD75 and is internalized; intracellularly, CY503 cleaves an adenine-specific N-glycosidic bond on the 28S ribosomal subunit, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis. This agent has also been shown to activate natural killer (NK) cells, induce cytokine receptor expression, and stimulate the release of cytokines. CD75 is expressed on mature B-cells and subsets of T-cells and erythrocytes.  
^`Riboxamide:  (Other name for~ tiazofurin) 
^`rice bran:  The nutrient-rich hard outer layer of the rice cereal grain, with potential chemopreventive, antioxidant, iron chelating, anticholesterol and anti-inflammatory activities. Rice bran is rich in fiber, such as beta-glucan, pectin and gum; it also comprises vitamins and minerals, such as iron, magnesium and phosphorus, and essential fatty acids. In addition, Rice bran contains various bioactive components, including ferulic acid, tricin, beta-sitosterol, gamma-oryzanol, phytic acid, and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). The potential anticancer activity of rice bran may be due to the synergistic effects of these phytochemicals on their ability to induce apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation, and alter cell cycle progression in cancer cells. Rice bran's bioactive components also protect against tissue damage by scavenging free radicals and blocking chronic inflammatory responses. In addition, they are able to modulate the gut microflora and carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, thereby further exerting a chemopreventive effect.  
^`R-ICE regimen:  A chemoimmunotherapy regimen consisting of rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide used to treat indolent and aggressive forms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma; also used to treat relapsed and refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`ricolinostat:  An orally bioavailable, specific inhibitor of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) with potential antineoplastic activity. Ricolinostat selectively targets and binds to HDAC6, thereby disrupting the Hsp90 protein chaperone system through hyperacetylation of Hsp90 and preventing the subsequent aggresomal protein degradation. This leads to an accumulation of unfolded and misfolded ubiquitinated proteins and may eventually induce cancer cell apoptosis, and inhibition of cancer cell growth. HDAC6, a class II HDAC deacetylase located in the cytoplasm, appears to play a key role in the formation and activation of the aggresomes needed for degradation of misfolded proteins. Compared to non-selective HDAC inhibitor, ricolinostat is able to reduce the toxic effects on normal, healthy cells.  
^`ridaforolimus:  A small molecule and non-prodrug analogue of the lipophilic macrolide antibiotic rapamycin with potential antitumor activity. Ridaforolimus binds to and inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which may result in cell cycle arrest and,consequently, the inhibition of tumor cell growth and proliferation. Upregulated in some tumors, mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase involved in regulating cellular proliferation, motility, and survival that is located downstream of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.  
^`Ridaura:  (Other name for~ auranofin) 
^`rifabutin:  A semisynthetic ansamycin antibiotic with potent antimycobacterial properties. Rifabutin inhibits bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby suppressing the initiation of RNA formation and leading to inhibition of RNA synthesis and transcription.  
^`rifaximin:  An orally administered, semi-synthetic, nonsystemic antibiotic derived from rifamycin SV with antibacterial activity. Rifaximin binds to the beta-subunit of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis and bacterial cell growth. As rifaximin is not well absorbed, its antibacterial activity is largely localized to the gastrointestinal tract.  
^`rigosertib sodium:  A synthetic benzyl styryl sulfone analogue with potential antineoplastic activity. Rigosertib sodium inhibits polo-like kinase1 (Plk1), inducing selective G2/M arrest followed by apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells while causing reversible cell arrest at the G1 and G2 stage without apoptosis in normal cells. This agent may exhibit synergistic antitumor activity in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. Plk1, named after the polo gene of Drosophila melanogaster, is a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in regulating mitotic spindle function in a non-ATP competitive manner.  
^`rilimogene galvacirepvec:  A vaccine formulation consisting of recombinant vaccinia virus encoding prostate specific antigen (PSA) and recombinant vaccinia virus encoding three co-stimulatory molecule transgenes B7.1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3 (TRICOM). Vaccination with PSA in combination with TRICOM may enhance antigen presentation, resulting in the augmentation of a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) immune response against tumor cells expressing PSA.  
^`rilotumumab:  A fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody directed against the human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with potential antineoplastic activity. Rilotumumab binds to and neutralizes HGF, preventing the binding of HGF to its receptor c-Met and so c-Met activation; inhibition of c-Met-mediated signal transduction may result in the induction of apoptosis in cells expressing c-Met. c-Met (HGF receptor or HGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in a variety of epithelial cancer cell types, plays a key role in cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.  
^`Rilutek:  (Other name for~ riluzole) 
^`riluzole: A benzothiazole derivative with neuroprotective and potential anti-depressant and anxiolytic activities. While the mechanism of action of riluzole is unknown, its pharmacological activities in motor neurons include the following, some of which may be related to its effect:  1) an inhibitory effect on glutamate release, 2) inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium channels, and 3) interference with intracellular events that follow transmitter binding at excitatory amino acid receptors. In animal models, this agent has been shown to exhibit myorelaxant and sedative activities, apparently due to the blockade of glutamatergic neurotransmission.  
^`rimiducid:  A lipid-permeable tacrolimus analogue with homodimerizing activity. Rimiducid homodimerizes an analogue of human protein FKBP12 (Fv) which contains a single acid substitution (Phe36Val) so that AP1903 binds to wild-type FKBP12 with 1000-fold lower affinity. This agent is used to homodimerize the Fv-containing drug-binding domains of genetically engineered receptors such as the iCD40 receptor of the autologous dendritic cell vaccine BP-GMAX-CD1, resulting in receptor activation.  
^`rindopepimut:  A cancer vaccine consisting of a human epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIIi)-specific peptide conjugated to the non-specific immunomodulator keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with rindopepimut may elicit a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against tumor cells expressing EGFRvIII. EGFRvIII, a functional variant of EGFR that is not expressed in normal tissues, was originally discovered in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and has also been found in various other cancers such as breast, ovarian, metastatic prostate, colorectal, and head and neck cancers. EGFRvIII contains an 83 amino acid deletion in its extracellular domain and has been shown to transform NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells in vitro.  
^`rintatolimod:  A synthetic derivative of inosinic acid with antiretroviral and immunomodulatory activities. Rintatolimod acts through a number of pathways to stimulate the antiviral activity of the immune system. This agent stimulates interferon production; activates the oligoadenylate synthase-RNase L pathway; stimulates natural killer cell activity; and acts as a non-mitogenic stimulator of the immune system. Rintatolimod also inhibits replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro.  
^`Riomet:  (Other name for~ metformin hydrochloride) 
^`risedronate sodium:  The hemipentahydrate monosodium salt of risedronic acid, a synthetic pyridinyl bisphosphonate. Risedronic acid binds to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone and inhibits osteoclast-dependent bone resorption.  
^`Ritalin:  (Other name for~ methylphenidate hydrochloride) 
^`ritonavir:  A synthetic aromatic derivative with antiviral properties. Ritonavir is a peptidomimetic agent that inhibits both HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, thereby preventing the cleavage of Gag-Pol polyproteins and resulting in the production of noninfectious viral particles. This agent is more active against HIV-1. Because ritonavir targets the HIV replication cycle after translation and before assembly, it is active in chronically infected cells that generally are not affected by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.  
^`Rituxan:  (Other name for~ rituximab) 
^`rituximab:  A recombinant chimeric murine/human antibody directed against the CD20 antigen, a hydrophobic transmembrane protein located on normal pre-B and mature B lymphocytes. Following binding, rituximab triggers a host cytotoxic immune response against CD20-positive cells.  
^`rivaroxaban:  An orally bioavailable oxazolidinone derivative and direct inhibitor of the coagulation factor Xa with anticoagulant activity. Upon oral administration, rivaroxaban selectively binds to both free factor Xa and factor Xa bound in the prothrombinase complex. This interferes with the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) to thrombin and eventually prevents the formation of cross-linked fibrin clots. Rivaroxaban does not affect existing thrombin levels.  
^`rivastigmine tartrate:  The tartrate salt form of rivastigmine, a phenylcarbamate derivative exhibiting cognitive stimulating property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, rivastigmine tartrate may bind reversibly to cholinesterase, thereby decreasing the breakdown of acetylcholine and enhancing cholinergic function.  
^`rizatriptan benzoate:  The benzoate salt form of rizatriptan, a member of the triptan class agents with anti-migraine property. Rizatriptan benzoate selectively binds to and activates serotonin (5-HT) 1B receptors expressed in intracranial arteries, and to 5-HT 1D receptors located on peripheral trigeminal sensory nerve terminals in the meninges and central terminals in brain stem sensory nuclei. Receptor binding results in constriction of cranial vessels and inhibition of nociceptive transmission, thereby providing relief of migraine headaches. Rizatriptan benzoate may also relief migraine headaches by inhibition of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release.  
^`RK-0202:  An oral polymer matrix-based rinse formulation that contains N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant amino acid derivative with antiinflammatory properties. RK-0202 may alleviate symptoms of radiation-induced oral mucositis.  
^`RNA electroporated CD19CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing autologous T lymphocytes:  Autologous, genetically engineered T lymphocytes that have been electroporated with an mRNA encoding for an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-CD19 single chain variable fragment (scFv) coupled to the co-stimulatory signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137) and the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon transfusion, the RNA electroporated CD19CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing autologous T-lymphocytes attach to cancer cells expressing CD19. This induces selective toxicity against CD19-expressing tumor cells and causes tumor cell lysis. The 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances T-cell activation and signaling after recognition of CD19. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen, which is expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies.  
^`RNR inhibitor COH29:  An orally available, aromatically substituted thiazole and inhibitor of the human ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, the RNR inhibitor COH29 binds to the ligand-binding pocket of the RNR M2 subunit (hRRM2) near the C-terminal tail. This blocks the interaction between the hRRM1 and hRRM2 subunits and interferes with the assembly of the active hRRM1/hRRM2 complex of RNR. Inhibition of RNR activity decreases the pool of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates available for DNA synthesis. The resulting decrease in DNA synthesis causes cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition. In addition, this agent may inhibit the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1, which prevents the repair of damaged DNA, and causes both the accumulation of single and double strand DNA breaks and the induction of apoptosis. RNR, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleoside diphosphate to deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, is essential for de novo DNA synthesis and plays an important role in cell growth; it is overexpressed in many cancer cell types and is associated with increased drug resistance, cancer cell growth and metastasis.  
^`robatumumab:  A recombinant, fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Robatumumab binds to membrane-bound IGF-1R, preventing binding of the ligand IGF-1 and the subsequent triggering of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; downregulation of this survival pathway may result in the induction of apoptosis and decreased cellular proliferation. The activation of IGF-1R, a tyrosine kinase and a member of the insulin receptor family, stimulates cell proliferation, enables oncogenic transformation, and suppresses apoptosis; IGF-1R signaling has been highly implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis.  
^`Robimycin:  (Other name for~ erythromycin) 
^`Robinul:  (Other name for~ glycopyrrolate) 
^`Rocaltrol:  (Other name for~ calcitriol) 
^`Rocephin:  (Other name for~ ceftriaxone sodium) 
^`rociletinib:  An orally available small molecule, irreversible inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Rociletinib binds to and inhibits mutant forms of EGFR, including T790M, thereby leading to cell death of resistant tumor cells. Compared to other EGFR inhibitors, CO-1686 inhibits T790M, a secondary acquired resistance mutation, as well as other mutant EGFRs and may have therapeutic benefits in tumors with T790M-mediated resistance to other EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This agent shows minimal activity against wild-type EGFR, hence does not cause certain dose-limiting toxicities. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`ROCK2 inhibitor KD025:  An orally administered inhibitor of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase 2 (ROCK2; ROCK-II), with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, ROCK2 inhibitor KD025 binds to and inhibits the serine/threonine kinase activity of ROCK2. This inhibits ROCK2-mediated signal transduction pathways and modulates various pro- and anti-inflammatory immune cell responses. ROCK2 is upregulated in various diseases, including various fibrotic, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases.  
^`rocuronium bromide:  The bromide salt form of rocuronium, an intermediate-acting quaternary aminosteroid with muscle relaxant property. Rocuronium bromide competitively binds to the nicotinic receptor at the motor end plate, and antagonizes acetylcholine binding, which results in skeletal muscle relaxation and paralysis.  
^`Rodex:  (Other name for~ warfarin) 
^`rofecoxib:  A synthetic, nonsteroidal derivative of phenyl-furanone with antiinflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties and potential antineoplastic properties. Rofecoxib binds to and inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in an inhibition of the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. COX-related metabolic pathways may represent key regulators of cell proliferation and neo-angiogenesis. Some epithelial tumor cell types overexpress pro-angiogenic COX-2.  
^`Roferon-A:  (Other name for~ recombinant interferon alfa) 
^`Roferon-A:  (Other name for~ recombinant interferon alpha-2a) 
^`roflumilast:  An orally available, long-acting inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 4 (PDE4), with anti-inflammatory and potential antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, roflumilast and its active metabolite roflumilast N-oxide selectively and competitively bind to and inhibit PDE4, which leads to an increase of both intracellular levels of cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cAMP-mediated signaling. cAMP prevents phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and abrogates activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which may result in the induction of apoptosis. PDE4, a member of the PDE superfamily that hydrolyses cAMP and 3′5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to their inactive 5′ monophosphates, is upregulated in a variety of cancers and may contribute to chemoresistance; it also plays a key role in inflammation, especially in inflammatory airway diseases. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`rolapitant hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of rolapitant, an orally bioavailable, centrally-acting, selective, neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-receptor) antagonist with potential antiemetic activity. Upon oral administration, rolapitant competitively binds to and blocks the activity of the NK1-receptor in the central nervous system, thereby inhibiting the binding of the endogenous ligand, substance P (SP). This may prevent both SP-induced emesis and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). The interaction of SP with the NK1-receptor plays a key role in the induction of nausea and vomiting caused by emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Compared to other NK1-receptor antagonists, rolapitant has both a more rapid onset of action and a much longer half-life.  
^`romidepsin:  A bicyclic depsipeptide antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Chromobacterium violaceum with antineoplastic activity. After intracellular activation, romidepsin binds to and inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC), resulting in alterations in gene expression and the induction of cell differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. This agent also inhibits hypoxia-induced angiogenesis and depletes several heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)-dependent oncoproteins.  
^`romiplostim:  A recombinant protein with megakaryopoiesis stimulating activity. Romiplostim mimics endogenous thrombopoietin (TPO), directly binding to and activating the platelet thrombopoietin receptor (TpoR, Mpl, or CD110 antigen), a cytokine receptor belonging to the hematopoietin receptor superfamily. Activation of TpoR stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes, resulting in an increase in the production of blood platelets.  
^`Romozin:  (Other name for~ troglitazone) 
^`roniciclib:  An orally bioavailable cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Roniciclib selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of CDK1/Cyclin B, CDK2/Cyclin E, CDK4/Cyclin D1, and CDK9/Cyclin T1, serine/threonine kinases that play key roles in the regulation of the cell cycle progression and cellular proliferation. Inhibition of these kinases leads to cell cycle arrest during the G1/S transition, thereby leading to an induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. CDKs are often dysregulated in cancerous cells.  
^`ropidoxuridine:  An orally available 5-substituted 2-pyrimidinone-2'-deoxyribonucleoside analogue and prodrug of 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR), an iodinated analogue of deoxyuridine, with radiosensitizing activity. Upon oral administration, ropidoxuridine (IPdR) is efficiently converted to idoxuridine (IUdR) by a hepatic aldehyde oxidase. In turn, IUdR is incorporated into DNA during replication, thereby sensitizing cells to ionizing radiation by increasing DNA strand breaks. Compared to IUdR, ropidoxuridine is associated with a lower toxicity profile and improved anti-tumor activity.  
^`ropinirole hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of ropinirole, a non-ergot dopamine agonist with antiparkinsonian property. Acting as a substitute for dopamine, ropinirole hydrochloride binds to and activates dopamine D2 and D3 receptors within the caudate putamen in the brain, thereby improving motor function.  
^`ropivacaine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of ropivacaine, a local anesthetic of the amide type with analgesic activity. Ropivacaine binds to voltage-gated sodium ion channels in the neuronal membrane, thereby preventing the permeability of sodium ions and resulting in. a stabilization of the neuronal membrane and inhibition of depolarization; nerve impulse generation and propagation are blocked, resulting in a reversible loss of sensation.  
^`roquinimex:  A quinoline-3-carboxamide with potential antineoplastic activity. Roquinimex inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and basement membrane invasion; reduces the secretion of the angiogenic factor tumor necrosis factor alpha by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs); and inhibits angiogenesis. This agent is also an immune modulator that appears to alter cytokine profiles and enhance the activity of T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages.  
^`ROR1 CAR-specific autologous T lymphocytes:  A mixture of two T-lymphocyte preparations expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) consisting of an anti-receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) single chain variable fragment (scFv) fused to either the co-stimulatory signaling domain cluster of differentiation 28 (CD28), and the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta) (ROR1CD28zeta), or the co-stimulatory signaling domain cluster of differentiation 137 (CD137; 4-1BB), and the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta) (ROR1CD137zeta), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon simultaneous administration of the two T lymphocyte populations ROR1CD28zeta and ROR1CD137zeta , the ROR1 CAR-specific autologous T-lymphocytes are directed to tumor cells expressing ROR1, which may result in a selective toxicity against, and lysis of ROR1-expressing tumor cells. CD28, a T-cell surface-associated co-stimulatory molecule, is required for full T-cell activation, proliferation, and survival. The 4-1BB co-stimulatory molecule signaling domain enhances activation and signaling after recognition of ROR1. ROR1, also known as neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor-related 1, is expressed during embryogenesis and by certain leukemias.  
^`rosiglitazone maleate:  The maleate salt of rosiglitazone, an orally-active thiazolidinedione with antidiabetic properties and potential antineoplastic activity. Rosiglitazone activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), a ligand-activated transcription factor, thereby inducing cell differentiation and inhibiting cell growth and angiogenesis. This agent also modulates the transcription of insulin-responsive genes, inhibits macrophage and monocyte activation, and stimulates adipocyte differentiation.  
^`rostaporfin:  A synthetic purpurin with photosensitizing activity. Rostaporfin preferentially accumulates in tumor cells due to an increased rate of metabolism. Upon exposure to a light source, this agent absorbs light, forming an extended high energy conformational state that produces high quantum yields of singlet oxygen with local cytotoxic effects.  
^`rosuvastatin calcium:  The calcium salt form of rosuvastatin, a statin with antilipidemic activity. Rosuvastatin selectively and competitively binds to and inhibits hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a precursor of cholesterol. This leads to a decrease in hepatic cholesterol levels and increase in uptake of LDL cholesterol.  
^`Rotarix:  (Other name for~ rotavirus vaccine) 
^`rotavirus vaccine:  A viral vaccine that prevents against rotavirus infection, the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis.  
^`rovalpituzumab tesirine:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) containing an antibody (SC16) directed against an as of yet undisclosed protein and conjugated to the cytotoxic agent D6.5, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the antibody moiety of rovalpituzumab tesirine selectively binds to the target on tumor cell surfaces. Upon internalization, the D6.5 moiety is released and causes DNA damage, which may result in the inhibition of proliferation of tumor cells that overexpress this target.  
^`Rowasa:  (Other name for~ mesalamine) 
^`Roxanol:  (Other name for~ morphine sulfate) 
^`Roxicodone:  (Other name for~ oxycodone hydrochloride) 
^`Rozerem:  (Other name for~ ramelteon) 
^`RP-Mycin:  (Other name for~ erythromycin) 
^`RSV fusion inhibitor GS-5806:  An orally available inhibitor of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein (F protein), with potential antiviral activity. Upon oral administration of GS-5806, this agent specifically binds to F protein on the viral surface, which inhibits RSV F protein-mediated fusion with the host cell membrane and prevents viral entry. This blocks RSV replication, reduces viral load, and decreases the severity of the disease. RSV F protein, a viral surface glycoprotein, plays a key role in RSV fusion with and entry into target cells.  
^`rubitecan:  A semisynthetic agent related to camptothecin with potent antitumor and antiviral properties. Rubitecan binds to and inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase I and induces protein-linked DNA single-strand breaks, thereby blocking DNA and RNA synthesis in dividing cells; this agent also prevents repair of reversible single-strand DNA breaks.  
^`rucaparib:  A tricyclic indole poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP1) inhibitor with potential chemosensitizing, radiosensitizing, and antineoplastic activities. Rucaparib selectively binds to PARP1 and inhibits PARP1-mediated DNA repair, thereby enhancing the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and promoting genomic instability and apoptosis. This may enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents and reverse tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. PARP1 catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins and is activated by single-strand DNA (ssDNA) breaks.  
^`ruthenium Ru 106:  A radioactive isotope of the rare element ruthenium, a member of the light platinum group. A radioactive plaque containing ruthenium 106 may be inserted into the eye to irradiate ophthalmic tumors.  
^`ruthenium-based transferrin targeting agent NKP-1339:  A ruthenium-containing cancer agent targeting transferrin with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, NKP-1339 (Ru3+) binds to transferrin (Tf) and is taken up via Tf receptors (TfR), which are overexpressed on cancer cells. Once inside the cell, NKP-1339 is released from Tf and is reduced, within the acidic environment of the endosomes, to its active form NKP-119 (Ru2+). In turn, the active form induces a redox reaction, thereby leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which inhibits GRP78 and SOD, endoplasmic reticulum-stress modulating molecules as well as BAG4 and ERK, program cell death regulating molecules. This eventually induces caspase-dependent apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`ruxolitinib phosphate:  The phosphate salt form of ruxolitinib, an orally bioavailable Janus-associated kinase (JAK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Ruxolitinib specifically binds to and inhibits protein tyrosine kinases JAK 1 and 2, which may lead to a reduction in inflammation and an inhibition of cellular proliferation. The JAK-STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway plays a key role in the signaling of many cytokines and growth factors and is involved in cellular proliferation, growth, hematopoiesis, and the immune response; JAK kinases may be upregulated in inflammatory diseases, myeloproliferative disorders, and various malignancies.  


^`S1P receptor agonist KRP203:  The hydrochloride salt form of 2-amino-2 propanediol (KRP-203), a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist, with potential immunosuppressive activity. Upon administration of S1P receptor agonist KRP203, this agent binds to S1P receptors on lymphocytes, which prevents binding of serum S1P to S1P receptors and leads to S1P receptor internalization. This reduces the number of circulating blood leukocytes and accelerates lymphocyte homing into peripheral lymph nodes, thereby preventing their infiltration into peripheral inflammatory sites. This agent also decreases the production of inflammatory cytokines by lymphocytes, such as interferon gamma (IFN-g), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`S-3304:  An orally-agent agent with potential antineoplastic activity. S-3304 inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thereby inducing extracellular matrix degradation, and inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion, and metastasis.  
^`sabarubicin:  A disaccharide analogue of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin. Sabarubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent also induces apoptosis through a p53-independent mechanism. Sabarubicin is less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin.  
^`Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic supplement:  A probiotic containing the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii with antidiarrheal and potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and immunomodulating activities. As a dietary supplement, S. boulardii may improve digestion and help maintain adequate colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by modulating the composition of the normal intestinal microflora. During colonization of the GI tract, S. boulardii forms a protective barrier that helps maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. This prevents attachment of pathogens to the intestinal mucosa. In addition, this probiotic secretes a protease that binds to and degrades toxins A and B produced by Clostridium difficile, thereby preventing their harmful effects. Dietary supplementation with this microorganism may reduce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and may potentiate natural and acquired immunity.  
^`sacituzumab govitecan:  An antibody-drug conjugate containing the humanized monoclonal antibody, hRS7, against tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TACSTD2 or TROP2) and linked to the active metabolite of irinotecan, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), with potential antineoplastic activity. The antibody moiety of sacituzumab govitecan selectively binds to TROP2. After internalization and proteolytic cleavage, SN-38 selectively stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes, resulting in DNA breaks that inhibit DNA replication and trigger apoptosis. TROP2, also known as epithelial glycoprotein-1 (EGP-1), is a transmembrane calcium signal transducer that is overexpressed by a variety of human epithelial carcinomas; this antigen is involved in the regulation of cell-cell adhesion and its expression is associated with increased cancer growth, aggressiveness and metastasis.  
^`S-adenosyl-L-methionine disulfate p-toluene-sulfonate:  The disulfate salt of the stable p-toluene-sulfonate complex of s-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) with chemopreventive activity. SAMe disulfate p-toluene-sulfonate undergoes hydrolytic conversion to its active compound SAMe within cells. Although the mechanism of action is largely unknown, SAMe attenuates experimental liver damage and prevents experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. In addition, SAMe may reduce mitochondrial cytochrome C release, caspase 3 activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and attenuate okadaic acid-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. SAMe is an essential compound in cellular transmethylation reactions and a precursor of polyamine and glutathione synthesis in the liver; SAMe deficiency is associated with chronic liver disease-associated decreases in the activity of methionine adenosyltransferase 1A (MAT1A), the enzyme that catalyzes the production of SAMe as the first step in methionine catabolism.  
^`S-adenosylmethionine:  The active sulfonium form of methionine that is formed when methionine reacts with ATP and which acts as a methyl group donor in various transmethylation reactions.  
^`safingol:  A saturated derivative of sphingosine. As an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), safingol competitively binds to the regulatory phorbol-binding domain of PKC, a kinase involved in tumorigenesis. This agent has been shown to act synergistically with other chemotherapeutic agents and may potentiate chemotherapy drug-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.  
^`sagopilone:  A fully synthetic low-molecular-weight epothilone with potential antineoplastic activity. Sagopilone binds to tubulin and induces microtubule polymerization while stabilizing microtubules against depolymerization, which may result in the inhibition of cell division, the induction of G2/M arrest, and apoptosis. The agent is not a substrate for the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump and so may exhibit activity in multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumors. The epothilone class of metabolites was originally isolated from the myxobacterium Solangium cellulosum.  
^`Salagen:  (Other name for~ pilocarpine hydrochloride) 
^`salirasib:  A salicylic acid derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Salirasib dislodges all Ras isoforms from their membrane-anchoring sites, thereby preventing activation of RAS signaling cascades that mediated cell proliferation, differentiation, and senescence. RAS signaling is believed to be abnormally activated in one-third of human cancers, including cancers of the pancreas, colon, lung and breast.  
^`salmonella VNP20009:  A genetically stable Salmonella typhimurium strain, attenuated by chromosomal deletion of the purI and msbB genes, with tumor-targeting activity. In rodent models, salmonella VNP20009 has been shown to selectively accumulate and grow in a variety of tumor types, inhibiting the growth of primary and metastatic tumors. This agent may be genetically engineered to contain trangenes that express therapeutic agents or cell surface tumor-associated antigen-specific antibodies, such as CEA-specific antibodies, which may improve its tumor targeting and therapeutic potential.  
^`Salvia hispanica seed:  The edible seed of the flowering plant Salvia hispanica (chia) used as a nutritional supplement, with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon ingestion, chia seed supplies essential fatty acids, including alpha linolenic acid (an omega-3) and linoleic acid (an omega-6), B vitamins, especially niacin (B3) and thiamine (B1), and several minerals, including calcium, zinc, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus and iron; it also contains high levels of antioxidants and dietary soluble fiber. When used as a dietary supplement, this agent may improve a patient's nutrient intake and may balance their intestinal microbiome.  
^`Salvia officinalis extract tablet:  An oral tablet containing an extract of the plant Salvia officinalis (common sage) with reported antihydrotic, antibiotic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, antispasmodic, estrogenic, and hypoglycemic properties. The primary biologically active component of common sage appears to be its essential oil which contains mainly cineol, borneol, and alpha- and beta-thujone. In addition, sage leaf contains numerous other substances including tannic acid; resins with oleic, ursonic, and ursolic acids; bitter substances with cornsole and cornsolic acid; fumaric, chlorogenic, caffeic and nicotinic acids; nicotinamide; flavones; flavone glycosides; and estrogenic substances. However, the mechanism(s) of action of common sage in the treatment of various disorders is unclear.  
^`Sam68 modulator CWP232291:  A small molecule and prodrug of CWP232204 targeting Src associated in mitosis, of 68 kDa (Sam68 or KHDRBS1), with potential antineoplastic activity. CWP232291 is converted in serum into its active form CWP232204 which binds to Sam68, thereby resulting in the induction of apoptosis in selective cancer cells. Due to the multimodular structure of Sam68, the apoptosis mediated by CWP232204-Sam68 interaction can be attributed to 1) activation of transcription factor NF-kB induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha signaling, 2) alternative splicing of BCL-2 apoptosis gene, driving the balance towards pro-apoptotic as opposed to anti-apoptotic isoforms, 3) down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin via Want signaling. Sam68, a KH domain RNA-binding protein belonging to the signal transduction and activation of RNA (STAR) family, plays a key role in various cellular processes including cell cycle progression and apoptosis; it is upregulated in many types of cancer cells and its expression is associated with increased cell proliferation and survival.  
^`samarium Sm 153 lexidronam pentasodium:  The pentasodium salt of samarium Sm 153 lexidronam, a therapeutic agent consisting of a medium energy beta- and gamma-emitting radioisotope, samarium Sm 153, and a teraphosphonate chelator, ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMP). The chelator moiety of samarium Sm 153 lexidronam associates with hydroxyapatite crystals concentrated in areas of bone turnover, thereby selectively delivering samarium Sm 153-mediated cytotoxic radiation to osteoblastic bone metastases.  
^`Samcyprone:  (Other name for~ diphencyprone) 
^`SAM-e Complete:  (Other name for~ S-adenosyl-L-methionine disulfate p-toluene-sulfonate) 
^`Sancuso:  (Other name for~ granisetron transdermal system) 
^`Sandimmun:  (Other name for~ cyclosporine) 
^`Sandimmune:  (Other name for~ cyclosporine) 
^`Sandoglobulin:  (Other name for~ therapeutic immune globulin) 
^`Sandostatin:  (Other name for~ octreotide acetate) 
^`Sandostatin Lar Depot:  (Other name for~ octreotide acetate) 
^`Sandostatin pamoate:  (Other name for~ octreotide pamoate) 
^`Sandostatin pamoate LAR:  (Other name for~ octreotide pamoate) 
^`SangCya:  (Other name for~ cyclosporine) 
^`sapacitabine:  An orally bioavailable pyrimidine analogue prodrug with potential antineoplastic activity. Sapacitabine is hydrolyzed by amidases to the deoxycytosine analogue CNDAC (2'-Cyano-2'-deoxyarabinofuranosylcytosine), which is then phosphorylated into the active triphosphate form. As an analogue of deoxycytidine triphosphate, CNDAC triphosphate incorporates into DNA strands during replication, resulting in single-stranded DNA breaks during polymerization due to beta-elimination during the fidelity checkpoint process; cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase and apoptosis ensue. The unmetabolized prodrug may exhibit antineoplastic activity as well.  
^`sapanisertib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of raptor-mTOR (TOR complex 1 or TORC1) and rictor-mTOR (TOR complex 2 or TORC2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Sapanisertib binds to and inhibits both TORC1 and TORC2 complexes of mTOR, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation. TORC1 and 2 are upregulated in some tumors and play an important role in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which is frequently dysregulated in human cancers.  
^`sapitinib:  An erbB receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Sapitinib binds to and inhibits erbB tyrosine receptor kinases, which may result in the inhibition of cellular proliferation and angiogenesis in tumors expressing erbB. The erbB protein family, also called the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, plays major roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.  
^`saponin-based immunoadjuvant OBI-821:  A purified, natural saponin isolated from the soapbark tree Quillaja saponaria Molina with potential immunoadjuvant activity. When co-administered with a vaccine, OBI-821 may increase antibody and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against the vaccine's targeted antigen(s).  
^`saponin-cholesterol-phospholipid adjuvant:  An adjuvant comprised of saponin, derived from the bark of Quillaia saponaria Molina, cholesterol and phospholipid with antigen-delivery and immunostimulatory activities. This saponin-based adjuvant in combination with various antigens, including those for human papilloma virus (HPV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the human cancer antigen NY-ESO-1, may result in potent antibody, CD4+ T-helper-cell, and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses against the targeted antigen. In addition, this agent may reduce the amount of antigen necessary to induce an efficient immune response in the host.  
^`saquinavir mesylate:  The mesylate salt form of saquinavir, a synthetic peptidomimetic substrate with antiviral property. Saquinavir selectively binds to and inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease, an aspartic protease that cleaves viral gag and gag-pol polyprotein (precursors for viral proteases, reverse transcriptase, and integrase). Inhibition of HIV-1 protease prevents functional viral proteins to be cleaved from the viral polyprotein precursor and results in the release of immature, noninfectious virions.  
^`saracatinib:  An orally available 5-, 7-substituted anilinoquinazoline with anti-invasive and anti-tumor activities. Saracatinib is a dual-specific inhibitor of Src and Abl, protein tyrosine kinases that are overexpressed in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. This agent binds to and inhibits these tyrosine kinases and their effects on cell motility, cell migration, adhesion, invasion, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Specifically, saracatinib inhibits Src kinase-mediated osteoclast bone resorption.  
^`Sarasar:  (Other name for~ lonafarnib) 
^`SarCNU:  An alkylating chloroethylnitrosourea with antineoplastic activity. Selectively accumulating in some tumor cells, SarCNU forms covalent linkages with nucleophilic centers in DNA, causing depurination, base pair miscoding, strand scission, and DNA-DNA cross-linking, which may result in cytotoxicity.  
^`sargramostim:  A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous human GM-CSF. Binding to specific cell surface receptors, sargramostim modulates the proliferation and differentiation of a variety of hematopoietic progenitor cells with some specificity towards stimulation of leukocyte production and may reverse treatment-induced neutropenias. This agent also promotes antigen presentation, up-regulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin-2-mediated lymphokine-activated killer cell function; it may also augment host antitumoral immunity.  
^`sargramostim plasmid DNA hepatocellular carcinoma vaccine adjuvant:  A vaccine adjuvant consisting of a plasmid DNA encoding sargramostim (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor). Upon administration, expressed sargramostim may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response enhancing the host immune response to a concomitantly administered hepatocellular carcinoma vaccine.  
^`sargramostim plasmid DNA melanoma vaccine adjuvant:  A vaccine adjuvant consisting of a plasmid DNA encoding sargramostim (a granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor). Upon administration, expressed sargramostim may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response enhancing the host immune response to a concomitantly administered melanoma vaccine.  
^`sargramostim plasmid DNA pancreatic tumor cell vaccine:  A whole cell vaccine comprised of irradiated allogenic pancreatic tumor cells transfected with a plasmid DNA encoding human sargramostim (GM-CSF). Vaccination results in expression of GM-CSF, which induces proliferation and differentiation hematopoietic lineage cells as well as stimulating macrophage and dendritic cell functions in antigen presentation and antitumor cell-mediated immunity. Furthermore, administration of this pancreatic tumor cell vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against similar host tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor growth.  
^`Sativex:  (Other name for~ nabiximols) 
^`satraplatin:  An orally administered third generation platinum compound with potential antineoplastic activity. Satraplatin forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links. These cross-links result in cell growth inhibition and apoptosis.  
^`Satric:  (Other name for~ metronidazole hydrochloride) 
^`saw palmetto berry extract supplement:  An herbal supplement used commonly to alleviate symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In vitro studies show that it may also have anti-cancer properties specific for prostate cancer. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`saxagliptin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of saxagliptin, an orally bioavailable, potent, selective and competitive, cyanopyrrolidine-based inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. Saxagliptin is metabolized into an, although less potent, active mono-hydroxy metabolite.  
^`SB-743921:  A synthetic small molecule with potential antineoplastic properties. SB-743921 selectively inhibits kinesin spindle protein (KSP), an important protein involved in the early stages of mitosis that is expressed in proliferating cells. Inhibition of KSP results in inhibition of mitotic spindle assembly and interrupts cell division, thereby causing cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis.  
^`SB-AS02B adjuvant:  A proprietary oil-in-water emulsion specifically designed for combining protein preparations used in vaccines. SB-AS02B adjuvant contains monophosphoryl lipid A and QS21, a saponin extracted from the South American tree Quillaja saponaria Molina. This agent may be used for formulating cancer-specific vaccine preparations such as those containing MAGE-3 melanoma protein.  
^`SB-AS15 adjuvant:  A vaccine adjuvant containing CpG 7909, monophosphoryl lipid, and QS-21 with potential antineoplastic and immunostimulatory activities. CpG 7909 is a synthetic 24-mer oligonucleotide containing 3 CpG motifs that selectively targets Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), thereby activating dendritic and B cells and stimulating cytotoxic T cell and antibody responses against tumor cells bearing tumor antigens. Monophosphoryl lipid is a detoxified derivative of lipid A, a component of Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide (LPS); this agent may enhance humoral and cellular responses to various antigens. QS-21 is a purified, naturally occurring saponin derived from the South American tree Quillaja saponaria Molina and exhibits various immunostimulatory activities. Combinations of monophosphoryl lipid and QS-21 may be synergistic in inducing humoral and cellular immune responses.  
^`Sclerosol Intrapleural Aerosol:  (Other name for~ talc) 
^`SDF-1-targeted agent NOX-A12:  A 45-mer L-stereoisomer RNA oligonucleotide linked to a 40 kDa polyethyleneglycol that targets the small chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) with potential antineoplastic and hematopoietic stem cell-mobilization activities. SDF-1 targeted agent NOX-A12 specifically binds to SDF-1 thereby preventing the binding of SDF-1 to its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7, and blocking the subsequent receptor activation. This may prevent angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis and could sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapy. In addition, inhibition of SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction may induce mobilization of hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow into blood. The unique mirror-image configuration of this agent renders it resistant to hydrolysis and does not hybridize with native nucleic acids. Furthermore, this agent does not induce the innate immune response and has shown a favorable immunogenicity profile. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`sedoxantrone trihydrochloride:  The trihydrochloride salt of the anthrapyrazole antineoplastic antibiotic sedoxantrone with potential antineoplastic activity. Sedoxantrone intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis.  
^`Seigen:  (Other name for~ lactobacillus fermented extract) 
^`selatinib ditosilate:  An orally bioavailable ditosilate salt form of selatinib, an analog of the quinazoline lapatinib and dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (ErbB-2 or HER-2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, selatinib reversibly blocks phosphorylation of both EGFR and ErbB2, thereby suppressing tumor growth in EGFR/ErbB-2-overexpressing tumor cells. The tyrosine kinases EGFR and ErbB2 have been implicated in the growth of various tumor types.  
^`selective androgen receptor modulator LY2452473:  An orally bioavailable selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), with potential tissue-selective androgenic/anti-androgenic activity. Upon oral administration, LY2452473 acts as an agonist in select tissues and organs, including skeletal muscle, bone and the penis, thereby binding to and activating androgen receptor (AR) while acting as an antagonist in the prostate, thereby blocking AR activation and AR-mediated cellular proliferation. This may improve muscle mass and strength, bone formation, and erectile dysfunction while not stimulating growth of the prostate.  
^`selective estrogen receptor degrader ARN-810:  An orally available, nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SERD ARN-810 binds to the estrogen receptor and induces a conformational change that results in the degradation of the receptor. This may inhibit the growth and survival of ER-expressing cancer cells.  
^`selective estrogen receptor degrader AZD9496:  An orally available selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, SERD AZD9496 binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) and induces a conformational change that results in the degradation of the receptor. This prevents ER-mediated signaling and inhibits the growth and survival of ER-expressing cancer cells.  
^`selective estrogen receptor degrader SRN-927:  An orally available, nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SERD SRN-927 specifically binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) and induces a conformational change that results in the degradation of the receptor. This prevents ER-mediated signaling and inhibits the growth and survival of ER-expressing cancer cells.  
^`selective estrogen receptor degrader/modulator RAD1901:  An orally available, selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) and selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), with potential antineoplastic and estrogen-like activities. Upon oral administration of higher doses of RAD1901, this agent acts as a SERD, which binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) and induces a conformational change that results in the degradation of the receptor. This may inhibit the growth and survival of ER-expressing cancer cells. At lower doses of this agent, RAD1901 acts as a SERM and has estrogen-like effects in certain tissues, which can both reduce hot flashes and protect against bone loss. In addition, RAD1901 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).  
^`selective estrogen receptor degraderLSZ102:  A selective estrogen receptor (ER) degrader (SERD), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of LSZ102, this agent binds to the ER and induces the degradation of the receptor. This prevents ER activation and ER-mediated signaling, and inhibits the growth and survival of ER-expressing cancer cells.  
^`selenium:  A nonmetallic chemical element found in trace amounts in human body. Selenium primarily occurs in vivo as selenocompounds, mostly selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase (enzymes responsible for detoxification). Alone or in combination with Vitamin E, selenocompounds act as antioxidants. These agents scavenge free radicals; prevent blood clots by inhibiting platelet aggregation; strengthen the immune system; and have been shown, in some instances, to inhibit chromosomal damage and mutations. Exhibiting chemopreventive activity, selenocompounds also inhibit the induction of protein kinase C.  
^`seliciclib:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor with potential proapoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Seliciclib primarily inhibits CDK2/E, CDK2/A, CDK7 and CDK9 by competing for their ATP binding sites, leading to a disruption of cell cycle progression. In addition, this agent appears to interfere with CDK-mediated phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, inhibiting RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription, which may result in the down-regulation of antiapoptotic proteins such as induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1. CDKs, serine/threonine kinases that play an important role in cell cycle regulation, are overexpressed in various malignancies. Mcl-1 belongs to the Bcl-2 family of antiapoptotic proteins and is a protein crucial to the survival of a range of tumor cell types.  
^`selinexor:  An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of CRM1 (chromosome region maintenance 1 protein, exportin 1 or XPO1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Selinexor modifies the essential CRM1-cargo binding residue cysteine-528, thereby irreversibly inactivating CRM1-mediated nuclear export of cargo proteins such as tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs), including p53, p21, BRCA1/2, pRB, FOXO, and other growth regulatory proteins. As a result, this agent, via the approach of selective inhibition of nuclear export (SINE), restores endogenous tumor suppressing processes to selectively eliminate tumor cells while sparing normal cells. CRM1, the major export factor for proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types.  
^`selumetinib:  An orally active, small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Selumetinib is an ATP-independent inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK or MAPK/ERK kinase) 1 and 2. MEK 1 and 2 are dual-specificity kinases that are essential mediators in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, are often upregulated in various cancer cells, and are drivers of diverse cellular responses, including proliferation. Inhibition of both MEK1 and 2 by selumetinib prevents the activation of MEK1/2 dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, thereby leading to an inhibition of cellular proliferation in various cancers.  
^`Selzentry:  (Other name for~ maraviroc) 
^`semaxanib:  A quinolone derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Semaxanib reversibly inhibits ATP binding to the tyrosine kinase domain of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), which may inhibit VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell migration and proliferation and reduce the tumor microvasculature. This agent also inhibits the phosphorylation of the stem cell factor receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit, often expressed in acute myelogenous leukemia cells.  
^`Se-methyl-seleno-L-cysteine:  A naturally occurring organoselenium compound found in many plants, including garlic, onions, and broccoli, with potential antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Se-Methyl-seleno-L-cysteine (MSC) is an amino acid analogue of cysteine in which a methylselenium moiety replaces the sulphur atom of cysteine. This agent acts as an antioxidant when incorporated into glutathione peroxidase and has been shown to exhibit potent chemopreventive activity in animal models.  
^`semuloparin: An ultralow-molecular-weight heparin (ULMWH) (Mw: 2000-3000 daltons) consisting of a polydisperse mixture of oligomeric heparin fragments with potential anticoagulant activity. Semuloparin binds to and activates antithrombin III (ATIII), which may result in the inhibition of activated factor Xa and, to a much lesser extent, factor IIa (thrombin) and so the inhibition of fibrin formation. Compared to low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), AVE5026 exhibits an even higher ratio of anti-Factor Xa to anti-Factor IIa activity (>30: 1). Compared to unfractionated heparins, the use of LMWHs is associated with lower incidences of major bleeding, osteoporosis and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Like LMWHs, this agent may inhibit tumor growth by regulating angiogenesis and apoptosis. AVE5026 is prepared by partial depolymerization of unfractionated porcine mucosal heparin.  
^`semustine:  A methylated derivative of carmustine with antineoplastic activity. As an alkylating agent, semustine forms covalent linkages with nucleophilic centers in DNA, causing depurination, base-pair miscoding, strand scission, and DNA-DNA cross-linking, which may result in cytotoxicity.  
^`Seneca Valley virus-001:  A native, replication-competent oncolytic picornavirus with potential antineoplastic activity. Administered systemically, Seneca Valley virus-001 (SVV-001) specifically targets and infects tumor cells with neuroendocrine characteristics. Upon infection, this agent replicates intracellularly, resulting in tumor cell lysis and reduced tumor cell proliferation. The selective tropism of virus replication may involve receptor-mediated internalization.  
^`senna extract:  An extract made from the dried leaflets on the pods of Cassia angustifolia or Cassia acutifolia with cathartic activity. Dimeric glycosides in dried senna extract are converted to the active monoanthrones by bacterial action in the colon. Through direct effects on enterocytes, enteric neurons, and muscle, monoanthrones produce giant migrating colonic contractions in addition to water and electrolyte secretion. As do other stimulant laxatives, monoanthrones may induce a limited low-grade inflammation in the colon through activation of prostaglandin/cyclic AMP and nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathways and perhaps inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase.  
^`senna fruit:  The fruit of Cassia acutifolia and Cassia angustifolia (Cassia) with laxative and purgative activities. The active ingredients in senna fruit include the hydroxyanthracene glycosides sennosides A and B (rhein dianthrones) and sennosides C and D (rhein aloe-emodin heterodianthrones). Sennosides irritate the bowel lining and stimulate the bowel muscular coat, particularly in the colon, resulting in accelerated bowel transit and evacuation.  
^`Sensipar:  (Other name for~ cinacalcet hydrochloride) 
^`Sensorcaine-MPF:  (Other name for~ bupivacaine hydrochloride) 
^`sepantronium bromide:  A small-molecule proapoptotic agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Sepantronium bromide selectively inhibits survivin expression in tumor cells, resulting in inhibition of survivin antiapoptotic activity (via the extrinsic or intrinsic apoptotic pathways) and tumor cell apoptosis. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) gene family, is expressed during embryonal development and is absent in most normal, terminally differentiated tissues; upregulated in a variety of human cancers, its expression in tumors is associated with a more aggressive phenotype, shorter survival times, and a decreased response to chemotherapy.  
^`Septra:  (Other name for~ trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) 
^`S-equol:  An orally bioavailable, non-steroidal estrogen naturally produced by the metabolism of the isoflavonoid daidzein by human intestinal microflora, with potential chemoprotective and estrogen receptor (ER) modulating activities. S-equol preferentially binds to and activates the beta isoform of ER in certain target tissues, while having an antagonistic effect in other tissues. This modulates the expression of ER-responsive genes in a tissue-specific manner. This agent may increase bone mineral density, affect vasomotor symptoms, and may decrease the proliferation rate of susceptible cancer cells. In addition, this agent interferes with the activity of enzymes involved in steroid biosynthesis. S-equol inhibits dihydrotestosterone (DHT) production and may inhibit the proliferation of androgen-driven prostate cancer. S-equol is the biologically active enantiomer while R-equol is essentially inactive and has a weak affinity for alpha-ER.  
^`seribantumab:  A fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB3 (Her3) with potential antineoplastic activity. Seribantumab binds to binds to and inhibits ErbB3 activation, which may result in inhibition of ErbB3-dependent PI3K/Akt signaling and so inhibition of cellular proliferation and differentiation. ErbB3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is frequently overexpressed in solid tumors, including breast, lung, and colorectal tumors of epithelial origin; it has no active kinase domain itself but is activated through heterodimerization with other members of the EGFR receptor family that do.  
^`serine protease inhibitor WX-671:  An orally bioavailable, 3-amidinophenylalanine-derived, second generation serine protease inhibitor prodrug targeting the human urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system with potential antineoplastic and antimetastatic activities. After oral administration, serine protease inhibitor WX-671 is converted to the active Nα-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenylsulfonyl)-3-amidino-(L)-phenyla lanine-4-ethoxycarbonylpiperazide (WX-UK1), which inhibits several serine proteases, particularly uPA; inhibition of uPA may result in the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. uPA is a serine protease involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix and tumor cell migration and proliferation.  
^`serine/threonine kinase inhibitor XL418:  A selective, orally active small molecule, targeting protein kinase B (PKB or AKT) and ribosomal protein S6 Kinase (p70S6K), with potential antineoplastic activity. XL418 inhibits the activities of PKB and p70S6K, both acting downstream of phosphoinosotide-3 kinase (PI3K). These kinases are often upregulated in a variety of cancers. Inhibition of PKB by this agent will induce apoptosis, while inhibition of p70S6K will result in the inhibition of translation within tumor cells.  
^`Seromycin:  (Other name for~ D-cycloserine) 
^`Serophene:  (Other name for~ clomiphene citrate) 
^`sertraline hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of sertraline, a synthetic derivative of naphthalenamine with anti-serotoninergic and anti-depressant properties. Sertraline appears to selectively inhibit the neuronal uptake of serotonin, raising serotonin levels in the CNS.  
^`serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin protein isolate:  A nutritional supplement composed of serum-derived bovine protein concentrate containing high levels of immunoglobulins (Ig), particularly IgG, with the potential to improve nutritional status. Upon oral administration of SBI, the Ig promotes gastrointestinal (GI) health by improving the composition of the GI microflora, enhancing digestive processes, and increasing gut barrier integrity and function. SBI may also improve immune function, maintain immune homeostasis, bind to and neutralize bacterial toxins and antigens, and decrease intestinal inflammation. Altogether, this may enhance the functioning of the GI tract, improve both the digestion and absorption of nutrients, and increase weight gain. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`sevacizumab:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), with potential antiangiogenic activity. Upon administration, sevacizumab specifically binds to and inhibits VEGF, thereby preventing its binding to VEGF receptors (VEGFRs). This prevents VEGF/VEGFR-mediated signaling and inhibits the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and tumor cells. VEGF, overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells, is associated with increased invasiveness and decreased survival.  
^`sevoflurane:  A fluorinated isopropyl ether with general anesthetic activity. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, sevoflurane may interfere with the release and re-uptake of neurotransmitters at post-synaptic terminals, and/or alter ionic conductance following receptor activation by a neurotransmitter. This agent may also interact directly with the lipid matrix of neuronal membranes, thereby affecting gating properties of ion channels. In addition, sevoflurane may activate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, hyperpolarizing cell membranes and resulting in a general anesthetic effect, a decrease in myocardial contractility and mean arterial pressure, and an increased respiratory rate.  
^`shark cartilage:  A nutritional supplement gleaned from the exoskeleton of the shark. Shark cartilage inhibits metalloproteinases (MMPs) and possesses antiangiogenic and antimetastatic properties.  
^`shark cartilage extract AE-941:  A multifunctional antiangiogenic agent derived from shark cartilage with potential antineoplastic activity. Shark cartilage extract AE-941 competitively inhibits the binding of pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to its cell receptor, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation. This agent also inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), stimulates tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and activates caspase-mediated apoptotic pathways in endothelial cells.  
^`sheddase inhibitor INCB007839:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease) family of multifunctional membrane-bound proteins with potential antineoplastic activity. Sheddase inhibitor INCB007839 represses the metalloproteinase "sheddase" activities of ADAM10 and ADAM17, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. The metalloproteinase domains of ADAMs cleave cell surface proteins at extracellular sites proximal to the cell membrane, releasing or "shedding" soluble protein etcodomains from the cell surface; the disintegrin domains of these multifunctional proteins interact with various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). ADAM10 processes particular epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands and appears to regulate Notch signaling through the cleavage of Notch and its related ligand delta-like ligand-1 (Dll-1). ADAM17 (also known as Tumor necrosis factor-Converting Enzyme or TACE) is involved in processing tumor necrosis factor (TNF) from its membrane bound precursor to its soluble circulating form and in processing ligands for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family.  
^`Sheng-Mai San:  A Chinese herbal medicine composed of extracts from the roots of Panax ginseng (ren shen) and Ophiopogon japonicas (mai men dong), and the berries of Schisandra chinensis (wu wei zi) with potential protective activity. Ginseng contains a complex mixture of saponins, ginsenosides and panaxosides; homoisoflavonoids isolated from Ophiopogon show anti-inflammatory properties; Schisandra contains abundant amounts of phytoestrogen lignans with antioxidant activity. Although the mechanism of action maybe inexplicit or complex, these phytochemicals work synergistically and may improve symptoms such as shortness of breath, sweating, cough, thirst, dry mouth, and palpitations as well as have an effect on chemotherapy or radiotherapy-induced fatigue, weakness, and neutropenia.  
^`Sheng-Yu-Tang:  A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) containing Radix rehmanniae praeparata, Radix paeoniae alba, Radix astragali, Radix ginseng, Radix angelicae sinensis, and Rhizoma chuanxiong, with potential immunomodulating activity. Although the exact mechanism of action through which Sheng-Yu-Tang exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, upon oral administration, this TCM may have a beneficial effect on the immune system.  
^`Shi Pi Yin herbal decoction:  A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction containing a mixture of Aconiti lateral root, Zingiberis (ginger) root, Fu Ling (Poria), Atractylodis macrocephalae, Chaenomelis fruit (flowering quince fruit), magnolia bark, Aucklandia costus root, Arecae pericarpium, Tsao-Ko (cardamon) fruit, and licorice root, and may also contain Arecae seeds and Ziziphus jujuba fruit (red date), which may be used to treat edema. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action through which Shi Pi Yin decoction exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, upon oral administration, this TCM may reduce edema.  
^`short chain fatty acid HQK-1004:  A short chain fatty acid (SCFA) with potential herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (HSV-TK)-inducing activity. Upon administration, short chain fatty acid HQK-1004 may induce the expression of thymidine kinase (TK) by a silenced HSV-TK, which may activate a co-administered antiviral prodrug such as ganciclovir, resulting in the destruction of virally-infected cancer cells.  
^`sialyl Lewisª-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of the oligosaccharide antigen sialyl Lewisª (CA19-9) conjugated to the nonspecific immunomodulator keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, sialyl Lewisª-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate vaccine may induce production of IgG and IgM antibodies as well as trigger an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells expressing the sialyl Lewisª antigen. Sialyl Lewisª is a blood group antigen and a tumor-associated antigen associated with epithelial cancers such as breast cancer and various digestive cancers. Sialyl Lewisª serves as a ligand for the cytokine-inducible cell adhesion molecule (CAM) E-selectin, an endothelial cell-specific type I transmembrane surface protein, thus facilitating hematogenous metastasis by mediating the adhesion of circulating cancer cells to vascular endothelium.  
^`siG12D LODER:  A proprietary, miniature biodegradable polymeric matrix containing small-interfering RNAs for the mutated KRAS oncogene, KRASG12D, (siG12D), with potential antitumor activity. Upon intratumoral injection, siG12D is released locally, thereby preventing translation of KRAS proteins and potentially inhibiting growth of tumor cells overexpressing KRAS. KRAS, a member of the small GTPase superfamily, is mutated in over 90% of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) and is associated with tumor cell proliferation and reduced survival.  
^`Sigosix:  (Other name for~ recombinant interleukin-6) 
^`silatecan AR-67:  A synthetic, highly lipophilic derivative of camptothecin, with potential antineoplastic and radiosensitizing activities. Silatecan DB-67 binds to and stabilizes the topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complex, inhibiting the religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-stranded DNA breaks and producing lethal double-stranded DNA breaks when encountered by the DNA replication machinery; inhibition of DNA replication and apoptosis follow. Camptothecin readily undergoes hydrolysis at physiological pH, changing its conformation from the active lactone structure to an inactive carboxylate form. Modifications on the E ring of camptothecin prevent binding of human serum albumin, which prefers the inactive carboxylate form, thereby enhancing the stability of the active lactone structure and resulting in prolonged agent activity. In addition, this agent may radiosensitize tumor cells.  
^`sildenafil citrate:  The citrate salt of a pyrazolopyrimidinone derivative structurally related to zaprinast. Sildenafil selectively inhibits cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific type 5 phosphodiesterase, resulting in vasodilation in the corpus cavernosum of the penis and penile erection.  
^`silicon phthalocyanine 4:  A synthetic photosensitizer agent containing a large macrocyclic ring chelated with silicon. Silicon phthalocyanine 4 localizes primarily in mitochondrial cytosolic membranes and, after photoexcitation, forms reactive oxygen species that induce apoptosis.  
^`silmitasertib:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of CK2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Silmitasertib selectively binds to and inhibits the enzyme casein kinase II (CK2), which may lead to an inhibition of cellular proliferation. CK2, a protein kinase often overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, appears to be correlated with malignant transformation, tumor growth and survival.  
^`silodosin:  An orally available, alpha-1 adrenoreceptor (alpha-1a) selective antagonist that can be used to relieve symptoms of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Upon administration, silodosin selectively binds alpha-1a receptors located in the human prostate and bladder with high affinity and blocks signaling pathways mediated by alpha-1a. Blockade of these receptors causes smooth muscle relaxation, lowers intraurethral pressure, and results in improved urine flow and a reduction in the symptoms of BPH, such as difficulty with urinating, painful urination, urinary frequency and incomplete bladder emptying. In addition, silodosin may be used to improve lower urinary tract symptoms, which can occur after receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer.  
^`siltuximab:  A chimeric, human-murine, monoclonal antibody targeting the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), with antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon intravenous administration of siltuximab, this agent targets and binds to IL-6. This inhibits the binding of IL-6 to the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), which results in the blockade of the IL-6/IL-6R-mediated signal transduction pathway. This inhibits cancer cell growth in tumors overexpressing IL-6.  
^`Silvadene:  (Other name for~ silver sulfadiazine) 
^`silver nitrate:  An inorganic chemical with antiseptic activity. Silver nitrate can potentially be used as a cauterizing or sclerosing agent.  
^`silver sulfadiazine:  A sulfonamide-based topical agent with antibacterial and antifungal activity. Silver sulfadiazine may act through a combination of the activity of silver and sulfadiazine. When this agent interacts with sodium chloride-containing body fluids, silver ions are released slowly and sustainably into wounded areas. Ionized silver atoms catalyze the formation of disulfide bonds leading to protein structural changes and inactivating thiol-containing enzymes; silver ions may also intercalate DNA thereby interfering with replication and transcription of bacteria. As a competitive inhibitor of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), sulfadiazine inhibits bacterial dihydropteroate synthase, thereby resulting in disruption of folic acid metabolism and ultimately DNA synthesis.  
^`Silybin-Phytosome:  (Other name for~ phosphatidylcholine-bound silybin) 
^`silymarin:  A mixture of flavonolignans isolated from the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum. Silymarin may act as an antioxidant, protecting hepatic cells from chemotherapy-related free radical damage. This agent may also promote the growth of new hepatic cells.  
^`simeprevir:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease complex comprised of non-structural protein 3 and 4A (NS3/NS4A), with activity against HCV genotype 1. Upon administration, simeprevir reversibly binds to the active center and binding site of the HCV NS3/NS4A protease and prevents NS3/NS4A protease-mediated polyprotein maturation. This disrupts both the processing of viral proteins and the formation of the viral replication complex, which inhibits viral replication in HCV genotype 1-infected host cells. NS3, a serine protease, is essential for the proteolytic cleavage of multiple sites within the HCV polyprotein and plays a key role during HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) replication. NS4A is an activating factor for NS3. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family; HCV infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`simethicone:  A mixture of polydimethylsiloxanes with antifoaming and anti-bloating effects. Simethicone reduces the surface tension of gas bubbles causing them to coalesce into larger bubbles that can be passed more easily by belching or flatulence.  
^`simmitecan hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of simmitecan, an ester prodrug of chimmitecan, a 9-alkyl-substituted camptothecin derivative with potential antineoplastc activity. Upon intravenous administration, simmitecan is hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase and the activated form, chimmitecan, is produced. Chimmitecan inhibits topoisomerase I, stabilizes covalent topoisomerase I-DNA complexes, and inhibits the religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks. Futhermore, the covalent topoisomerase I-DNA complexes interfere and block the DNA replication machinery, resulting in the production of potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks. This leads to an inhibition of DNA replication and the induction of apoptosis. The modification at position 9 yields improved cytotoxicity compared to some other camptothecin analogues. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`simo decoction:  A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) containing simo decoction which contains Fructus aurantii, Radix aucklandiae, Semen arecae and Radix linderae, that can potentially be used to improve gastrointestinal (GI) function following surgery. Upon oral intake of simo decoction, this TCM may stimulate mainly muscarinic M3 receptors, but also muscarinic M2 receptors, calcium channels and nicotinic receptors triggering a release of nitric oxide (NO), while inhibiting adrenergic receptors Altogether, this stimulates the contraction of antral circular smooth muscle, thereby abrogating GI hypomotility and enhancing the return of GI function after surgery.  
^`Simulect:  (Other name for~ basiliximab) 
^`simvastatin:  A lipid-lowering agent derived synthetically from a fermentation product of the fungus Aspergillus terreus. Hydrolyzed in vivo to an active metabolite, simvastatin competitively inhibits hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a key step in cholesterol synthesis. This agent lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels, and modulates immune responses by suppressing MHC II (major histocompatibility complex II) on interferon gamma-stimulated, antigen-presenting cells such as human vascular endothelial cells.  
^`Sinequan:  (Other name for~ doxepin hydrochloride) 
^`Singulair:  (Other name for~ montelukast sodium) 
^`siplizumab:  A monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Siplizumab binds to CD2, a specific receptor found in T cells and NK cells, thereby triggering a host immune response that results in lysis of CD2+ cells, selective suppression of the immune system, and control of activated T cell growth.  
^`sipuleucel-T:  A cell-based vaccine composed of autologous antigen-presenting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (enriched for a dendritic cell fraction) that have been exposed to a recombinant protein consisting of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) fused to prostatic-acid phosphatase (PAP), a protein expressed by prostate cancer cells. Upon administration, the vaccine may stimulate an antitumor T-cell response against tumor cells expressing PAP.  
^`siRNA-expressing SV40 vector:  A simian virus 40 (SV40)-based shuttle vector, encoding small interfering RNA (siRNA), with potential antineoplastic activity. The expression of siRNA in target tumor cells transfected with an siRNA-expressing SV40 vector may result in siRNA-mediated silencing of target oncogenes and, so, the inhibition of tumor cell growth and the induction of tumor cell death.  
^`siRNA-transfected peripheral blood mononuclear cells APN401:  Autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) transfected ex vivo with small-interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) directed against the E3 ubiquitin ligase casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b gene (Cbl-b), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. The Cbl-b gene is silenced ex vivo through the binding of Cbl-b siRNA to Cbl-b mRNA, which prevents the translation of the Cbl-b protein in T-lymphocytes. Upon infusion, the activated, Cbl-b-silenced T-lymphocytes are able to increase the production of cytokines, proliferate and activate the immune system, which leads to cancer cell eradication. Cbl-b, a negative regulator of the immune system, is mutated in a variety of cancer cell types. Its expression is inversely correlated with activation of T-lymphocytes and tumor cell eradication.  
^`sirolimus:  A natural macrocyclic lactone produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus, with immunosuppressant properties. In cells, sirolimus binds to the immunophilin FK Binding Protein-12 (FKBP-12) to generate an immunosuppressive complex that binds to and inhibits the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key regulatory kinase. This results in inhibition of T lymphocyte activation and proliferation that occurs in response to antigenic and cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, and IL-15) stimulation and inhibition of antibody production.  
^`SIRPa-Fc fusion protein TTI-621:  A soluble recombinant antibody-like fusion protein composed of the N-terminal CD47 binding domain of human signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa) linked to the Fc domain of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the SIRPa-Fc fusion protein TTI-621 selectively targets and binds to CD47 expressed on tumor cells and blocks the interaction of CD47 with endogenous SIRPa, a cell surface protein expressed on macrophages. This prevents CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling and abrogates the CD47/SIRPa-mediated inhibition of macrophage activation and phagocytosis of cancer cells. This induces pro-phagocytic signaling mediated by the binding of calreticulin (CRT), which is specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), expressed on macrophages, and results in macrophage activation and the specific phagocytosis of tumor cells. CD47, also called integrin-associated protein (IAP), is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed on normal, healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Expression of CD47, and its interaction with SIRPa, leads to the inhibition of macrophage activation and protects cancer cells from phagocytosis, thereby allowing cancer cells to proliferate.  
^`sivifene gel:  The phenylhydrazone 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone formulated as a topical agent with immunomodulating and potential antineoplastic activities. Applied topically as a gel, sivifene may stimulate a local immune response against human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).  
^`Sixofilan:  (Other name for~ sizofiran) 
^`sizofiran:  A soluble beta-D-glucan produced by the Basidiomycetes fungus, Schizophyllum commune Fries, with potential immunomodulating and antitumor activities. Although sizofiran’s exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent appears to stimulate the immune system by increasing cytokine production, activating macrophages and enhancing the activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PML) and natural killer (NK) cells.  
^`SK-Diphenhydramine:  (Other name for~ diphenhydramine hydrochloride) 
^`SK-Furosemide:  (Other name for~ furosemide) 
^`SK-Probenecid:  (Other name for~ probenecid) 
^`Slo-bid:  (Other name for~ theophylline) 
^`Slo-Phyllin:  (Other name for~ theophylline) 
^`Smac mimetic CUDC-427:  An orally available, monovalent mimetic of second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases (Smac/DIABLO) and inhibitor of IAPs (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins) with potential antineoplastic activity. Smac mimetic CUDC-427 binds to the Smac binding groove on IAPs, including the direct caspase inhibitor X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP) and the cellular IAPs 1 and 2. This inhibits the activities of these IAPs and promotes the induction of apoptosis through apoptotic signaling pathways. IAPs are overexpressed by many cancer cell types and suppress apoptosis by binding to and inhibiting active caspases-3, -7 and -9 via their baculoviral lAP repeat (BIR) domains.  
^`Smac mimetic GDC-0152:  A second mitochondrial activator of caspases (Smac) mimetic inhibitor of IAPs (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins) with potential antineoplastic activity. Smac mimetic GDC-0152 binds to the Smac binding groove on IAPs, including the direct caspase inhibitor X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP) and the cellular IAPs 1 and 2, which may inhibit their activities and promote the induction of apoptosis through apoptotic signaling pathways. IAPs are overexpressed by many cancer cell types and suppress apoptosis by binding to and inhibiting active caspases-3, -7 and -9 via their baculoviral lAP repeat (BIR) domains. Smac, the endogenous IAP antagonist, relies on its N-terminal four amino-acid motif for binding to IAPs.  
^`SMAC mimetic LCL161:  An orally bioavailable second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetic and inhibitor of IAP (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) family of proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity. SMAC mimetic LCL161 binds to IAPs, such as X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP) and cellular IAPs 1 and 2. Since IAPs shield cancer cells from the apoptosis process, this agent may restore and promote the induction of apoptosis through apoptotic signaling pathways in cancer cells. IAPs are overexpressed by many cancer cell types and suppress apoptosis by binding and inhibiting active caspases-3, -7 and -9, which play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis and inflammation.  
^`SMO antagonist BMS 833923:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule SMO (Smoothened) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. SMO antagonist BMS-833923 inhibits the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway protein SMO, which may result in a suppression of the SHH signaling pathway. SMO is a G-protein coupled receptor that lies just downstream of the SHH ligand cell surface receptor Patched-1 in the SHH pathway; in the absence of ligand Patched-1 inhibits SMO and ligand binding to Patched-1 results in increased levels of SMO. The SHH signaling pathway plays an important role in cellular growth, differentiation and repair; constitutive activation of this pathway is associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation and has been observed in a variety of cancers.  
^`smoked plum:  The fruit of the Prunus mume tree that is used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) called Wu Mei, which may be used to promote hydration and improve bowel function. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action through which this TCM exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, upon oral administration, this TCM may reduce dehydration and improve peristalsis in the bowel.  
^`smokeless tobacco:  Tobacco that is not smoked but used in another form such as chewing tobacco or snuff.  
^`Smoothened antagonist LDE225 topical:  A topical formulation of the small-molecule Smoothened (Smo) antagonist LDE225 with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon topical application, smoothened antagonist LDE225 topical selectively binds to the Hedgehog (Hh)-ligand cell surface receptor Smo, which may result in the suppression of the Hh signaling pathway and, so, the inhibition of tumor cells in which this pathway is abnormally activated. The Hh signaling pathway plays an important role in cellular growth, differentiation and repair. Inappropriate activation of Hh pathway signaling and uncontrolled cellular proliferation, as is observed in a variety of cancers, may be associated with mutations in the Hh-ligand cell surface receptor Smo.  
^`Smoothened antagonist LEQ506:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule Smoothened (Smo) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Smoothened antagonist LEQ506 selectively binds to the Hedgehog (Hh)-ligand cell surface receptor Smo, which may result in the suppression of the Hh signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting tumor cell growth. The Hh signaling pathway plays an important role in cellular growth, differentiation and repair. Dysregulated activation of Hh pathway signaling and uncontrolled cellular proliferation, as is observed in a variety of cancers, may be associated with mutations in the Hh-ligand cell surface receptor Smo.  
^`SN-38-loaded polymeric micelles NK012:  A formulation consisting of polymeric micelles loaded with the irinotecan metabolite SN-38 with potential antineoplastic activity. SN-38-loaded polymeric micelles NK012 is an SN-38-releasing nanodevice constructed by covalently attaching SN-38 to the block copolymer PEG-PGlu, followed by self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers in an aqueous milieu. SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin), a biological active metabolite of the prodrug irinotecan (CPT-11), binds to and inhibits topoisomerase I by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks, inhibition of DNA replication, and apoptosis. SN-38 has been reported to exhibit up to 1,000-fold more cytotoxic activity against various cancer cells in vitro than irinotecan. This formulation increases the water-solubility of SN-38 and allows the delivery of higher doses of SN-38 than those achievable with SN-38 alone.  
^`SNS01-T nanoparticles:  A colloidal mixture of nanoparticles consisting of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the native eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), plasmids expressing a pro-apoptotic mutant of elF5A under the control of a B-cell specific promoter (B29), and a synthetic cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) as a delivery vehicle, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the siRNA component of SNS01-T suppresses elF5A expression, thereby interfering with translation of eIF5A and reducing levels of hypusinated elF5A in cancer cells. In turn, this inhibits activation of the transcription factor NF-kB and induces apoptosis. In addition, the B-cell specific plasmid component expresses an arginine substituted form of eIF5A, eIF5AK50R, which can not be hypusinated, thus leads to a selective induction of apoptosis in B-cells. The native unhypusinated form of eIF5A is pro-apoptotic and can be modified at the lysine residue, by deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and subsequently deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DHH), to the anti-apoptotic hypusinated form which is associated with tumor cell growth and survival. The delivery vehicle protects the siRNA and plasmid from degradation.  
^`soblidotin:  A dolastatin-10 derivative. Soblidotin inhibits tubulin polymerization, resulting in cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis.  
^`SOD1 inhibitor ATN-224:  An orally bioavailable, second-generation tetrathiomolybdate analog with potnetial antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. SOD1 inhibitor ATN-224 selectively chelates the copper ion in copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), inhibiting SOD1 activity; this may result in a decrease in intra-cellular H2O2 levels and, in turn, increased activity of intracellular phosphatases. The ATN-224-mediated increase in phosphatase activity may interfere with the activation of multiple kinase signaling pathways required for cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. This agent has been shown to inhibit VEGF and FGF-2 signaling in endothelial cells, IGF-1, EGF, NF-kB, and integrin signaling in tumor cells, and PDGF signaling in pericytes.  
^`sodium alginate microspheres:  An embolic agent containing microporous hydrospheres of sodium alginate with potential arterial occlusive activity. In transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), the sodium alginate microspheres (KMG) are administered into blood vessels that feed the tumor, occluding tumor blood vessels and inducing ischemic tumor necrosis. In addition, these microspheres may be used to encapsulate various therapeutic agents.  
^`sodium bicarbonate:  The monosodium salt of carbonic acid with alkalinizing and electrolyte replacement properties. Upon dissociation, sodium bicarbonate forms sodium and bicarbonate ions. Ion formation increases plasma bicarbonate and buffers excess hydrogen ion concentration, resulting in raised blood pH. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`sodium bicarbonate solution:  An aqueous oral mouthwash solution containing the monosodium salt of carbonic acid with alkalinizing and antimucositis activities. Upon introduction into the mouth, the sodium bicarbonate dissociates, forming sodium and bicarbonate ions, which buffer excess hydrogen ion and elevates the oral pH. An alkaline oral environment is less prone to colonization with yeast and aciduric bacteria. In addition, this solution may help relieve mucositis and mucositis-induced pain by diluting human saliva, and cleansing and lubricating mucosal tissues of the mouth, tongue and oropharynx.  
^`sodium bicarbonate/potassium bicarbonate/anhydrous citric acid:  A combination preparation containing sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and anhydrous citric acid, with acid-neutralizing properties. This combination in water principally contains the antacids potassium citrate and sodium citrate, and is used for the relief of acid indigestion and heartburn. This combination does not contain aspirin, and therefore does not exert aspirin's analgesic or anti-inflammatory effects.  
^`sodium biphosphate/sodium phosphate oral laxative:  An oral hyperosmotic saline laxative containing sodium biphosphate and sodium phosphate. Sodium phosphate/sodium biphosphate oral laxative promotes retention of water in the bowel, thereby increasing stool water content and volume, which results in increased gastrointestinal motility and stool transit time and evacuation of colonic contents.  
^`sodium borocaptate:  A boron-carrying compound. After parenteral administration, borocaptate sodium accumulates preferentially in tumor cells. When exposed to neutron irradiation, borocaptate absorbs neutrons and self-destructs releasing short-range alpha radiation and 'recoil' lithium in tumor cells, resulting in alpha radiation-induced tumor cell death. This highly selective, localized radiotargeting of tumor cells, known as boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), spares adjacent normal tissues.  
^`sodium carboxymethylcellulose dressing:  A textile fiber dressing composed of sodium carboxymethylcellulose with potential wound-healing activity. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose dressing protects the wound site from external factors that may cause pain, promote infection, or slow the natural wound healing process. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is a non-toxic, non-allergenic, anionic water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose.  
^`sodium citrate:  The sodium salt of citrate with alkalinizing activity. Upon absorption, sodium citrate dissociates into sodium cations and citrate anions; organic citrate ions are metabolized to bicarbonate ions, resulting in an increase in the plasma bicarbonate concentration, the buffering of excess hydrogen ion, the raising of blood pH, and potentially the reversal of acidosis. In addition, increases in free sodium load due to sodium citrate administration may increase intravascular blood volume, facilitating the excretion of bicarbonate compounds and an anti-urolithic effect.  
^`sodium dichloroacetate:  The sodium salt of dichloroacetic acid with potential antineoplastic activity. Dichloroacetate ion inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, resulting in the inhibition of glycolysis and a decrease in lactate production. This agent may stimulate apoptosis in cancer cells by restoring normal mitochondrial-induced apoptotic signaling.  
^`sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose:  A compound containing elemental iron as the sodium salt of a ferric ion carbohydrate complex in an alkaline aqueous solution with approximately 20% sucrose w/v in water for injection, used to replete the total body content of iron. Iron is critical for normal hemoglobin and myoglobin syntheses to maintain oxygen transport and various enzymatic processes, including the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase (RNR).  
^`sodium fluoride:  An inorganic salt of fluoride used topically or in municipal water fluoridation systems to prevent dental caries. Fluoride appears to bind to calcium ions in the hydroxyapatite of surface tooth enamel, preventing corrosion of tooth enamel by acids. This agent may also inhibit acid production by commensal oral bacteria.  
^`sodium glycididazole:  The sodium salt of glycididazole with potential radiosensitizing activity. Due to its low redox potential, glycididazole is selectively activated via bioreduction in hypoxic tumor cells and may sensitize hypoxic tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation.  
^`sodium hyaluronate topical hydrogel:  A proprietary topical gel formulation containing sodium hyaluronate with wound repair and skin moisturizing properties. Upon application, sodium hyaluronate topical hydrogel adheres to injured tissues, hydrates skin, and provides protection from further chemical or mechanical irritation. Hyaluronate, a non-sulfated glucosaminoglycan, is a chief component of the extracellular matrix in connective, epithelial, and neural tissues and contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration.  
^`sodium iodide I-131:  A radiopharmaceutical containing the beta- and gamma-emitting radioisotope I-131. After absorption, the iodide is distributed through the extracellular fluid of the body and accumulates in the thyroid gland, thereby allowing the imaging of the thyroid.  
^`sodium metaarsenite:  A highly soluble, orally available trivalent arsenic-containing telomerase inhibitor with potential antitumor activity. Although the exact mechanism through which sodium metaarsenite exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent appears to target and bind to telomeric sequences, specifically TTAGGG repeats, leading to a shortening of telomeres, and subsequent induction of apoptosis and inhibition of tumor cell growth. In addition, sodium metaarsenite also leads to the translocation of the catalytic subunit of telomerase into the cytoplasm and inhibition of the activity of telomerase. Telomerase is active in most tumors cells and is responsible for the maintenance of telomere length and plays a key role in cellular proliferation, but is quiescent in normal, healthy cells. The susceptibility to sodium metaarsenite seems to be inversely correlated with initial length of telomeres.  
^`sodium phenylbutyrate:  The sodium salt of phenylbutyrate, a derivative of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, with potential antineoplastic activity. Phenylbutyrate reversibly inhibits class I and II histone deacetylases (HDACs), which may result in a global increase in gene expression, decreased cellular proliferation, increased cell differentiation, and the induction of apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations.  
^`sodium phosphate:  An inorganic compound used as a laxative, dietary supplement and for electrolyte-replacement purposes. Phosphate, a predominant intracellular anion, plays an important role in energy storage, osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities, regulating serum calcium concentrations, and numerous cellular phosphate-transfer reactions. Sodium phosphate increases fluidity of the intestinal contents by retention of water by osmotic forces, thereby indirectly inducing intestinal smooth muscle constriction. Sodium phosphate is also used in the renal excretion of hydrogen ions while promoting the reabsorption of sodium ions.  
^`sodium picosulfate/magnesium oxide/citric acid oral laxative:  An oral laxative formulation containing the stimulant cathartic sodium picosulfate as the primary active ingredient . Picosulfate acts on the enteric nerves in the intestinal wall to increase muscle contractions, thereby stimulating peristaltic action and promoting defecation. Other active ingredients are osmotic agents that increase stool water content.  
^`sodium salicylate:  The sodium salt of salicylic acid. As a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), sodium salicylate irreversibly acetylates cyclooxygenases I and II, thereby inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis and associated inflammation and pain. This agent may also activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), thereby inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.  
^`sodium selenite:  An inorganic form of the trace element selenium with potential antineoplastic activity. Selenium, administered in the form of sodium selenite, is reduced to hydrogen selenide (H2Se) in the presence of glutathione (GSH) and subsequently generates superoxide radicals upon reaction with oxygen. This may inhibit the expression and activity of the transcription factor Sp1; in turn Sp1 down-regulates androgen receptor (AR) expression and blocks AR signaling. Eventually, selenium may induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells and inhibit tumor cell proliferation.  
^`sodium stibogluconate:  Pentavalent antimony (Sb) in differential complex formation with gluconic acid with leishmanicidal and potential antineoplastic activities. The Sb moiety of sodium stibogluconate (SSG) may inhibit protein tyrosine phophorylases (PTPases) by covalently modifying sulfhydryl groups in PTPase cysteine residues, resulting in specific inactivation of SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatases-1 and -2 (SHP-1 and SHP-2), PTPases which negatively regulate interferon (IFN) signaling; enhancement of IFN-induced Stat1 tyrosine phosphorylation; and induction of cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation. SSG in combination with IFN-alpha may synergize to overcome tumor cell resistance to IFN-alpha-mediated apoptosis.  
^`sodium sulfate/potassium sulfate/magnesium sulfate-based laxative:  An oral preparation containing sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate, with osmotic laxative activity. Upon oral administration of the sodium sulfate/potassium sulfate/magnesium sulfate-based laxative, this osmotic laxative promotes the retention of water in the bowel. This increases the water content of stool, which results in increased gastrointestinal motility and facilitates the evacuation of colonic contents. This results in a complete cleansing of the colon.  
^`sodium thiosulfate:  A water soluble salt and reducing agent that reacts with oxidizing agents. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, thiosulfate likely provides an exogenous source of sulfur, thereby hastening the detoxification of cyanide through the enzyme rhodanese (thiosulfate cyanide sulfurtransferase) which converts cyanide to the relatively nontoxic, excretable thiocyanate ion. In addition, this agent neutralizes the reactive alkylating species of nitrogen mustard, thereby decreasing skin toxicity related to nitrogen mustard extravasation.  
^`Sodothiol:  (Other name for~ sodium thiosulfate) 
^`sofosbuvir:  An orally available nucleotide prodrug and a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase inhibitor with potential HCV inhibiting activity. Upon oral administration, sofosbuvir is metabolized to 2'-deoxy-2'-alpha-fluoro-beta-C-methyluridine-5'-monophosphate, which is then converted into the active triphosphate nucleotide that inhibits the NS5B polymerase, thereby preventing viral replication. The HCV NS5B protein, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is essential for the replication of the viral HCV RNA genome. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Solaraze:  (Other name for~ diclofenac sodium gel) 
^`Solatene:  (Other name for~ beta carotene) 
^`Soliris:  (Other name for~ eculizumab) 
^`solitomab:  A recombinant bispecific monoclonal antibody directed against both CD3 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Solitomab attaches to both CD3-expressing T lymphocytes and EpCAM-expressing tumor cells, thereby selectively cross-linking tumor and T lymphocytes; this may result in the recruitment of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to T lymphocyte/tumor cell aggregates and the CTL-mediated death of EpCAM-expressing tumor cells. CD3 is an antigen expressed on mature T cells; EpCAM, a cell surface protein, is expressed by a variety of tumor cells and is frequently found in head and neck cancers.  
^`Solu-Cortef:  (Other name for~ hydrocortisone sodium succinate) 
^`Solu-Medrol:  (Other name for~ methylprednisolone) 
^`somatotropin:  A recombinant form of endogenous human growth hormone (GH), a polypeptide produced by the anterior lobe of the human pituitary gland. GH exhibits growth-promoting effects and metabolic effects on carbohydrate, fat, protein and bone metabolism. GH stimulates protein synthesis and the uptake of amino acids into cells, and induces lipolysis in adipose tissues. The secretion of GH increases with sexual maturation and then declines steadily.  
^`Somatuline Depot:  (Other name for~ lanreotide acetate) 
^`Somavert:  (Other name for~ pegvisomant) 
^`Somophyllin-CRT:  (Other name for~ theophylline) 
^`Somophyllin-T:  (Other name for~ theophylline) 
^`sonepcizumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, sonepcizumab binds S1P, which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. S1P is the extracellular ligand for the G protein-coupled lysophospholipid receptor EDG-1 (endothelial differentiation gene-1).  
^`sonidegib:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule smoothened (Smo) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Sonidegib selectively binds to the hedgehog (Hh)-ligand cell surface receptor Smo, which may result in the suppression of the Hh signaling pathway and, so, the inhibition of tumor cells in which this pathway is abnormally activated. The Hh signaling pathway plays an important role in cellular growth, differentiation and repair. Inappropriate activation of Hh pathway signaling and uncontrolled cellular proliferation, as is observed in a variety of cancers, may be associated with mutations in the Hh-ligand cell surface receptor Smo.  
^`sorafenib tosylate:  The tosylate salt of sorafenib, a synthetic compound targeting growth signaling and angiogenesis. Sorafenib blocks the enzyme RAF kinase, a critical component of the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that controls cell division and proliferation; in addition, sorafenib inhibits the VEGFR-2/PDGFR-beta signaling cascade, thereby blocking tumor angiogenesis.  
^`Sorghum bicolor supplement:  An herbal-based nutritional supplement containing the leaf sheaths of the plant Sorghum bicolor, with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive and immunomodulating activities. Sorghum bicolor supplement contains various phytochemicals, including phenolic acids and polyphenols such as proanthocyanidins. Sorghum bicolor supplement is particularly rich in 3-deoxyanthocyanins, such as luteolinidin and apigeninidin, and appears to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation in cancer cells through the stimulation of various apoptosis promoter genes and the downregulation of certain apoptosis inhibitor genes. In addition, due to the strong antioxidant nature of the phytochemicals, these compounds are able to scavenge free radicals and prevent tissue damage. Also, intake of this supplement modulates the immune system by both increasing the activity of natural killer (NK) cells and initiating the activation of macrophages. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Soriatane:  (Other name for~ acitretin) 
^`sotagliflozin:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the sodium-glucose co-transporter subtypes 1 (SGLT1) and 2 (SGLT2), with potential antihyperglycemic activity. Upon oral administration, sotagliflozin binds to and blocks both SGLT1 in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and SGLT2 in the kidneys, thereby suppressing the absorption of glucose from the GI tract and the reabsorption of glucose by the proximal tubule into the bloodstream, respectively. This decreases glucose uptake and enhances the urinary excretion of glucose, which lowers and/or normalizes blood glucose levels. SGLT1 is the primary transporter responsible for glucose absorption from the GI tract. SGLT2, a transport protein exclusively expressed in the proximal renal tubules, mediates approximately 90% of renal glucose reabsorption from tubular fluid.  
^`sotatercept:  A soluble fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of the activin receptor type IIA (ActRIIA) linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1 with anabolic bone activity. Sotatercept selectively binds to activin, inhibiting its binding to ActRIIA and ActRIIA signaling, resulting in the stimulation of osteoblast activity and the inhibition of osteoclast activity and so normal bone formation and increased bone mineral density and strength. The Fc moiety of this fusion protein binds to the salvage receptor FcRN, preventing its lysosomal degradation and so extending its half-life in the circulatory system.  
^`sotrastaurin acetate:  The acetate salt form of sotrastaurin, an orally available pan-protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor with potential immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities. Sotrastaurin inhibits both T- and B-cell activations via PKC theta and beta isozymes, respectively. Both PKCs are important in the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB). Inhibition of PKC beta in B-cells results in prevention of NF-kB-mediated signaling and down regulation of NF-kB target genes. This may eventually lead to an induction of G1 cell cycle arrest and tumor cell apoptosis in susceptible tumor cells. This agent may act synergistically with other chemotherapeutic agents. PKC, a family of serine/threonine protein kinases overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells, is involved in cell differentiation, mitogenesis, inflammation, and the activation and survival of lymphocytes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Sotret:  (Other name for~ isotretinoin) 
^`soy isoflavones:  A dietary supplement isolated from soybeans containing phytoestrogen isoflavones. Although the mechanism of action is unclear, soy isoflavones mimic estrogen action mediated through estrogen receptors. In addition, this agent also modulates estrogen metabolism. As a result, soy isoflavones have been shown to reduce tumor cell proliferation and induce tumor cell apoptosis, as well as to be able to regulate hormone balance and reduce the risks of breast cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis.  
^`soy lecithin/glycerol dioleate-based oral spray:  An oral spray containing soy phospholipid and glycerol dioleate, with protective, analgesic and anti-mucositic activities. Upon spraying onto the oral mucosal surface and contact with saliva, the soy lecithin/glycerol dioleate-based oral spray forms a gel and adheres to the mucosal surfaces thereby forming a lipid film. This provides a protective barrier and an analgesic effect within the oral cavity. In addition, the lipid barrier prevents bacterial growth at affected areas thereby decreasing infection risk.  
^`soy protein isolate:  A dietary protein isolated from soybeans that contains isoflavone phytoestrogens. Soy protein isolate has been shown to reduce tumor incidence and growth in some animal studies, possibly by modulating estrogen metabolism, reducing tumor cell proliferation, and inducing tumor cell apoptosis. Soy protein isolate may also inhibit endothelial cell proliferation. Isoflavone phytoestrogens display mild estrogen-like activities which may regulate hormone balance and reduce the risks of breast cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis.  
^`sparfosic acid:  A stable transition state analogue for an aspartate transcarbamylase- cartalyzed reaction with antineoplastic activity. Sparfosic acid is a stable transition analogue of the activated complex for the reaction catalyzed by aspartate transcarbamylase, the first step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. This agent inhibits de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and increases the extent to which fluorouracil metabolites are incorporated into RNA.  
^`sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor ABC294640:  An orally available, aryladamantane compound and selective inhibitor of sphingosine kinase-2 (SK2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ABC294640 competitively binds to and inhibits SK2, thereby preventing the phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic amino alcohol sphingosine to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), the lipid mediator that is pro-survival and critical for immunomodulation. This may eventually lead to the induction of apoptosis and may result in an inhibition of cell proliferation in cancer cells overexpressing SK2. SK2 and its isoenzyme SK1 are overexpressed in numerous cancer cell types.  
^`Spiriva:  (Other name for~ tiotropium bromide monohydrate) 
^`spirogermanium:  A synthetic organometallic compound containing the element germanium with possible antineoplastic activity. Spirogermanium exhibits significant toxicity, particularly neurotoxicity.  
^`spiromustine:  A bifunctional nitrogen alkylating agent with antineoplastic activity and lipophilic properties. Containing a lipophilic hydantoin group that serves as a carrier to cross the blood brain barrier, spiromustine forms covalent linkages with nucleophilic centers in DNA, causing depurination, base-pair miscoding, strand scission, and DNA-DNA cross-linking, which may result in cytotoxicity.  
^`spironolactone:  A synthetic 17-spironolactone corticosteroid with potassium-sparing diuretic, antihypertensive, and antiandrogen activities. Spironolactone competitively inhibits adrenocortical hormone aldosterone activity in the distal renal tubules, myocardium, and vasculature. This agent may inhibit the pathophysiologic effects of aldosterone produced in excess by various types of malignant and benign tumors.  
^`spiroplatin:  A synthetic derivative of cyclohexane sulfatoplatinum with antineoplastic properties. Spiroplatin induces DNA cross-links, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA and protein synthesis. Similar to other platinum compounds, this agent has been shown to be mutagenic and carcinogenic.  
^`spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor TAK-659:  An inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (syk), with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and antineoplastic activities. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor TAK-659 may inhibit the activity of syk, which abrogates downstream B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and leads to an inhibition of B-cell activation, chemotaxis, adhesion and proliferation. Syk, a BCR-associated non-receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates diverse cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, and phagocytosis, is expressed in hematopoietic tissues and is often overexpressed in hematopoietic malignancies.  
^`Sporanox:  (Other name for~ itraconazole) 
^`Sprycel:  (Other name for~ dasatinib) 
^`spyrine:  (Other name for~ trientine hydrochloride) 
^`SR31747A:  A synthetic peripheral sigma receptor ligand with immunomodulatory and potential antitumor activities. Although the exact mechanism by which SR31747A exerts its antitumor effects has not been fully established, SR31747A binds to and inhibits the sigma1 receptor (SR31747A-binding protein-1 or SR-BP1), human sterol isomerase (emopamil-binding protein) and the sigma2 receptor, which may result in a reduction in tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, this agent inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Upregulated in various cancers, the sigma1 and sigma2 receptors and human sterol isomerase are proteins that are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and survival.  


^`Src kinase inhibitor KX2-391:  An orally bioavailable small molecule Src kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Unlike other Src kinase inhibitors which bind to the ATP-binding site, Src kinase inhibitor KX2-391 specifically binds to the peptide substrate binding site of Src kinase; inhibition of kinase activity may result in the inhibition of primary tumor growth and the suppression of metastasis. Src tyrosine kinases are upregulated in many tumor cells and play important roles in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis.  
^`Src kinase inhibitor KX2-391 ointment:  An ointment containing an inhibitor for both Src tyrosine kinase and tubulin polymerization, with potential antineoplastic activity. Unlike other Src kinase inhibitors which bind to the ATP-binding site, Src kinase inhibitor KX2-391 binds to the peptide substrate binding site of Src kinase, upon topical application. This inhibits both downstream signaling and the proliferation of tumor cells overexpressing Src. Src tyrosine kinase, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase upregulated in many tumor cell types, plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation, motility, invasiveness and survival. KX2-391 also binds to tubulin heterodimers and inhibits microtubule polymerization, which disrupts microtubule formation and mitosis, leading to further inhibition of cell proliferation. In addition, KX2-391 inhibits T-cell migration.  
^`Src/Abl kinase inhibitor AZD0424:  An orally bioavailable small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets both Abl and Src kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, AZD0424 selectively inhibits both Src and Abl kinase activity which may result in the inhibition of tumor growth in susceptible tumor cells. Src and Abl kinases are upregulated in certain tumor cells and play important roles in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis.  
^`src/tubulin inhibitor KX02:  A lipophilic, orally available inhibitor of both Src kinase activity and tubulin polymerization, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, src/tubulin inhibitor KX02 binds to and inhibits the activity of Src kinase. This inhibits both downstream signaling and the proliferation of Src kinase-expressing tumor cells. KX02 also binds to tubulin heterodimers and inhibits microtubule polymerization, thereby disrupting microtubule formation, mitosis, and further proliferation. Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and metastasis.  
^`SR-T100 gel:  A cutaneous gel preparation containing an extract from Solanum incanum with potential antineoplastic activity. SR-T100 gel contains high amounts of the steroidal alkaloid glycoside solamargine. Solamargine is able to upregulate expression of tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 (TNFR1) and 6 (TNFRSF6 or Fas), and their signaling adaptors TNFR1-associated death domain, and Fas-associated death domain. In addition, this agent is able to upregulate expression of apoptosis promoter Bax, and suppress the expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. Altogether, this induces apoptosis in tumor cells and may lead to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.  
^`SS1(dsFv)-PE38 immunotoxin:  A recombinant immunotoxin consisting of the single chain anti-mesothelin monoclonal antibody SS1(dsFv) linked to Pseudomonas exotoxin PE-38. The monoclonal antibody moiety of the agent binds to cells that express mesothelin, a cell surface glycoprotein which may be overexpressed in ovarian cancer, mesotheliomas, and some squamous cell carcinomas; after internalization, the exotoxin moiety inactivates eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2, thereby disrupting tumor cell protein synthesis.  
^`SSD:  (Other name for~ silver sulfadiazine) 
^`St. John's wort:  An herbal extract prepared from the plant Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) with photodynamic, antineoplastic, and antidepressant activities. Hypericin, one of the active compounds found in Hypericum perforatum, is a photosensitizer that, when exposed to a particular wavelength and intensity of light, may induce tumor cell apoptosis. Another compound, hyperforin, induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in certain tumor cell lines. Hypericum perforatum preparations may also stimulate the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein drug transporters, resulting in increased metabolism and decreased efficacy of various chemotherapeutic agents and other drugs.  
^`stabilized sulphur hexafluoride microbubble-based contrast agent:  An injectable ultrasound contrast media formulation composed of microbubbles of stabilized sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) in sodium chloride solution. With stabilized sulphur hexafluoride microbubble-based contrast agent, ultrasound waves are scattered and reflected at the microbubble-blood interface during ultrasound imaging, thereby enhancing blood vessel visualization and the contrast between blood vessels and adjacent tissues.  
^`Stakel:  (Other name for~ padeliporfin) 
^`standardized freeze-dried table grape powder:  A standardized freeze-dried preparation of desiccated table grapes containing polyphenols (including flavanols, anthocyanins, flavonols, and stilbenes such as resveratrol) and other unidentified compounds with antioxidant activity. Standardized freeze-dried table grape powder increases serum antioxidant activity and reduces the macrophage-mediated oxidation and uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). This agent has been shown to inhibit genes linked to the development of sporadic colorectal cancer and may exhibit chemopreventive activity for other human cancers.  
^`Stanford V regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of mechlorethamine, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vinblastine, vincristine, bleomycin, etoposide and prednisone, administered on a compressed schedule and used in the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma; it may be followed by consolidative radiation therapy. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`staphylococcus aureus protein A:  A protein that resides in the microbial wall of staphylococcus aureus and interferes with opsonization by binding to the Fc portion of immunoglobulin. The protein has a deleterious effect on the epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract, and plays a role in the induction of pneumonia. Protein A also initiates polymorphonuclear cell migration into airway passages via TNFR1 activation.  
^`Starlix:  (Other name for~ nateglinide) 
^`STAT inhibitor OPB-111077:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of one or more signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein(s), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, OPB-111077 binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation of STATs. This prevents binding of STATs to DNA sequences on a variety of STAT-responsive gene promoters, which may result in the inhibition of both STAT-mediated transcription and tumor cell proliferation. STATs are constitutively activated in a variety of cancers and play a key role in tumor cell proliferation.  
^`STAT3 antisense oligonucleotide ISIS 481464:  An antisense oligonucleotide targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) with potential antitumor activity. STAT3 antisense oligonucleotide ISIS 481464 binds to STAT3 mRNA, thereby inhibiting translation of the transcript. Suppression of STAT3 expression induces tumor cell apoptosis and decreases tumor cell growth. STAT3, a protein overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, plays a critical role in tumor cell growth and survival.  
^`STAT3 decoy oligonucleotide:  A double-stranded 15-mer oligonucleotide, corresponding closely to the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) response element within the c-fos promoter, with potential antineoplastic activity. STAT3 decoy oligonucleotide binds specifically to activated STAT3 and blocks binding of STAT3 to DNA sequences on a variety of STAT3-responsive promoters, which results in the inhibition of STAT3-mediated transcription and, potentially, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of cancers including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, contributing to the loss of cell growth control and neoplastic transformation.  
^`STAT3 inhibitor OPB-31121:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), with potential antineoplastic activity. OPB-31121 inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT3, which prevents binding of STAT3 to DNA sequences on a variety of STAT3-responsive promoters and may result in the inhibition of STAT3-mediated transcription and, potentially, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of cancers, contributing to the loss of cell growth control and neoplastic transformation.  
^`STAT3 inhibitor OPB-51602:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), with potential antineoplastic activity. STAT3 inhibitor OPB-51602 inhibits the phosphorylation and thus the activation of STAT3 protein, impeding STAT3 protein from translocating from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and thereby blocking STAT3's regulation of gene expression through direct binding to the promoters of responsive genes. STAT3 regulates the cellular functions that lead to the cancer phenotype, and constitutive activation of STAT3 is observed in a wide range of human cancers, inducing uncontrolled proliferation and neoplastic transformation.  
^`Statex SR:  (Other name for~ morphine sulfate) 
^`stavudine:  A synthetic nucleoside, analog of didehydro-3-deoxythymidine with potent antiretroviral activity. In vivo, stavudine is phosphorylated by cellular kinases to the active metabolite stavudine triphosphate; this metabolite inhibits the activity of HIV reverse transcriptase both by competing with the natural substrate deoxythymidine triphosphate and by incorporation into viral DNA causing a termination of DNA chain elongation (due to the lack the essential 3'-OH group).  
^`Stelara:  (Other name for~ ustekinumab) 
^`Stelazine:  (Other name for~ trifluoperazine hydrochloride) 
^`Sterile Talc Powder:  (Other name for~ talc) 
^`Steritalc:  (Other name for~ talc) 
^`steroid sulfatase inhibitor BN 83495:  An orally bioavailable tricyclic coumarin-based sulfamate with potential antineoplastic activity. Steroid sulfatase inhibitor BN 83495 selectively binds to and inhibits steroid sulfatase (STS), which may inhibit the production of locally active estrogens and so inhibit estrogen-dependent cell growth in tumor cells, such as those of the breast, ovary, and endometrium. STS is a cytoplasmic enzyme responsible for the conversion of circulating inactive estrone sulfate and estradiol sulfate to biologically active unconjugated estrone and estradiol, respectively.  
^`Stilbestrol:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Stilbetin:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Stilboestroform:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Stilboestrol:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Stimate:  (Other name for~ desmopressin acetate) 
^`Stimuvax:  (Other name for~ emepepimut-S) 
^`STING-activating cyclic dinucleotide agonist ADU-S100:  A synthetic, cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) and agonist of stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING; transmembrane protein 173; TMEM173), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, the STING agonist MIW815 binds to STING and stimulates STING-mediated pathways. This activates the immune response through the activation of certain immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), which induces the expression of cytokines and chemokines, and leads to an antigen-specific T-cell mediated immune response against cancer cells. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.  
^`Stivarga:  (Other name for~ regorafenib) 
^`Stoxil:  (Other name for~ idoxuridine) 
^`Strattera:  (Other name for~ atomoxetine hydrochloride) 
^`strawberry-blackberry-black raspberry-blueberry berry mixture:  A dietary supplement consisting of a mixture of strawberries, blackberries, black raspberries and blueberries with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action through which berries may exert their anti-tumor effect has yet to be elucidated, in vivo studies suggest that the ingestion of a mixture of berries seems to result in a reduction in tumor growth and tumor development. As berries are rich in phytonutrients, such as anthocyanins, flavonols, ellagitannins, galltannins, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids, the antineoplastic effects of strawberry-blackberry-black raspberry-blueberry berry mixture on cancer cells may be attributable to phytonutrient antioxidant and apoptotic activities. In addition, phytoestrogens in berries may be protective against estrogen-sensitive tumors.  
^`streptavidin:  An extracellular protein that has four high affinity binding sites for biotin. Streptavidin is widely utilized in fluorescence microscopy applications due to the ease with which a conjugate fluorescent moiety can be coupled to the protein.  
^`streptonigrin:  An aminoquinone antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces flocculus. Streptonigrin complexes with DNA and topoisomerase II, resulting in DNA cleavage and inhibition of DNA replication and RNA synthesis. This agent also acts as a reverse transcriptase inhibitor and causes free radical-mediated cellular damage.  
^`streptozocin:  A methylnitrosourea antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces achromogenes. Streptozocin alkylates DNA, forming inter-strand DNA cross-links and inhibiting DNA synthesis. Due to its glucose moiety, this agent is readily taken up by pancreatic beta cells, inducing diabetes mellitus at high concentrations. Unlike other nitrosoureas, streptozocin causes little myelosuppression.  
^`Stromagen:  (Other name for~ autologous expanded mesenchymal stem cells OTI-010) 
^`strontium chloride Sr 89:  The chloride salt of a radioactive isotope of strontium. Strontium chloride Sr 89 is taken up and incorporated preferentially in metastatic lesions in bone where it emits cytotoxic beta radiation, resulting in an inhibition and/or reduction of tumor growth and so tumor-related bone pain.  
^`SU014813:  An orally-active, tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor with potential antitumor activity. SU014813 binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) alpha and beta, c-Kit and Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt-3). This leads to an inhibition of cellular proliferation and angiogenesis and an induction of apoptosis.  
^`Sublimaze:  (Other name for~ fentanyl citrate) 
^`substance P-saporin:  An agent composed of substance P (SP) conjugated to the ribosome-inactivating protein and neurotoxin saporin (SAP), isolated from the seeds of the plant Saponaria officinalis (SP-SAP), with potential analgesic activity. Upon administration, SP-SAP targets the SP receptor, neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), located on neurons. When SP-SAP binds NK-1R and the receptor/conjugate complex internalizes, the saporin moiety inactivates ribosomes and prevents protein synthesis, which causes cell death, destroys NK-1R-expressing nerves and decreases pain perception. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Sufenta:  (Other name for~ sufentanil citrate) 
^`sufentanil citrate:  The citrate salt form of sufentanil, a synthetic congener of fentanyl and related to the phenylpieridines, with analgesic property. Sufentanil citrate binds to and activates the mu-opioid receptor, thereby producing analgesia, respiratory depression, miosis, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and euphoria. In addition, this agent has a more rapid onset of action and shorter duration of action compared to fentanyl.  
^`sufentanil transdermal system:  A transdermal matrix patch formulation containing the synthetic opioid sufentanil with analgesic activity. Sufentanil binds to and activates the mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of the endogenous opioids. Binding of sufentanil to opioid receptors stimulates exchange of GTP for GDP, inhibits adenylate cyclase, and decreases intracellular cAMP. This inhibits the release of various nociceptive neurotransmitters, such as substance P, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, vasopressin, and somatostatin. In addition, sufentanil closes N-type voltage-gated calcium channels and opens calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels, which results in hyperpolarization of neuronal membranes and a reduction in neuronal excitability, and, subsequently, analgesia and sedation.  
^`Sufortan:  (Other name for~ penicillamine) 
^`sugammadex sodium:  The sodium salt form of the biologically inert, selective relaxant binding agent (SRBA) sugammadex, a modified, anionic gamma cyclodextrin derivative containing a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobic core, with neuromuscular blocking drug (NMBD) reversal activity. Upon administration, the negatively charged carboxyl-thio-ether groups of sugammadex selectively and reversibly bind to the positively charged quaternary nitrogen of a steroidal NMBD, which was administered at an earlier time for anesthetic purposes. The encapsulation of the NMBD by sugammadex blocks its ability to bind to nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction and thereby reverses the NMBD-induced neuromuscular blockade. Sugammadex binds rocuronium, vecuronium, and to a lesser extent pancuronium.  
^`Sulfamethoprim:  (Other name for~ trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) 
^`sulfasalazine:  A synthetic salicylic acid derivative with affinity for connective tissues containing elastin and formulated as a prodrug, antiinflammatory sulfasalazine acts locally in the intestine through its active metabolites, sulfamide 5-aminosalicylic acid and salicylic acid, by a mechanism that is not clear. It appears inhibit cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin production and is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases.  
^`sulfatinib:  An orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) 1, 2, and 3, and the fibroblast growth factor receptor type 1 (FGFR1), with potential antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic activities. Upon oral administration, sulfatinib binds to and inhibits VEGFRs and FGFR1 thereby inhibiting VEGFR- and FGFR1-mediated signal transduction pathways. This leads to a reduction of angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation in VEGFR/FGFR1-overexpressing tumor cells. Expression of VEGFRs and FGFR1 may be upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`Sulfatrim:  (Other name for~ trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) 
^`sulforaphane:  A naturally-occurring phytochemical belonging to the class of isothiocyanates. As the aglycone metabolite of glucosinolate glucoraphanin (sulforaphane glucosinolate), sulforaphane acts as an antioxidant and potent stimulator of endogenous detoxifying enzymes. This agent displays anticarcinogenic properties due to its ability to induce phase II detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase, thereby providing protection against certain carcinogens and toxic, reactive oxygen species. Broccoli sprouts contain large amounts of sulforaphane, which is also found in other cruciferous vegetables including cabbage and kale.  
^`sulforaphane-cyclodextrin complex:  An orally available, stable formulation comprised of sulforaphane, a naturally-occurring phytochemical belonging to the class of isothiocyanates, and encapsulated within alpha-cyclodextrin, with cancer preventive activity. Upon administration, sulforaphane acts as an antioxidant and potent stimulator of endogenous detoxifying enzymes. This agent is able to induce phase II detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase, thereby providing protection against certain carcinogens and toxins. Broccoli sprouts contain large amounts of sulforaphane, which is also found in other cruciferous vegetables including cabbage and kale. Cyclodextrin is able to prevent sulforaphane's rapid breakdown, which improves its stability and half-life.  
^`sulfur hexafluoride:  A contrast agent composed of an inorganic fluorinated inert gas comprised of six fluoride atoms bound to one sulfur atom, with potential diagnostic activity upon imaging. Upon inhalation of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), the gas is distributed throughout the lungs. Upon subsequent ultrasound imaging, the lung vasculature can be imaged and pulmonary perfusion can be assessed.  
^`sulindac:  A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug with potential antineoplastic activity. Converted in vivo to an active metabolite, sulindac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), blocks cyclic guanosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase (cGMP-PDE), an enzyme that inhibits the normal apoptosis signal pathway; this inhibition permits the apoptotic signal pathway to proceed unopposed, resulting in apoptotic cell death.  
^`Sulmeprim:  (Other name for~ trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) 
^`sulofenur:  A diarylsulfonylurea with potential antineoplastic activity. Sulofenur's antineoplastic mechanism of action is unknown.  
^`sumac/black cumin powder:  An Iranian traditional herbal medicine composed of powder derived from sumac and Bunium persicum (black cumin, black zira), with potential anti-emetic activity. Upon oral administration, sumac/black cumin powder may inhibit chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). The powder may also have some anti-oxidant activities.  
^`sumatriptan succinate:  The succinate salt form of sumatriptan, a member of the triptan class of compounds with anti-migraine property. Sumatriptan succinate selectively binds to and activates serotonin 5-HT1 receptors. This results in constriction of meningeal, dural, cerebral or pial blood vessels via stimulation of the 5-HT1B receptors, thereby reducing the vascular pulsation and may provide relief in migraine headaches. Furthermore, agonistic action of this agent through presynaptic stimulation of 5-HT1D and/or 5-HT1F receptors prevents release of vasoactive and pro-inflammatory neuropeptide (calcitonin gene-related peptide), thereby may also relieve migraine headaches. In addition, central inhibition of pain transmission via the inhibition of trigeminal neurons in the brain stems and upper spinal cord mediated by 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D or 5-HT 1F receptors also aides in the alleviation of migraine pain.  
^`Summicort:  (Other name for~ methylprednisolone) 
^`sunitinib malate:  The orally bioavailable malate salt of an indolinone-based tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Sunitinib blocks the tyrosine kinase activities of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor b (PDGFRb), and c-kit, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis and cell proliferation. This agent also inhibits the phosphorylation of Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), another receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by some leukemic cells.  
^`sunscreen:  A substance that helps protect the skin from the sun's harmful rays. Sunscreens reflect, absorb, and scatter both ultraviolet A and B radiation to provide protection against both types of radiation. Using lotions, creams, or gels that contain sunscreens can help protect the skin from premature aging and damage that may lead to skin cancer.  
^`Supect:  (Other name for~ radotinib hydrochloride) 
^`superagonist interleukin-15:interleukin-15 receptor alphaSu/Fc fusion complex ALT-803: A fusion protein complex composed of a mutated form of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-15 (IL-15N72D) and a soluble, dimeric IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ra) Fc fusion protein (IL-15Ra-Fc) (IL-15N72D/IL-15Ra-Fc), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, superagonist interleukin-15: interleukin-15 receptor alphaSu/Fc fusion complex ALT-803 binds to the IL-2/IL-15 receptor beta-common gamma chain (IL-2Rbetagamma) receptor on natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T lymphocytes, which activates and increases the levels of NK cells and memory CD8+(CD44high) T-cells. The memory T-cells enhance the secretion of the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-g), which further potentiates the immune response against tumor cells. This may increase tumor cell killing and decrease tumor cell proliferation. IL-15 regulates CD8+ T and NK cell development, activation and proliferation. By coupling IL-15 to IL15Ra-Fc, this agent has a prolonged drug half-life and shows an increased ability to bind IL-2Rbetagamma, which enhances its immune stimulatory activity as compared to IL-15 alone.  
^`supersaturated calcium phosphate rinse:  An aqueous oral rinse composed of an electrolyte solution supersaturated with phosphate and calcium ions with antimucositis and analgesic activities. This solution may help relieve mucositis and mucositis-induced pain by restoring the natural electrolyte and pH balance of human saliva and lubricating mucosal tissues of the mouth, tongue and oropharynx.  
^`supinoxin:  (Other name for~ P-p68 inhibitor RX-5902) 
^`Supprelin:  (Other name for~ histrelin acetate) 
^`Suprane:  (Other name for~ desflurane) 
^`Suprax:  (Other name for~ cefixime) 
^`Suprep®:  (Other name for~ sodium sulfate/potassium sulfate/magnesium sulfate-based laxative) 
^`suramin:  A polysulphonated naphthylurea with potential antineoplastic activity. Suramin blocks the binding of various growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), to their receptors, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation and migration. This agent also inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis; retroviral reverse transcriptase; uncoupling of G-proteins from receptors; topoisomerases; cellular folate transport; and steroidogenesis.  
^`survivin antigen:  A tumor-associated antigen. Vaccination with survivin antigen may result in a cytotoxic T-cell response against survivin antigen-expressing tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. Overexpressed in many tumors, endogenous survivin inhibits tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`survivin antigen vaccine DPX-Survivac:  A lipid depot-based therapeutic cancer vaccine composed of survivin epitopes, a universal T Helper peptide and a polynucleotide adjuvant encapsulated in liposomes and then formulated in the hydrophobic carrier Montanide ISA51 VG, with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. Upon injection of the survivin antigen vaccine DPX-Survivac, a depot is created at the injection site from which the antigens and adjuvant are released. This vaccine may elicit a long lasting cellular response against survivin-expressing cancers, resulting in a decrease in tumor cell proliferation and an induction of tumor cell death. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family expressed during embryonic development, is upregulated in a variety of human cancers while absent in most normal adult cells; its expression in tumors is associated with a more aggressive phenotype, decreased survival, and increased resistance to chemotherapy.  
^`survivin mRNA antagonist EZN-3042:  A locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense oligonucleotide targeting survivin mRNA, with potential antineoplastic activity. EZN-3042 hybridizes to survivin mRNA, thereby blocking translation of survivin protein and inhibiting survivin-induced anti-apoptotic activity and promoting tumor cell apoptosis in survivin-overexpressing tumor cells. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family expressed during embryonic development, is upregulated in a variety of human cancers while absent in most normal adult cells; its expression in tumors is associated with a more aggressive phenotype, decreased survival, and increased resistance to chemotherapy. LNAs contain a methylene bridge linking 2'-oxygen and 4'-carbon of ribose sugar rings, thereby increasing their stability and decreasing degradation.  
^`survivin Sur1M2 peptide vaccine:  A modified recombinant nonapeptide (LMLGEFLKL) derived from the anti-apoptosis protein survivin with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, survivin Sur1M2 peptide vaccine may elicit humoral and cellular immune responses against survivin-expressing cancers, resulting in decreased tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. The survivin protein inhibits caspase activation and apoptosis; it is undetectable in normal adult tissues but is expressed by several human cancers including lung, colon, breast, pancreas, and prostate cancer as well as hematopoietic malignancies and skin cancers.  
^`survivin/p53/HER2 antigen-loaded autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  An autologous dendritic cell (DC) vaccine loaded with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) derived from survivin, p53 and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2 or ERBB2), with immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, this DC vaccine may elicit a potent cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing these TAAs, resulting in tumor cell death. Survivin, p53 and HER2 are essential in neoplastic growth, and are considered to be universal tumor antigens.  
^`sustained-release mitomycin C hydrogel formulation:  A sustained-release (SR) hydrogel polymer-based formulation containing the antineoplastic antibiotic mitomycin C (MMC), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon local administration of the SR MMC hydrogel formulation to the upper urinary tract via a ureteral catheter, the gel solidifies and deposits MMC locally to prevent the excretion of this chemotherapeutic agent via urinary flow. In turn, MMC alkylates DNA, and produces interstrand DNA cross-links, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. Due to its reverse thermal-gelation properties, this gel is able to stay in a liquid state at cold temperatures and solidifies at body temperature. This allows for increased accumulation of MMC locally in the upper urinary tract which leads to increased efficacy compared to standard intravesical delivery of MMC for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).  
^`Sustiva:  (Other name for~ efavirenz) 
^`Sutent:  (Other name for~ sunitinib malate) 
^`SVN53-67/M57-KLH peptide vaccine:  A peptide vaccine containing a 15-mer peptide (DLAQMFFCFKELEGW), with C to M alteration at amino acid position 57, derived from the anti-apoptosis protein survivin, and conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration of SVN53-67/M57-KLH peptide vaccine, this peptide is able to bind both HMC class I and II molecules and may activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) as well as a T-helper cell response against survivin-expressing cancer cells. This may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and ultimately tumor cell death. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family, expressed during embryonic development while absent in most normal adult cells, is upregulated in a variety of human cancers; its expression in tumors is associated with a more aggressive phenotype, decreased survival, and increased resistance to chemotherapy. KLH may enhance immune recognition and may promote an enhanced response. As SVN53-67 is weakly immunogenic in humans, the M57 alteration may lead to greater affinity towards HLA-A*0201 and thus an enhanced antitumor immune response.  
^`Syk inhibitor HMPL-523:  An orally available inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration of Syk inhibitor HMPL-523, this agent binds to and inhibits the activity of Syk. This inhibits B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, which leads to the inhibition of B-cell activation, and prevents tumor cell activation, migration, adhesion and proliferation. Syk, a non-receptor cytoplasmic, BCR-associated tyrosine kinase, is expressed in hematopoietic tissues and is often overexpressed in hematopoietic malignancies; it plays a key role in B-cell receptor signaling.  
^`Syk-JAK inhibitor PRT062070:  An orally bioavailable dual inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and Janus-associated kinases (JAK), with potential anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, Syk-JAK inhibitor PRT062070 specifically binds to and inhibits the activity of Syk, JAK1, and JAK3 with preferential inhibition of JAK1 and JAK3-dependent cytokine-mediated signaling and functional responses. This negatively affects the downstream JAK-STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway, and leads to both reduced inflammation in various animal models and enhanced antiproliferative activity towards non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) cell lines. Syk is a non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase involved in signal transduction in cells of hematopoietic origin including B cells, macrophages, basophils and neutrophils. Abnormal function of Syk has been implicated in several hematopoietic malignancies including NHL and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The JAK-STAT pathway plays a key role in the signaling of many cytokines and growth factors and is involved in cellular proliferation, growth, hematopoiesis, and the immune response; JAK kinases may be upregulated in inflammatory diseases, myeloproliferative disorders, and various malignancies.  
^`Sylatron:  (Other name for~ peginterferon alfa-2b) 
^`Sylvant:  (Other name for~ siltuximab) 
^`Symadine:  (Other name for~ amantadine hydrochloride) 
^`Symbicort:  (Other name for~ budesonide/formoterol fumarate dihydrate inhalation aerosol) 
^`Symmetrel:  (Other name for~ amantadine hydrochloride) 
^`Sympt-X:  (Other name for~ glutamine) 
^`Sympt-X G.I.:  (Other name for~ glutamine) 
^`synbiotic supplement:  A nutritional supplement comprised of prebiotic and probiotic ingredients, with potential immunomodulating and gastrointestinal (GI) flora-restoring activity. Upon ingestion of the synbiotic supplement, the prebiotics and probiotics work synergistically in the GI tract, thereby modulating the GI flora ecosystem and may improve the functions of the intestinal barrier. In addition, synbiotics may have a beneficial effect on the immune system.  
^`Synestrin:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Synovir:  (Other name for~ thalidomide) 
^`Synribo:  (Other name for~ omacetaxine mepesuccinate) 
^`synthetic brain tumor peptides-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with synthetic brain tumor peptides with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, synthetic brain tumor peptides-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)l and antibody responses against glioma tumor cells, resulting in glioma tumor cell lysis.  
^`synthetic breast cancer peptides-tetanus toxoid-Montanide ISA-51 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine comprised of multiple synthetic breast cancer peptides and the adjuvant tetanus toxoid helper peptide emulsified in the adjuvant Montanide ISA-51 with immunopotentiation activity. Vaccination with this cancer vaccine may elicit a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against breast cancer cells. Synthetic breast cancer peptides may stimulate the immune response against cells that produce breast cancer markers such as erbB2 (HER2/neu) while tetanus toxoid helper peptide binds to class II MHC molecules as a nonspecific vaccine helper epitope, resulting in a long-term immunopotentiation by increasing the helper T-cell response. Montanide ISA-51, also known as incomplete Freund's adjuvant or IFA, is a stabilized water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant containing mineral oil with mannide oleate added as a surfactant that non-specifically stimulates cell-mediated immune responses to antigens.  
^`synthetic breast cancer peptides-tetanus toxoid-poly ICLC vaccine: A cancer vaccine comprised of nine class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted breast cancer associated peptides, the tetanus toxoid helper peptide and the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist poly ICLC, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. The nine peptides derived from six cancer associated proteins are epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and four cancer/testis antigens (CTAs:  MAGE-A1, -A3, -A10, and NY-ESO-1). Vaccination with this vaccine may elicit a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against cells overexpressing these tumor associated antigens TAAs). As a nonspecific T-helper epitope, tetanus toxoid helper peptide binds to class II MHC and results in long-term immunopotentiation by increasing the helper T-cell response. Poly ICLC, the double-stranded RNA molecules of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with poly L-lysine in carboxymethylcellulose, binds to TLR3 and induces the release of cytokines which may help boost the immune response against the TAAs.  
^`synthetic colorectal tumor-associated peptides vaccine IMA910:  A synthetic tumor-associated peptide (TUMAP)-based cancer vaccine directed against colorectal cancer with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Synthetic colorectal tumor-associated peptides vaccine IMA910 contains 13 different synthetic tumor-associated peptides (TUMAPs), each of which represents a tumor associated antigen (TAA) specific for colorectal cancer. Upon administration, this agent may elicit a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against colorectal tumors expressing these TAAs, which may result in a reduction in colorectal tumor cell proliferation.  
^`synthetic glioblastoma mutated tumor-specific peptides vaccine therapy APVAC2:  A personalized peptide-based cancer vaccine comprised of one or two de novo synthesized patient-specific tumor-mutated peptides associated with glioblastoma (GB), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with synthetic GB mutated tumor-specific peptides vaccine therapy APVAC2 stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the selected mutated tumor-associated peptides, which results in decreased GB growth. These peptides are specifically selected and synthesized based on the expression of the patient’s own mutated tumor-associated antigens, which were detected during individual tumor genome sequencing.  
^`synthetic glioblastoma tumor-associated peptides vaccine therapy APVAC1:  A personalized peptide-based cancer vaccine comprised of five to ten peptides associated with glioblastoma (GB), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with synthetic GB tumor-associated peptides vaccine therapy APVAC1 stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the tumor associated peptides, and results in decreased GB growth. The peptides are derived from a glioma actively-personalized vaccine consortium (GAPVAC) warehouse and are specifically selected based on the patient's expression of tumor-associated antigens.  
^`synthetic hTERT DNA vaccine INO-1400:  A DNA vaccine consisting of a plasmid encoding the full-length sequence of the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), which is the catalytic subunit of human telomerase and synthesizes telomeric DNA at the chromosome ends, containing two immunogenic mutations, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal vaccination of the hTERT-encoding DNA vaccine INO-1400 in combination with electroporation, hTERT protein is expressed and activates the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against telomerase-expressing tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell death. Telomerase prolongs the functional lifespan of cells via the restoration and maintenance of telomere length. Abnormally activated in tumorigenesis, telomerase is expressed in the majority of human cancer cells, but its expression is low or non-existent in normal cells.  
^`synthetic human papillomavirus 16 E6 peptide:  A synthetic peptide sequence of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 oncoprotein E6. The E6 oncoprotein is implicated in the tumorigenesis of cervical carcinoma. Vaccination with HPV 16 E6 peptide may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against cells expressing the E6 oncoprotein, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`synthetic human secretin:  A synthetic human therapeutic agent which is chemically identical or similar to endogenous secretin, a peptide hormone found in the mucosal S-cells of the proximal small intestine. Secretin stimulates the pancreatic acinar cells and ductal epithelial cells to emit bicarbonate rich digestive fluids, thereby increases duodenal bicarbonate level. Bicarbonate neutralizes acidity of the intestines, consequently increasing the pH and facilitating the action of intestinal digestive enzymes. In addition, secretin stimulates the stomach and the liver to produce pepsin and bile, respectively. Both pepsin and bile aide the digestive action of the duodenum, which resulting in the prevention of gastric inflammation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`synthetic hypericin:  A topical ointment formulation containing a synthetic form of hypericin, an anthraquinone derivative that is naturally found in the yellow flower of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), with potential antineoplastic and photosensitizing activities. Upon topical administration of the ointment to the tumor site, hypericin becomes activated through the application of visible fluorescent light. During photoactivation, hypericin generates singlet oxygen, which induces DNA damage, necrosis and apoptosis, thereby inhibiting tumor cell growth. The use of visible light for activation avoids the risk of developing secondary malignancies, which are frequently associated with other photodynamic therapies that are dependent on ultraviolet A exposure.  
^`synthetic long E6/E7 peptides vaccine HPV-01:  A therapeutic peptide vaccine consisting of thirteen synthetic long peptides (SLPs), which are 25-35 amino acids in size, derived from the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 oncoproteins E6 and E7, with potential immunostimulating and antitumor activities. Upon administration, synthetic long E6/E7 peptides vaccine HPV-01 is taken up and degraded into small pieces by dendritic cells. The processed viral epitopes are presented by dendritic cells, which may stimulate the host immune system to mount both cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T cell responses against HPV E6/E7-expressing tumor cells. This results in the destruction of tumor cells and leads to decreased tumor growth. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins are implicated in the tumorigenesis in a variety of cancers. The SLPs allow for optimal presentation by antigen-presenting cells.  
^`synthetic melanoma-associated antigens vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing synthetic epitope peptides derived from melanoma tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), including melanoma-melanocyte antigen gp100(280-288), melanoma-associated antigen tyrosinase(1-9), and melanoma-associated antigen melan-A(27-35). Upon administration, synthetic melanoma-associated antigens vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte immune response against melanoma cells that express TAAs which share epitopes with the vaccine epitope peptides, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`synthetic peptide-based erythropoiesis stimulating agent:  A synthetic, non-recombinant, pegylated, peptidic erythropoiesis stimulating agent. Synthetic peptide-based erythropoiesis stimulating agent binds to and activates the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor on erythroid progenitor cells, thereby inducing their proliferation and differentiation into mature erythrocytes.  
^`synthetic peptides E-PRA and E-PSM vaccine:  A cancer vaccine consisting of E-PRA and E-PSM, two synthetic peptide analogs of PRAME (PReferential Antigen MElanoma) and PSMA (Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen), with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon direct administration into lymph nodes, synthetic peptides E-PRA and E-PSM vaccine may sitmulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against PRAME- and PSMA-expressing tumor cells. PRAME and PSMA are tumor-associated antigens upregulated and expressed on the cell surfaces of certain tumor cell types.  
^`Synthoestrin:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Synthroid:  (Other name for~ levothyroxine sodium) 
^`Synthroid:  (Other name for~ levothyroxine sodium) 
^`Syntocinon:  (Other name for~ recombinant oxytocin) 


^`T1E28z CAR-expressing autologous CD4-positive T lymphocytes:  Autologous CD4 positive T-lymphocytes engineered to express the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T1E28z containing the ErbB ligand, T1E, fused to the hinge region, transmembrane domain and endodomain of CD28 and the CD3zeta endodomain, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. T1E, a chimeric polypeptide containing the N-terminus of human transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha fused to the C-terminus of epidermal growth factor (EGF), binds to ErbB1 homodimers and heterodimers as well as ErbB2/3 heterodimers, but not to ErbB2 or ErbB3 alone. Upon intratumoral administration, the promiscuous ErbB ligand T1E of the T1E28z CAR-expressing autologous CD4-positive T lymphocytes binds to the specific ErbB homo- and heterodimers on tumor cells. This induces selective toxicity in ErbB-expressing tumor cells resulting in tumor cell lysis. ErbB1, ErbB2 and ErbB3, members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, are frequently overexpressed in solid tumors and play key roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`T900607:  A pentafluorophenylsulfonamide compound with potential antineoplastic activity. T900607 inhibits tubulin polymerization by binding irreversibly to colchicine binding sites, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.  
^`tabalumab:  A human IgG4 monoclonal antibody against B-cell activating factor (BAFF), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Tabalumab binds to and inhibits the activity of both soluble and cell surface-bound BAFF. This may reduce the activity, proliferation and survival of B-cells. A dysregulated expression of BAFF, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of proteins, is often seen in certain autoimmune diseases and certain cancers, and may promote B lymphocyte activation, proliferation and survival.  
^`Tabloid:  (Other name for~ thioguanine) 
^`TAC regimen:  An combination chemotherapy regimen consisting of docetaxel (Taxotere), doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide used in the adjuvant setting for the treatment of breast cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`tacedinaline:  An orally bioavailable substituted benzamide derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Tacedinaline inhibits histone deacetylation, which may result in histone hyperacetylation, followed by the induction of differentiation, the inhibition of cell proliferation, and apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations.  
^`TachoSil:  (Other name for~ absorbable fibrin sealant patch) 
^`tacrolimus:  A macrolide isolated from the fungus Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Tacrolimus binds to the FKBP-12 protein and forms a complex with calcium-dependent proteins, thereby inhibiting calcineurin phosphatase activity and resulting in decreased cytokine production. This agent exhibits potent immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. Tacrolimus possesses similar immunosuppressive properties to cyclosporine, but is more potent.  
^`tadalafil:  A carboline-based compound with vasodilatory activity. Tadalafil selectively inhibits the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific type 5 phosphodiesterase- (PDE-5)-mediated degradation of cGMP, which is found in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis. Inhibition of cGMP degradation by tadalafil results in prolonged muscle relaxation, vasodilation, and blood engorgement of the corpus cavernosa, and, so, prolonged penile erection.  
^`tafamidis meglumine:  A soft gelatin capsule formulation containing the meglumine salt form of tafamidis, a small molecule and pharmacological chaperone with potential disease-modifying activity. Tafamidis binds to and stabilizes wild-type and variant (V122I) transthyretin (TTR), thereby preventing tetramer dissociation into monomers; this prevents misfolding of the TTR protein and inhibits the formation of TTR amyloid fibrils and the subsequent deposition of these insoluble protein clusters in peripheral nerve tissues and organs. TTR is a 127 amino acid transport protein for thyroxine and retinol and is secreted by the liver.  
^`Tafinlar:  (Other name for~ dabrafenib) 
^`Tagamet:  (Other name for~ cimetidine) 
^`Tagrisso:  (Other name for~ osimertinib) 
^`talabostat mesylate:  The orally bioavailable mesylate salt of an amino boronic dipeptide with antineoplastic and hematopoiesis- stimulating activities. By cleaving N-terminal Xaa-Pro or Xaa-Ala residues, talabostat inhibits dipeptidyl peptidases, such as fibroblast activation protein (FAP), resulting in the stimulation of cytokine and chemokine production and specific T-cell immunity and T-cell- dependent activity. This agent may also stimulate the production of colony stimulating factors, such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), resulting in the stimulation of hematopoiesis. Dipeptidyl peptidases are involved in the activation of polypeptide hormones and chemokines.  
^`talactoferrin:  An orally bioavailable recombinant human lactoferrin produced in the fungus Aspergillus niger with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon oral administration, talactoferrin is transported into small intestinal Peyer's patches of the gut-associated lymphoreticular tissues (GALT), where it recruits circulating immature dendritic cells (DCs) bearing tumor antigens and induces their maturation. In the GALT, DC maturation in the presence of tumor antigens and lymphoid effector cells may induce systemic innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by anti-tumor natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and natural killer T (NKT) cells; activation of tumor-draining lymph nodes, cellular infiltration of distant tumors, and tumor-cell death may follow. Raising the initial immune response in the GALT, distant from the primary tumor, may counter local tumor-mediated immunosuppression.  
^`taladegib:  An orally bioavailable small molecule antagonist of the Hedgehog (Hh)-ligand cell surface receptor smoothened (Smo) with potential antineoplastic activity. Taladegib inhibits signaling that is mediated by the Hh pathway protein Smo, which may result in a suppression of the Hh signaling pathway and may lead to the inhibition of the proliferation of tumor cells in which this pathway is abnormally activated. The Hh signaling pathway plays an important role in cellular growth, differentiation and repair; constitutive activation of this pathway is associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation and has been observed in a variety of cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`talampanel:  A synthetic derivative of dioxolo-benzodiazepine with anti-seizure activity. Talampanel noncompetitively binds to the AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) subtype of glutamate excitatory amino acid receptors and may inhibit the growth of gliomas by interfering with neurotransmitters involved in brain tumor growth. This agent may also protect against traumatic brain injury.  
^`talaporfin sodium:  An agent consisting of chlorin e6, derived from chlorophyll, and L-aspartic acid with photosensitizing activity. After intratumoral activation by light emitting diodes, taporfin sodium forms an extended high energy conformational state that generates singlet oxygen, resulting in free radical-mediated cell death.  
^`talazoparib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) with potential antineoplastic activity. Talazoparib selectively binds to PARP and prevents PARP-mediated DNA repair of single strand DNA breaks via the base-excision repair pathway. This enhances the accumulation of DNA strand breaks, promotes genomic instability and eventually leads to apoptosis. PARP catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins that signal and recruit other proteins to repair damaged DNA and is activated by single-strand DNA breaks.  
^`talc:  Finely-powdered native hydrous magnesium silicate. When administered into the pleural space, talc initiates an inflammatory reaction, resulting in adhesion of the visceral pleura to the parietal pleura and fibrosis, thereby effectively closing the pleural space and preventing further accumulation of fluid. This agent exhibits no intrinsic antineoplastic activity.  
^`talimogene laherparepvec:  An ICP34.5, ICP47-deleted, oncolytic herpes simplex type-1 virus (HSV-1) based on the JS1 strain, and encoding the immunostimulating factor human cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral injection, talimogene laherparepvec selectively infects and replicates in tumor cells, thereby inducing tumor cell lysis. In addition, GM-CSF attracts dendritic cells (DCs) and may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells, which results in immune-mediated tumor cell death. Deletion of the gene encoding for ICP34.5 provides tumor selectivity and prevents replication in healthy cells. As ICP47 blocks antigen presentation in HSV-infected cells, deletion of this gene may induce a more potent antitumor immune response in the tumor cells. Additionally, deletion of ICP47 causes increased expression of the HSV US11 gene and allows US11 to be expressed as an immediate early and not a late gene. This further enhances the degree of viral replication and oncolysis of tumor cells.  
^`talmapimod:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor with potential immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. Talmapimod specifically binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, which may result in the induction of tumor cell apoptosis, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. This agent may also enhance proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis. p38 MAPK is a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in a MAPK signaling cascade that controls cellular responses to various environmental stresses, cytokines, and endotoxins.  
^`talotrexin ammonium:  The ammonium salt of an antimetabolite analogue of aminopterin with potential antineoplastic activity. As a folate antagonist, talotrexin binds to and inhibits the function of dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in the inhibition of folate metabolism, DNA synthesis, and cell division. Hydrosoluble, talotrexin is actively transported into cells by the reduced folate carrier (RFC) and, therefore, is unlikely to be associated with P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance.  
^`taltirelin hydrate:  The hydrate of tatirelin, a thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) analogue with potential neuroprotective, analgesic and central nervous system-stimulating (CNS)/analeptic activities. Taltirelin mimics the physiological actions of TRH on the CNS while exerting a minimal effect on the release of thyrotrophin (TSH) from the anterior lobe of the pituitary. Like TRH, the mechanism of action of this agent in the CNS has not been fully elucidated mechanism, but may involve various cerebral monoamine pathways. Compared to TRH, taltirelin has a much longer half-life and duration of effects.  
^`Talvesta:  (Other name for~ talotrexin ammonium) 
^`tamibarotene:  An orally active, synthetic retinoid, developed to overcome all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) resistance, with potential antineoplastic activity. As a specific retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha/beta agonist, tamibarotene is approximately ten times more potent than ATRA in inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis in HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia) cell lines in vitro. Due to a lower affinity for cellular retinoic acid binding protein (CRABP), tamibarotene may show sustained plasma levels compared to ATRA. In addition, this agent may exhibit a lower toxicity profile than ATRA, in part, due to the lack of affinity for the RAR-gamma receptor, the major retinoic acid receptor in the dermal epithelium.  
^`Tamiflu:  (Other name for~ oseltamivir phosphate) 
^`tamoxifen citrate:  The citrate salt of an antineoplastic nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Tamoxifen competitively inhibits the binding of estradiol to estrogen receptors, thereby preventing the receptor from binding to the estrogen-response element on DNA. The result is a reduction in DNA synthesis and cellular response to estrogen. In addition, tamoxifen up-regulates the production of transforming growth factor B (TGFb), a factor that inhibits tumor cell growth, and down-regulates insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a factor that stimulates breast cancer cell growth. Tamoxifen also down-regulates protein kinase C (PKC) expression in a dose-dependant manner, inhibiting signal transduction and producing an antiproliferative effect in tumors such as malignant glioma and other cancers that overexpress PKC.  
^`tamsulosin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of tamsulosin, a sulfonamide derivative with adrenergic antagonist activity. Tamsulosin selectivity binds to and blocks the activity of alpha1 adrenoreceptors in the human prostate and bladder neck; blockade of these adrenoceptors can cause smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck to relax, resulting in an improvement in urinary flow rate.  
^`tandutinib:  A piperazinyl quinazoline receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. Tandutinib inhibits the autophosphorylation of FLT3 (FMS-Like Tyrosine kinase-3), c-KIT and PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) receptor tyrosine kinases, thereby inhibiting cellular proliferation and inducing apoptosis.  
^`tanespimycin:  A benzoquinone antineoplastic antibiotic derived from the antineoplastic antibiotic geldanamycin. Tanespimycin binds to and inhibits the cytosolic chaperone functions of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). HSP90 maintains the stability and functional shape of many oncogenic signaling proteins; the inhibition of HSP90 promotes the proteasomal degradation of oncogenic signaling proteins that may be overexpressed by tumor cells.  
^`tanezumab:  A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against nerve growth factor (NGF), a modulator of nociceptor function, with potential analgesic activity. Tanezumab binds to NGF and prevents NGF binding to its high affinity, membrane-bound, catalytic receptor tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA), which is present on sympathetic and sensory neurons; reduced stimulation of TrkA by NGF inhibits the pain-transmission activities of these neurons. NGF, a neurotrophin, is critical to the growth and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons. In addition, NGF may induce mast cells to release inflammatory proteins and may induce the upregulation of substance P and other pain-related peptides in sympathetic and sensory neurons. Upon neurotrophin binding, TrkA phosphorylates itself and members of the MAPK pathway, mediating the multiple neuronal effects of NGF.  
^`tangerine tomato juice:  Tomato juice derived from the tangerine tomato, with potential antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Tangerine tomato juice contains higher levels of the cis-isomer of lycopene (cis-LYC) compared to the trans-isomer (trans-LYC). Lycopene, a linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, is the major red pigment in certain fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As an antioxidant, lycopene scavenges free radicals, which may both inhibit cellular oxidation and prevent free radical damage to cells. cis-LYC is better absorbed than its trans form.  
^`tanibirumab:  A fully human monoclonal antibody targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), with potential antiangiogenic activity. Upon administration, tanibirumab specifically binds to VEGFR2, thereby preventing the binding of its ligand VEGF. This may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and a decrease in tumor nutrient supply. VEGFR2 is a pro-angiogenic growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by endothelial cells, while VEGF is overexpressed in many tumors and is correlated to tumor progression.  
^`tanomastat:  A biphenyl matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor (MMPI) with potential antineoplastic activity. Tanomastat inhibits MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9, inhibiting extracellular matrix degradation and potentially inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion, and metastasis. MMPs consist of at least 18 zinc-containing endo-proteinases that are capable of degrading collagen and proteoglycan.  
^`tapentadol hydrochloride ER:  An orally active, extended-release preparation of the hydrochloride salt of tapentadol with analgesic activity. Tapentadol is a synthetic, centrally acting analgesic with a dual mechanism of action involving mu-opioid receptor agonism and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. This agent may be effective in the management of pain, cancer-related and other.  
^`Tarabine PFS:  (Other name for~ cytarabine) 
^`Tarceva:  (Other name for~ erlotinib hydrochloride) 
^`tarenflurbil:  An orally active synthetic enantiomer of flurbiprofen. Tarenflurbil activates c-Jun N terminal kinase, increases AP-1 binding to DNA, and downregulates cyclin D1 expression, resulting in arrest of tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and apoptosis. This agent also affects the expression of nuclear factor kappa B, a rapid response transcription factor that stimulates the immune response to tumor cells. Tarenflurbil does not inhibit the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase.  
^`tarextumab:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the Notch receptor with potential antineoplastic activity. Tarextumab binds to Notch on the cell surface, thereby inhibiting Notch-mediated signaling and gene transcription, which may impede tumor angiogenesis. Notch receptors are important for cell-cell communication, which involves gene regulation mechanisms that control multiple cell differentiation processes during embryonic and adult life. Dysregulated Notch signaling is implicated in many diseases including T-ALL (T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia), CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with sub-cortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy), MS (multiple sclerosis), and many other disease states.  
^`Targocid:  (Other name for~ teicoplanin) 
^`Targretin:  (Other name for~ bexarotene) 
^`tariquidar:  An anthranilamide derivative with multidrug resistance properties. Tariquidar non-competitively binds to the p-glycoprotein transporter, thereby inhibiting transmembrane transport of anticancer drugs. Inhibition of transmembrane transport may result in increased intracellular concentrations of an anticancer drug, thereby augmenting its cytotoxicity.  
^`TARP 27-35 peptide vaccine:  A peptide-based cancer vaccine, containing amino acid residues 27 through 35 of T cell receptor gamma alternate reading frame protein (TARP), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, TARP 27-35 peptide vaccine may stimulate a host cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against TARP-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell cytotoxicity. The nuclear protein TARP is commonly expressed on prostate and breast cancer cells and is highly immunogenic.  
^`TARP 29-37-9V peptide vaccine:  A peptide-based cancer vaccine, consisting of amino acid residues 29 through 37 of T cell receptor gamma alternate reading frame protein (TARP) with a leucine-to-valine substitution at position 9, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, TARP 29-37-9V peptide vaccine may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against TARP-expressing tumor cells, which may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation. The leucine-to-valine substitution at position 9 of this peptide improves its immunogenicity. The nuclear protein TARP is commonly expressed on prostate and breast cancer cells and is highly immunogenic.  
^`Tarvacin:  (Other name for~ bavituximab) 
^`TAS-108:  A synthetic, antiestrogenic steroidal compound with potential antitumor activity. TAS-108 binds to and inhibits estrogenic receptor alpha (ERa), mainly expressed in the mammary gland and uterus and upregulated in estrogen-dependent tumors. Blockage of ERa by TAS-108 prevents the binding and effects of estrogen and may lead to an inhibition of estrogen-dependent cancer cell proliferation. TAS-108 also is a partial agonist of the estrogenic receptor beta (ERb), expressed in many tissues including the central nervous system, urogenital tract, bone and cardiovascular system, thereby exerting a positive effect on these tissues. In addition, TAS-108 activates the co-repressor Silencing Mediator for Retinoid and Thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT), a protein that inhibits the activities of the estrogen receptors, which may contribute to the antitumor activity of TAS-108.  
^`taselisib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) alpha isoform (PIK3CA), with potential antineoplastic activity. Taselisib selectively inhibits PIK3CA and its mutant forms in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and growth inhibition in PIK3CA-expressing tumor cells. By specifically targeting class I PI3K alpha, this agent may be more efficacious and less toxic than pan PI3K inhibitors. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is frequently found in solid tumors and causes increased tumor cell growth, survival, and resistance to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. PIK3CA, which encodes the p110-alpha catalytic subunit of the class I PI3K, is mutated in a variety of cancer cell types and plays a key role in cancer cell growth and invasion.  
^`Tasigna:  (Other name for~ nilotinib) 
^`tasisulam sodium:  The sodium salt form of tasisulam, an acyl-sulfonamide compound with potential antiproliferative activity. Tasisulam activates, through an as of yet not fully elucidated mechanism, the intrinsic mitochondrial-mediated cell death pathway as manifested by decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP), cytochrome C release, activation of caspases, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and eventually apoptosis.  
^`tasquinimod:  A quinoline-3-carboxamide linomide analogue with antiangiogenic and potential antineoplastic activities. Tasquinimod has been shown to decrease blood vessel density but the exact mechanism of action is not known. This agent has also been shown to augment the antineoplastic effects of docetaxel and androgen ablation in a murine model of prostate cancer involving human prostate cancer xenografts.  
^`taurolidine:  A synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic with antibacterial, anticoagulant and potential antiangiogenic activities. Taurolidine, derived from the amino acid taurine, binds to and neutralizes bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins, or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Taurolidine binding to LPS prevents bacterial adherence to host epithelial cells, thereby preventing bacterial invasion of uninfected host cells. Although the mechanism underlying its antineoplastic activity has not been fully elucidated, it may be related to this agent's anti-adherence property. In addition, taurolidine also promotes apoptosis by inducing various apoptotic factors and suppresses the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that plays an important role in angiogenesis.  
^`Tavocept:  (Other name for~ dimesna) 
^`Taxol:  (Other name for~ paclitaxel) 
^`taxol analogue SID 530:  An intravenous formulation containing docetaxel, a semi-synthetic, second-generation taxane derived from a compound found in the European yew tree, Taxus baccata, with potential antineoplastic activity. Taxol analogue SID 530 binds to and stabilizes tubulin, inhibiting microtubule disassembly, which results in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death.  
^`Taxoprexin:  (Other name for~ DHA-paclitaxel) 
^`Taxotere:  (Other name for~ docetaxel) 
^`Taxotere injection concentrate:  (Other name for~ docetaxel) 
^`tazarotene:  A synthetic, topical retinoid. Tazarotene induces the expression of tazarotene-induced gene 3 (TIG3), a tumor suppressor gene. In psoriasis, tazarotene normalizes abnormal keratinocyte differentiation and reduces their hyperproliferation.  
^`tazemetostat:  An orally available, small molecule selective and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) competitive inhibitor of histone methyl transferase EZH2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, E7438 selectively inhibits the activity of both wild-type and mutated forms of EZH2. Inhibition of EZH2 specifically prevents the methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27). This decrease in histone methylation alters gene expression patterns associated with cancer pathways and results in decreased tumor cell proliferation in EZH2 mutated cancer cells. EZH2, which belongs to the class of histone methyltransferases (HMTs), is overexpressed or mutated in a variety of cancer cells and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation.  
^`Tazicef:  (Other name for~ ceftazidime sodium) 
^`Tazorac:  (Other name for~ tazarotene) 
^`Tc 99m sestamibi:  Sestamibi is a large synthetic molecule of the isonitrile family, which can be labeled with Tc99m. It passes through cells membranes passively, collecting in cells with large numbers of mitochondria. It is often used for imaging of the thyroid and parathyroid.  
^`Tecentriq:  (Other name for~ atezolizumab) 
^`Tecfidera:  (Other name for~ dimethyl fumarate) 
^`TechneScan MDP:  (Other name for~ technetium Tc 99m methylene diphosphonate) 
^`technetium Tc 94m sestamibi:  A radioconjugate consisting of sestamibi labeled with the positron-emitting isotope Tc 94m. Sestamibi is a synthetic molecule of the isonitrile family that diffuses through cell membranes and may preferentially accumulate within mitochondria. Technetium Tc 94m sestamibi may be used in tumor-imaging studies utilizing positron emission tomography (PET).  
^`technetium Tc 99 hydrazinonicotinamide-tricine-linked interleukin-2:  A radioconjugate composed of the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) conjugated to the bifunctional chelating agent succinimidyl-6-hydrazinopyridine-3-carboxylate (HYNIC-NHS) and co-ligand tricine and labeled with the radioisotope technetium Tc 99m (99mTc-HYNIC-IL2), that can potentially be used as a diagnostic agent to detect tumor inflammation. Upon intravenous administration, IL-2 selectively binds to the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) expressed on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs); upon internalization, the Tc99m moiety can be visualized using radioimaging, which allows the quantification of TILs expressing IL-2R. This agent detects tumor enlargement due to invasion by TILs and not tumor progression.  
^`technetium Tc 99m demobesin-4:  A radioconjugate composed of the synthetic bombesin (BB) analog demobesin-4 bound to the radioisotope technetium Tc 99m with receptor ligand and gamma-emitting radioisotope activities. Upon intravenous administration, demobesin-4 selectively binds to the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) expressed on the surfaces of various tumor cell types; upon internalization, tumor cells expressing GRPRs bound to technetium Tc 99m can then be visualized using scintigraphy. GRPR, a bombesin receptor subtype, is frequently overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells such as prostate and breast cancer cells. Demobesin-4 was developed for technetium Tc 99m imaging of GRPR-expressing tumor cells.  
^`technetium Tc 99m DTPA:  A radiopharmaceutical core of chelating agent DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) complexed with the gamma-emitting radionuclide technetium Tc 99m with radioimaging application. Tc-99m-DTPA has been utilized as a radiotracer, when conjugated to tissue specific molecules, in a wide variety of nuclear imaging studies, including brain, lung, and renal function studies.  
^`technetium Tc 99m ethylenedicysteine-deoxyglucose:  A radiopharmaceutical consisting of ethylenedicysteine-deoxyglucose (EC-DG) labeled with the metastable radioisotope technetium Tc-99 (99mTc). Upon administration, technetium Tc 99m ethylenedicysteine-deoxyglucose accumulates in cells with increased metabolic activity such as proliferating tumor cells; tumor tissue may then be imaged using gamma scintigraphy.  
^`technetium Tc 99m galactosyl human serum albumin:  A colloid formulation of human galactosyl serum albumin (GSA) conjugated to the chelating agent diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and complexed to the gamma-emitting isotope technetium-99m (99mTc-GSA) with potential diagnostic imaging activity. Upon intravenous administration, the galactosyl moiety of 99mTc-GSA binds to asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) located on hepatic cells. Upon SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) imaging, liver function can be assessed. The expression of ASGPR, which are solely found on the plasma membrane of mammalian hepatocytes, is associated with hepatic function.  
^`technetium Tc 99m glycopeptide: A technetium Tc 99m radiopharmaceutical of a glutamate-rich peptide (GP) conjugated, via carbodiimide linker, to the heparin-like polysaccharide chitosan (CH) in a 1: 1 ratio, with potential tumor targeting property. Upon administration, 99m Tc-glycopeptide targets and is taken up by glutamate-specific transporters on tumor cells. Upon internalization, the Tc99m moiety can be visualized upon scanning. GP may potentially be used as a drug carrier for antineoplastic drug delivery to tumor cells.  
^`technetium Tc 99m human serum albumin colloid:  A colloid formulation of human serum albumin (HSA) labeled with Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) with diagnostic imaging properties. This HSA radioconjugate contains the gamma-emitting Tc99m, a metastable nuclide of molybdenum-99. A potential advantage of the Tc-99m-HSA suspension is its smaller colloid particle size as compared to formulations containing either sulfur or tin, thereby allowing for enhanced imaging of the lymphatic draining pattern during lymphoscintigraphic or sentinel lymph node mapping procedures.  
^`technetium Tc 99m hydroxydiphosphonate:  A radioconjugate containing hydroxydiphosphonate (HDP) labeled with the metastable radioisotope technetium Tc (99mTc), with radioimaging activity. Upon intravenous administration, skeletal uptake of technetium Tc-99m HDP occurs as a function of skeletal blood flow and osteogenic activity. HDP has a specific affinity for hydroxyapatite crystals in bone where abnormal accumulation of increased osteoid mineralization has occurred. Labeling of HDP with 99mTc allows gamma scintigraphic imaging of areas of abnormal osteogenesis associated with malignant bone lesions.  
^`technetium Tc 99m mebrofenin:  A radioconjugate composed of the iminodiacetic acid derivative mebrofenin bound to an isotope of the synthetic element technetium (Tc). Upon administration and rapid clearance form the circulation, technetium Tc 99m mebrofenin is secreted into the hepatobiliary system, emitting gamma rays that are detectable with planar scintigraphy or single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). Mebrofenin has no pharmacological effect at the recommended dosage for diagnostic imagining.  
^`technetium Tc 99m methylene diphosphonate:  A radiopharmaceutical containing methylene diphosphonate (medronate; MDP) complexed with the gamma-emitting radionuclide technetium Tc 99m with radioisotopic activity and hydroxyapatite affinity. Upon intravenous administration, skeletal uptake of technetium Tc 99m methylene diphosphonate occurs as a function of skeletal blood flow and osteogenic activity. The MDP moiety of this agent has affinity for hydroxyapatite crystals in bone with abnormal accumulation at sites with increased osteoid mineralization; labeling of MDP with Tc 99m allows scinitgraphic imaging of areas of abnormal osteogenesis associated with malignant bone lesions.  
^`technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid:  A gamma-emitting colloid used in scintillation scanning of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). After intravenous administration, technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid is phagocytized by the reticuloendothelial system and concentrated in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; detection/localization of phagocytized gamma ray-emitting colloid is performed with a gamma-ray scintillation camera. Scintillation scanning using technetium Tc 99m colloid sulfur helps determine the distribution and function of the RES and the extent to which tumor involves the RES. The RES includes cells types that can phagocytize and sequester inert particles and vital dyes; RES cell types include macrophages or macrophage precursors, specialized endothelial cells lining the sinusoids of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, and reticular cells of lymphatic tissue and of bone marrow.  
^`technetium Tc 99m-3PRGD2:  A radiopharmaceutical agent comprised of a pegylated arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) dimer (PRGD2) labeled with technetium Tc 99m, with potential alphaVbeta3 integrin imaging activity when used with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). After intravenous administration of technetium Tc 99m-3PRGD2, the RGD moiety binds to alphaVbeta3 integrin on the cell membrane via the cyclic RGD motif. Upon PET imaging, alphaVbeta3 integrin-expressing tumor cells can be visualized and expression levels can be quantified. Compared to other radiolabeled RGD-containing peptides, this agent shows an increased affinity for alphaVbeta3 integrin, enhanced tumor uptake as well as improved pharmacokinetics. AlphaVbeta3 integrin, a member of the integrin receptor family, is overexpressed on certain tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells while minimally or not expressed on healthy, normal cells; this receptor plays a key role in angiogenesis, tumor proliferation and survival.  
^`technetium Tc 99m-labeled albumin microspheres:  An injectable radiopharmaceutical formulation containing human serum albumin (HSA) microspheres labeled with technetium-99m (Tc-99m) with diagnostic imaging activity. Technetium Tc 99m-labeled albumin microspheres contain the gamma-emitting Tc99m, a metastable nuclide of molybdenum-99. Upon injection into the hepatic artery, the radionuclide portion allows for SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) imaging of distribution patterns of the albumin microspheres. This may possibly predict the distribution of other agents with similar particle sizes within the liver and may give a prediction of the tumor response upon administration of such agents.  
^`technetium Tc 99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin:  An injectable radiopharmaceutical formulation containing human serum albumin (HSA) labeled with technetium-99m (Tc99m) in macroaggregates (MAA) with diagnostic imaging activity. Technetium Tc 99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin contains the gamma-emitting Tc99m, a metastable nuclide of molybdenum-99. Upon injection into the hepatic artery and upon SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) imaging, distribution patterns and possible prediction of expected distribution of agents with similar particle sizes within the liver can be assessed and may give a prediction about the tumor response upon administration of such agents.  
^`technetium Tc 99m-labeled tilmanocept:  A radiolabeled macromolecule consisting of the chelating agent diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and mannose each attached to a dextran backbone and labeled with metastable technetiumTc-99 (Tc-99m), with mannose binding and radioisotopic activities. Upon injection, the mannose moiety of technetium Tc 99m-labeled tilmanocept binds to mannose-binding protein (MBP). As MBPs reside on the surface of dendritic cells and macrophages, this gamma-emitting macromolecule tends to accumulate in lymphatic tissue where it may be imaged using gamma scintigraphy. This agent exhibits rapid clearance from the injection site, rapid uptake and high retention within the first draining lymph node, and low uptake by the remaining lymph nodes. MBP is a C-type lectin that binds mannose or fucose carbohydrate residues, such as those found on the surfaces of many pathiogens, and once bound activates the complement system.  
^`technetium Tc 99m-NC100692:  A synthetic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing cyclic peptide radiolabeled with technetium Tc 99m with integrin-binding and radioisotopic activities. Upon administration, technetium Tc 99m-NC100692 binds to alpha5beta3 integrin and to a lesser extent alpha5beta5; subsequently, alpha5beta3-expressing tumor cells can be visualized using scintigraphy and the degree of tumor angiogenesis can be determined. Integrins, membrane-spanning protein receptors, may be upregulated on proliferating endothelial cells; their overexpression has been associated with neovascularization, differentiation, proliferation of tumor cells and poor prognosis.  
^`technetium TC-99m:  One of the radioactive isotopes of technetium, a gamma/beta-emitter with a half life of 6 hours.  
^`technetium Tc-99m-labeled rhenium sulfide nanocolloid:  A colloid formulation of rhenium sulfide that is labeled with the gamma-emitting epitope technetium Tc 99m (Tc-99m) with diagnostic imaging activity. Upon administration, the 99mTc-colloidal rhenium sulfide is taken up by the lymph nodes. This allows imaging of the lymphatic drainage pattern during sentinel lymph node mapping, also known as lymphoscintigraphy.  
^`tecogalan sodium:  A sulfated polysaccharide isolated from various Arthrobacter bacterial species. Possessing potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic properties, tecogalan binds to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thereby preventing bFGF from binding to its receptors. Disruption of this receptor binding results in the inhibition of bFGF-stimulated endothelial cell growth, proliferation, and migration.  
^`Tectin:  (Other name for~ tetrodotoxin) 
^`tegafur:  A congener of the antimetabolite fluorouracil with antineoplastic activity. Tegafur is a prodrug that is gradually converted to fluorouracil in the liver by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Subsequently, 5-FU is metabolized to two active metabolites, 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) and 5-fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP) by both tumor cells and normal cells. FdUMP inhibits DNA synthesis and cell division by inhibiting thymidylate synthase and reducing normal thymidine production, while FUTP inhibits RNA and protein synthesis by competing with uridine triphosphate.  
^`tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil potassium: An orally bioavailable fluoropyrimidine antagonist composed of tegafur combined with two modulators of 5-flurouracil (5-FU) activity, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine (CDHP) and potassium oxonate, in a molar ratio of 1:0.4: 1. Tegafur is a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil, an antimetabolite that inhibits thymidylate synthase, DNA synthesis and cell division, and competes with uridine triphosphate, thus inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis. CDHP is a reversible inhibitor of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the liver enzyme responsible for rapid catabolism of 5-FU into inactive metabolites. Potassium oxonate preferentially localizes in the gut and inhibits the enzyme orotate phosphoribosyl-transferase (OPRT), thereby decreasing activation of 5-FU in the gut and activated 5-FU-related gastrointestinal toxicity.  
^`tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil potassium-leucovorin calcium oral formulation:  An orally bioavailable granular formulation composed of the fluoropyrimidine antagonist tegafur combined with two modulators of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) activity, gimeracil and oteracil potassium, and the folic acid derivative leucovorin calcium, with potential antineoplastic activity. Tegafur is a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an antimetabolite that is further metabolized to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) and 5-fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP). FdUMP inhibits thymidylate synthase, DNA synthesis and cell division; FUTP competes with uridine triphosphate (UTP), thus inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis. Gimeracil is a reversible inhibitor of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the liver enzyme responsible for rapid catabolism of 5-FU into inactive metabolites. Oteracil potassium preferentially localizes in the gut and inhibits the enzyme orotate phosphoribosyl-transferase (OPRT), which converts tegafur to 5-FU. This decreases the amount of 5-FU in the gut and prevents activated 5-FU-related gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Leucovorin calcium, an active metabolite of folic acid, counteracts the toxic effects of 5-FU, thereby 'rescuing' the patient while permitting the antitumor activity of 5-FU.  
^`tegafur-uracil: A formulated therapeutic oral agent consisting of a combination of the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) congener prodrug tegafur (tetrahydrofuranyl-5-fluorouracil) and uracil (1: 4). The high concentration of uracil reversibly inhibits the uracil-reducing enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thereby inhibiting first-pass DPD-mediated hepatic metabolism of the uracil analogue 5-FU and permitting administration of 5-FU as the orally bioavailable prodrug tegafur. Tegafur is bioactivated to 5-FU by liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes. 5-FU is subsequently converted into its active metabolites 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine-monophosphate (FdUMP) and 5-fluorouridine-triphosphate (FUTP) intracellularly; these metabolites inhibit the enzyme thymidylate synthase and intercalate into RNA, resulting in decreased thymidine synthesis, reduced DNA synthesis, disrupted RNA function, and tumor cell cytotoxicity.  
^`teglarinad chloride:  A water-soluble prodrug of a cyanoguanidine compound with potential antineoplastic activity. In vivo, teglarinad chloride is rapidly converted into active drug through hydrolytic cleavage of a carbonate ester bond. Although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, the active drug appears to antagonize nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) transcription, resulting in the induction of tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`Tegretol:  (Other name for~ carbamazepine) 
^`teicoplanin:  A glycopeptide antibiotic complex isolated from the bacterium Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. Teicoplanin inhibits peptidoglycan polymerization, resulting in inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis and cell death.  
^`telaprevir:  An orally available peptidomimetic small molecule with activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV). Telaprivir is a selective protease inhibitor that targets the viral HCV NS3-4A serine protease and disrupts processing of viral proteins and formation of a viral replication complex.  
^`telapristone acetate:  The acetate form of the 21-substituted-19-nor-progestin telapristone, an orally available selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM), with potential anti-progesterone and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, telapristone competitively binds to the progesterone receptor (PR) in progesterone-responsive tissue and inhibits PR-mediated gene expression. This interferes with progesterone activity in the reproductive system. As a result, this agent may suppress ovulation and inhibit proliferation of endometrial tissue. Also, this agent may prevent cell growth and induce apoptosis in estrogen receptor (ER) and PR-positive breast cancer cells through a reduction in progesterone levels, ER downregulation and a suppression of the expression of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 2 and 4, ultimately leading to G1/S cell cycle arrest. Unlike some other SPRMs, this agent does not exert any estrogenic, androgenic, anti-estrogenic, and anti-androgenic activities.  
^`telatinib mesylate:  The orally bioavailable mesylate salt of the 17-allylaminogeldanamycin (17-AAG) small-molecule inhibitor of several receptor protein tyrosine kinases with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Telatinib binds to and inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) type 2 and 3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRb) and c-Kit, which may result in the inhibition of angiogenesis and cellular proliferation in tumors in which these receptors are upregulated. These telatinib-inhibited receptor protein tyrosine kinases are overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types and may play key roles in tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. 17-AAG is a synthetic analogue of the benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic geldanamycin and has also been found to inhibit the molecular chaperone Hsp90.  
^`telavancin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of telavancin, a lipoglycopeptide and a semisynthetic derivative of vancomycin with antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria. Like vancomycin, telavancin binds tightly to the D-alanyl-D-alanine residue of cell wall precursors, thereby interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. In addition, the lipophilic moiety of telavancin may interact with the lipid bilayer in the bacterial cell membrane, thereby compromising the integrity of cell membrane and causing cell membrane depolarization. This novel mechanism of action may contribute to telavancin's rapid bactericidal activity and its improved activity over vancomycin against some antibiotic resistance gram-positive bacteria.  
^`telbivudine:  A synthetic thymidine nucleoside analogue with antiviral activity highly specific for the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Intracellularly, telbivudine is phosphorylated to its active metabolite, telbivudine triphosphate. The dideoxy telbivudine triphosphate competes with thymidine for incorporation into viral DNA, thereby causing DNA chain termination and inhibiting the function of HBV DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). This results in the blockade of HBV DNA replication and viral propagation.  
^`TELCYTA:  (Other name for~ canfosfamide hydrochloride) 
^`Telintra:  (Other name for~ ezatiostat hydrochloride) 
^`Telomelysin:  (Other name for~ telomerase-specific type 5 adenovirus OBP-301) 
^`telomerase peptide vaccine GV1001: A synthetic peptide vaccine containing a 16-amino-acid human telomerase reverse transcriptase peptide(hTERT:  611-626) with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with telomerase peptide vaccine GV1001, which binds multiple HLA class II molecules and harbors putative HLA class I epitopes, may activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against telomerase-expressing tumor cells. Telomerase, a reverse transcriptase normally repressed in healthy cells, is overexpressed in most tumor cell types and plays a key role in cellular proliferation.  
^`telomerase: 540-548 peptide vaccine: A recombinant peptide consisting of the amino acid residues 540 to 548 of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Telomerase expression has been directly linked to tumor development; its catalytic subunit is expressed in the majority of human cancer cells, but infrequently in normal cells. Vaccination with telomerase: 540-548 peptide may stimulate cytotoxic T cells to recognize and kill telomerase-expressing cells.  
^`telomerase-specific type 5 adenovirus OBP-301:  A replication-competent oncolytic, telomerase-specific adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5), with potential antineoplastic activity. OBP-301 contains the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene promoter sequence that drives the expression of the E1A and E1B genes, and is linked to an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). Upon administration, OBP-301 selectively infects and replicates in cancer cells that are expressing telomerase, which causes cell lysis. This adenovirus does not infect or replicate in normal, healthy cells. OBP-301 may also potentially be used as a chemosensitizer. hTERT, which encodes for the catalytic protein subunit of telomerase, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types but not in normal, healthy cells. The insertion of an IRES further improves selectivity towards telomerase-expressing cancer cells.  
^`telotristat etiprate:  An orally bioavailable, small-molecule, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) inhibitor prodrug, with potential antiserotonergic activity. Upon administration, telotristat etiprate is converted to its active moiety, telotristat (LP-778902), which binds to and blocks the activity of TPH. This may result in a reduction in peripheral serotonin (5-HT) production and improvement of serotonin-mediated gastrointestinal effects such as severe diarrhea. TPH, the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis, is overexpressed in carcinoid tumor cells.  
^`teloxantrone hydrochoride:  The hydrochloride salt of an anthrapyrazole antineoplastic antibiotic. Teloxantrone intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair, as well as RNA and protein synthesis.  
^`Temodar:  (Other name for~ temozolomide) 
^`temoporfin:  A synthetic light-activated chlorin with photodynamic activity. Upon systemic administration, temoporfin distributes throughout the body and is taken up by tumor cells. Upon stimulation of temoporfin by non-thermal laser light (at 652 nm), and in the presence of oxygen, this agent produces highly reactive short-lived singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen radicals, resulting in local damage to tumor cells. This may kill tumor cells and may reduce the tumor size.  
^`temozolomide:  A triazene analog of dacarbazine with antineoplastic activity. As a cytotoxic alkylating agent, temozolomide is converted at physiologic pH to the short-lived active compound, monomethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide (MTIC). The cytotoxicity of MTIC is due primarily to methylation of DNA at the O6 and N7 positions of guanine, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication. Unlike dacarbazine, which is metabolized to MITC only in the liver, temozolomide is metabolized to MITC at all sites. Temozolomide is administered orally and penetrates well into the central nervous system.  
^`Tempol:  (Other name for~ topical piperidine nitroxide MTS-01) 
^`Tempostatin:  (Other name for~ halofuginone hydrobromide) 
^`temsirolimus:  An ester analog of rapamycin. Temsirolimus binds to and inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), resulting in decreased expression of mRNAs necessary for cell cycle progression and arresting cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase which plays a role in the PI3K/AKT pathway that is upregulated in some tumors.  
^`tenifatecan:  A lipophilic preparation of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) with potential antineoplastic activity. Tenifatecan is an oil-in-water emulsion of tocopherol covalently linked, via a succinate linker, to SN-38, an active metabolite of the camptothecin derivative irinotecan. After the succinate linker is hydrolyzed in vivo, the active moiety SN-38 is released and selectively stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes, thereby inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-stranded DNA breaks and inducing lethal double-stranded DNA breaks; DNA replication is inhibited and apoptosis is triggered. This agent may provide greater delivery and exposure of SN-38 to the tumor than can be achieved with irinotecan.  
^`teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with antineoplastic activity. Teniposide forms a ternary complex with the enzyme topoisomerase II and DNA, resulting in dose-dependent single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA, DNA:  protein cross-links, inhibition of DNA strand religation, and cytotoxicity. This agent acts in the late S or early G phase of the cell cycle.  
^`tenofovir:  A synthetic antiviral acyclic nucleotide analogue of adenosine 5-monophosphate. Tenofovir is incorporated into human immunodeficiency viral DNA instead of the natural substrate deoxyadenosine 5-triphosphate, thereby inhibiting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, and resulting in DNA chain termination and impairment of viral replication and propagation. This agent prevents HIV from reproducing in uninfected cells only. Tenofovir exhibits activity against the hepatitis B virus (HBV).  
^`tenofovir disoproxil fumarate:  A pro-drug, fumaric acid salt form of tenofovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor analog of adenosine. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is prescribed to treat HIV and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) in adults.  
^`teprotumumab:  A recombinant, fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) with potential antineoplastic activity. Teprotumumab binds to membrane-bound IGF-1R, preventing the binding of the natural ligand IGF-1 and the activation of PI3K/AKT signal transduction; downregulation of the PI3K/AKT survival pathway may result in the induction of apoptosis and decreased cellular proliferation. The activation of IGF-1R, a receptor tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor superfamily, stimulates cell proliferation, enables oncogenic transformation, and suppresses apoptosis; IGF-1R signaling has been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis.  
^`terameprocol:  A synthetic tetra-methylated derivative of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and transcriptional inhibitor with potential antiviral, antiangiogenic, and antineoplastic activities. Terameprocol competes with the transcription factor Sp1 for specific Sp1 DNA binding domains within gene promoter regions during DNA synthesis. In virally-infected cells, blocking of the Sp1 binding site suppresses Sp1-regulated viral promoter activity and gene expression, thereby inhibiting viral transcription and replication. In tumor cells, blockage of Sp1 binding sites by this agent interferes with the transcription of the Sp1-dependant genes cyclin-dependant kinase (Cdc2), survivin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are overexpressed in a variety of cancers. By suppressing Sp1-regulated transcription of these genes, terameprocol may reduce tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation and induce tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`terephthalamidine:  A derivative of the phthalanilide compounds. Terephthalamidine belongs to a family of compounds which appear to reversibly bind to the minor groove of the DNA double helix but not intercalate DNA. This agent also has been suggested to form ionic complexes with many biological components in vitro, including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids.  
^`teroxirone:  A triazene triepoxide with antineoplastic activity. Teroxine alkylates and cross-links DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication.  
^`tesetaxel:  A semi-synthetic, orally bioavailable taxane derivative with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic properties. Tesetaxel binds to and stabilizes tubulin, promoting microtubule assembly and thereby preventing microtubule depolymerization. This may lead to cell cycle arrest and an inhibition of cell proliferation. This agent may also inhibit pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). As it represents poor substrate for P-glycoprotein-related drug resistance mechanisms, this agent may be useful for treating multi-drug resistant tumors.  
^`tesevatinib:  An orally bioavailable small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Tesevatinib binds to and inhibits several tyrosine receptor kinases that play major roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; ERBB1), epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; ERBB2), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and ephrin B4 (EphB4). This may result in the inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis, and tumor regression.  
^`Teslac:  (Other name for~ testolactone) 
^`Testoderm:  (Other name for~ therapeutic testosterone) 
^`testolactone:  A progesterone derivative with antineoplastic activity. Testolactone inhibits steroid aromatase, thereby preventing the formation of estrogen from adrenal androstenedione and reducing endogenous estrogen levels.  
^`Testolin:  (Other name for~ therapeutic testosterone) 
^`testosterone cypionate:  An eight-carbon ester form of testosterone. The number of ester carbon atoms correlate with the half-life of the prodrug. Testosterone inhibits gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary gland and ablates estrogen production in the ovaries, thereby decreasing endogenous estrogen levels. In addition, this agent promotes the maintenance of male sex characteristics and is indicated for testosterone replacement in hypogonadal males.  
^`testosterone gel:  A topical gel preparation of synthetic testosterone. In vivo, testosterone is irreversibly converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in target tissues by the enzyme 5-alpha reductase. Testosterone or DHT ligand-androgen receptor complexes act as transcription factor complexes, stimulating the expression of various responsive genes, resulting in an increase in protein anabolism, a decrease in amino acid catabolism, and retention of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus; DHT binds with higher affinity to nuclear androgen receptors than testosterone. In addition, testosterone is irreversibly converted to estradiol by the enzyme complex aromatase, particularly in the liver and adipose tissue. Testosterone and DHT promote the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics related to the internal and external genitalia, skeletal muscle, and hair follicles; estradiol promotes epiphyseal maturation and bone mineralization.  
^`testosterone undecanoate:  The undecanoate ester form of the androgen testosterone, with gonadotropin-secretory inhibiting and hormone replacement activity. As testosterone inhibits the secretion of gonadotropins from the pituitary gland, administration of testosterone decreases the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH). By inhibiting LH secretion, the growth of Leydig cells, which are normally stimulated by LH to produce testosterone, may be suppressed. In addition, this agent promotes the maintenance of male sex characteristics and can be used for testosterone replacement in hypogonadal males.  
^`testosterone vaginal cream:  A topical cream containing a synthetic form of the endogenous androgenic steroid testosterone. Upon vaginal application, testosterone is irreversibly converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in target tissues by the enzyme 5-alpha reductase. Testosterone or DHT ligand-androgen receptor complexes act as transcription factor complexes, stimulating the expression of various responsive genes. DHT binds with higher affinity to androgen receptors than testosterone, activating gene expression more efficiently. In addition, testosterone is irreversibly converted to estradiol by the enzyme complex aromatase, particularly in the liver and adipose tissue. Topical application of testosterone may improve symptoms of vaginal dryness.  
^`Testostroval:  (Other name for~ therapeutic testosterone) 
^`Testostroval-PA:  (Other name for~ therapeutic testosterone) 
^`Testro AQ:  (Other name for~ therapeutic testosterone) 
^`tetanus peptide melanoma vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of peptides derived from melanoma-associated antigens and a modified T-cell epitope derived from tetanus toxoid. Vaccination with this agent may stimulate a host cytotoxic and helper T-cell response against tumor cells expressing melanoma-associated antigens, resulting in decreased tumor growth.  
^`tetanus toxoid:  A solution of formaldehyde-deactivated toxin isolated from the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Tetanus toxoid stimulates the production of antitoxin antibodies. This agent may be used as an adjuvant in cancer vaccines.  
^`tetanus toxoid helper peptide:  Obtained by genetic engineering from the bacterial Clostridium tetani toxoid, tetanus toxoid helper peptide QYIKANSKFIGITEL (amino acids 830-844) binds to class II MHC molecules as a nonspecific vaccine helper epitope (adjuvant) and induces an increased (and long term) immune response by increasing the helper T-cell response.  
^`tetanus-CMV fusion peptide vaccine:  A vaccine containing an inactivated epitope of tetanus toxin fused to a cytomegalovirus (CMV) peptide epitope, with potential anti-viral and immunomodulating activities. Upon administration, tetanus-CMV fusion peptide may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CMV in the CMV-infected host. Tetanus toxin contains universal T cell helper epitopes.  
^`tetracycline antibiotic:  Any of a group of broad spectrum naphthacene antibiotics isolated from various species of Streptomyces or produced semisynthetically. In bacteria, tetracycline antibiotics block binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis.  
^`tetracycline hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of tetracycline, a broad-spectrum naphthacene antibiotic produced semisynthetically from chlortetracycline, an antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces aureofaciens. In bacteria, tetracycline blocks binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and bacterial cell growth. Because naturally fluorescing tetracycline binds to newly formed bone at the bone/osteoid interface, tetracycline-labeling of bone and fluorescence microscopy may be used to perform bone histomorphometry.  
^`tetradecanoylphorbol acetate:  A phorbol ester with potential antineoplastic effects. Tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) induces maturation and differentiation of hematopoietic cell lines, including leukemic cells. This agent may induce gene expression and protein kinase C (PKC) activity. In addition to potential antineoplastic effects, TPA may exhibit tumor promoting activity.  
^`tetrahydrouridine:  A synthetic pyrimidine nucleoside analogue with biomodulating activity. Tetrahydrouridine increases the efficacy of the radiosensitizer cytochlor (5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine) by inhibiting the enzyme deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP) deaminase and preventing the premature deamination of the cytochlor metabolite 5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine monophosphate (CldCMP) to 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate (CldUMP); in turn, this increases tumor concentrations of CldUMP which is then further anabolized and incorporated selectively into tumor DNA as CldU (5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine).  
^`tetraphenyl chlorin disulfonate:  A meso-tetraphenylchlorin substituted by two adjacent sulfonated groups with potential photosensitizing activity. Upon administration, tetraphenyl chlorin disulfonate incorporates into the cell’s endosome and lysosome membranes. Subsequently, cytotoxic agents are administered and accumulate in endosomal and lysosomal compartments; upon local activation by light, tetraphenyl chlorin disulfonate produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen, damaging endo/lysosomal membranes and accumulated cytotoxic agents are released into the tumor cell cytosol. This photochemical internalization (PCI) method can enhance the efficacy and selectivity of cytotoxic agents.  
^`tetravalent RNA-lipoplex cancer vaccine:  A RNA-lipoplex (RNA-LP)-based cancer vaccine containing four naked ribonucleic acid (RNA)-drug products (DPs) RBL001.1, RBL002.2, RBL003.1, and RBL004.1 encoding melanoma-associated antigens (MAAs) encapsulated in liposomes, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of the tetravalent RNA-lipoplex cancer vaccine, the liposomes protect the RNA from degradation in the bloodstream, travel to the spleen and are taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APCs); RNA is translocated to the cytoplasm and translated into the four tumor-associated proteins. The expressed proteins are processed and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-peptide complexes are presented to the immune system. This induces antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses against the four selected MAAs.  
^`tetrodotoxin:  A neurotoxin with potential analgesic activity. Tetrodotoxin binds to the pores of fast voltage-gated fast sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, inhibiting nerve action potentials and blocking nerve transmission. Although found in various species of fish (such as the pufferfish), newts, frogs, flatworms, and crabs, tetrodotoxin, for which there is no known antidote, is actually produced by bacteria such as Vibrio alginolyticus, Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis, and other vibrio and pseudomonas bacterial species.  
^`tezacitabine:  A synthetic purine nucleoside analogue with potential antineoplastic activity. Phosphorylated by cellular kinases, tezacitabine is converted into its active diphosphate and triphosphate metabolites. Tezacitabine diphosphate binds to and irreversibly inhibits the activity of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which may result in the inhibition of DNA synthesis in tumor cells and tumor cell apoptosis. Tezacitabine triphosphate acts as a substrate for DNA polymerase, further compromising DNA replication. This agent is relatively resistant to metabolic deactivation by cytidine deaminase. RNR catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates to deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates necessary for DNA synthesis and is overexpressed in many tumor types.  
^`TGFa-PE38 immunotoxin:  A recombinant, chimeric toxin composed of human transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) fused to a fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE38) without its cell-binding domain. The TGF-alpha moiety of the agent attaches to tumor cells expressing the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR); the exotoxin induces caspase-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage; it also catalyzes the transfer of ADP ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to elongation factor-2 in eukaryotic cells, thereby inactivating elongation factor 2 and inhibiting protein synthesis.  
^`TGFbDNRII-transduced autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes:  A preparation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) that are transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a gene for a dominant-negative form of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) receptor, TGFbDNRII, with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, the TGFbDNRII-transduced autologous TILs recognize and kill tumor cells. The expression of TGFbDNRII allows for the TILs to be resistant to TGF-b-mediated inhibition of T cell proliferation and activation, which allows optimal TIL activity. The immunosuppressant TGF-b is produced by tumor cells and plays a key role in the repression of the immune system.  
^`TGF-beta-resistant LMP-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes:  A preparation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-resistant cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) reactive to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LMP 1 and 2) with potential antineoplastic activity. T lymphocytes are transduced with a retroviral vector expressing the dominant-negative mutant type II TGF-beta receptor, which blocks signaling by all three TGF-beta isoforms. These TGF-beta-resistant T-lymphocytes are exposed ex-vivo to dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with a replication-deficient adenovirus encoding EBV LMP; subsequent exposure to LMP1- or LMP2-expressing lymphoblastoid cell lines is used to expand the CTL. Administered to patients with EBV-positive tumors, TGF-beta-resistant LMP-specific CTL target LMP-positive cells, which may result in a specific CTL response, followed by cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Tumor-expressed TGF-beta inhibits T lymphocyte activation and expansion.  
^`thalicarpine:  A natural aporphine benzylisoquinoline vinca alkaloid with antineoplastic activity. Thalicarpine binds to and inhibits p-glycoprotein, the multidrug resistance efflux pump. Thalicarpine also induces single-strand breaks in DNA and arrests cancer cells at the G2/M and G1 phase of the cell cycle.  
^`thalidomide:  A synthetic derivative of glutamic acid (alpha-phthalimido-glutarimide) with teratogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. Thalidomide acts primarily by inhibiting both the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in stimulated peripheral monocytes and the activities of interleukins and interferons. This agent also inhibits polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and monocyte phagocytosis. In addition, thalidomide inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thereby inhibiting angiogenesis.  
^`Thalomid:  (Other name for~ thalidomide) 
^`Theo-24:  (Other name for~ theophylline) 
^`Theobid Duracap:  (Other name for~ theophylline) 
^`Theochron:  (Other name for~ theophylline) 
^`theophylline:  A natural alkaloid derivative of xanthine isolated from the plants Camellia sinensis and Coffea arabica. Theophylline appears to inhibit phosphodiesterase and prostaglandin production, regulate calcium flux and intracellular calcium distribution, and antagonize adenosine. Physiologically, this agent relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, produces vasodilation (except in cerebral vessels), stimulates the CNS, stimulates cardiac muscle, induces diuresis, and increases gastric acid secretion; it may also suppress inflammation and improve contractility of the diaphragm.  
^`therapeutic allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A population of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) that are therapeutically administered to a recipient individual who is genetically distinct from a donor of the same species.  
^`therapeutic allogeneic lymphocytes:  A population of lymphocytes therapeutically administered to a recipient individual who is genetically distinct from a donor of the same species.  
^`therapeutic angiotensin-(1-7):  A synthetic heptapeptide identical to endogenous angiotensin-(1-7) with vasodilator and antiproliferative activities. Therapeutic angiotensin 1-7 may inhibit cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and the production of proinflammatory prostaglandins and may activate the angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas, resulting in diminished tumor cell proliferation. Activation of the angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas, a G-protein coupled, seven transmembrane protein, may down-regulate the phophorylation and activation of Erk1 and Erk2 in the Erk1/Erk2 Mapk signaling pathway. In the renin-angiotensin system, the vasodlilating activity of angiotensin- (1-7), hydrolysed from angiotensin II by the type I transmembrane metallopeptidase and carboxypeptidase angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in vivo, counteracts the vasoconstricting activity of angiotensin II.  
^`therapeutic autologous dendritic cells:  A population of a type of antigen-presenting cell (APC), the dendritic cell (DC), harvested from a patient and grown in vitro in the presence of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) derived from the patient's tumor (a technique known as 'pulsing') and then injected back into the patient; autologous DCs so manipulated may stimulate a specific cell-mediated antitumoral cytotoxicity. DCs derived from a patient may also be fused with the patient's tumor cells in vitro to combine sustained tumor antigen expression with the antigen-presenting and immunostimulatory capacities of DCs; when injected back into the patient, these autologous DC-tumor cell hybrids (fusion cells) may stimulate an active antitumoral immune response.  
^`therapeutic autologous lymphocytes:  A population of lymphocytes isolated from an individual, altered in vitro, and returned to the same individual for therapeutic purposes.  
^`therapeutic breast/ovarian/prostate cancer vaccine DPX-0907: A lipid-based multi-peptide cancer vaccine targeted against multiple cancers with immunopotentiating activity. Therapeutic breast/ovarian/prostate peptide cancer vaccine DPX-0907 is a lyophilized liposomal proprietary preparation comprised of 7 tumor-specific HLA-A2-restricted epitopes (TAAs):  topoisomerase II alpha, B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 (CDM protein), TNF-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17), Abelson homolog 2 (Abl2), gamma catenin (Junction plakoglobin), epithelial discoidin domain receptor 1 (EDDR1) and integrin beta 8 subunit. Upon vaccination, the lyophilized antigen/adjuvant/liposome complex is re-suspended in Montanide 1SA51 VG to create a depot effect, thereby presenting the TAAs to the immune system for a prolonged period of time. This may stimulate a potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against cancer cells that express these 7 TAAs and share epitopes with the vaccine epitope peptides, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The 7 TAAs are overexpressed on the surface of breast/ovarian and prostate cancer cells and play an important role in tumor cell growth and survival.  
^`therapeutic dendritic cells/cytokine-induced killer cells:  A preparation of autologous dendritic cells (DC) mixed with cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells (DC-CIK), with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. DCs were obtained ex vivo by incubation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulating factor (GM-CSF or CSF2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin (IL)-24 and were sensitized with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are immune effector cells with both T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell like phenotype. CIKs are non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted, NK-like T-lymphocytes, which express both CD3, a T-cell surface marker, and CD56, a natural killer cell surface marker, and have been generated ex vivo by incubation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, IL-2, IL-1 alpha, and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and then expanded. Upon co-culture of DCs and CIKs, and administration of DC-CIK cells into the patient, the DCs are able to stimulate the immune response to exert a specific anti-tumor immune response, while the CIK cells exert direct oncolytic activity.  
^`therapeutic epinephrine:  The synthetic form of the naturally occurring sympathomimetic amine with vasoconstricting, intraocular pressure-reducing, and bronchodilating activities. By stimulating vascular alpha-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine causes vasoconstriction, thereby increasing vascular resistance and blood pressure. When administered in the conjunctiva, this agent binds to alpha-adrenergic receptors in the iris sphincter muscle, resulting in vasoconstriction, a decrease in the production of aqueous humor, and a lowering of intraocular pressure. Through its beta1 receptor-stimulating actions, epinephrine increases the force and rate of myocardial contraction and relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilation.  
^`therapeutic estetrol:  A synthetic steroid similar or identical to endogenous estetrol, a short-acting estrogen with both agonistic and antagonistic estrogen receptor activity. Administered orally, therapeutic estetrol binds to the estrogen receptor and as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) exhibits estrogen agonism in certain tissues and estrogen antagonism in others. Displaying weak estrogen activity in the uterus, estetrol acts as an estrogen antagonist in breast tissue. Produced solely by the human fetal liver, endogenous estetrol is the primary estrogen metabolite of estrogen biosynthesis in the human fetal liver.  
^`therapeutic estradiol:  A steroid sex hormone vital to the maintenance of fertility and secondary sexual characteristics in females. Typically esterified, estradiol derivatives are formulated for oral or parenteral administration. As the primary, most potent estrogen hormone produced by the ovaries, estradiol binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors. Estradiol exhibits mild anabolic and metabolic properties, and increases blood coagulability.  
^`therapeutic gamma delta T lymphocytes:  A subset of therapeutic autologous T-lymphocytes that express a T-cell receptor (TCR) composed of one gamma chain and one delta chain, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the therapeutic gamma delta T-lymphocytes, these cells secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and exert direct killing of tumor cells. In addition, these cells activate the immune system to exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells. Gamma delta T-lymphocytes play a key role in the activation of the immune system and do not require major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated antigen presentation to exert their cytotoxic effect.  
^`therapeutic hemin:  A sterile, lyophilized powder of hemin, the Fe3+ oxidation product of heme (Fe2+), derived from processed red blood cells. Therapeutic hemin appears to inhibit delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the porphyrin/heme biosynthetic pathway, resulting in inhibition of the hepatic and/or marrow synthesis of porphyrin precursors. The mechanism by which therapeutic hematin produces symptomatic improvement in patients with acute episodes of the hepatic porphyrias has not been determined.  
^`therapeutic hydrocortisone:  A synthetic or semisynthetic analog of natural hydrocortisone hormone produced by the adrenal glands with primary glucocorticoid and minor mineralocorticoid effects. As a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, hydrocortisone promotes protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, capillary wall stability, renal excretion of calcium, and suppresses immune and inflammatory responses.  
^`therapeutic immune globulin:  A preparation of plasma proteins derived from the pooled plasma of adult donors. Largely comprised of IgG antibodies, therapeutic immune globulin provides passive immunization by increasing the recipient's serum levels of circulating antibodies. IgG antibodies have multiple functions, including binding to and neutralizing bacterial toxins; opsonization of pathogens; activation of complement; and suppression of pathogenic cytokines and phagocytes through binding to CD5, interleukin-1a (IL-1a), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and T-cell receptors. Therapeutic immune globulin may diminish pathogenic mechanisms in some autoimmune diseases by binding to and inhibiting the activity of autoantibodies.  
^`therapeutic insulin:  A synthetic or animal-derived form of insulin used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic insulin is formulated to be short-, intermediate- and long-acting in order to individualize an insulin regimen according to individual differences in glucose and insulin metabolism. Therapeutic insulin may be derived from porcine, bovine or recombinant sources. Endogenous human insulin, a pancreatic hormone composed of two polypeptide chains, is important for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and has anabolic effects on many types of tissues.  
^`therapeutic lotion:  A moisturizing skincare formulation used for various skin conditions including dry skin conditions associated with eczema, psoriasis, chapped or chafed skin.  
^`therapeutic melatonin:  A therapeutic chemically synthesized form of the pineal indole melatonin with antioxidant properties. The pineal synthesis and secretion of melatonin, a serotonin-derived neurohormone, is dependent on beta-adrenergic receptor function. Melatonin is involved in numerous biological functions including circadian rhythm, sleep, the stress response, aging, and immunity.  
^`therapeutic progesterone:  A synthetic form of the endogenous hormone progesterone. Progesterone binds to the progesterone receptor, resulting in dissociation of heat shock proteins, receptor phosphorylation, and transcription activation through direct or indirect interaction with transcription factors. This agent exerts inhibitory effects on estrogens by decreasing the number of estrogen receptors and increasing its metabolism to inactive metabolites. Progesterone induces secretory changes in the endometrium, decreases uterine contractility during pregnancy, and maintains pregnancy.  
^`therapeutic testosterone:  A synthetic form of the endogenous androgenic steroid testosterone. In vivo, testosterone is irreversibly converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in target tissues by the enzyme 5-alpha reductase. Testosterone or DHT ligand-androgen receptor complexes act as transcription factor complexes, stimulating the expression of various responsive genes. DHT binds with higher affinity to androgen receptors than testosterone, activating gene expression more efficiently. In addition, testosterone is irreversibly converted to estradiol by the enzyme complex aromatase, particularly in the liver and adipose tissue. Testosterone and DHT promote the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics related to the internal and external genitalia, skeletal muscle, and hair follicles; estradiol promotes epiphyseal maturation and bone mineralization. Due to rapid metabolism by the liver, therapeutic testosterone is generally administered as an ester derivative.  
^`therapeutic triiodothyronine:  A therapeutic formulation of the primary physiologically active form of endogenous thyroid hormone. In vivo, triiodothyronine enters the nucleus and binds to nuclear thyroid hormone receptors that subsequently bind to thyroid response elements (TREs) located in target genes. Receptor binding by triiodothyronine in combination with recruited coactivators results in maximal transcriptional activation after binding to TREs; in general, binding of thyroid hormone receptor alone to TREs leads to repression of gene transcription.  
^`therapeutic tumor infiltrating lymphocytes:  A preparation of cells, consisting of autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, that are manipulated in vitro and, upon administration in vivo, re-infiltrate the tumor to initiate tumor cell lysis. In vitro, therapeutic tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are isolated from tumor tissue and cultured with lymphokines such as interleukin-2; the therapeutic TILs are then infused into the patient, where, after re-infiltration of the tumor, they may induce lysis of tumor cells and tumor regression. The use of therapeutic TILs is considered a form of adoptive immunotherapy.  
^`TheraSphere:  (Other name for~ yttrium Y 90 glass microspheres) 
^`Thermazene:  (Other name for~ silver sulfadiazine) 
^`ThermoDox:  (Other name for~ lyso-thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin) 
^`thiabendazole:  A benzimidazole derivative with anthelminthic property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, thiabendazole inhibits the helminth-specific mitochondrial enzyme fumarate reductase, thereby inhibiting the citric acid cycle, mitochondrial respiration and subsequent production of ATP, ultimately leading to helminth's death. In addition, it has been suggested that thiabendazole may lead to inhibition of microtubule polymerization by binding to beta-tubulin and has an overt ovicidal effect with regard to some trichostrongylids.  
^`thiamine:  A heat-labile and water-soluble essential vitamin, belonging to the vitamin B family, with antioxidant, erythropoietic, mood modulating, and glucose-regulating activities. Thiamine reacts with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form an active coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate. Thiamine pyrophosphate is necessary for the actions of pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate in carbohydrate metabolism and for the actions of transketolase, an enzyme that plays an important role in the pentose phosphate pathway. Thiamine plays a key role in intracellular glucose metabolism and may inhibit the action of glucose and insulin on arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Thiamine may also protect against lead toxicity by inhibiting lead-induced lipid peroxidation.  
^`thiarabine:  A analog of antimetabolite cytarabine (ara-C), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, thiarabine (T-araC) is phosphorylated to the triphosphate form T-araCTP and competes with cytidine for incorporation into DNA. This results in an inhibition of DNA replication and RNA synthesis, chain termination and may eventually decrease tumor cell proliferation. Compared to ara-C, T-araC appears to have a longer half-life and has a higher efficacy.  
^`Thibenzole:  (Other name for~ thiabendazole) 
^`thioguanine:  A synthetic guanosine analogue antimetabolite. Phosphorylated by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, thioguanine incorporates into DNA and RNA, resulting in inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses and cell death. This agent also inhibits glutamine-5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase, thereby inhibiting purine synthesis.  
^`thioredoxin-1 inhibitor PX-12:  An orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Thioredoxin-1 inhibitor PX-12 irreversibly binds to thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) and inhibits its activity, which may result in growth inhibition and the induction of apoptosis. Overexpressed in many cancer cell types, the low molecular weight redox protein Trx-1 regulates transcription factor activity and inhibits apoptosis, promoting cell growth and survival; it also interacts with growth factors extracellularly to stimulate cell growth.  
^`thioridazine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of thioridazine, a piperidine phenothiazine derivative and a dopamine antagonist with antipsychotic property. Thioridazine hydrochloride binds to mesolimbic postsynaptic dopamine receptor D2, thereby decreasing dopamine activity leading to decreased psychotic effects, such as hallucinations and delusions. In addition, this agent binds to serotonin 5-HT2 receptors, resulting in decreased serotonin activity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`thiotepa:  A polyfunctional, organophosphorus alkylating agent and a stable derivative of N,N',N''-triethylenephosphoramide (TEPA), with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, thiotepa is converted into highly reactive ethylenimine groups, which covalently bind to nucleophilic groups in DNA and demonstrate a preference for the N7 position of guanine bases. This induces crosslinking of alkylated guanine bases in double-stranded DNA, interferes with both DNA replication and cell division, and results in both the induction of apoptosis and the inhibition of cell growth.  
^`thioureidobutyronitrile:  A water-soluble, small molecule and activator of the tumor suppressor protein p53, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, thioureidobutyronitrile activates p53 which in turn induces the expressions of p21 and PUMA (p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis), thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth and causing tumor cell apoptosis. Thioureidobutyronitrile may be effective in drug-resistant cancers with mutated p53. p53 tumor suppressor, a transcription factor regulating the expression of many stress response genes and mediating various anti-proliferative processes, is often mutated in cancer cells.  
^`THL-P: A proprietary, oral Chinese medicinal herb preparation with potential antioxidant, immunomodulating, and antineoplastic activities. THL-P (Tien-Hsien Liquid-P) contains fourteen Chinese medicinal herbs including:  Cordyceps sinensis, Oldenlandia diffusa, Indigo pulverata levis, Polyporus umbellatus, Radix astragali, Panax ginseng, Solanum nigrum L., Pogostemon cablin, Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma, Trichosanthes radix, Clematis radix, Margarite, Ligustrum lucidum Ait and Glycyrrhiza radix. Administered as an oral liquid, THL-P may modulate the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and enhance the secretion of interleukins (ILs) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). This agent may also induce G2/M cell cycle arrest and downregulate several important oncogenic signaling pathways.  
^`Thorazine:  (Other name for~ chlorpromazine) 
^`threonine tyrosine kinase inhibitor CFI-402257:  An orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of the dual specificity protein kinase TTK (monopolar spindle 1 kinase, Mps1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the Mps1 inhibitor CFI-402257 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of Mps1. This inactivates the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and accelerates mitosis, resulting in chromosomal misalignment and missegregation, and mitotic checkpoint complex destabilization. This induces cell death in Mps1-overexpressing cancer cells. Mps1, a tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase expressed in proliferating normal tissues, is essential for proper SAC functioning and chromosome alignment. Overexpressed in various human tumors, Mps1 plays a key role in uncontrolled tumor cell growth.  
^`thrombomodulin alfa:  A recombinant, soluble form of the human protein thrombomodulin, with potential anticoagulant activity. Upon administration, thrombomodulin binds to thrombin, which stimulates the activation of protein C. Activated protein C (APC) degrades factor Va and Factor VIIa in the presence of the cofactor protein S, inhibits thrombin formation, and prevents both thrombin-mediated coagulation and further clot formation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Thymectacin:  (Other name for~ brivudine phosphoramidate) 
^`thymidine:  A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the pyrimidine base thymine attached to the sugar deoxyribose. As a constituent of DNA, thymidine pairs with adenine in the DNA double helix.  
^`thymidylate synthase inhibitor DFP-11207:  An orally available thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, DFP-11207 binds to and inhibits TS. This reduces thymine nucleotide synthesis, inhibits DNA synthesis and cell division, causes DNA damage and leads to tumor cell apoptosis. TS catalyzes the conversion of deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP).  
^`Thymitaq:  (Other name for~ nolatrexed dihydrochloride) 
^`Thymoglobulin:  (Other name for~ anti-thymocyte globulin) 
^`thymopentin:  A synthetic pentapeptide which is the active site of the naturally occurring hormone thymopoietin with immunomodulating properties. Thymopentin enhances the production of thymic T cells and may help restore immunocompetence in immunosuppressed subjects. This agent also augments the effects of ionizing radiation by arresting cancer cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle.  
^`Thyrogen:  (Other name for~ recombinant thyrotropin alfa) 


^`thyroxine:  A hormone synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland containing four iodine atoms and is converted to triiodothyronine (T3) in the body, influencing metabolism and organ function.  
^`Thytropar:  (Other name for~ recombinant thyroid-stimulating hormone) 
^`tiazofurin:  A synthetic nucleoside analogue with antineoplastic activity. Tiazofurin (TR) is anabolized intracellularly to an analogue of NAD, tiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a potent inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH); IMPDH is the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo purine synthesis. Inhibition of IMPDH results in reduced levels of guanylates, resulting in the inhibition tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo.  
^`tibolone:  A synthetic anabolic steroid with estrogenic, androgenic and progestagenic activities. The 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxy metabolites of tibilone activate estrogenic receptors (ERs) in bone and vaginal tissue leading to a decrease in bone turnover, and decreased vaginal dryness, respectively; derived from the 3beta-hydroxy metabolite, its delta4-isomer activates androgenic receptors (ARs) in the brain and liver and progestogenic receptors (PRs) in endometrial tissue, affecting sexual function, lipid metabolism, and endometrial function, respectively. In breast and endometrial tissue, tibolone metabolites inhibit sulfatase, preventing the conversion of circulating estrone sulfate and estradiol sulfate to estrone and estradiol, respectively; estrogen-mediated effects in the breast and uterus are thus reduced.  
^`TICE BCG solution:  (Other name for~ BCG solution) 
^`tigapotide:  A synthetic 15-mer peptide corresponding to amino acids 31-45 of the 94-amino acid isoform of human prostate secretory protein (PSP-94) with potential anti-metastasis and anti-angiogenesis activities. Tigapotide may inhibit the secretion of the metastasis-related protein matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its potential binding to its cell surface receptor CD44; may interfere with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway, resulting in an anti-angiogenesis effect; and may reduce the levels of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), decreasing plasma calcium levels. PSP-94, one of three predominant proteins found in seminal fluid, may be down-regulated in prostate cancer, representing a potential survival mechanism for prostate cancer cells. MMP-9 is implicated in the invasion and metastasis of cancer. PTHrP may be expressed by various tumor cell types, resulting in the hypercalcemia of malignancy.  
^`tigatuzumab:  A humanized agonistic monoclonal antibody directed against human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) with potential antitumor activity. Mimicking the natural receptor ligand TRAIL, tigatuzumab binds to TRAIL-R2, activating signal transduction pathways that may result in tumor cell apoptosis and a reduction in tumor growth. A member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, TRAIL-R2, also known as DR5 (death receptor 5), is expressed on the surfaces of many types of malignant cells.  
^`tigecycline:  A broad-spectrum glycylcycline antibiotic derived from tetracycline. Tigecycline binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby interfering with the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. This prevents the incorporation of amino acid residues into the elongating peptide chain, inhibiting protein synthesis and eventually bacterial cell growth. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`TIL 1383I T cell receptor-transduced autologous T cells:  Autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes-derived T cells transduced with a retroviral encoding TIL 1383I, a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for melanoma antigen tyrosinase, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activity. After transduction, expansion in culture, and reintroduction into the patient, TIL 1383I TCR-transduced autologous T cells bind to tumor cells expressing tyrosinase, which may induce cytokine expression, activation and proliferation of T-cells, and a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tyrosinase-expressing tumor cells. TIL 1383I TCR originated from a melanoma patient’s CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and is reactive against a class I MHC (HLA-A2)-restricted epitope (368-376) of tyrosinase.  
^`timolol maleate gel forming solution:  A gel forming solution containing the maleate salt of timolol, a propanolamine derivative and a non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist, with intraocular pressure-reducing activity. Although the precise mechanism of action of timolol's ocular hypotensive action is not clearly established at this time, studies suggest that it may be the result of decreased aqueous humor production (possibly by reduction of blood flow to the ciliary processes and cAMP synthesis) as well as a slight increase in outflow facility. Timolol gel-forming solution can potentially be used topically as well, in the prevention of the neoangiogenesis that may occur following pulsed dye laser treatment of port wine stains.  
^`timonacic:  A cyclic sulfur amino acid derivative with potential antineoplastic and antioxidant activities. Acting on cellular membranes of malignant cells through an unknown mechanism, timonacic may induce malignant cells to revert back to an untransformed state. This agent may also restore contact inhibition, a phenomenon characterized by the paracrine inhibition of mitosis following the formation of a critical cell mass, presumably the result of cell-to-cell signal transfer. Timonacic may also produce antioxidant effects secondary to its release of cysteine and restoration of glutathione concentrations.  
^`Timoptic-XE:  (Other name for~ timolol maleate gel forming solution) 
^`Tindamax:  (Other name for~ tinidazole) 
^`tinidazole:  A 5-nitroimidazole derivative with antiprotozoal property. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, it has been suggested that tinidazole is metabolized and yields nitrite anions and metronidazole. Metronidazole's nitro group in turn is reduced via the parasite ferredoxin, thereby generating a series of free nitro radicals including nitro anions. Toxicity is achieved via depletion of sulfhydryl groups and DNA strand breaks with multiple hits having an additive effect and ultimately leading to cell death.  
^`tinzaparin sodium: The sodium salt of a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) obtained by controlled enzymatic depolymerization of heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa with antithrombotic properties. Tinzaparin is a potent inhibitor of several activated coagulation factors, especially Factors Xa and IIa (thrombin); its primary activity is mediated through the plasma protease inhibitor antithrombin. In addition, this agent may inhibit angiogenesis through:  1) competitive binding of the heparin-binding sites on endothelial cells for the proangiogenic cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and beta-fibroblast growth factor (beta-FGF) and 2) increasing the release of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), a negative regulator of angiogenesis.  
^`tiomolibdate diammonium:  An ammonium salt with potential antiangiogenic and antitumor activities. ammonium Tiomolibdate diammonium has been found to deplete systemic copper reserves through an unknown mechanism. This agent has been shown to inhibit the activities of cuproenzymes, including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX), which may contribute to its antiangiogenic and antitumor effects.  
^`tiotropium bromide monohydrate:  The monohydrate bromide salt form of tiotropium, a quaternary ammonium derivative of atropine and a long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist, with bronchodilating activity. Upon inhalation, tiotropium binds to and blocks mainly muscarinic M3 receptors located on smooth muscle cells, thereby preventing smooth muscle contraction  
^`tipifarnib:  A nonpeptidomimetic quinolinone with potential antineoplastic activity. Tipifarnib binds to and inhibits the enzyme farnesyl protein transferase, an enzyme involved in protein processing (farnesylation) for signal transduction. By inhibiting the farnesylation of proteins, this agent prevents the activation of Ras oncogenes, inhibits cell growth, induces apoptosis, and inhibits angiogenesis.  
^`tirapazamine:  A benzotriazine di-N-oxide with potential antineoplastic activity. Tirapazamine is selectively activated by multiple reductases to form free radicals in hypoxic cells, thereby inducing single-and double-strand breaks in DNA, base damage, and cell death. This agent also sensitizes hypoxic cells to ionizing radiation and inhibits the repair of radiation-induced DNA strand breaks via inhibition of topoisomerase II.  
^`Tirazone:  (Other name for~ tirapazamine) 
^`TISSEEL VH:  (Other name for~ fibrin sealant) 
^`titanium dioxide/zinc oxide sunscreen cream SPF 60:  A sunscreen formulated with titanium dioxide and zinc oxide with broad UV spectrum-blocking properties. Upon topical application, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide reflect and block both UVA and UVB ultraviolet light rays, protecting the skin against UVA and UVB radiation that causes sunburn, premature aging of the skin and skin cancer.SPF30 and SPF60 contain 5% titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, and 7.5% titanium dioxide and zinc, oxide respectively.  
^`tivantinib:  An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of c-Met with potential antineoplastic activity. Tivantinib binds to the c-Met protein and disrupts c-Met signal transduction pathways, which may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met protein or expressing consitutively activated c-Met protein. c-Met protein, the product of the proto-oncogene c-Met, is a receptor tyrosine kinase also known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR); this protein is overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types and plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.  
^`Tivicay:  (Other name for~ dolutegravir) 
^`tivozanib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1, 2 and 3 with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Tivozanib binds to and inhibits VEGFRs 1, 2 and 3, which may result in the inhibition of endothelial cell migration and proliferation, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell death. VEGFR tyrosine kinases, frequently overexpressed by a variety of tumor cell types, play a key role in angiogenesis.  
^`tizanidine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of tizanidine, an imidazoline derivative structurally similar to clonidine and an adrenergic agonist with muscle relaxant property. Tizanidine stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system, thereby inhibiting presynaptic release of norepinephrine and increasing the inhibitory effect on alpha motor neurons and motor reflexes. Tizanidine exerts some activity at the postsynaptic excitatory amino acid receptors and imidazoline receptors which may contribute to the overall reduction in facilitation of spinal motor neurons. Overall, tizanidine hydrochloride causes muscle relaxation, reduces spasticity and antinociceptive effects.  
^`TLR4 agonist GLA-SE:  A synthetic lipid A derivative and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, in an oil-in-water emulsion, with potential immunoadjuvant activity. Upon administration, GLA-SE binds to and activates TLR4, thereby stimulating dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes and macrophages. This activation results in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the interleukins (IL), IL-1 beta, -6 and -12. This may induce a T helper cell-1 (Th1) immune response and activates a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor associated antigens (TAAs) upon co-administration of vaccine antigens. TLR4, a member of the TLR family, plays a key role in the activation of innate immunity.  
^`TLR4 agonist GSK1795091:  A toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, with potential immunoadjuvant activity. Upon administration, GSK1795091 binds to and activates TLR4, thereby stimulating dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes and macrophages. This activation results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFN-g), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and the interleukins (IL), IL-1 beta, -6 and -12. This may induce a T helper cell-1 (Th1) immune response and, upon co-administration of a vaccine containing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), activates a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing those TAAs. TLR4, a member of the TLR family, plays a key role in the activation of innate immunity.  
^`TLR7 agonist ANA773 tosylate:  The tosylate salt form of ANA773, a Toll-like Receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist prodrug with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon oral administration, ANA773 is metabolized into its active form that binds to and activates TLR7, thereby stimulating dendritic cells (DCs) and enhancing natural killer cell (NK) cytotoxicity. This activation results in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon alpha, and enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). TLR7 is a member of the TLR family, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity.  
^`TLR7/8 agonist MEDI9197:  A toll-like receptor type 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) agonist with potential immunostimulating and antitumor activities. Upon intratumoral administration, TLR7/8 agonist MEDI9197 binds to and activates TLR7 and 8, thereby stimulating antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs). Activation of DCs results in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and B-lymphocyte immune responses. This may cause tumor cell lysis. TLR7 and 8, members of the TLR family, play fundamental roles in the activation of the immune system.  
^`TLR8 agonist VTX-2337:  A small-molecule Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. TLR8 agonist VTX-2337 binds to TLR8, present in cutaneous dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and mast cells, which may result in the activation of the central transcription factor nuclear factor-B, the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators, and a Th1-weighted antitumoral cellular immune response. Primarily localized to endosomal membranes intracellularly, TLR8, like other TLRs, recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and plays a key role in the innate immune system.  
^`TLR9 agonist DUK-CPG-001:  A synthetic CpG-rich oligonucleotide with potential immunopotentiating activity. TLR9 agonist DUK-CPG-001 binds to and activates intracellular toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in monocytes/macrophages, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells and B cells. This initiates immune signaling pathways, activates DCs, NK cells and B cells, and induces both the production of T-helper 1 cells (Th1) and a Th1-mediated immune response. TLR9 is a member of the TLR family, which plays a key role in both pathogen recognition and the activation of innate immunity.  
^`TLR9 agonist EMD 1201081:  A synthetic oligonucleotide containing phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide with potential immunopotentiating activity. TLR9 agonist EMD 1201081 binds to and activates the intracellular Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 in monocytes/macrophages, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells, initiating immune signaling pathways, activating B cells and inducing T-helper cell cytokine production. TLR9 is a member of the TLR family, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity.  
^`TLR9 agonist IMO-2055:  A synthetic oligonucleotide containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides with potential immunopotentiating activity. Mimicking unmethylated CpG sequences in bacterial DNA, TLR9 agonist IMO-2055 binds to and activates intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLR) 9 in monocytes/macrophages, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells, initiating immune signaling pathways and activating B cells and DCs and inducing T-helper cell cytokine production. TLR9 is a member of the TLR family, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity.  
^`TLR9 agonist MGN1703:  A synthetic oligonucleotide based on a proprietary double stem-loop immunomodulator design with potential immunostimulating activity. TLR9 agonist MGN1703 binds to and activates intracellular Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in monocytes/macrophages, plasmacytoidal and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), and natural killer (NK) cells, initiating immune signaling pathways and inducing T-helper 1 cell (Th1) production leading to the production of memory T cells and a Th1-mediated immune response. By activating the immune system, MGN1703 may attack tumor associated antigen (TAAs). TLR9 is a member of the TLR family, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity.  
^`TLR9 agonist SD-101:  A proprietary oligonucleotide with immunostimulatory activity. Immunostimulatory phosphorothiolate oligodeoxyribonucleotide SD-101 targets Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) found on a specialized subset of dendritic cells. The interaction of TLR9 with SD-101, in conjunction with an allergen or antigen, induces activation of memory T helper cells 1 (Th1) against a specific pathogen or allergen, thereby leading to long-lasting therapeutic effects. Furthermore, this agent does not cause a generalized activation of the immune system.  
^`TLR-directed cationic lipid-DNA complex JVRS-100:  A cationic lipid DNA complex (CLDC) consisting of DOTIM/cholesterol liposomes and plasmid DNA, containing immunostimulatory CpG and non-CpG motifs, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon systemic administration, TLR-directed cationic lipid-DNA complex JVRS-100 enters dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages; immunostimulatory DNA binds to and activates Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which may result in the generation of anti-tumor natural killer (NK) cell and T-cell responses by the innate immune system. In addition, as a vaccine adjuvant, this agent may induce a strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to co-administered antigen.  
^`TNFerade:  (Other name for~ golnerminogene pradenovec) 
^`TNP-470:  A synthetic analog of fumagillin, an antibiotic isolated from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus fresenius with antineoplastic activity. TNP-470 binds to and irreversibly inactivates methionine animopeptidase-2 (MetAP2), resulting in endothelial cell cycle arrest late in the G1 phase and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. This agent may also induce the p53 pathway, thereby stimulating the production of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and inhibiting angiogenesis.  
^`tobramycin sulfate:  The sulfate salt of tobramycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from the bacterium Streptomyces tenebrarius with bactericidal activity. Following active transport into the cell, tobramycin binds irreversibly to a specific aminoglycoside receptor on the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and fixes the 30 S-50 S ribosomal complex at the start codon (AUG), interfering with the initiation of protein synthesis. In addition, this agent induces misreading of the mRNA template, which results in 1) detachment of the ribosomal complex and inhibition of protein elongation or 2) incorporation of the incorrect amino acids into the growing polypeptide chain and the production of abnormal or nonfunctional proteins. Altogether, cell permeability is altered and cell death ensues.  
^`Tobrex:  (Other name for~ tobramycin sulfate) 
^`Toca FC:  (Other name for~ extended-release flucytosine) 
^`tocilizumab:  A recombinant, humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) with immunosuppressant activity. Tocilizumab targets and binds to both the soluble form of IL-6R (sIL-6R) and the membrane-bound form (mIL-6R), thereby blocking the binding of IL-6 to its receptor. This prevents IL-6-mediated signaling. Il-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response, is overproduced in autoimmune disorders and certain types of cancers.  
^`tocladesine:  An antimetabolite and a chlorine derivative of the intracellular secondary messenger, cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP), with potential antineoplastic activity. Tocladesine appears to be converted to 8-chloro-adenosine by phosphodiesterases and subsequently phosphorylated to 8-chloro-ATP, which functions as a purine analogue and competes with ATP in transcription. In addition, generation of 8-chloro-ATP depletes the endogenous ATP pool that is essential for many biological reactions in intracellular energy transfer. As a result, this agent causes RNA synthesis inhibition, blocks cellular proliferation, and induces apoptosis.  
^`tocophersolan:  A water-soluble amphipathic formulation of d-alpha-tocopherol succinate coupled, through a succinate linker, to polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000. Due to its amphipathic property in which it forms its own micelles, tocophersolan is easily taken up into enterocytes, even in the absence of bile salts; fat soluble d-alpha-tocopherol is then released after hydrolysis. This formulation enhances the absorption of d-alpha-tocopherol compared to the administration of free d-alpha-tocopherol. In addition, tocophersolan may enhance the absorption of water-insoluble agents and other fat-soluble vitamins.  
^`Tocosol Paclitaxel:  (Other name for~ paclitaxel vitamin E-based emulsion formulation) 
^`tocotrienol:  Any of the four forms, alpha, beta, gamma and delta, of a member of the vitamin E family, with potential hypocholesterolemic, antithrombotic, antioxidant, immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Tocotrienol inhibits the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, thereby lowering cholesterol levels. In addition, tocotrienol acts through multiple signal transduction pathways to induce cell cycle arrest and caspase-mediated apoptosis, and to decrease tumor cell proliferation. In addition, this agent may inhibit angiogenesis through the blockage of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and the subsequent inhibition of tumor cell-induced vessel formation. Also, this agent prevents free radical formation and inhibits lipid peroxidation, thereby preventing DNA cell damage. Tocotrienol farnesyl isoprenoid side chains contain 3 double bonds, which are absent in tocopherols, likely contribute to its anti-cancer activities.  
^`tocotrienol-rich fraction:  An orally available nutritional supplement containing high amounts of the vitamin E family member tocotrienol with antioxidant, hypolipidemic and potential immunomodulating and antiproliferative activity. Upon oral administration, tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) accumulates in tumor cells and induces cell cycle arrest, programmed cell death, and inhibits tumor cell proliferation. In addition, this agent suppresses 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase activity and inhibits angiogenesis. Rice bran oil, palm oil and annatto seed oil are common sources of TRF.  
^`tofacitinib:  An orally available inhibitor of Janus kinases (JAK), with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon administration, tofacitinib binds to JAK and prevents the activation of the JAK-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. This may decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, -7, -15, -21, interferon-alpha and -beta, and may prevent both an inflammatory response and the inflammation-induced damage caused by certain immunological diseases. JAK kinases are intracellular enzymes involved in signaling pathways affecting hematopoiesis, immunity and inflammation.  
^`Tolak:  (Other name for~ topical fluorouracil) 
^`tolazamide:  An intermediate-acting, first-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Tolazamide is converted into five major metabolites that are excreted into the urine. Tolazamide is more potent than tolbutamide and similar in potency to chlorpropamide on a milligram basis. This agent may cause cholestatic jaundice.  
^`tolbutamide:  A first-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Tolbutamide binds to and blocks adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels on the beta cell membrane of the pancreatic islet tissues. This leads to potassium efflux, which results in depolarization, calcium influx, calcium-calmodulin binding, kinase activation, and release of insulin-containing granules by exocytosis. In addition, tolbutamide may increase the number and affinity of cell surface insulin receptors, thereby enhancing the peripheral response to insulin. Tolbutamide is a CYP2C9 substrate.  
^`tolfenamic acid:  An orally available, benzoic acid derivative and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic and potential anti-neoplastic activities. Tolfenamic acid inhibits the activity of the enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX) I and II, resulting in a decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The decrease in prostaglandin synthesis results in the therapeutic effects of this agent. Tolfenamic acid also inhibits thromboxane A2 synthesis, by thromboxane synthase, which decreases platelet aggregation. In addition, this agent exerts anti-tumor effects through COX-dependent and independent pathways. Specifically, this agent induces the production of reactive oxygen species, causes DNA damage, increases nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) activation and the expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and NSAID-activated gene-1 (NAG1), and inhibits the expression of specificity proteins (Sp), which reduces the expression of Sp-dependent anti-apoptotic and growth-promoting proteins. Altogether, this enhances tumor cell apoptosis, and reduces tumor cell growth and angiogenesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Tolinase:  (Other name for~ tolazamide) 
^`Toll-like receptor 9 agonist IMO-2125:  A proprietary synthetic oligonucleotide-based agonist of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon administration, TLR9 agonist IMO-2125 binds to and activates TLR9 expressed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and B cells. This initiates immune signaling pathways, activates B cells and pDCs, and induces a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against tumor cells. TLR9 is a member of the TLR family, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity.  
^`tomato-soy juice:  A juice containing tomato extract and soy protein with potential chemopreventive and antiproliferative activities. Tomato-soy juice contains phytochemicals, including flavonoids, such as the soy isoflavone genistein, and carotenoids, including lycopene. These phytochemicals may exhibit antioxidative activity, antitumor activity by modulating certain tumor-associated signal transduction pathways, and apoptosis-inducing activity.  
^`Tomudex:  (Other name for~ raltitrexed) 
^`Topamax:  (Other name for~ topiramate) 
^`topical betulinic acid:  A topical formulation of a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene derivative of betulin (isolated from the bark of Betula alba, the common white birch) with antiinflammatory, anti-HIV and antineoplastic activities. Betulinic acid induces apoptosis through induction of changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species, and opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, resulting in the release of mitochondrial factors involved in apoptosis, activation of caspases, and DNA fragmentation. Although originally thought to exhibit specific cytotoxicity against melanoma cells, this agent has been found to be cytotoxic against non-melanoma tumor cell types including neuroectodermal and brain tumor cells.  
^`topical calcitriol:  A topical formulation containing the hormonally active form of vitamin D3, with potential protective activity against chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA). Upon topical application to the scalp, calcitriol may prevent keratinocyte apoptosis in anagen hair follicles. Therefore, this agent may protect against the damaging effects of certain chemotherapeutics to the hair follicles.  
^`topical cocaine hydrochloride:  A topical formulation of the hydrochloride salt of the tropane alkaloid cocaine, with local anesthetic activity. Upon topical application of the cocaine hydrochloride solution to nasal mucous membranes, cocaine reversibly binds to and blocks the voltage-gated sodium channels in the neuronal cell membranes. By stabilizing neuronal membranes, cocaine inhibits the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses and produces a reversible loss of sensation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`topical fluorouracil:  A topical formulation containing the antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), with antineoplastic activity. Upon topical administration, 5-FU is converted into the active metabolite 5-fluoroxyuridine monophosphate (F-UMP), which competes with uracil during RNA synthesis and inhibits RNA processing. Conversion of 5-FU into another active metabolite, 5-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate (F-dUMP), inhibits thymidylate synthase; this results in the depletion of thymidine triphosphate (TTP), one of the four nucleotide triphosphates used in DNA synthesis, and thus inhibits DNA synthesis. Altogether, this prevents the proliferation of tumor cells locally.  
^`topical gemcitabine hydrochloride:  A topical preparation of gemcitabine hydrochloride with antineoplastic activity. Gemcitabine, an analogue of the antimetabolite nucleoside deoxycytidine, is converted intracellularly to the active metabolites difluorodeoxycytidine di- and triphosphate (dFdCDP, dFdCTP). dFdCDP inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, thereby decreasing the deoxynucleotide pool available for DNA synthesis; dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA, resulting in DNA strand termination and apoptosis.  
^`topical keratin:  A topical formulation containing the naturally-derived biomaterial keratin that has wound repair-promoting, hemostatic, moisturizing and potential radioprotective activities. Upon topical application to an injured site, keratin adheres to the injured tissue, and forms an extracellular matrix that mimics the structure and function of the native tissue. This exogenous extracellular matrix is able to absorb fluid, accelerate thrombus formation through beta1 integrin-mediated platelet adhesion and forms a physical seal on the wound. This facilitates tissue regeneration by promoting cellular proliferation and migration, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression and altering the expression of extracellular matrix components and adhesion molecules. Altogether, this promotes wound healing and provides protection from damage due to thermal or radiation exposure. Keratin is an essential component in nails, hair and skin.  
^`topical menthol:  A topical cream containing menthol that both causes a localized cooling sensation and has analgesic activities. Upon topical application, menthol acts on the cold-sensitive transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TMPR8), which provides a cooling sensation. This treatment also provides an analgesic effect through the activation of the inhibitory group II/III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). This may decrease neuropathic pain from chemotherapy. In addition, the topical application of menthol causes vasodilation.  
^`topical myristyl nicotinate cream:  A topical cream containing the ester prodrug myristyl nicotinate (MN), a lipophilic nicotinic acid derivative with potential chemopreventive activity. Upon topical application, myristyl nicotinate penetrates into the epidermis where the agent is cleaved and is converted into nicotinic acid (niacin); nicotinic acid then diffuses into cells where it is converted to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). NAD may stimulate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1); enhance skin cell turnover and epidermal differentiation; and strengthen skin barrier function. NAD is a coenzyme that plays a crucial role in many redox reactions; PARP-1 is an enzyme that plays an important role in DNA repair.  
^`topical phenylephrine solution:  A topical solution containing phenylephrine, a sympathomimetic amine with vasoconstricting activity. Upon topical application to the oral mucosa, phenylephrine may activate alpha-adrenergic receptors in the mucosa thereby causing vasoconstriction. As a result, this agent may reduce swelling of the mucosal membranes and decrease radiotherapy-induced mucositis.  
^`topical piperidine nitroxide MTS-01:  A topical gel containing a cell permeable hydrophilic piperidine nitroxide with potential radioprotective and antioxidant activity. As a stable, free radical compound, MTS-01 may be able to protect cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), upon exposure to ionizing radiation and oxidative stress. The topically applied MTS-01 may protect normal tissue from radiation-induced toxicity, such as radiation dermatitis, during radiation therapy.  
^`topical sirolimus: A topical formulation containing the macrolide sirolimus (rapamycin), which is produced by the organism Streptomyces hygroscopicus, with potential anti-proliferative activity. Upon application of topical sirolimus, this agent migrates into the skin and is internalized by the affected cells. In turn, sirolimus binds to the immunophilin FK binding protein-12 (FKBP-12) and forms a sirolimus: FKBP-12 complex. This complex binds to and inhibits the activity of the serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). It also decreases the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and results in the suppression of cellular proliferation.  
^`topical vitamin E:  A topical preparation of the fat-soluble vitamin E with potential antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. As a potent antioxidant and radical scavenger, vitamin E ameliorates free-radical damage to cell membranes, thereby protecting cells from reactive oxygen species and maintaining the integrity of cellular macromolecules. In addition, vitamin E noncompetitively inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) activity in many tissues, which may decrease inflammation. Vitamin E is a generic name for a group of compounds known as tocopherols and tocotrienols (tocols).  
^`topical wound spray HP802-247:  A cell-based combination product consisting of a fibrinogen solution and a cell preparation containing allogeneic non-proliferating, living human skin-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts, suspended in thrombin, with potential topical wound healing enhancing and topical anti-ulcer activity. Upon sequential spray of the two components of HP802-247 topically, a thin fibrin matrix is formed on the wound surface and the cellular components are capable of secreting wound healing cytokines and growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating growth factor (GM-CSF) and keratinocyte growth factor. Cell concentration and keratinocyte-to-fibroblast ratio in HP802-247 are essential for optimal growth factor production and thus the efficacy of this agent.  
^`topiramate:  A sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide with anticonvulsant activity. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, topiramate appears to antagonize kainate/AMPA subtype glutamate receptors, which results in stabilization of hyper-excited neural membranes, inhibition of repetitive neuronal firing, and a decrease in propagation of synaptic impulses, thus impeding seizure activity. In addition, this agent enhances chloride channels activated by the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Kainate/AMPA subtype glutamate receptors are ligand-activated cation channels that mediate the fast component of excitatory postsynaptic currents in neurons of the central nervous system.  
^`topoisomerase I inhibitor Genz-644282:  A non-camptothecin inhibitor of topoisomerase I with potential antineoplastic activity. Topoisomerase I inhibitor Genz-644282 binds to and inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase I, which may result in the inhibition of repair of single-strand DNA breaks, DNA replication, and tumor cell growth in susceptible tumor cell populations.  
^`topoisomerase I inhibitor LMP400:  An indenoisoquinoline and non-camptothecin inhibitor of topoisomerase I (Top I) with potential antineoplastic activity. Topoisomerase I inhibitor LMP400 binds to the topoisomerase I-DNA covalent cleavage complexes, and inhibits repair of single-strand DNA breaks, DNA replication, and tumor cell growth in susceptible tumor cell populations. Compared to camptothecins, indenoisoquinolines are chemically stable, produce stable Top I-DNA cleavage complexes, induce unique DNA cleavage sites and appear more resistant to multidrug efflux pumps.  
^`topoisomerase I inhibitor LMP776:  An indenoisoquinoline and non-camptothecin inhibitor of topoisomerase I (Top I) with potential antineoplastic activity. Topoisomerase I inhibitor LMP776 binds to the topoisomerase I-DNA covalent cleavage complexes, and inhibits repair of single-strand DNA breaks, DNA replication, and tumor cell growth in susceptible tumor cell populations. Compared to camptothecins, indenoisoquinolines are chemically stable, produce stable Top I-DNA cleavage complexes, induce unique DNA cleavage sites and appear more resistant to multidrug efflux pumps.  
^`topoisomerase I/II inhibitor NEV-801:  A multi-targeted agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, NEV-801 appears to selectively inhibit topoisomerase (Topo) I and II, and activates hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) transcription and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA. NEV-801 is also able to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) 1-mediated resistance.  
^`topotecan hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of a semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin with antineoplastic activity. During the S phase of the cell cycle, topotecan selectively stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes, inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks and producing potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks when complexes are encountered by the DNA replication machinery. Camptothecin is a cytotoxic quinoline-based alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminata.  
^`topsalysin:  A targeted prodrug consisting of a recombinant modified form of the Aeromonas protoxin proaerolysin (PA), bearing a prostate-specific protease cleavage site, with potential antineoplastic activity. When injected directly into the prostate, topsalysin is hydrolyzed to the active toxin aerolysin by the serine protease prostate specific antigen (PSA), a protein overexpressed by prostate cancers and prostate cells in hyperplastic prostatic tissue. Aaerolysin molecules then oligomerize to form ring-like heptamers that are incorporated into the lipid bilayers of cell membranes, forming large membrane channels and resulting in the leakage of cellular contents and lysis of PSA-expressing prostate cells.  
^`Toradol:  (Other name for~ ketorolac tromethamine) 
^`TORC1/2 kinase inhibitor DS-3078a:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of raptor-mTOR protein complex (TORC1) and rictor-mTOR protein complex (TORC2) with potential antineoplastic activity. TORC1/2 inhibitor DS-3078a binds to and inhibits both TORC1 and TORC2 , which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation. TORC1 and 2 are upregulated in some tumors and play an important role in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which is frequently dysregulated in human cancers.  
^`toremifene:  A nonsteroidal triphenylethylene antiestrogen. Chemically related to tamoxifen, toremifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). This agent binds competitively to estrogen receptors, thereby interfering with estrogen activity. Toremifene also has intrinsic estrogenic properties, which are manifested according to tissue type or species.  
^`Torisel:  (Other name for~ temsirolimus) 
^`TORKi:  (Other name for~ mTOR kinase inhibitor CC-223) 
^`tosedostat:  A proprietary orally bioavailable inhibitor of the M1 family of aminopeptidases with potential antineoplastic activity. Tosedostat is converted intracellularly into a poorly membrane-permeable active metabolite (CHR-79888) which inhibits the M1 family of aminopeptidases, particularly puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PuSA), and leukotriene A4 (LTA4) hydrolase; inhibition of these aminopeptidases in tumor cells may result in amino acid deprivation, inhibition of protein synthesis due to a decrease in the intracellular free amino acid pool, an increase in the level of the proapoptotic protein Noxa, and cell death. Noxa is a member of the BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3)-only subgroup of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2) protein family.  
^`tositumomab:  A murine IgG2 monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen, found on the surface of B-cells. Tositumomab binds to the CD20 surface membrane antigen, resulting in apoptosis, and may stimulate antitumoral cell-mediated and/or antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.  
^`tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab:  A murine IgG2a lambda monoclonal antibody, both unradiolabeled and radiolabeled with iodine I 131, directed against the human B cell-specific surface antigen CD20. Tositumomab binds to CD20, resulting in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and apoptosis in B cells expressing CD20; in addition to the antibody-mediated cytotoxicity, iodine I 131 tositumomab delivers cytotoxic ionizing radiation specifically to CD20-expressing B cells. In a two-step therapeutic regimen, a predose of unradiolabeled tositumomab is administered first followed by the administration of a dosimetric dose of iodine I 131 tositumomab; 7-14 days later, a therapeutic dose of iodine I 131 tositumomab is administered. The predose of unradiolabeled tositumomab binds to nontumor B cells, increasing the terminal half-life of radiolabeled antibody while protecting nontumor B cells from radiolabeled antibody-mediated radiocytotoxicity.  
^`total tumor RNA-loaded dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing autologous dendritic cells (DCs) that are loaded with total tumor RNA (TTRNA) from a specific tumor, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, TTRNA-loaded DC vaccine may elicit a highly specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) encoded by the TTRNA.  
^`Totect:  (Other name for~ dexrazoxane hydrochloride) 
^`Toviaz:  (Other name for~ fesoterodine fumarate) 
^`tozasertib lactate:  The lactate salt of tozasertib, a synthetic, small-molecule Aurora kinase inhibitor with potential antitumor activity. Tozasertib binds to and inhibits Aurora kinases (AKs), thereby inducing apoptosis in tumor cells in which AKs are overexpressed. AKs, a family of serine-threonine kinases, are essential for mitotic progression, spindle formation, centrosome maturation, chromosomal segregation, and cytokinesis.  
^`TPF regimen:  A regimen consisting of docetaxel, cisplatin and fluorouracil used for the treatment of squamous cell head and neck cancer and gastric cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`T-Phyl:  (Other name for~ theophylline) 
^`TPI 287:  A synthetic, third generation taxane with potential antineoplastic activity. TPI 287 binds to tubulin and stabilizes microtubules, resulting in inhibition of microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and apoptosis.  
^`TPO receptor agonist ONO-7746:  An orally available small molecule and platelet thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor (TPOR; MPL) agonist with potential megakaryopoiesis stimulating activity. Upon administration, TPOR agonist ONO-7746 binds to and stimulates TPOR, which may lead to the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes. In turn, this may increase the production of blood platelets and may prevent chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia (CIT). TPOR is a cytokine receptor and member of the hematopoietin receptor superfamily. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`trabectedin:  A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the marine tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinate with potential antineoplastic activity. Binding to the minor groove of DNA, trabectedin inteferes with the transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair machinery to induce lethal DNA strand breaks.and blocks the cell cycle in the G2 phase.  
^`trabedersen:  A transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 specific phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide with the sequence 5'-CGGCATGTCTATTTTGTA-3', with potential antineoplastic activity. Trebedersen binds to TGF-beta2 mRNA causing inhibition of protein translation, thereby decreasing TGF-beta2 protein levels; decreasing intratumoral TGF-beta2 levels may result in the inhibition of tumor cell growth and migration, and tumor angiogenesis. TGF-beta2, a cytokine often over-expressed in various malignancies, may play an important role in promoting the growth, progression, and migration of tumor cells.  
^`trametinib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK MAPK/ERK kinase) with potential antineoplastic activity. Trametinib specifically binds to and inhibits MEK 1 and 2, resulting in an inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and cellular proliferation in various cancers. MEK 1 and 2, dual specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases often upregulated in various cancer cell types, play a key role in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that regulates cell growth.  
^`tranexamic acid:  A synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine with antifibrinolytic activity. With strong affinity for the five lysine-binding sites of plasminogen, transexamic acid competitively inhibits the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, resulting in inhibition of fibrinolysis; at higher concentrations, this agent noncompetitively inhibits plasmin. This agent has a longer half-life, is approximately ten times more potent, and is less toxic than aminocaproic acid, which possesses similar mechanisms of action.  
^`trans sodium crocetinate:  The sodium salt of the trans-isomer of the carotenoid crocetin with potential antihypoxic and radiosensitizing activities. Trans sodium crocetinate (TSC) increases the diffusion rate of oxygen in aqueous solutions such as from plasma to body tissue. The agent has been shown to increase available oxygen during hypoxic and ischemic conditions that may occur in hemorrhage, vascular and neurological disorders, and in the tumor microenvionment.  
^`transdermal 17beta-estradiol gel BHR-200:  A proprietary, transdermal, hydroalcoholic gel formulation containing 17beta-estradiol, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon topical administration, 17beta-estradiol exerts its antineoplastic effect(s) through as of yet not fully elucidated mechanism(s) of action(s). This formulation may induce feedback inhibition via the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis feedback loop, block the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prevent the release of testosterone from Leydig cells in the testes, thus suppressing testosterone secretion. In addition, 17beta-estradiol inhibits enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, thereby further inhibiting androgen production. Since testosterone is required to sustain prostate tumor growth, reducing testosterone levels may inhibit hormone-dependent prostate cancer cell proliferation. In addition, 17beta-estradiol prevents bone loss, and suppresses andropause symptoms, such as hot flashes, which appear during androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) where the standard of care is the use of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs. Compared to oral estrogens, the topical gel formulation lowers the risk of cardiovascular side effects.  
^`transdermal 4-hydroxytestosterone:  A transdermal formulation containing 4-hydroxytestosterone (4-OHT), a steroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI) and androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, with potential antineoplastic activity. 4-OHT is largely converted into 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OHA) and irreversibly binds to and inhibits aromatase, thereby blocking the conversion of androstenedione to estrone, and testosterone to estradiol. This may inhibit tumor cell proliferation in estrogen-dependent tumor cells. In addition, 4-OHT binds to the AR and may inhibit AR-mediated tumor cell growth. Aromatase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells; it plays a key role in estrogen biosynthesis. Compared to oral 4-OHT, the transdermal formulation allows for continuous release of 4-OHT into the bloodstream and prevents first pass metabolism by the liver.  
^`transdermal estrogen:  A transdermal formulation containing the synthetic form of estradiol, the most potent, endogenously produced estrogen. Upon topical administration, estradiol diffuses through the cell membrane and binds to and activates specific intracellular estrogen receptors located on estrogen-responsive tissues, including the reproductive tract, breast, pituitary, hypothalamus, liver, and bone. The activated ligand-receptor complex binds to estrogen response elements on DNA and promotes the transcription of genes involved in the functioning of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. In addition, estradiol inhibits the pituitary secretion of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) through a negative feedback mechanism.  
^`transferrin receptor-targeted anti-RRM2 siRNA CALAA-01:  A proprietary transferrin receptor-targeted nanoparticle preparation of a non-chemically modified small-interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RRM2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, transferrin receptor-targeted anti-RRM2 siRNA CALAA-01 binds to transferrin receptors (TfRs), releasing anti-RRM2 siRNA after endocytosis; anti-RRM2 siRNA silences the expression of RRM2 via the RNAi pathway, impeding the assembly of the holoenzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RR) which catalyzes the production of deoxyribonucleotides. As a result, inhibition of cellular proliferation may occur in cells expressing TfR, a cell surface protein overexpressed on various cancer cell types.  
^`transferrin receptor-targeted liposomal p53 cDNA:  A cationic liposomal, tumor-targeting p53 (TP53) gene delivery system with potential anti-tumor activity. Transferrin receptor-targeted liposomal p53 cDNA contains plasmid DNA encoding the tumor suppressor protein p53 packaged in membrane-like liposome capsules that are complexed with anti-transferrin receptor single-chain antibody (TfRscFv). Upon systemic administration, the anti-TfRscFv selectively binds to tumor cells expressing transferrin receptors. The p53 plasmid is delivered into the nucleus and as a result, p53 protein is produced in tumor cells that have altered p53 function. This results in the restoration of normal cell growth control mechanisms as well as normal response mechanisms to DNA damage.  
^`transferrin-CRM107:  A synthetic targeted protein toxin which consists of human transferrin (Tf) conjugated to a diphtheria toxin that contains a point mutation (CRM107). After binding to the transferrin receptor expressed on the tumor cell surface, transferrin-CRM107 is internalized, where the diphtheria toxin moiety exerts its cytotoxic effect intracellularly by inhibiting protein synthesis through ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor.  
^`transforming growth factor-beta superfamily inhibitor ACE-536:  A soluble, recombinant fusion protein composed of a modified form of the extracellular domain of human activin receptor type IIb (ActRIIb) and linked to the human IgG1 Fc domain, with red blood cell stimulating activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, ACE-536 inhibits several ligands in the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily. This prevents activation of a variety of TGF-beta superfamily members involved in late stage erythropoiesis and results in an increased differentiation and proliferation of erythroid progenitors. ACE-536 acts at a different, later stage than erythropoietin. This agent ultimately enhances red blood cell production and prevents anemia.  
^`transgenic lymphocyte immunization vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of a preparation of allogeneic lymphocytes that encode a gene for telomerase. In transgenic lymphocyte immunization, the transgenic cells are infused into the patient, where they serve as antigen- presenting cells (APCs) with the dual function of antigen synthesis and presentation. Vaccination produces an immune response targeting cancer cells expressing telomerase.  
^`TransMID:  (Other name for~ transferrin-CRM107) 
^`transthyretin antisense oligonucleotide ISIS-TTR Rx:  An antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting transthyretin (TTR), which has potential use in the treatment of TTR amyloidosis (ATTR). Upon subcutaneous administration, TTR ASO ISIS-TTR Rx targets and binds to messenger RNA (mRNA) for both variant and wild-type forms of TTR inside liver cells, thereby inhibiting translation of both mutant and wild-type TTR. Inhibition of TTR protein synthesis lowers TTR blood levels and decreases the amount of and/or prevents TTR amyloid deposits, which accumulate in and cause damage to various body organs and tissues. ATTR is caused by mutations in the TTR gene, which lead to TTR protein misfolding; misfolded wild-type and mutant forms of TTR protein accumulate in tissues as amyloid deposits in most ATTR patients. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`tranylcypromine sulfate:  The sulfate salt form of tranylcypromine, an orally bioavailable, nonselective, irreversible, non-hydrazine inhibitor of both monoamine oxidase (MAO) and lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/BHC110), with antidepressant and anxiolytic activities, and potential antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, tranylcypromine exerts its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects through the inhibition of MAO, an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine. This increases the concentrations and activity of these neurotransmitters. Tranylcypromine exerts its antineoplastic effect through the inhibition of LSD1. Inhibition of LSD1 prevents the transcription of LSD1 target genes. LSD1, a flavin-dependent monoamine oxidoreductase and a histone demethylase, is upregulated in a variety of cancers and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.  
^`TrasGEX:  (Other name for~ glycooptimized trastuzumab-GEX) 
^`trastuzumab:  A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). After binding to HER2 on the tumor cell surface, trastuzumab induces an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells that overexpress HER2. HER2 is overexpressed by many adenocarcinomas, particularly breast adenocarcinomas.  
^`Trastuzumab vc-seco-DUBA:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of the recombinant humanized anti-epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) monoclonal antibody trastuzumab linked, via a cleavable linker, to the duocarmycin prodrug, seco-duocarmycin-hydroxybenzamide-azaindole (seco-DUBA), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of trastuzumab vc-seco-DUBA, the trastuzumab moiety binds to HER2 on the tumor cell surface, which triggers the endocytosis of this agent. The linker is then cleaved inside the tumor cell by proteases at the dipeptide valine-citrulline (vc), and releases the active moiety, duocarmycin. Duocarmycin binds to the minor groove of DNA, alkylates adenine at the N3 position, and induces cell death. In addition, trastuzumab induces antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells that overexpress HER2. HER2 is overexpressed by many carcinomas and is associated with a poor prognosis.  
^`Trasylol:  (Other name for~ aprotinin bovine) 
^`Traumasept:  (Other name for~ povidone-iodine solution) 
^`Traumeel S:  Diluted extracts isolated from plants and minerals, including belladonna, arnica, St. Johns wort, and Echinacea. As a homeopathic mouth rinse preparation, Traumeel S exhibits antiinflammatory activity; the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. This agent may reduce the severity and duration of treatment-related stomatitis.  
^`Travasol:  (Other name for~ amino acid injection) 
^`Treanda:  (Other name for~ bendamustine hydrochloride) 
^`trebananib:  An angiopoietin (Ang) 1 and 2 neutralizing peptibody, with potential antiangiogenic activity. Trebananib targets and binds to Ang1 and Ang2, thereby preventing the interaction of the angiopoietins with their target tie2 receptors. This may inhibit angiogenesis and may eventually lead to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.  
^`Trelstar Depot:  (Other name for~ triptorelin pamoate) 
^`tremelimumab:  A human immunoglobulin (Ig) G2 monoclonal antibody directed against the human T-cell receptor protein cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Tremelimumab binds to CTLA4 on activated T-lymphocytes and blocks the binding of the antigen-presenting cell ligands B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) to CTLA4, resulting in inhibition of CTLA4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation. This promotes the interaction of B7-1 and B7-2 with another T-cell surface receptor protein CD28, and results in a B7-CD28-mediated T-cell activation that is unopposed by CTLA4-mediated inhibition. This leads to a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. CTLA4, an inhibitory receptor and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays a key role in the downregulation of the immune system.  
^`Trental:  (Other name for~ pentoxifylline) 
^`treosulfan:  The prodrug of a bifunctional sulfonate alkylating agent with myeloablative, immunosuppresive, and antineoplastic activities. Under physiological conditions, treosulfan converts nonenzymatically to L-diepoxybutane via a monoepoxide intermediate. The monoepoxide intermediate and L-diepoxybutane alkylate DNA at guanine residues and produce DNA interstrand crosslinks, resulting in DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. In escalated doses, this agent also exhbits myeloablative and immunosuppressive activities.  
^`tretinoin:  A naturally-occurring acid of retinol. Tretinoin binds to and activates retinoic acid receptors (RARs), thereby inducing changes in gene expression that lead to cell differentiation, decreased cell proliferation, and inhibition of tumorigenesis. This agent also inhibits telomerase, resulting in telomere shortening and eventual apoptosis of some tumor cell types. The oral form of tretinoin has teratogenic and embryotoxic properties.  
^`Trexall:  (Other name for~ methotrexate) 
^`TriAb:  (Other name for~ monoclonal antibody 11D10 anti-idiotype vaccine) 
^`triamcinolone:  A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Upon cell entry, triamcinolone binds to and activates the glucocorticoid receptor, which leads to translocation of the ligand-receptor complex to the nucleus and induces expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes such as lipocortins. Lipocortins inhibit phospholipase A2, thereby blocking the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, both mediators of inflammation. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including interleukin (IL)-1and IL-6, and the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes is also inhibited. T-cells are prevented from making IL-2 and proliferating. This agent also decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes, induces cell differentiation, and stimulates apoptosis through increasing Ikappa-B expression and curtailing activation of nuclear factor (NF)kappa-B.  
^`triamcinolone acetonide:  The acetonide salt of triamcinolone, a synthetic glucocorticosteroid with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activities. Triamcinolone binds to specific cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors, which subsequently interact with the glucocorticoid receptor response element on DNA, gene expression is altered so that the synthesis of certain anti-inflammatory proteins is induced while the synthesis of certain inflammatory mediators is inhibited. Consequently, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune reactions are reduced.  
^`triapine:  A synthetic heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone with potential antineoplastic activity. Triapine inhibits the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, resulting in the inhibition of the conversion of ribonucleoside diphosphates to deoxyribonucleotides necessary for DNA synthesis. This agent has been shown to inhibit tumor growth in vitro.  
^`triazinate:  A synthetic dihydrotriazine derivative with antineoplastic properties. As an antifolate agent related to methotrexate (MTX), triazinate inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), resulting in decreased tetrahydrofolate production and interference with thymidylate synthesis. Unlike MTX, this agent is not converted to polyglutamate forms. Triazinate also inhibits the transport of folates and may be selectively toxic to MTX-resistant tumor cells.  
^`triazine derivative TriN2755:  A synthetic triazene derivative with antineoplastic activity. Upon metabolic activation via N-demethylation, TriN2755 is converted into highly reactive carbocations that can alkylate DNA and other macromolecules, thereby resulting in DNA cross links, inhibiting DNA replication and repair, and subsequently inducing apoptosis. This agent has high hydrophilicity and photostability and shows a favorable toxicity profile over the other triazenes.  
^`tributyrin:  A triglyceride prodrug of butyric acid with potential antineoplastic activity. Butyrate, the active metabolite of tributyrin, inhibits histone deacetylase, resulting in increased differentiation, decreased proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in some tumor cell lines.  
^`triciribine phosphate:  The phosphate salt of the synthetic, cell-permeable tricyclic nucleoside triciribine with potential antineoplastic activity. Triciribine inhibits the phosphorylation, activation, and signalling of Akt-1, -2, and -3, which may result in the inhibition of Akt-expressing tumor cell proliferation. Akts are anti-apoptotic serine/theronine-specific protein kinases that phosphorylate and inactivate components of the apoptotic machinery, including Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD) and caspase 9.  
^`Tricor:  (Other name for~ fenofibrate) 
^`trientine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of a metal chelating agent with potential anti-angiogenic activity. Trientine chelates excess copper (Cu) ions in the body; the excess copper is subsequently removed from the body through the kidneys. As Cu is an essential cofactor for cuproenzymes, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), depletion of copper may inhibit the activation of signal transduction pathways required for cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. In addition, trientine may inhibit copper-induced secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8).  
^`trifluoperazine hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of trifluoperazine, a phenothiazine derivative and a dopamine, alpha-adrenergic, and anticholinergic antagonist with antipsychotic, anxiolytic, and antiemetic activities. Trifluoperazine blocks central dopamine receptors, which may prevent or mitigate delusions and hallucinations caused by an excess of dopamine; dopamine blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) may result in an antiemetic effect. This agent binds to central adrenergic receptors, which may result in anxiolytic effects.Trifluoperazine also functions as a calmodulin inhibitor, elevating cytosolic calcium.  
^`trifluridine:  A fluorinated thymidine analog with potential antineoplastic activity. Trifluridine is incorporated into DNA and inhibits thymidylate synthase, resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis, inhibition of protein synthesis, and apoptosis. This agent also exhibits antiviral activity.  
^`trifluridine/tipiracil hydrochloride: An orally bioavailable combination agent composed of the cytotoxic pyrimidine analog trifluridine (5-trifluoro-2’-deoxythymidine or TFT) and a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (TPI) tipiracil hydrochloride, in a molar ratio of 1.0:0.5 (TFT:TPI), with potential antineoplastic activity. After oral administration of trifluridine/tipiracil, TFT is phosphorylated to the active monophosphate form TF-TMP, which binds covalently to the active site of thymidylate synthase, thereby reducing the nucleotide pool levels required for DNA replication. Furthermore, the triphosphate form TF-TTP can be incorporated into DNA, which induces DNA fragmentation and leads to the inhibition of tumor growth. TPI exhibits a dual effect:  1) an anti-angiogenic effect mediated through the inhibition of thymidine phosphorylase, which plays an important role in nucleotide metabolism and a variety of development processes, including angiogenesis, 2) increased bioavailability of the normally short-lived antimetabolite TFT by preventing its degradation into the inactive form trifluorothymine (TF-Thy). The synergistic effect of the components in TAS-10 may demonstrate antitumor activity in 5-FU-resistant cancer cells.  
^`Trileptal:  (Other name for~ oxcarbazepine) 
^`Trilisate:  (Other name for~ choline magnesium trisalicylate) 
^`trilostane:  A synthetic derivative of androstane with adrenocortical suppressive properties. Trilostane reversibly inhibits 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase delta 5-4 isomerase in the adrenal cortex, resulting in the decreased synthesis of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids and the decreased conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone.  
^`trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole:  A synthetic combination of two antibacterial agents, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. This synergistic combination, also known as co-trimoxazole, inhibits two sequential steps in the bacterial metabolism of folic acid. Trimethoprim is a pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase; sulfamethoxazole is a sulfamide inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate synthetase.  
^`trimethylcolchicinic acid:  A colchicine analog with potential antineoplastic activity. Trimethylcolchicinic acid binds to tubulin, inhibiting its polymerization into microtubules and preventing cell division.  
^`trimetrexate glucuronate:  A lipid soluble methotrexate derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Trimetrexate glucuronate inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby preventing the synthesis of purine nucleotides and thymidylate, with subsequent inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis. Trimetrexate glucuronate also exhibits antiviral activity.  
^`Trimox:  (Other name for~ amoxicillin) 
^`Triostat:  (Other name for~ liothyronine sodium) 
^`Tripedia:  (Other name for~ diphtheria toxoid/tetanus toxoid/acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed) 
^`triptolide analogue:  A water soluble analogue of the diterpenoid triepoxide triptolide isolated from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the triptolide analogue inhibits heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and prevents HSP70-mediated inhibition of apoptosis. This leads to both the induction of apoptosis and a reduction of cancer cell growth. HSP70, a molecular chaperone upregulated in various cancer cells, plays a key role in the inhibition of caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis.  
^`triptorelin:  A synthetic decapeptide agonist analog of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Possessing greater potency than endogenous LHRH, triptorelin reversibly represses gonadotropin secretion. After chronic, continuous administration, this agent effects sustained decreases in LH and FSH production and testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis. Serum testosterone concentrations may fall to levels typically observed in surgically castrated men.  
^`triptorelin pamoate:  The pamoate salt of triptorelin, a synthetic decapeptide agonist analog of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Possessing greater potency than endogenous LHRH, triptorelin reversibly represses gonadotropin secretion after prolonged administration. After chronic, continuous administration, a sustained decrease in LH, FSH and testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis is observed. The serum testosterone concentration may fall to levels typically seen in surgically castrated men.  
^`tris-acryl gelatin microspheres:  An embolic particle composed of water-soluble, compressible, nonabsorbable tris-acryl gelatin microspheres, with potential use for embolization. Upon administration, the tris-acryl gelatin microspheres (TAGM) serve as an embolic agent before surgery for highly vascularized areas, such as those seen in certain tumors, by penetrating into the vascular system and blocking blood flow. These microspheres may be used to encapsulate various therapeutic agents; drug-loaded microspheres can then be used as drug delivery vehicles during embolization of tumor vasculature.  
^`Trisenox:  (Other name for~ arsenic trioxide) 
^`trivalent influenza vaccine:  A synthetic vaccine consisting of three inactivated influenza viruses, two different influenza type A strains and one influenza type B strain. Trivalent influenza vaccine is formulated annually, based on influenza strains projected to be prevalent in the upcoming flu season. This agent may be formulated for injection or intranasal administration.  
^`trivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine:  A weakened live virus vaccine containing three seasonal influenza reassortants with prophylactic activity against influenza subtypes A and B. The trivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) contains 2 strains of the influenza subtype A, one for H1N1 and one for H3N2, and one strain of subtype B. Upon intranasal administration by sprayer of the trivalent LAIV, the live viruses replicate in the upper respiratory tract and induce an immune response leading to active immunization against influenza subtypes A and B.  
^`tri-virus/GD2-specific allogeneic cytotoxic T-lymphocytes:  Allogeneic tri-viral specific, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and adenovirus (Ad), cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (tV-CTLs) expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for disialoganglioside GD2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Tri-virus/GD2-specific allogeneic CTLs are produced by transducing tV-CTLs with a GD2-specific CAR retroviral vector. Upon administration, after an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, these CTLs may be selective towards EBV, CMV, and Ad-infected cells and GD2-expressing tumor cells. The human glycosphingolipid GD2 is a tumor associated antigen overexpressed on the surface of all tumors of neuroectodermal origin.  
^`Trk inhibitor LOXO-101:  An orally available, tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, LOXO-101 binds to Trk, thereby preventing neurotrophin-Trk interaction and Trk activation, which results in both the induction of cellular apoptosis and the inhibition of cell growth in tumors that overexpress Trk. Trk, a receptor tyrosine kinase activated by neurotrophins, is mutated in a variety of cancer cell types and plays an important role in tumor cell growth and survival.  
^`trodusquemine:  A naturally-occurring cholestane and non-competitive, allosteric inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), with potential hypoglycemic, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, trodusquemine selectively targets and inhibits PTP1B, thereby preventing PTP1B-mediated signaling. This prevents the dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor, which improves insulin signaling and insulin sensitivity, and decreases blood glucose levels. In susceptible cancer cells, inhibition of PTP1B causes a reduction of tumor cell proliferation. In addition, as trodusquemine can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it centrally suppresses appetite and causes weight loss. PTP1B, a tyrosine phosphatase, is elevated in certain cancer cells; it is specifically upregulated in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-driven cancers where it promotes cell growth, and is correlated with a poor prognosis and increased metastatic potential. In diabetes, PTP1B upregulation plays a major role in insulin resistance. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`trofosfamide:  An orally bioavailable oxazaphosphorine prodrug with antineoplastic activity. Trofosfamide (TFF) is metabolized predominantly to the cyclophosphamide analogue ifosfamide (IFO), which is then metabolized by liver cytochrome P450s to the active isophosphoramide mustard (IPM). IPM alkylates DNA to form DNA-DNA cross-links, which may result in inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, and tumor cell apoptosis.  
^`troglitazone:  An orally-active thiazolidinedione with antidiabetic and hepatotoxic properties and potential antineoplastic activity. Troglitazone activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), a ligand-activated transcription factor, thereby inducing cell differentiation and inhibiting cell growth and angiogenesis. This agent also modulates the transcription of insulin-responsive genes, inhibits macrophage and monocyte activation, and stimulates adipocyte differentiation.  
^`tropisetron:  An indole derivative with antiemetic activity. As a selective serotonin receptor antagonist, tropisetron competitively blocks the action of serotonin at 5HT3 receptors, resulting in suppression of chemotherapy-and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.  
^`tropisetron hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of tropisetron, a selective, competitive serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, with antinauseant and antiemetic activities. Tropisetron competitively binds to and blocks the action of serotonin at 5HT3 receptors peripherally on vagus nerve terminals located in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as well as centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the area postrema of the central nervous system (CNS). This results in the suppression of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.  
^`tropomysin receptor kinase inhibitor AZD7451:  A tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. AZD7451 binds to TRK, thereby preventing the neurotrophin-TRK interaction and subsequent TRK activation. This may eventually result in an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in TRK-expressing tumor cells. TRK, a receptor tyrosine kinase activated by neurotrophins, is mutated in a variety of cancer cell types and plays an important role in tumor cell growth, invasion and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`TroVax:  (Other name for~ recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara-5T4 vaccine) 
^`troxacitabine:  A dioxolane derivative and a novel L-configuration deoxycytidine analogue with potent antineoplastic activity. When incorporated into growing chain during DNA replication, troxacitabine stops DNA polymerization due to its unnatural L-configuration, in contrast to the normal nucleotides with D-configuration. As a result, this agent terminates DNA synthesis upon incorporated into DNA molecules, and consequently interrupts tumor cell proliferation.  
^`Troxatyl:  (Other name for~ troxacitabine) 
^`TRP2 mRNA-electroporated autologous langerhans-type dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer cell vaccine composed of autologous human Langerhans-type dendritic cells (also known as Langerhans cells or LCs) that are electroporated with mRNA encoding full-length murine tyrosinase-related peptide 2 (TRP2), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon vaccination, the TRP2 mRNA-electroporated autologous Langerhans-type dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against TRP2-expressing tumor cells. TRP2, a tautomerase involved in the synthesis of melanin, is only expressed in melanomas, melanocytes, and the retina. The LCs are differentiated from CD34 positive hematopoietic progenitor cells.  
^`TRPV6 calcium channel inhibitor SOR-C13:  An inhibitor of transient receptor potential cation channel vanilloid family member 6 (TRPV6, CaT1 or CATL) with potential antineoplastic activity. TRPV6 calcium channel inhibitor SOR-C13 binds to TRPV6 and prevents the influx of calcium ions into TRPV6-expressing tumor cells. This inhibits the activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) transcription complex which may result in an inhibition of calcium-dependent cancer cell proliferation and an induction of apoptosis in tumor cells overexpressing TRPV6. The TRPV6 ion channel plays a key role in calcium homeostasis and is highly selective for calcium compared to other cations; it is overexpressed in a variety of tumors and initiates tumor cell growth, proliferation and metastases.  
^`Truphylline:  (Other name for~ aminophylline) 
^`tryptophanase:  Encoded by human TDO2 Gene, 406-aa 48-kDa Tryptophanase is a homotetramer that may bind protoheme IV involved in tryptophan catabolism with broad specificity towards tryptamine and derivatives including tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, and serotonin.  
^`TS-1:  (Other name for~ tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil potassium) 
^`TS-ONE:  (Other name for~ tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil potassium) 
^`TSP-1 mimetic fusion protein CVX-045:  A fusion protein containing two thrombospondin (TSP-1)-derived nonamer peptides covalently attached, via a proprietary diketone linker, to a proprietary humanized catalytic monoclonal aldolase monoclonal antibody with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. The TSP-1 mimetic peptide moieties of TSP-1 mimetic fusion protein CVX-045 bind to TSP-1 receptors, such as CD36, and inhibit tumor angiogenesis, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. The proprietary humanized catalytic monoclonal aldolase monoclonal antibody contains reactive lysine residues in its binding sites, which react covalently with compounds having a diketone function; the TSP-1 mimetic peptide moieties are then covalently attached to the diketone linkers via a proprietary spacer.  
^`TTI-237:  A small synthetic molecule of triazolopyrimidine derivative with potential antitumor activity. With a novel mechanism of action distinct from the action of other vinca alkaloid compounds, TTI-237 specifically binds to tubulin at the vinca site, and promotes the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules. TTI-237 stabilizes tubulin and inhibits microtubule disassembly. This results in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and leading to cell death.  
^`tubercidin:  An antibiotic and adenosine analog isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces tubercidicus with potential antineoplastic activity. Tubercidin is incorporated into DNA and inhibits polymerases, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent also exhibits antifungal and antiviral activities.  
^`tubulin inhibitor ALB 109564(a):  A semi-synthetic derivative of the vinka alkaloid vinblastine with potential antineoplastic activity. Tubulin inhibitor ALB 109564(a) binds to tubulin monomers and inhibits microtubule formation, resulting in disruption of mitotic spindle assembly and arrest of tumor cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle.  
^`tubulin polymerization inhibitor CKD-516:  A benzophenone derivative and water soluble valine prodrug of the tubulin binding agent S516, with potential tubulin-inhibiting, vascular-disrupting and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, tubulin polymerization inhibitor CKD-516 is converted into its active metabolite S-516, which binds to tubulin and prevents its polymerization in tumor blood vessel endothelial cells and tumor cells. This blocks the formation of the mitotic spindle and leads to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. As a result, this agent disrupts the tumor vasculature and tumor blood flow, deprives tumor cells of nutrients and induces tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, this agent has a direct cytotoxic effect on tumor cells by inhibiting tubulin polymerization. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`tubulin-binding agent SSR97225:  An antimitotic tubulin-binding agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Tubulin-binding agent SSR97225 binds to tubulin, arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M checkpoint and preventing mitosis.  
^`tucotuzumab celmoleukin:  A recombinant fusion protein comprised of a human monoclonal antibody directed against the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM or KS) linked to an active interleukin-2 (IL2) molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. The humanized monoclonal antibody moiety of tucotuzumab celmoleukin recognizes and binds to EpCAM, a cell surface epithelial protein that is expressed on a wide variety of cancer cells, thereby concentrating IL2 in EpCAM-expressing tumor tissue. Subsequently, the localized IL2 moiety of this fusion protein may stimulate a cytotoxic T-cell antitumor immune response.  
^`tumor cell-derived DRibbles vaccine:  An autophagosome-enriched cancer vaccine composed of short-lived proteins (SLiPs) and defective ribosomal products (DRiPs) derived from tumor cells, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. The Dribbles are DriPs- and SLiPs-filled autophagosomes that are made by treating cancer cells with both a proteasome inhibitor, to prevent protein degradation, and an autophagy inducer, which causes the accumulation of DriPs, SLiPs, and their immunogenic fragments. Upon administration of a Dribbles vaccine, the proteins or antigen fragments in Dribbles may stimulate the immune system to mount cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T-lymphocyte responses against the cancer-associated antigens (TAAs).  
^`tumor peptide-loaded myeloid dendritic cells:  A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of myeloid dendritic cells (myDCs) pulsed with tumor peptides with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the tumor peptide-loaded myDCs stimulate a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis.  
^`tumor-cells apoptosis factor hormone-peptide:  A synthetic 14-amino acid peptide derived from a novel human peptide hormone, Tumor-Cells Apoptosis Factor (TCApF), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, tumor-cells apoptosis factor hormone-peptide binds to the T1/ST2 receptor (IL1RL1) and activates both caspase 8 and Bcl-2 mediated apoptosis, in addition to the activation of p38 MAPK and JNK signaling cascades in tumor cells. Furthermore, this agent inhibits angiogenesis by suppressing the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (VEGFR1). Tumor-cells apoptosis factor hormone-peptide also modulates immune system responses via increasing the expressions of interleukin-10 and anti-angiogenic interleukin. T1/ST2 receptor, a member of the toll/interleukin-1 receptor superfamily, is overexpressed in certain cancer cells.  
^`tumor-homing peptide iRGD:  A 9-amino-acid-based cyclic, tumor specific homing, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-based peptide (CRGDKRGPDC), with tumor penetrating activity. The iRGD contains the RGD motif as well as the C-terminal end binding (CendR) motif that increases internalization. Upon administration, the RGD motif of the iRGD peptide is able to specifically target tumors by binding to alphavbeta3/alphavbeta5 integrins on tumor endothelium. In turn, iRGD is cleaved by specific tumor proteases, which exposes the positively charged CendR motif. This motif binds to neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), a receptor overexpressed on certain tumor cells. This increases vascular permeability of tumor blood vessels and promotes tumor penetration. Compared to other RGD peptides, this agent is able to both improve delivery and increase the accumulation of co-administered or conjugated chemotherapeutic agents in the tumor.  
^`Tygacil:  (Other name for~ tigecycline) 
^`Tykerb:  (Other name for~ lapatinib ditosylate) 
^`Tylenol:  (Other name for~ acetaminophen) 
^`type-1 polarized dendritic cell-induced antigen-specific autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes:  A preparation of autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), specifically reactive to melanoma-associated antigen 3 (MAGE-3), MAGE-4, survivin, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; ERBB2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), with potential immunomodulating activity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are collected from the patient. Subsequently, autologous dendritic cells (DCs) are separated, treated with a certain combination of cytokines to produce polarized type-1 DCs (DC1), and then are loaded with MAGE-3/MAGE-4/survivin/HER2/COX-2 CTL epitope peptides. In turn, autologous CTLs are collected, exposed ex vivo to the antigen-loaded DC1s and subsequently expanded in vitro. Upon re-infusion of the DC1-induced MAGE-3/MAGE-4/survivin/HER2/COX-2-specific autologous CTLs, the CTLs target and lyse tumor cells expressing the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Exposure to DC1s generates more potent CTLs and thus induces a more potent CTL response against TAA-expressing tumor cells. The targeted TAAs play key roles in cellular proliferation and are overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`typhoid vaccine:  A bacterial vaccine used to prevent typhoid fever, which is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria.  
^`tyroserleutide:  A tripeptide consisting of tyrosine, serine, and leucine with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the mechanism of its antitumor activity has yet to be fully elucidated, tyroserleutide appears to inhibit the expression of ICAM-1 (CD54), a cell adhesion factor of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily that plays an important role in the invasion, adhesion, and metastasis of tumor cells. In addition, this agent may influence the Ca2+/calmodulin pathway, inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K); PI3K is upregulated in tumor cells and is involved in cellular proliferation.  
^`tyrosinase peptide:  One of a number of recombinant peptides consisting of amino acid residues of the enzyme tyrosinase, a protein frequently expressed by melanoma cells. Vaccination with tyrosinase peptide may stimulate cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against tyrosinase-expressing tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor growth.  
^`tyrosinase-related protein-1:  A recombinant peptide of the tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1) used in vaccine therapy. Expressed by cells of melanocyte origin, TRP1 is an enzyme involved in the process that converts tyrosinase to melanin pigments. Vaccination with TRP1 may stimulate cytotoxic T cell responses to melanoma cells.  
^`tyrosine kinase inhibitor OSI-930:  A selective thiophene-derived tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor OSI-930 inhibits stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit) and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), which may result in the inhibition of both tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. Both c-Kit and VEGFR2 are overexpressed in a variety of cancers.  
^`tyrosine kinase inhibitor XL228:  A synthetic molecule that targets multiple tyrosine kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor XL228 binds to and inhibits the activities of multiple tyrosine kinases, such as the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), Src tyrosine kinase, and Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase. Blockade of these kinases may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and metastasis. In addition, this agent may be a potent inhibitor of the T315I mutant form of the Abl protein, which is associated with the resistance of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) to other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. IGF1R and Src tyrosine kinases are upregulated in many tumor cells and play important roles in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Bcr-Abl translocation leads to constitutive activation of ABL kinase and is commonly associated with Philadelphia-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).  
^`Tysabri:  (Other name for~ natalizumab) 
^`Tyzeka:  (Other name for~ telbivudine) 


^`UAE inhibitor MLN7243:  A small molecule inhibitor of ubiquitin-activating enzyme (UAE), with potential antineoplastic activity. UAE inhibitor MLN7243 binds to and inhibits UAE, which prevents both protein ubiquitination and subsequent protein degradation by the proteasome. This results in an excess of proteins in the cells and may lead to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis. This inhibits tumor cell proliferation and survival. UAE, also called ubiquitin E1 enzyme (UBA1; E1), is more active in cancer cells than in normal, healthy cells.  
^`ublituximab:  A chimeric recombinant IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against human CD20 with potential antineoplastic activity. Ublituximab specifically binds to the B cell-specific cell surface antigen CD20, thereby potentially inducing a B cell-directed complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against CD20-expressing B cells, leading to B cell apoptosis. CD20 is a non-glycosylated cell surface phosphoprotein that is exclusively expressed on B cells during most stages of B cell development and is often overexpressed in B-cell malignancies. Ublituximab has a specific glycosylation profile, with a low fucose content, that may enhance its ADCC response against malignant B cells.  
^`udenafil:  A benzenesulfonamide derivative with vasodilatory activity. Udenafil selectively inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), thus inhibiting the degradation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) found in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis; inhibition of cGMP degradation results in prolonged muscle relaxation, vasodilation, and blood engorgement of the corpus cavernosa, and, so, prolonged penile erection. This agent does not significantly inhibit the PDE11 isozyme; PDE11 inhibition may be associated with significant myalgia.  
^`ulimorelin hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of ulimorelin, a macrocyclic ghrelin peptidomimetic, with potential gastrointestinal (GI) prokinetic activity. Upon intravenous administration, ulimorelin binds to the ghrelin receptor in the GI tract and may stimulate GI motility. Ghrelin is a natural ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptors and is normally localized in the proximal GI tract. The ghrelin receptor signaling pathway mediates multiple GI functions, including motility and gastric emptying.  
^`ulinastatin:  A multivalent Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor derived from human urine, with potential protective, anti-fibrinolytic and anticoagulant activities. Upon administration, ulinastatin (or urinary trypsinogen inhibitor) inhibits the activities of a variety of enzymes, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, thrombin, kallikrein, plasmin, elastase, cathepsin, lipase, hyaluronidase, factors IXa, Xa, XIa, and XlIa, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase. In addition, ulinastatin inhibits the excessive release of proinflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and -8, and chemokines. Altogether, this agent may improve the microcirculation, perfusion and function of tissues and may protect organ injury.  
^`ulipristal acetate:  An orally bioavailable, acetate ester of ulipristal, a selective progesterone receptor modulator with anti-progesterone activity. Ulipristal binds to the progesterone receptor (PR), thereby inhibiting PR-mediated gene expression, and interfering with progesterone activity in the reproductive system. As a result, this agent may suppress the growth of uterine leiomyomatosis. Furthermore, by inhibiting or delaying ovulation and effecting endometrial tissue, ulipristal can be used as an emergency contraception. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`ulocuplumab:  An orally bioavailable monoclonal antibody against CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) with potential antineoplastic activity. Ulocuplumab binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, preventing the binding of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) to the CXCR4 receptor and subsequent receptor activation, which may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and migration. CXCR4, a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor family, plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis and is upregulated in several tumor cell types.  
^`Uloric:  (Other name for~ febuxostat) 
^`Ultandren:  (Other name for~ fluoxymesterone) 
^`Ultane:  (Other name for~ sevoflurane) 
^`Ultiva:  (Other name for~ remifentanil hydrochloride) 
^`Ultradine:  (Other name for~ povidone-iodine solution) 
^`Ultravist:  (Other name for~ iopromide) 
^`Ultresa:  (Other name for~ pancrelipase) 
^`ULvWF multimer-targeting agent ARC1779:  An optimized, second-generation, PEGylated aptamer with antithrombotic property. ULvWF multimer-targeting agent ARC1779 blocks the binding of von Willebrand factor (vWF), via the A1 domain, and ultra-large vWF multimers to platelets, as well as interfering with the binding of platelet receptor glycoprotein Ib, thus reducing platelet adhesion, aggregation and thrombus growth in arterial beds. Unlike other antiplatelet agents, this aptamer can be readily reversed by binding to a complementary sequence of oligonucleotides, and may therefore offer potential therapeutic benefit in surgery.  
^`umbilical cord blood-derived hematopoietic CD34-positive progenitor cells:  A population of cryopreserved, ex vivo expanded and nicotinamide (NAM)-treated, CD34-positive hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) derived from allogeneic, CD34+ cells isolated from human umbilical cord blood (UCB) that can be used during transplantation. CD34+ HPCs are isolated from human UCB mononuclear cells, and expanded ex vivo. Upon transplantation with the UCB-derived CD34+ HPCs, these cells can differentiate into a variety of cell types including fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, adipocytes, and endothelial cells. Compared to bone marrow transplants, these HPCs are associated with decreased risk of causing graft-versus host disease (GvHD), increased survival, and enhanced transplant and engraftment potential for any given patient as there is no need for a matched donor. Compared to untreated HPCs, treating the cells ex vivo with NAM increases the number of HPCs from UCB, enhances migration, bone marrow (BM) homing, engraftment and increases neutrophil and platelet recovery.  
^`umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells:  Multipotent stem cells of mesenchymal origin isolated from umbilical cord blood. Umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into a variety of cell types including fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, adipocytes, and endothelial cells.  
^`umbilical cord blood-derived natural killer cells:  A population of allogeneic, cytokine-differentiated, highly lytic natural killer (NK) cells derived from CD34+ cells isolated from human umbilical cord blood (UCB) with potential cytotoxic activity. CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are isolated from human UCB mononuclear cells, differentiated into mature, highly lytic, CD3- CD56+ NK cells, by a specific combination of cytokines that includes stem cell factor (SCF), fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3-L), interleukin-15 (IL-15) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and expanded ex vivo. Upon administration, the UCB-derived NK cells may lyse cancer cells.  
^`Unasyn:  (Other name for~ ampicillin sodium/sulbactam sodium) 
^`Uncaria tomentosa extract:  An extract of Uncaria tomentosa (U. tomentosa), also called Cat's claw, a native Amazonian plant belonging to the Rubiaceae species, with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, antioxidant and antineoplastic activities. Although the exact mechanism(s) by which U. tomentosa extract exerts its effect(s) has yet to be fully elucidated, this extract may inhibit the proliferation of certain types of cancer cells. This extract may modulate inflammatory and immune responses through the stimulation of T- and B-lymphocytes and certain cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). Components in U. tomentosa may both induce repair of chemically-induced DNA damage and scavenge free radicals, which may protect against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cellular damage. In addition, this extract stimulates myelopoiesis, which may prevent chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.  
^`uniformly-labeled [U-13C] glucose:  A non-radioactive, naturally occurring carbon 13 (13C) glucose isotopomer in which all six carbons are 13C, with potential imaging application. Upon administration of uniformly-labeled [U-13C] glucose, the glucose is taken up and metabolized by tumors and the 13C-containing metabolites can be imaged by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Since tumor cells take up and metabolize glucose in higher amounts and through different pathways than normal cells, this agent may help assess the metabolic phenotype of the tumor. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Uniphyl:  (Other name for~ theophylline) 
^`Unituxin:  (Other name for~ dinutuximab) 
^`uracil:  One of the 5 major bases (with adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) which are a component of nucleic acids.  
^`uracil ointment:  A 0.1% topical formulation of uracil used to potentially lower the incidence of hand-foot syndrome (HFS) (or palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia) during 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or 5-FU prodrug capecitabine chemotherapy. Upon local administration of uracil ointment to the skin, uracil competes with capecitabine or 5-FU as substrates for the activating enzyme thymidine phosphorylase and the metabolizing enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. This may prevent the production of 5-FU as well as the breakdown of 5-FU into the toxic metabolites locally. As the 5-FU metabolites are responsible for the presentation of HFS, inhibiting their formation may prevent this adverse effect. By applying a high concentration of uracil locally, the skin toxicities of 5-FU may be countered while preserving the systemic anti-cancer activity of the 5FU.  
^`urelumab:  A humanized agonistic monoclonal antibody targeting the CD137 receptor with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Urelumab specifically binds to and activates CD137-expressing immune cells, stimulating an immune response, in particular a cytotoxic T cell response, against tumor cells. CD137 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/nerve growth factor (NGF) family of receptors and is expressed by activated T- and B-lymphocytes and monocytes; its ligand has been found to play an important role in the regulation of immune responses.  
^`uridine:  A nucleoside consisting of uracil and D-ribose and a component of RNA. Uridine has been studied as a rescue agent to reduce the toxicities associated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), thereby allowing the administration of higher doses of 5-FU in chemotherapy regimens.  
^`uridine triacetate:  An orally bioavailable, lipophilic, triacetate prodrug form of the pyrimidine nucleoside, uridine, that can be used for uridine replacement or as an antidote for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced toxicity. Upon administration, uridine triacetate is deacetylated by esterases to produce uridine and acetate. In turn, uridine is converted to uridine triphosphate (UTP), which competes with fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP), one of the toxic metabolites of 5-FU, for incorporation into RNA of normal cells. This prevents disruption of RNA synthesis in normal cells and limits toxicity resulting from overdose of 5-FU and 5-FU prodrugs. The FUTP-mediated damage to RNA is the main cause of 5-FU toxicities.  
^`URLC10 peptide/Montanide ISA51 vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing URLC10 (up-regulated lung cancer 10) epitopes with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, URL peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against URLC10-expressing tumor cells. Up-regulated in lung and esophageal cancers, the function of URLC10 is unknown.  
^`URLC10-TTK-KOC1-VEGFR1-VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine: A cancer vaccine containing five peptide epitopes with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activity. Peptide epitopes in this vaccine are derived from:  URLC10 (up-regulated lung cancer 10), TTK (TTK protein kinase), KOC1 (IGF II mRNA Binding Protein 3) and VEGFRs (vascular endothelial growth factor receptors) 1 and 2. Upon administration, URLC10-TTK-KOC1-VEGFR1-VEGFR2 multipeptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing URLC10, TTK, KCO1, VEGFR 1 and 2 peptides, resulting in cell lysis and decreased tumor growth.  
^`urokinase-derived peptide A6:  An octapeptide (amino acids 136-143) derived from the proteolytic enzyme urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), with potential antineoplastic activity. A6 is derived from the nonreceptor-binding domain and connecting region of urokinase. Administration of A6 inhibits the interaction of uPA with its receptor uPAR, and may inhibit endothelial cell motility and tumor cell invasion. uPA and uPAR promote extracellular matrix degradation and growth factor activation and correlate positively with angiogenesis, cancer cell invasion and metastasis.  
^`Urolene Blue:  (Other name for~ methylene blue) 
^`Uroxatrol:  (Other name for~ alfuzosin hydrochloride) 
^`URSO:  (Other name for~ ursodiol) 
^`ursodiol:  A synthetically-derived form of ursodiol, a bile acid produced by the liver and secreted and stored in the gallbladder. Also produced by the Chinese black bear liver, ursodiol has been used in the treatment of liver disease for centuries. This agent dissolves or prevents cholesterol gallstones by blocking hepatic cholesterol production and decreasing bile cholesterol. Ursodiol also reduces the absorption of cholesterol from the intestinal tract.  
^`USP14/UCHL5 inhibitor VLX1570:  An inhibitor of the 19S proteasome-specific deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) USP14 and UCHL5, with apoptosis-inducing and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, VLX1570 specifically binds to both USP14 and UCHL5, thereby blocking their deubiquitylating activity. This blocks the ubiquitin proteasome degradation pathway, prevents the degradation of defective proteins, and leads to an accumulation of poly-ubiquitylated proteins. This induces the unfolded protein response (UPR) and results in both the induction of tumor cell apoptosis and the inhibition of tumor cell growth. USP14 and UCHL5, overexpressed in various tumor cell types, play a key role in the correct folding and deubiquitination of proteins.  
^`ustekinumab:  An orally available, human, IgG1kappa, monoclonal antibody directed against the p40 protein subunit of both interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23, with immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, ustekinumab binds to the p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23, blocking the binding of IL-12 and IL-23 to their interleukin receptors. This inhibits IL-12- and IL-23-mediated signaling and inhibits differentiation of CD4-positive T cells into Th1 and Th17 cells. This prevents Th1- and Th17-mediated responses and cytokine production. This may prevent graft versus host disease (GVHD). IL-12 and IL-23, cytokines that play a key role in the regulation of the immune system, are upregulated in immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. Both Th1 and Th17 cells play a crucial role in GVHD. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Utimox:  (Other name for~ amoxicillin) 
^`UV1 telomerase peptide vaccine:  A synthetic, peptide cancer vaccine directed against the human telomerase reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit (hTERT) with potential immunomodulating activity. Vaccination with the UV1 telomerase peptide may stimulate cytotoxic T-cells to recognize and kill telomerase-expressing cells. Telomerase, a reverse transcriptase normally repressed in healthy cells, is overexpressed in most cancer cells and plays a key role in cellular proliferation.  
^`Uvadex:  (Other name for~ methoxsalen) 
^`Uvidem:  (Other name for~ autologous dendritic cell-allogeneic melanoma tumor cell lysate vaccine) 


^`V930 vaccine:  A novel cancer vaccine designed to treat HER-2- and/or CEA-expressing cancers.  
^`VAC regimen:  A regimen consisting of vincristine, dactinomycin and cyclophosphamide, which is used for the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and ovarian germ cell tumors. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`vaccine-sensitized draining lymph node cells:  Cells isolated from lymph nodes from patients, and activated in vitro to generate tumor-specific effector T cells. Lymph nodes in the lymphatics draining tumors often contain T cells that are immunologically sensitized but functionally deficient. Vaccine-sensitized draining lymph node cells are prepared by isolating these lymphocytes in vitro and stimulating them with cytokines to differentiate into mature effector cells. Vaccine-draining lymph node cells may also be produced by pharmacological activation of lymph node-derived lymphocytes with drugs such as ionomycin or with bacterial toxin; these activated lymphocytes may be expanded in culture with cytokines such as interleukin-2 prior to infusion into the patient.  
^`vaccinia virus (vvDD-CDSR):  A highly tumor-selective vaccinia virus (vv) with an engineered double deletion (DD) of the thymidine kinase (tk) and vaccinia growth factor genes and additions of both a cytosine deaminase (CD) gene and a somatostatin receptor (SR) gene with potential oncolytic viral activity. The tk and vaccinia growth factor gene deletions in intratumorally administered vaccinia virus (vvDD-CDSR) help to restrict its replication and cytolytic activity to tumor cells with large nucleotide pools and tumor cells with activation of the EGFR-Ras pathway. Addition of the CD gene to the viral genome allows control of oncolytic viral infection through the administration of the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), converted by CD to the antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cells infected with this agent. Addition of the SR gene allows anatomical localization of vaccinia virus (vvDD-CDSR) through the use of octreotide scintigraphy.  
^`vaccinia-tyrosinase vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia virus, based on the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), that encodes the melanoma-associated antigen tyrosinase. Vaccination with vaccinia-tyrosinase may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing tyrosinase. Tyrosinase is a melanoma-specific differentiation agent that catalyzes the synthesis of the melanin precursor L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA).  
^`Vaccinium myrtillus/Macleaya cordata/Echinacea angustifolia extract granules:  A proprietary suspension formulation prepared from granules of standardized extracts from the fruits of Vaccinium myrtillus, the aerial parts of Macleaya cordata and the roots of Echinacea angustifolia, with potential anti-mucositis, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. The main active ingredients of this formulation include anthocyanosides and procyanidins, benzophenanthridinic alkaloids, and alkylamides from V. myrtillus, M. cordata and E. angustifolia extracts, respectively. Upon administration in the mucosal cavity, the anthocyanosides scavenge free radicals, form a protective barrier on the mucosa, and protect the integrity of the capillary vessels; the benzophenanthridine alkaloids prevent the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting NF-kB and may halt the growth of microorganisms; the alkylamides inhibit cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase thereby blocking productions of prostaglandin and leukotriene. Furthermore, alkylamides modulate the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and other cytokines involved in inflammation processes through cannabinoid type 2 receptors and as cannabinomimetics they may also exert analgesic activity.  
^`vadastuximab talirine:  An immunoconjugate consisting of a humanized monoclonal antibody that is engineered to contain cysteine residues that are conjugated to the synthetic, DNA cross-linking, pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer SGD-1882, via the protease-cleavable linker maleimidocaproyl-valine-alanine dipeptide, with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody portion of the vadastuximab talirine specifically binds to the cell surface antigen CD33. This causes the internalization of vadastuximab talirine, and the release of the cytotoxic moiety SGD-1882. SGD-1882 binds to and crosslinks DNA, which results in both cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis in CD33-expressing tumor cells. CD33, a transmembrane receptor, is expressed on myeloid leukemia cells.  
^`vadimezan:  A fused tricyclic analogue of flavone acetic acid with potential antineoplastic activity. Vadimezan induces the cytokines tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-alpha), serotonin and nitric oxide, resulting in hemorrhagic necrosis and a decrease in angiogenesis. This agent also stimulates the anti-tumor activity of tumor-associated macrophages.  
^`Vagestrol:  (Other name for~ diethylstilbestrol) 
^`Vagifem:  (Other name for~ therapeutic estradiol) 
^`valacyclovir:  The hydrochloride salt of the L-valyl ester of the antiviral drug acyclovir. Orally administered, valacyclovir is rapidly converted to acyclovir which inhibits viral DNA replication after further conversion to the nucleotide analog acyclovir triphosphate by viral thymidine kinase, cellular guanyl cyclase, and a number of other cellular enzymes. Acyclovir triphosphate competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase; incorporates into and terminates the growing viral DNA chain; and inactivates viral DNA polymerase. The greater antiviral activity of acyclovir against herpes simplex virus (HSV) compared with varicellla-zoster virus (VZV) is due to its more efficient phosphorylation by HSV thymidine kinase.  
^`Valchlor:  (Other name for~ mechlorethamine hydrochloride gel) 
^`Valcyte:  (Other name for~ valganciclovir) 
^`valdecoxib:  A sulfonamide derivative and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. Valdecoxib selectively binds to and inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, thereby preventing the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, which are involved in the regulation of pain, inflammation, and fever. This NSAID does not inhibit COX-1 at therapeutic concentrations and therefore does not interfere with blood coagulation.  
^`Valeriana officinalis extract: An herbal extract isolated from the root of the plant Valeriana officinalis with sedative and anxiolytic activities. Valeriana officinalis extract contains four distinct classes of phytochemical constituents:  volatile oils; sesquiterpenoids, including valerenic acid and its hydroxyl and acetoxyl derivative; valepotriates; and volatile pyridine alkaloids. Although the exact mechanism of action has not been established, the sequiterpenoids in Valeriana officinalis extract, particularly valerenic acid, appear to account for its sedative and anxiolytic effects. Valerenic acid is both a subtype-selective GABA-A receptor agonist and a 5HT-5A receptor partial agonist. The sedative-hypnotic benzodiazepines are GABA-A receptor agonists.  
^`valganciclovir:  A synthetic prodrug of ganciclovir, a nucleoside analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, with antiviral activity. After phosphorylation, valganciclovir is incorporated into DNA, resulting in inhibition of viral DNA polymerase, viral DNA synthesis, and viral replication.  
^`Valparin:  (Other name for~ divalproex sodium) 
^`valproic acid:  A synthetic derivative of propylpentanoic acid with antiepileptic properties and potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenesis activities. In epilepsy, valproic acid appears to act by increasing the concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. This agent's antitumor and antiangiogenesis activities may be related to the inhibition of histone deacetylases and nitric oxide synthase, which results in the inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis.  
^`valrubicin:  A semisynthetic derivative of the antineoplastic anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin. With a mechanism of action that appears to differ from doxorubicin, valrubicin is converted intracytoplasmically into N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin, which interacts with topoisomerase II, stabilizing the complex between the enzyme and DNA; consequently, DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis are inhibited and the cell cycle is arrested in the G2 phase. In addition, this agent accumulates in the cell cytoplasm where it inhibits protein kinase C (PKC). Valrubicin is less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin when administered systemically; applied topically, this agent shows excellent tissue penetration. Structurally, the trifluoro-acetyl moiety on the amino group of the glycoside and the valerate moiety appear to result in a lipophilicity that is greater than of doxorubicin, resulting in increased intracytoplasmic concentrations.  
^`valsartan:  An orally active nonpeptide triazole-derived antagonist of angiotensin (AT) II with antihypertensive properties. Valsartan selectively and competitively blocks the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 subtype receptor in vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal gland, preventing AT II-mediated vasoconstriction, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, and renal reabsorption of sodium, and resulting in vasodilation, increased excretion of sodium and water, a reduction in plasma volume, and a reduction in blood pressure.  
^`valspodar:  An analogue of cyclosporin-A. Valspodar inhibits p-glycoprotein, the multidrug resistance efflux pump, thereby restoring the retention and activity of some drugs in some drug-resistant tumor cells. This agent also induces caspase-mediated apoptosis.  
^`Valstar:  (Other name for~ valrubicin) 
^`Valtrex:  (Other name for~ valacyclovir) 
^`VAMP Regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of vincristine, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), methotrexate and prednisone used in combination with radiation therapy for the treatment of low-risk childhood Hodgkin lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`Vancenase:  (Other name for~ beclomethasone dipropionate) 
^`Vanceril:  (Other name for~ beclomethasone dipropionate) 
^`vandetanib:  An orally bioavailable 4-anilinoquinazoline. Vandetanib selectively inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), thereby blocking VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation and migration and reducing tumor vessel permeability. This agent also blocks the tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates tumor cell proliferation and migration and angiogenesis.  
^`Vanicream Sunscreen SPF 60:  (Other name for~ titanium dioxide/zinc oxide sunscreen cream SPF 60) 
^`Vanos:  (Other name for~ fluocinonide cream) 
^`Vantas:  (Other name for~ histrelin acetate) 
^`vantictumab:  A monoclonal antibody directed against the Wnt signaling pathway with potential antineoplastic activity. Vantictumab binds to certain receptors in the Wnt signaling pathway thereby preventing the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. This may result in an inhibition of cancer stem cell (CSC) activity and a subsequent inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. The Wnt signaling pathway is dysregulated in many cancer cell types and appears to play a major role in CSC regulation and activity; CSC are tumor initiating cells that are able to self-renew and are responsible for tumor growth and resistance. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`Vantin:  (Other name for~ cefpodoxime proxetil) 
^`Vaqta:  (Other name for~ hepatitis A vaccine) 
^`vardenafil hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt form of vardenafil, a benzenesulfonamide derivative and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor with vasodilatory activity. Vardenafil selectively inhibits PDE5, thus inhibiting the degradation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) found in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis. The inhibition of cGMP degradation results in prolonged muscle relaxation, vasodilation, and blood engorgement of the corpus cavernosa, thereby prolonging penile erection.  
^`varenicline:  A partial agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype alpha4beta2. Nicotine stimulation of central alpha4beta2 nAChRs located at presynaptic terminals in the nucleus accumbens causes the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which may be associated with the experience of pleasure; nicotine addiction constitutes a physiologic dependence related to this dopaminergic reward system. As an AChR partial agonist, varenicline attenuates the craving and withdrawal symptoms that occur with abstinence from nicotine but is not habit-forming itself.  
^`Vargatef:  (Other name for~ nintedanib) 
^`varicella vaccine:  A live attenuated virus vaccine used to prevent chickenpox and shingles, which is caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV).  
^`varicella zoster virus strain Oka/Merck live antigen:  A sterile, lyophilized preparation of the Oka/Merck strain of the live, attenuated varicella zoster virus (VZV), that can be used to prevent varicella, commonly known as chickenpox, or herpes zoster (HZ), commonly known as shingles. Upon reconstitution and subcutaneous vaccination with the VZV strain Oka/Merck live antigen, this vaccine induces antigen-specific T-cell and B-cell immune responses against the VZV, thereby protecting against VZV infection.  
^`Varivax:  (Other name for~ varicella zoster virus strain Oka/Merck live antigen) 
^`Varivax:  (Other name for~ varicella vaccine) 
^`VariZIG:  (Other name for~ human varicella zoster immune globulin) 
^`VariZIG vaccine:  (Other name for~ human varicella zoster immune globulin) 
^`varlilumab:  A human agonistic monoclonal antibody (MoAb) specific for CD27, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of CDX-1127, this MoAb binds to CD27 and may potentiate the immune response by increasing the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CD27-expressing tumor cells. This may lead to growth inhibition of CD27-expressing tumor cells. In addition, this agent may increase the proliferation and activation of antigen-specific T lymphocytes upon co-administration of TAA-containing vaccines, such as dendritic cell vaccines. CD27, a co-stimulatory molecule and member of the tumor necrosis factor family overexpressed in certain tumor cell types, is constitutively expressed on mature T-lymphocytes, memory B cells and natural killer cells and plays an important role in NK cell mediated cytolytic activity and T and B lymphocyte proliferation and activation.  
^`varlitinib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor family with potential antineoplastic activity. Varlitinib selectively and reversibly binds to both EGFR (ErbB-1) and Her-2/neu (ErbB-2) and prevents their phosphorylation and activation, which may result in inhibition of the associated signal transduction pathways, inhibition of cellular proliferation and cell death. EGFR and Her-2 play important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation and are upregulated in various human tumor cell types. Due to the dual inhibition of both EGFR and Her-2, this agent may be therapeutically more effective than agents that inhibit EGFR or Her-2 alone.  
^`Varubi:  (Other name for~ rolapitant hydrochloride) 
^`vascular disrupting agent BNC105P:  A benzofuran-based vascular disrupting agent (VDA) prodrug with potential anti-vascular and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration vascular disrupting agent BNC105P, the disodium phosphate ester of BNC105, is rapidly converted to BNC105; in activated endothelial cells, BNC105 binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which may result in a blockage of mitotic spindle formation, cell cycle arrest, and disruption of the tumor vasculature. Hypoxic conditions ensue, depriving tumor cells of nutrients and resulting in tumor cell apoptosis. In addition to its VDA activity, this agent has a direct cytotoxic effect on tumor cells by inhibiting tubulin polymerization. BNC105 is not a substrate for the multidrug-resistance P-glycoprotein (Pgp) transporter.  
^`vascular endothelial growth factor antisense oligonucleotide:  An antisense oligonucleotide with potential antiangiogenesis activity. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antisense oligonucleotide binds directly to binds VEGF A/C/D mRNA, leading to mRNA degradation and the inhibition of VEGF A-mediated angiogenesis and VEGF C/D-mediated lymphangiogenesis.  
^`Vasomax:  (Other name for~ phentolamine mesylate) 
^`Vasotec:  (Other name for~ enalapril maleate) 
^`Vasovist:  (Other name for~ gadofosveset trisodium) 
^`vatalanib:  An orally bioavailable anilinophthalazine with potential antineoplastic activity. Vatalanib binds to and inhibits the protein kinase domain of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2; both receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in angiogenesis. This agent also binds to and inhibits related receptor tyrosine kinases, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor, c-Kit, and c-Fms.  
^`VCL-CB01 vaccine:  A vaccine consisting of two plasmids encoding the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) tegument phosphoprotein 65 (pp65), a major internal matrix protein, and glycoprotein B (gB), an important CMV component responsible for attachment and entry into cells, with immunostimulatory properties. Vaccination with VCL-CB01 may stimulate the host immune system to mount cellular and humoral immune responses against CMV positive cells, resulting in cell lysis.  
^`Vectibix:  (Other name for~ panitumumab) 
^`Vectrin:  (Other name for~ minocycline hydrochloride) 
^`vecuronium bromide:  The bromide salt form of vecuronium, a synthetic steroid derivative of the naturally occurring alkaloids of curare with a muscle relaxant property. Vecuronium bromide competes with acetylcholine for the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles, thereby inhibiting the action of acetylcholine and blocking the neural transmission without depolarizing the postsynaptic membrane. This leads to skeletal muscle relaxation and paralysis.  
^`vedolizumab:  A recombinant humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against the human lymphocyte Peyer's patch adhesion molecule 1 (LPAM-1; alpha4beta7; a4b7), with immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, and potential antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, vedolizumab selectively binds to integrin a4b7 and prevents the binding of a4b7, expressed on the surface of a subset of T lymphocytes, to its natural ligand, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), which is mainly expressed on the surface of gut endothelial cells. This prevents a4b7-mediated signaling, adhesion of lymphocytes to the endothelium and the migration of T lymphocytes across the endothelium into inflamed gastrointestinal (GI) tissue. By preventing this infiltration to the affected area, inflammation is reduced. The human lymphocyte a4b7 integrin, plays a key role in gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation; it is overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells. The alpha4beta7/MAdCAM-1 signaling pathway plays a critical role in the homing of T lymphocytes to intestinal tissue.  
^`VEGF inhibitor PTC299:  An orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis with potential antiangiogenesis and antineoplastic activities. VEGF inhibitor PTC299 targets post-transcriptionally by selectively binding the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTR) of VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA), thereby preventing translation of VEGF. This inhibits VEGF protein production and decreases its levels in the tumor and bloodstream. In turn, this may result in the inhibition of migration, proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, microvessel formation, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and eventually the induction of tumor cell death. VEGFs are upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types and play key roles during angiogenesis. In addition, PTC299 may enhance the antitumor activity of other chemotherapeutic agents.  
^`VEGF/HGF-targeting DARPin MP0250:  A designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPin)-based agent targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Compared to antibodies, DARPins are small in size, have favorable pharmacokinetics and allow for both high affinity binding and efficacy. Upon administration, the VEGF/HGF-targeting DARPin MP0250 binds to and inhibits both HGF and VEGF. This prevents HGF- and VEGF-mediated signaling, and inhibits the growth of HGF/VEGF-overexpressing tumor cells. This agent also prevents osteolysis, due to the inhibitory effect on HGF signaling. HGF and VEGF are overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types and are associated with increased cell proliferation, migration and adhesion.  
^`VEGFR inhibitor KRN951:  An orally bioavailable quinoline-urea derivative inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1 and 2 with potential antiangiogenesis and antineoplastic activities. VEGFR inhibitor KRN951 inhibits VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFRs 1 and 2, which may result in inhibition of migration, proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, microvessel formation, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and tumor cell death. Expression of VEGFRs may be upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.  
^`VEGFR/FGFR inhibitor ODM-203:  An orally available inhibitor of the human vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. VEGFR/FGFR inhibitor ODM-203 inhibits both VEGFRs and FGFRs, which may result in the inhibition of VEGFR- and FGFR-mediated signaling. This leads to an inhibition of angiogenesis and cell proliferation in tumor cells overexpressing VEGFR and/or FGFR. Both VEGFRs and FGFRs belong to the superfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases and are upregulated in various tumor cell types.  
^`VEGFR/PDGFR dual kinase inhibitor TAK-593:  An oral formulation containing a small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of both vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. TAK-593 selectively binds to and inhibits VEGFR and PDGFR, which may result in the inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation.  
^`VEGFR/PDGFR dual kinase inhibitor X-82:  An orally available small molecule dual inhibitor targeting human vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) with antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. VEGFR/PDGFR dual kinase inhibitor X-82 inhibits all isoforms of VEGFR and PDGFR, which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation, and the induction of tumor cell death. Both VEGFRs and PDGFRs are receptor tyrosine kinases that may be upregulated in various tumor cell types. VEGFR/PDGFR dual kinase inhibitor X-82 has been shown to reduce tissue toxicity by 95 percent compared with first-generation kinase inhibitors.  
^`VEGFR1-1084 peptide vaccine:  A peptide vaccine containing an HLA-A*2402-restricted epitope of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1 or Flt-1) with potential immunostimulating, antiangiogenic, and antineoplastic activities. Upon vaccination, VEGFR1-1084 peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against VEGFR1-expressing endothelial cells of the tumor microvasculature, which may inhibit tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. VEGFR1, a receptor tyrosine kinase, may be overexpressed on endothelial cells of the tumor microvasculature and is associated with tumor cell proliferation, invasion and tumor angiogenesis. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenicity.  
^`VEGFR-2 DNA vaccine VXM01:  An orally available DNA cancer vaccine containing an attenuated strain of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium encoding murine vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) (VXM01), with potential immunomodulating, anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration and successful transduction, VEGFR-2 DNA vaccine VXM01 expresses VEGFR-2 in addition to inducing the expression of T-cell activation markers, such as CD25, interleukin-2, the early T-cell activation antigen CD69 and the lymphocyte function-associated antigen LFA-2. The immune response targets the fast growing VEGFR-2 expressing endothelial cells found in the tumor vasculature, thereby blocking angiogenesis which may ultimately inhibit tumor cell proliferation. VEGFR-2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed on proliferating endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor PF-00337210:  An orally available ATP-competitive inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2), with potential anti-angiogenesis and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor PF-00337210 selectively binds to VEGFR2 and prevents its phosphorylation which may result in an inhibition of migration, proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, microvessel formation, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and may eventually cause tumor cell death. VEGFR2, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is frequently overexpressed by a variety of tumor types.  
^`VEGFR2-169 peptide vaccine:  A peptide vaccine containing an HLA-A*2402-restricted epitope of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 2 with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, VEGFR2-169 peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against VEGFR2-expressing tumor cells. VEGFR2, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed by a variety of tumor types; overexpression is associated with tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. HLA-A*2402 is an MHC class I molecule that presents antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells; epitope design restricted to epitopes that bind most efficiently to HLA-A*2402 may improve antigenic peptide immunogenicity.  
^`VEGFR2-targeted contrast agent BR55:  A lipopeptide-based, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGRF2) -targeted contrast agent with the property of molecular imaging of angiogenesis. BR55 is prepared by incorporation of a biospecific heterodimer peptide into the perfluorobutane-containing lipid-shelled microbubble membrane; the peptide specifically binds to VEGFR2 expressed on tumoral vascular endothelium allowing ultrasound imaging of the sites of active angiogenesis.  
^`Veglin:  (Other name for~ vascular endothelial growth factor antisense oligonucleotide) 
^`VeIP regimen:  A regimen consisting of vinblastine, ifosfamide and cisplatin used for the treatment of advanced-stage germ cell gonadal cancers. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`velafermin:  A recombinant human fibroblast growth factor-20 (rhFGF-20) protein with pro-proliferative activity. Velafermin stimulates DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, specifically promoting epithelial and mesenchymal cell proliferation, and may prevent radiation or chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.  
^`Velban:  (Other name for~ vinblastine sulfate) 
^`Velban:  (Other name for~ vinblastine) 
^`VELCADE:  (Other name for~ bortezomib) 
^`veliparib:  A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) -1 and -2 inhibitor with chemosensitizing and antitumor activities. With no antiproliferative effects as a single agent at therapeutic concentrations, ABT-888 inhibits PARPs, thereby inhibiting DNA repair and potentiating the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents. PARP nuclear enzymes are activated by DNA single or double strand breaks, resulting in the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of other nuclear DNA binding proteins involved in DNA repair; poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation contributes to efficient DNA repair and to survival of proliferating cells exposed to mild genotoxic stresses as induced by as oxidants, alkylating agents or ionizing radiation.  
^`Velsar:  (Other name for~ vinblastine sulfate) 
^`Velsar:  (Other name for~ vinblastine) 
^`veltuzumab:  A fully humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen with potential antineoplastic activity. Following binding, veltuzumab triggers complement-dependent cell lysis (CDCL) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in cells that overexpress CD20. CD20 antigen is a hydrophobic transmembrane protein located on pre-B and mature B lymphocytes.  
^`vemurafenib:  An orally bioavailable, ATP-competitive, small-molecule inhibitor of BRAF(V600E) kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. Vemurafenib selectively binds to the ATP-binding site of BRAF(V600E) kinase and inhibits its activity, which may result in an inhibition of an over-activated MAPK signaling pathway downstream in BRAF(V600E) kinase-expressing tumor cells and a reduction in tumor cell proliferation. Approximately 90% of BRAF gene mutations involve a valine-to-glutamic acid mutation at residue 600 (V600E); the oncogene protein product, BRAF(V600E) kinase, exhibits a markedly elevated activity that over-activates the MAPK signaling pathway. The BRAF(V600E) gene mutation has been found to occur in approximately 60% of melanomas, and in about 8% of all solid tumors, including melanoma, colorectal, thyroid and other cancers.  
^`Venclexta:  (Other name for~ venetoclax) 
^`venetoclax:  An orally bioavailable, selective small molecule inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Venetoclax mimics BH3-only proteins, the native ligands of Bcl-2 and apoptosis activators, by binding to the hydrophobic groove of Bcl-2 proteins thereby repressing Bcl-2 activity and restoring apoptotic processes in tumor cells. Bcl-2 protein is overexpressed in some cancers and plays an important role in the regulation of apoptosis; its expression is associated with increased drug resistance and tumor cell survival. Compared to the Bcl-2 inhibitor navitoclax, this agent does not inhibit bcl-XL and does not cause bcl-XL-mediated thrombocytopenia.  
^`venlafaxine:  A synthetic phenethylamine bicyclic derivative with antidepressant activity. Venlafaxine and its active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV), are potent inhibitors of neuronal serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and weak dopamine reuptake inhibitors. This agent may reduce hormone-related vasomotor symptoms.  
^`Venofer:  (Other name for~ iron sucrose injection) 
^`Venoglobulin-I:  (Other name for~ therapeutic immune globulin) 
^`Venoglobulin-S:  (Other name for~ therapeutic immune globulin) 
^`Ventavis:  (Other name for~ iloprost) 
^`Ventolin:  (Other name for~ albuterol sulfate) 
^`vepoloxamer:  A purified form of the non-ionic polyoxypropylene-based copolymer poloxamer 188 comprised of a hydrophobic core with hydrophilic side chains, with cytoprotective, hemorrheologic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and fibrinolytic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is not fully elucidated, upon intravenous administration, the hydrophobic polyoxypropylene core of vepoloxamer reversibly adheres to hydrophobic sites of damaged cell membranes, thereby fully covering the damaged sites. This prevents the attachment of other hydrophobic molecules, cell leakage of contents, such as ions, and restores the integrity of the damaged cell. Binding of vepoloxamer to damaged cells in the blood vessel walls prevents cell aggregation and improves blood flow. By occupying damaged sites, this agent also prevents inflammatory processes, inhibits thrombosis, and induces fibrinolysis. As the hydrophobic region of the lipid cell membrane is not exposed in healthy cells, vepoloxamer does not adhere to healthy cells.  
^`verapamil:  A phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocking agent. Verapamil inhibits the transmembrane influx of extracellular calcium ions into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, causing dilatation of the main coronary and systemic arteries and decreasing myocardial contractility. This agent also inhibits the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein which is overexpressed in some multi-drug resistant tumors and may improve the efficacy of some antineoplastic agents.  
^`Verapamil SR:  (Other name for~ verapamil) 
^`Veregen:  (Other name for~ kunecatechins ointment) 
^`Vermox:  (Other name for~ mebendazole) 
^`Versed:  (Other name for~ midazolam hydrochloride) 
^`verteporfin:  A synthetic light-activated agent with photodynamic activity. Upon systemic administration, verteporfin accumulates in neovessels in the eye and, once stimulated by nonthermal red light in the presence of oxygen, produces highly reactive short-lived singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen radicals, resulting in local damage to neovascular endothelium and blood vessel occlusion.  
^`verubulin hydrochloride:  A quinazoline derivative with potential dual antineoplastic activities. Verubulin hydrochloride binds to and inhibits tubulin polymerization and interrupts microtubule formation, resulting in disruption of mitotic spindle assembly, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, and cell death. This agent is not a substrate for several subtypes of multidrug resistance ABC transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), and breast cancer resistance protein 1 (BCRP1); therefore, it may be useful for treating multidrug resistant (MDR) tumors that express these transporters. In addition, as a vascular disrupting agent (VDA), MPC-6827 appears to disrupt tumor microvasculature specifically, which may result in acute ischemia and massive tumor cell death.  
^`Vesanoid:  (Other name for~ tretinoin) 
^`Vfend:  (Other name for~ voriconazole) 
^`Viadur:  (Other name for~ leuprolide acetate) 
^`viagenpumatucel-L:  A proprietary, allogeneic tumor cell vaccine expressing a recombinant secretory form of the heat shock protein gp96 fusion (gp96-Ig) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of viagenpumatucel-L, the irradiated live tumor cells continuously secrete gp96-Ig along with its chaperoned tumor associated antigens (TAAs) into the blood stream, thereby activating antigen presenting cells, natural killer cells and priming potent cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to respond against TAAs on the endogenous tumor cells. Furthermore, this vaccine may induce long-lived memory T cells that could fight recurring cancer cells. gp96-Ig is constructed by replacing the KDEL retention sequence of gp96, normally an endoplasmatic reticulum-resident chaperone peptide, with the Fc portion of mouse and human IgG1.  
^`Viagmox:  (Other name for~ moxifloxacin hydrochloride) 
^`Viagra:  (Other name for~ sildenafil citrate) 
^`Vibativ:  (Other name for~ telavancin hydrochloride) 
^`Vibramycin:  (Other name for~ doxycycline) 
^`Vicodin:  (Other name for~ hydrocodone/acetaminophen) 
^`Victoza:  (Other name for~ liraglutide) 
^`Victrelis:  (Other name for~ boceprevir) 
^`vidarabine:  A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces antibioticus with antineoplastic activity. Vidarabine inhibits DNA polymerase, resulting in the inhibition of DNA replication in tumor cells.  
^`Vidaza:  (Other name for~ azacitidine) 
^`Videne:  (Other name for~ povidone-iodine solution) 
^`Videx:  (Other name for~ didanosine) 
^`Videx EC:  (Other name for~ didanosine) 
^`Vigil:  (Other name for~ bi-shRNA-furin/GMCSF-expressing autologous tumor cell vaccine) 
^`vildagliptin:  A cyanopyrrolidine-based, orally bioavailable inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. Vildagliptin's cyano moiety undergoes hydrolysis and this inactive metabolite is excreted mainly via the urine.  
^`vinblastine:  A natural alkaloid isolated from the plant Vinca rosea Linn. Vinblastine binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule formation, resulting in disruption of mitotic spindle assembly and arrest of tumor cells in the M phase of the cell cycle. This agent may also interfere with amino acid, cyclic AMP, and glutathione metabolism; calmodulin-dependent Ca++ -transport ATPase activity; cellular respiration; and nucleic acid and lipid biosynthesis.  
^`vinblastine sulfate:  The sulfate salt of vinblastine, a natural alkaloid isolated from the plant Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) with antineoplastic properties. Vinblastine disrupts microtubule formation and function during mitosis and interferes with glutamic acid metabolism.  
^`Vincasar PFS:  (Other name for~ vincristine sulfate) 
^`Vincosid:  (Other name for~ vincristine sulfate) 
^`Vincrex:  (Other name for~ vincristine sulfate) 
^`vincristine sulfate:  The sulfate salt of a natural alkaloid isolated from the plant Vinca rosea Linn with antimitotic and antineoplastic activities. Vincristine binds irreversibly to microtubules and spindle proteins in S phase of the cell cycle and interferes with the formation of the mitotic spindle, thereby arresting tumor cells in metaphase. This agent also depolymerizes microtubules and may also interfere with amino acid, cyclic AMP, and glutathione metabolism; calmodulin-dependent Ca++ -transport ATPase activity; cellular respiration; and nucleic acid and lipid biosynthesis.  
^`vincristine sulfate liposome:  A sphingomyelin/cholesterol liposomal formulation of vincristine sulfate with potential antineoplastic activity. Vincristine, a vinca alkaloid isolated from the plant Vinca rosea, irreversibly binds to and stabilizes tubulin, thereby interrupting microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, thereby preventing the formation of the mitotic spindle and leading to cell cycle arrest in metaphase. Liposomal encapsulation prolongs bioavailability of vincristine, increases its delivery to tumor tissues and reduces its toxicity profile. Compared to standard liposomal delivery, sphingosomal drug delivery further increases circulation time of serum drug and enhances drug accumulation at tumor sites, thereby leading to a further increase in efficacy.  
^`vindesine:  A synthetic derivative of vinblastine, a naturally occurring vinca alkaloid. Vindesine binds to and stabilizes tubulin, thereby interrupting tubulin polymerization and preventing the formation of the mitotic spindle and cell division; treated cells are unable to undergo mitosis and are arrested in metaphase. This agent also disrupts macromolecular synthesis.  
^`Vinetra:  (Other name for~ muscadine grape skin extract) 
^`vinflunine:  A bi-fluorinated derivative of the semi-synthetic vinca alkaloid vinorelbine with antitubulin, antineoplastic, and antiangiogenic activities. Vinflunine inhibits tubulin assembly without any stablization of assembled microtubules at concentrations comparable to those of other vinca alkaloids such as vincristine, vinblastine and vinorelbine; this effect on microtubule dynamics results in cell cycle arrest in mitosis and apoptosis. Compared to other vinca alkaloids, this agent binds weakly to the vinca-binding site, indicating that vinflunine may exhibit reduced neurotoxicity.  
^`vinorelbine tartrate:  The ditartrate salt of a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid derived from the leaves of the periwinkle plant (Vinca rosea) with antineoplastic activity. Vinorelbine binds to tubulin, thereby inhibiting tubulin polymerization into microtubules and spindle formation and resulting in apoptosis of susceptible cancer cells. Inhibition of mitotic microtubules correlates with antitumor activity, whereas inhibition of axonal microtubules seems to correlate with vinorelbine's neurotoxicity. Compared to related vinca alkaloids, vinorelbine is more selective against mitotic than axonal microtubules in vitro, which may account for its decreased neurotoxicity. This agent is also a radiation-sensitizing agent.  
^`vinorelbine tartrate emulsion:  An emulsion containing the tartrate salt of the semisynthetic vinca alkaloid vinorelbine with antineoplastic activity. Vinorelbine binds to tubulin, inhibiting tubulin polymerization into microtubules; cell division is prevented, the cell cycle is arrested metaphase and cell death ensues. In this formulation vinorelbine is emulsified in a homogeneous suspension of nanoparticles, which protects the venous endothelium from coming into direct contact with the active ingredient, potentially reducing vinorelbine-associated venous toxicity at the venous injection site.  
^`vinorelbine tartrate oral:  An orally bioavailable tartrate salt of vinorelbine, a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid with potential antineoplastic activity. Vinorelbine binds to tubulin, thereby inhibiting tubulin polymerization into microtubules and spindle formation and resulting in apoptosis of susceptible cancer cells. Inhibition of mitotic microtubules correlates with antitumor activity, whereas inhibition of axonal microtubules seems to correlate with vinorelbine's neurotoxicity. Compared to related vinca alkaloids, vinorelbine is more selective against mitotic than axonal microtubules in vitro, which may account for its decreased neurotoxicity. This agent is also a radiation-sensitizing agent.  
^`vintafolide:  A water-soluble, folate-receptor-targeted conjugate of folate and the vinca alkaloid desacetylvinblastine monohydrazide (DAVLBH) with potential antineoplastic activity. The folate moiety of vintafolide binds to folic acid receptors on the tumor cell surface and the agent is internalized via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis, delivering the tubulin-binding DAVLBH moiety directly into the tumor cell; DAVLBH binding to tubulin results in the disruption of microtubule assembly-disassembly dynamics, cell cycle arrest, and tumor cell apoptosis. Folic acid receptors are frequently upregulated on the surfaces of many tumor cell types. DAVLBH is a derivative of the natural product vinblastine.  
^`Viokace:  (Other name for~ pancrelipase) 
^`Vioxx:  (Other name for~ rofecoxib) 
^`VIP regimen:  A regimen consisting of etoposide, ifosfamide and cisplatin used for the treatment of advanced-stage germ cell gonadal cancers. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`Vira-A:  (Other name for~ vidarabine) 
^`Viracept:  (Other name for~ nelfinavir mesylate) 
^`Viramune:  (Other name for~ nevirapine) 
^`Virazid:  (Other name for~ ribavirin) 
^`Virazole:  (Other name for~ ribavirin) 
^`Viread:  (Other name for~ tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) 
^`Virilon:  (Other name for~ testosterone cypionate) 
^`Virulizin:  A natural biological response modifier (BRM) isolated from bovine reticuloendothelial tissue. Viruzlin may enhance cell-mediated immune response to tumor cells by direct macrophage activation.  
^`Visco-ease:  (Other name for~ lamellar body mimetic mouth spray LMS-611) 
^`visilizumab:  A humanized, non-Fc receptor (FcR)-binding IgG2 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) directed against CD3 with potential immunosuppressive activity. Visilizumab binds to invariant CD3 epsilon, one of the non-covalently-associated subunits of T-cell receptors (TCRs) on activated T-cells. Upon binding to the TCR/CD3 complex, visilizumab induces apoptosis, which may result in the selective clonal deletion of activated pathogenic T-cells. This MoAb is engineered with a substitution at amino acid residues 234 and 237 (Val3Ala) within the IgG2 Fc arm, rendering it unable to bind to type II FcRs; accordingly, this agent is less likely to activate type II FcR-expressing resting T-cells.  
^`Visipaque:  (Other name for~ iodixanol) 
^`vismodegib:  An orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Vismodegib targets the Hedgehog signaling pathway, blocking the activities of the Hedgehog-ligand cell surface receptors PTCH and/or SMO and suppressing Hedgehog signaling. The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays an important role in tissue growth and repair; aberrant constitutive activation of Hedgehog pathway signaling and uncontrolled cellular proliferation may be associated with mutations in the Hedgehog-ligand cell surface receptors PTCH and SMO.  
^`Vistide:  (Other name for~ cidofovir) 
^`Vistogard:  (Other name for~ uridine triacetate) 
^`vistusertib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Vistusertib inhibits the activity of mTOR, which may result in the induction of tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation. mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in a variety of tumors, plays an important role downstream in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.  
^`Visudyne:  (Other name for~ verteporfin) 
^`VitaBlue tablet formation:  (Other name for~ blueberry powder supplement) 
^`vitamin B12:  An essential nutrient and natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with an intrinsic factor for absorption by the intestine, Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions.  
^`vitamin D:  A family of lipo-soluble steroids important to the absorption, metabolism, and function of calcium and phosphorus and the growth and development of bone and tooth enamel. Found naturally in animal tissues, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is formed in the skin when ultraviolet light activates cholesterol conversion into vitamin D3. Ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol (plant vitamin D) forms ergocalciferol (vitamin D2).  
^`vitamin E:  A natural fat-soluble antioxidant with potential chemopreventive activity. Vitamin E ameliorates free-radical damage to biological membranes, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) within membrane phospholipids and within circulating lipoproteins. Peroxyl radicals react 1000-fold faster with vitamin E than with PUFA. In the case of oxygen free radical-mediated tumorigenesis, vitamin E may be chemopreventive.  
^`vitamin K1-containing urea skin cream:  A topical cream containing urea and 0.1% vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) with topical epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-activating activity. Upon application of vitamin K1-containing urea skin cream, vitamin K1 may locally activate EGFR, thereby abrogating EGFR inhibition in the skin caused by systemic EGFR inhibiting agents. This may help inhibit the acne-like skin rash induced by EGFR antagonists. EGFR, a tyrosine kinase, plays a key role in maintaining epidermal integrity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`vitespen:  An autologous cancer vaccine derived from tumor-specific gp96 heat shock proteins. Heat shock proteins chaperone peptides through the endoplasmic reticulum, are key regulators of dendritic cell maturation, migration and antigen processing, and are involved in T-cell activation.  
^`Vivelle:  (Other name for~ therapeutic estradiol) 
^`Vizamyl:  (Other name for~ flutemetamol F-18) 
^`VLP-encapsulated TLR9 agonist CMP-001:  An agent composed of an unmethylated CpG motif-rich G10 oligonucleotide, which is an agonist of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), encapsulated in noninfectious virus-like particles (VLPs), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of CMP-001, the VLPs are specifically taken up by and release the oligonucleotide into antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs). In turn, the oligonucleotide binds to and activates intracellular TLR9. This stimulates immune signaling pathways, induces the innate immune system and may promote the immune system to attack tumor cells. VLPs stimulate the immune system. TLR9, a member of the TLR family, plays a key role in both pathogen recognition and the activation of innate immunity.  
^`vocimagene amiretrorepvec:  A replication competent retroviral vector, derived from the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV), encoding a modified form of the yeast suicide gene cytosine deaminase (CD) (Toca 511) used as an antineoplastic adjuvant. Upon transcranial injection, vocimagene amiretrorepvec preferentially enters and transfects tumor cells, and expresses cytosine deaminase, an enzyme that catalyzes the intracellular conversion of the prodrug flucytosine (5-FC) into the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). After administration of 5-FC, the tumor can be eradicated upon activation of 5-FU.  
^`voglibose:  A valiolamine derivative and inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase with antihyperglycemic activity. Voglibose binds to and inhibits alpha-glucosidase, an enteric enzyme found in the brush border of the small intestines that hydrolyzes oligosaccharides and disaccharides into glucose and other monosaccharides. This prevents the breakdown of larger carbohydrates into glucose and decreases the rise in postprandial blood glucose levels.  
^`volasertib:  A dihydropteridinone Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Volasertib selectively inhibits Plk1, inducing selective G2/M arrest followed by apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells while causing reversible cell arrest at the G1 and G2 stage without apoptosis in normal cells. Plk1, named after the polo gene of Drosophila melanogaster, is a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in regulating mitotic spindle function in a non-ATP competitive manner.  
^`volitinib:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. Volitinib selectively binds to and inhibits the activation of c-Met in an ATP-competitive manner, and disrupts c-Met signal transduction pathways. This may result in cell growth inhibition in tumors that overexpress the c-Met protein. C-Met encodes the hepatocyte growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis; this protein is overexpressed or mutated in a variety of cancers.  
^`volociximab:  A chimeric monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Volociximab binds to and inhibits the activity of alpha(5)beta(1) integrin, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis.  
^`Voluven:  (Other name for~ hetastarch) 
^`von Hippel-Lindau peptide vaccine:  A cancer vaccine composed of peptides derived from a tumor-associated protein encoded by a mutated Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) oncogene. VHL peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells expressing the VHL tumor-associated protein.  
^`Voraxaze:  (Other name for~ glucarpidase) 
^`voriconazole:  A synthetic triazole with antifungal activity. Voriconazole selectively inhibits 14-alpha-lanosterol demethylation in fungi, preventing the production of ergosterol, an essential constituent of the fungal cell membrane, and resulting in fungal cell lysis.  
^`vorinostat:  A synthetic hydroxamic acid derivative with antineoplastic activity. Vorinostat, a second generation polar-planar compound, binds to the catalytic domain of the histone deacetylases (HDACs). This allows the hydroxamic moiety to chelate zinc ion located in the catalytic pockets of HDAC, thereby inhibiting deacetylation and leading to an accumulation of both hyperacetylated histones and transcription factors. Hyperacetylation of histone proteins results in the upregulation of the cyclin-dependant kinase p21, followed by G1 arrest. Hyperacetylation of non-histone proteins such as tumor suppressor p53, alpha tubulin, and heat-shock protein 90 produces additional anti-proliferative effects. This agent also induces apoptosis and sensitizes tumor cells to cell death processes. Vorinostat crosses the blood-brain barrier.  
^`vorsetuzumab-mafodotin:  An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of a humanized monoclonal antibody, directed against the extracellular domain of the human CD70 molecule, conjugated to the auristatin analogue monomethyl auristatin phenylalanine (MMAF), with potential antineoplastic activity. The anti-CD70 antibody moiety of anti-CD70 antibody-drug conjugate SGN-75 selectively binds to the extracellular domain of CD70 on tumor cell surfaces. Upon internalization, the MMAF moiety is released, binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which may result in G2/M phase arrest, tumor cell apoptosis and inhibition of cellular proliferation in tumor cells that overexpress CD70. CD70, the ligand for the costimulatory receptor CD27 and a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, is found on the surfaces of various types of cancer cells.  
^`vortioxetine hydrobromide:  A hydrobromide salt form of vortioxetine, a serotonin (5-HT) modulator and stimulator (SMS), with antidepressant activity. Vortioxetine inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine from the synaptic cleft and acts variably as a serotonin receptor agonist (5-HT1A), partial agonist (5-HT1B) or antagonist (5-HT3, 5-HT1D and 5-HT7). It is not clear how this agent's purported multimodal mechanism of action contributes to its antidepressant effect; however, it is presumed to increase the synaptic availability of serotonin and norepinephrine.  
^`vosaroxin: A small molecule and a naphthyridine analogue with antineoplastic activity. Vosaroxin intercalates into DNA in a site-specific manner and blocks the re-ligation process carried out by topoisomerase II during DNA replication. As a result, inhibition of DNA replication, RNA and protein synthesis occurs, followed by cell cycle arrest at G2 phase and induced p53-independent apoptosis. This agent shows a favorable toxicity profile in several aspects:  it does not generate reactive oxygen species, as do anthracyclines, hence reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity; it is not a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, and thereby evades the common mechanism for multidrug resistance; and it has limited distribution to normal tissues and a more chemically stable molecular structure.  
^`Votrient:  (Other name for~ pazopanib hydrochloride) 
^`VSL#3:  (Other name for~ live freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria probiotic) 
^`Vumon:  (Other name for~ teniposide) 
^`Vytorin:  (Other name for~ ezetimibe/simvastatin) 
^`Vyvanse:  (Other name for~ lisdexamfetamine dimesylate) 


^`WARF Compound 42:  (Other name for~ warfarin) 
^`warfarin:  A synthetic anticoagulant. Warfarin appears to inhibit the regeneration of vitamin K1 epoxide and so the synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors, which include Factors II, VII, IX and X, and the anticoagulant proteins C and S. This inhibition results in a sequential depression of Factors VII, IX, X and II activities. Vitamin K is an essential cofactor for the post ribosomal synthesis of the vitamin K dependent clotting factors. The vitamin promotes the biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in these proteins which are essential for biological activity.  
^`water O-15:  An inert, radiopharmaceutical of oxygen-15 (O-15) labeled water used as a tracer molecule with positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, water O-15 is freely diffusible and its distribution, as well as its clearance, are completely dependent on the rate of blood flow. Water O-15 can be imaged using PET to measure tissue or tumor blood flow/perfusion. This cyclotron product has a very short half life of about 2 minutes thereby allowing for multiple, serial measurements.  
^`water-based vaginal lubricant:  A water-based vaginal lubricant with hydration activity. Upon application to the vagina, the water-based vaginal lubricant provides moisture and may relieve dryness and sexual discomfort.  
^`WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775:  A small molecule inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase WEE1 with potential antineoplastic sensitizing activity. AZD1775 selectively targets and inhibits WEE1, a tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1, CDC2) to inactivate the CDC2/cyclin B complex. Inhibition of WEE1 activity prevents the phosphorylation of CDC2 and impairs the G2 DNA damage checkpoint. This may lead to apoptosis upon treatment with DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents. Unlike normal cells, most p53 deficient or mutated human cancers lack the G1 checkpoint as p53 is the key regulator of the G1 checkpoint and these cells rely on the G2 checkpoint for DNA repair to damaged cells. Annulment of the G2 checkpoint may therefore make p53 deficient tumor cells more vulnerable to antineoplastic agents and enhance their cytotoxic effect.  
^`Welchol:  (Other name for~ colesevelam hydrochloride) 
^`Wellbutrin:  (Other name for~ bupropion hydrochloride) 
^`Wellcovorin:  (Other name for~ leucovorin calcium) 
^`wheatgrass juice:  The juice extracted from the mature sprouts of wheatgrass, Triticum aestivum, which is a member of the Poaceae family, with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and chemopreventive activities. Wheatgrass juice contains many vitamins, including A, B vitamins, C and E, minerals, including selenium, iron, magnesium, calcium, manganese, copper and zinc, amino acids, chlorophyll and a number of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and cytochrome oxidase. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action through which wheatgrass juice exerts its effect(s) has yet to be fully elucidated, the components in the juice may scavenge free radicals, reduce chemotherapy-induced myelotoxicity, neutralize toxins and carcinogens and modulate the levels of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)- 6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12.  
^`whey protein isolate:  A biologically active, cystine-rich, whey-based protein isolate. Whey protein isolate is broken down in the body into cystine and glutamylcystine, which travel safely in the blood stream, upon cell entry, deliver a sustained amount of free cysteine to the cells. The available cysteine allows cells to synthesize glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide containing amino acids glycine, glutamate and cysteine, thereby maintaining and increasing intracellular GSH concentrations. GSH plays a major role as an antioxidant, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage due to harmful substances such as free radicals and reactive oxygen compounds.  
^`white button mushroom extract:  A heat-stable extract of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) with potential chemopreventive and immunomodulating activities. Phytochemicals, such as polysaccharides and especially beta-D-glucans found in the white button mushroom extract, bind to and inhibit the activity of aromatase, an enzyme responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens and which is often upregulated in breast cancer cells. The consequent decrease in estrogen production may result in the suppression of estrogen-dependent cellular proliferation. In addition, this extract may promote dendritic cell (DC) maturation, increase interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production, and may enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity, thus amplifying both innate and T cell-mediated immune responses against cancer cells.  
^`white carrot:  A vegetable, also known as Arracacha, with potential chemoprevenitve, anti-oxidant and protective activities. White carrot contains a variety of nutrients, including minerals and vitamins. Polyacetylenes, including falcarinol, falcarindiol and falcarindiol-3-acetate are mainly responsible for its potential anti-cancer activity.  
^`white wine:  An alcoholic beverage made from fermented white grapes with potential orexigenic activity. Although not well understood, the mechanism for white wine's potential orexigenic activity may be due, in part, to its alcohol content and may involve alterations in neurotransmitter and hormone activities related to appetite regulation.  
^`wild-type reovirus:  A serotype 3 Dearing strain (T3D) of reovirus (Respiratory Enteric Orphan virus) with potential oncolytic activity. Reovirus, a dsRNA virus, is able to replicate specifically in cancer cells bearing an activated Ras pathway. In contrast to normal cells, two-thirds of human cancer cells are Ras-activated. Unlike normal cells, Ras-activated tumor cells are deficient in host cellular protein kinase R (PKR) activity and so are unable to mount an antiviral response. In Ras-activated tumor cells, reovirus freely replicates and induces apoptosis; tumor cell lysis frees progeny viral particles to infect surrounding tumor cells. A cycle of infection, replication and cell death may continue until Ras-activated tumor cells are eradicated. PKR (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2) is activated by viral synthesis of double-stranded RNA and is an important component of innate immunity in vertebrates, protecting against viral infection.  
^`Winobanin:  (Other name for~ danazol) 
^`WinRho SDF:  (Other name for~ therapeutic immune globulin) 
^`Wnt-5a mimic hexapeptide foxy-5:  A formylated, six amino acid, Wnt5a-derived peptide and wnt-5a mimetic with potential anti-metastatic activity. Upon intravenous administration, Wnt-5a mimic hexapeptide foxy-5 binds to and activates the wnt-5a receptors, Frizzled-2 and -5, which activates wnt-5a-mediated signaling. Increased wnt-5a signaling may inhibit endothelial tumor cell migration and invasion. This may decrease metastasis of susceptible tumor cells. However, foxy-5 does not affect tumor cell proliferation or apoptosis. Foxy-5 lacks a heparan sulfate-binding domain and contains a formyl group on its NH2-terminal methionine residue which decreases in vivo degradation. Decreased expression of wnt-5a protein is associated with increased motility of certain tumor cell types.  
^`WT1 124-138 peptide vaccine:  A synthetic peptide vaccine consisting of a HLA-DR15-restricted human Wilms' Tumor protein-1 (WT1) peptide comprised of amino acids 124 through 138, a HLA class II-restricted WT1 peptide, with potential immunomodulating and antitumor activities. Vaccination with WT1 124-138 peptide may stimulate a CD4-positive helper T-lymphocyte-mediated immune response against WT1 expressing cells. Activated helper T-cells stimulate dendritic cells, and activate the proliferation of other T-lymphoctes and B-lymphocytes. This causes tumor cell lysis and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in WT1-overexpressing tumor cells. WT1, a zinc finger DNA-binding protein, is overexpressed in most types of leukemia and in a variety of solid cancers.  
^`WT1 126-134 peptide vaccine:  A synthetic peptide vaccine consisting of the amino acids 126 through 134 of the human Wilms' Tumor protein-1 (WT1) with potential antitumor activity. WT1, a tumor associated antigen, is overexpressed in most types of leukemia and in a variety of solid cancers. Vaccination with WT1 126-134 peptide vaccine may induce a WT1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against WT1 expressing cells, resulting in cell lysis and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation.  
^`WT1 235-243 peptide vaccine:  A synthetic peptide vaccine consisting of a HLA-A24-restricted human Wilms' Tumor protein-1 (WT1) peptide comprised of amino acids 235 through 243, a MHC class I-restricted peptide, with potential immunomodulating and antitumor activities. Vaccination with WT1 235-243 peptide may induce a WT1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against WT1 expressing cells, resulting in cell lysis and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. WT1, a zinc finger DNA-binding protein, is overexpressed in most types of leukemia and in a variety of solid cancers.  
^`WT1 247-261 peptide vaccine:  A synthetic peptide vaccine consisting of a HLA-DRw53-restricted human Wilms' Tumor protein-1 (WT1) peptide comprised of amino acids 247 through 261, a HLA class II-restricted WT1 peptide, with potential immunomodulating and antitumor activities. Vaccination with WT1 247-261 peptide may stimulate a CD4-positive helper T-lymphocyte-mediated immune response against WT1 expressing cells. Activated helper T-cells stimulate dendritic cells, and activate the proliferation of other T-lymphoctes and B-lymphocytes. This causes tumor cell lysis and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in WT1-overexpressing tumor cells. WT1, a zinc finger DNA-binding protein, is overexpressed in most types of leukemia and in a variety of solid cancers.  
^`WT-1 analogue peptide vaccine:  A peptide vaccine containing a human Wilms tumor 1 (WT-1) protein-derived epitope with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with the WT-1 analogue peptide vaccine may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against WT-1 expressing cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. WT-1, a zinc finger transcription factor, is overexpressed in most types of leukemia and in some solid cancers.  
^`WT1 mRNA-electroporated autologous dendritic cell vaccine:  A cancer vaccine containing autologous dendritic cells electroporated with full-length mRNA encoding Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) antigen with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, WT1 mRNA-electroporated autologous dendritic cell vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing WT1. Wt1 is frequently overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and often correlates with disease progression and poor prognosis.  
^`WT1 peptide vaccine OCV-501:  A peptide cancer vaccine comprised of a peptide derived from Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1) protein, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, WT1 peptide vaccine OCV-501 may stimulate a CD4-positive helper T-lymphocyte-mediated immune response against WT1 expressing cells. WT1 protein, a zinc finger DNA-binding protein, is overexpressed in leukemic cells and in some solid tumors.  
^`WT1 peptide vaccine WT2725:  A peptide cancer vaccine comprised of a peptide derived from Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1) protein, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, WT2725 may induce a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against WT1-overexpressing tumor cells. WT1 protein, a zinc finger DNA-binding protein, is overexpressed in leukemic cells and in a vast number of non-hematological solid tumors.  
^`WT1 protein-derived peptide vaccine DSP-7888:  A peptide cancer vaccine comprised of peptides derived from the Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1) protein, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, WT1 protein-derived peptide vaccine DSP-7888 may induce a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against WT1-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, DSP-7888 induces a helper T-lymphocyte-mediated immune response against WT1 expressing tumor cells. WT1 protein, a zinc finger DNA-binding protein and transcription factor, is overexpressed in leukemic cells and in many non-hematological solid tumors.  
^`WT1-A10/AS01B immunotherapeutic GSK2130579A:  An immunotherapeutic consisting of the recombinant fusion protein WT1-A10 combined with the adjuvant ASO1B with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, WT1-A10/AS01B immunotherapeutic GSK2130579AWT1 may induce a WT1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against WT1-expressing tumor cells, resulting in cell lysis and the inhibition of cellular proliferation. The tumor-associated antigen WT1 (Wilms tumor protein-1) is overexpressed in most types of leukemia and in a variety of solid cancers. WT1-A10 is a 292 amino acid recombinant fusion protein consisting of a 12-mer truncated tat sequence (leader sequence) and amino acids number 2-281 of the WT1 sequence; ASO1B consists of a combination of the adjuvants monophosporyl lipd A (MPL) and Q21.  
^`WT1-sensitized T cells:  A population of allogeneic T-cells sensitized with Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) antigen with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, WT1-sensitized T cells may bind to and lyse WT1-expressing tumor cells. WT1 antigen, a zinc finger DNA-binding protein acting as a transcriptional activator or repressor depending on the cellular or chromosomal context, is overexpressed in leukemic cells and in a vast number of nonhematological solid tumors.  
^`wu-ling-san:  A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) composed of Polyporus sclerotium (Sclerotium polypori Umbrellati; Zhu Ling), hoelen (Poria; Sclerotium Poriae Cocos; Fu Ling), Alismatis rhizome (Alisma; Rhizoma Alismatis Orientalis; Ze Xie), Cinnamomi cortex (Ramulus Cinnamomi Cassiae; Gui Zhi) and Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizome (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae; Bai Zhu) with potential diuresis-inducing and kidney-protective activities. Upon oral administration, wu-ling san may increase the removal of excess fluid, prevent the retention of water, maintain healthy water metabolism by promoting diuresis, and protect kidney function.  
^`Wymox:  (Other name for~ amoxicillin) 
^`Wytensin:  (Other name for~ guanabenz acetate) 
^`xaliproden hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt of xaliproden, an orally-active, synthetic, non-peptidic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 1A receptor agonist with neurotrophic and neuroprotective activities. Although its mechanism of action is not fully understood, xaliproden appears to either mimic the effects of neurotrophins or stimulate their synthesis, thereby stimulating neuronal cell differentiation and proliferation and inhibiting neuronal cell death. The neuroprotective effect of this agent involves the activation of MAP kinase pathways via stimulation of the 5-HT1A receptor.  
^`Xalkori:  (Other name for~ crizotinib) 
^`Xanax:  (Other name for~ alprazolam) 
^`xanthohumol:  A prenylated flavonoid derived from the female flowers of the hops plant (Humulus lupulus L), with potential chemopreventive and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, xanthohumol scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby preventing DNA damage due to oxidative stress. In addition, xanthohumol is able to increase the expression of phase II cytoprotective enzymes, thereby inactivating carcinogens. This agent exerts anti-inflammatory activity, through the inhibition of inflammation-inducing enzymes, inhibits DNA synthesis, and induces apoptosis of susceptible cancer cells. Xanthohumol also decreases the expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), thereby preventing cancer cell invasion.  
^`Xanthotoxin:  (Other name for~ methoxsalen) 
^`Xarelto:  (Other name for~ rivaroxaban) 
^`XBP1-US/XBP1-SP/CD138/CS1 multipeptide vaccine PVX-410:  A cancer vaccine containing immunogenic, HLA-A2-specific epitopes derived from X-box–binding protein 1-unspliced (XBP1-US), XBP1-spliced (SP), syndecan-1 (CD138), and CS1 (CD2 subset 1, CRACC, SLAMF7, CD319) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, XBP1-US/XBP1-SP/CD138/CS1 multipeptide vaccine PVX-410 may stimulate the immune system to induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against the four myeloma-specific antigens. The tumor associated antigens (TAAs) XBP1-US, XBP1-SP, CD138 and CS1, are overexpressed on the surface of multiple myeloma (MM) cells.  
^`Xcytrin:  (Other name for~ motexafin gadolinium) 
^`XELIRI regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen containing capecitabine and irinotecan used in the treatment of colorectal, esophageal and gastric cancer. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`Xeloda:  (Other name for~ capecitabine) 
^`XELOX regimen:  A chemotherapy regimen consisting of capecitabine (Xeloda) and oxaliplatin used for the treatment of advanced-stage colorectal cancer. This regimen differs from a similar regimen, CAPOX, with regards to the dosing schedule for oxaliplatin. (NCI Thesaurus) 
^`xenogeneic tyrosinase DNA vaccine:  A plasmid DNA vaccine, encoding an epitope of mouse tyrosinase, with potential antineoplastic activity. Administered via intramuscular electroporation, vaccination with xenogeneic tyrosinase DNA vaccine may induce both humoral and cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses against melanoma cells that express tyrosinase, resulting in decreased tumor growth. .  
^`xenon:  A colorless, heavy, odorless noble gas element with atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.3.  
^`Xerecept:  (Other name for~ corticorelin acetate) 
^`Xgeva:  (Other name for~ denosumab) 
^`xianling gubao:  An orally bioavailable phytoestrogen-rich Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) containing extracts from the six herbs Herba epimedii, Radix dipsaci (Dipsacus root), Radix salvia miltiorrhiza (Salvia root, Danshen, red sage root), Rhizoma anemarrhenae (zhi Mu), Fructus Psoraleae (fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L), and Radix Rehmanniae (Rehmannia root, Rehmannia glutinosa, Sheng Di Huang, Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch), with potential anti-osteoporotic and bone-strengthening activities. Xianling gubao (XLGB) contains various phytochemicals, including flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, alkaloids and terpenes. Upon oral administration of XLGB, the active ingredients may strengthen bones and may treat or prevent osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, bone loss and bone fractures.  
^`XIAP/cIAP1 antagonist ASTX660:  An orally bioavailable, non-peptidomimetic antagonist of both X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and cellular IAP 1 (cIAP1), with potential antineoplastic and pro-apoptotic activities. Upon administration, XIAP/cIAP1 antagonist ASTX660 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of XIAP and cIAP1. This restores and promotes the induction of apoptotic signaling pathways in cancer cells, and inactivates the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB)-mediated survival pathway. XIAP and cIAP1 are overexpressed by many cancer cell types and suppress apoptosis by inhibiting the activity of certain caspases; they promote both cancer cell survival and chemotherapy resistance.  
^`Xifaxan:  (Other name for~ rifaximin) 
^`Xilonix:  (Other name for~ anti-interleukin-1 alpha monoclonal antibody MABp1) 
^`Xinlay:  (Other name for~ atrasentan hydrochloride) 
^`XL820:  An orally bioavailable, small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. XL820 binds to and inhibits the receptor tyrosine kinases for vascular endothelial drowth factor (VEGF), c-kit, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). In tumor models of breast carcinomas, gliomas, and leukemia, this agent exhibits dose-dependent growth inhibition and has been shown to cause tumor regression.  
^`XL844:  A synthetic small-molecule inhibitor of checkpoint kinases 1 and 2 (Chk1 and Chk2) with potential antineoplastic activity. XL844 binds to and inhibits Chks 1 and 2, resulting in inhibition of cell cycle arrest, progressive DNA damage, inhibition of DNA repair, and, ultimately, tumor cell apoptosis. This agent also inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3), important mediators of tumor angiogenesis and lymphogenesis, respectively. In the presence of DNA damage or incomplete DNA replication, eukaryotic cells activate cell cycle checkpoints that temporarily halt the cell cycle to permit DNA repair or completion of DNA replication to take place. In the presence of extensive damage or absence of timely repair, these checkpoint-signaling pathways may also trigger a pathway that effects apoptosis. Normal functions of Chks involve the initiation of cell-cycle arrest and the up-regulation of transcription genes involved with DNA excision repair and dNTP synthesis.  
^`Xofigo:  (Other name for~ radium Ra 223 dichloride) 
^`Xolair:  (Other name for~ omalizumab) 
^`Xolegel:  (Other name for~ ketoconazole) 
^`XPO1 inhibitor KPT-8602:  An orally bioavailable inhibitor of exportin-1 (XPO1; chromosome region maintenance 1 protein homolog; CRM1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, XPO1 inhibitor KPT-8602 binds to the XPO1 cargo binding site, which prevents the XPO1-mediated nuclear export of cargo proteins such as tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs), including p53, p73, BRCA1/2, pRB, FOXO, and other growth regulatory proteins and leads to their selective accumulation in the nuclei of tumor cells. As a selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE), KPT-8602 restores the nuclear localization and function of tumor suppressing proteins which leads to the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. XPO1, the major export factor that transports proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types while minimally expressed in normal, healthy cells. The export of tumor suppressor proteins into the cytoplasm prevents them from initiating apoptosis and leads to uncontrolled tumor cell proliferation.  
^`Xtandi:  (Other name for~ enzalutamide) 
^`Xylocaine:  (Other name for~ lidocaine) 
^`Xylocitin:  (Other name for~ lidocaine) 
^`Xyotax:  (Other name for~ paclitaxel poliglumex) 
^`Xyzal:  (Other name for~ levocetirizine dihydrochloride) 
^`Y-90 OctreoTher:  (Other name for~ yttrium Y 90-edotreotide) 
^`Yervoy:  (Other name for~ ipilimumab) 
^`YM598:  An orally active synthetic substituted phenylethenesulfonamide. As a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist, YM598 inhibits endothelin-mediated mechanisms involved in tumor cell growth and progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis.  
^`Yondelis:  (Other name for~ trabectedin) 
^`yoshi-864:  An alkylsulfonate. Yoshi-864 alkylates and crosslinks DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication.  
^`Y-shape branched pegylated filgrastim:  A long-acting, pegylated variant of filgrastim (recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)) with immunomodulating activity. Similar to endogenous G-CSF, this agent binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors, stimulating neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation and selected neutrophil functions. The modification of this version of filgrastim with the addition of a Y-shaped branch of polyethylene glycol at a specific lysine residue (Lys 17) theoretically serves to extend the half-life of the agent.  
^`yttrium Y 90 anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody BU12:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of the murine IgG1 anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) BU12 labeled with the beta-emitting radioisotope yttrium Y 90 with radioisotopic and antibody activities. Yttrium Y 90 anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody BU12 binds to the CD19 molecule, specifically delivering cytotoxic beta radiation to CD19-expressing B cells. CD19 is a membrane antigen that is widely expressed during B-cell development, from pro-B-cell to early plasma cell stages.  
^`yttrium Y 90 anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody AHN-12:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the monoclonal antibody AHN-12 conjugated to the radioisotope yttrium 90 with potential radioimmunotherapeutic activity. Yttrium Y 90 monoclonal antibody AHN-12 binds to the tyrosine phosphatase CD45, expressed on the surface of normal and malignant hematopoietic cells. After binding and internalization by CD45-expressing tumor cells, this agent may deliver a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation.  
^`yttrium Y 90 anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody BC8:  A radioimmunoconjugate containing the murine IgG1 anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) BC8 labeled with yttrium 90 (Y90), with potential immunotherapeutic activity. Yttrium Y 90 anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody BC8 binds to CD45 antigen, a receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase expressed on the surface of both normal and malignant hematopoietic cells. After binding and internalization by CD45-expressing tumor cells, this agent may deliver a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation.  
^`yttrium Y 90 anti-CD66 monoclonal antibody BW 250/183:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of the murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody BW250/183 labeled with yttrium Y 90 with potential radioimmunotherapeutic activity. Yttrium Y 90 anti-CD66 monoclonal antibody BW 250/183 binds to a 95 kD nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (CD66b or NCA-95) on granulocytes, selectively delivering a cytotoxic dose of Y 90 beta radiation to CD66b-expressing cells. CD66b, a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family with an unknown function, appears early in the differentiation of granulopoietic cells and is expressed on the cell surface of almost all human granulocytes and their more mature precursors.  
^`yttrium Y 90 anti-CDH3 monoclonal antibody FF-21101:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeting human cadherin-3 (CDH3) and labeled, via the macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), with the beta-emitting radioisotope yttrium Y 90, with potential antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the antibody moiety of yttrium Y 90 anti-CDH3 monoclonal antibody FF-21101 binds to CDH3 expressed on tumor cells, thereby specifically delivering cytotoxic beta radiation to CDH3-expressing tumor cells. CDH3, also known as P-cadherin, is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and member of the cadherin family; it is overexpressed in a variety of tumors and plays a role in cell adhesion, motility, invasion, and proliferation.  
^`yttrium Y 90 anti-CEA monoclonal antibody cT84.66:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of a chimeric monoclonal antibody against human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) conjugated with the radioisotope yttrium 90 (Y-90) via the chelator tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) with potential antineoplastic activity. The antibody moiety of yttrium Y90 DOTA anti-CEA monoclonal antibody cT84.66 binds to cells expressing the CEA antigen. Upon cellular internalization, this agent selectively delivers a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation. CEA, a tumor associated antigen, is overexpressed in many cancer types, including gastrointestinal, breast, non-small cell lung, and thyroid cancers.  
^`yttrium Y 90 clivatuzumab tetraxetan:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the humanized monoclonal antibody HuPAM4, directed against the pancreatic cancer antigen MUC1, that is conjugated to the chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and radiolabeled with the beta-emitting radioisotope Yttrium Y90. Yttrium Y 90 clivatuzumab tetraxetan binds to tumor cells expressing MUC1 antigen, selectively delivering a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation.  
^`yttrium Y 90 colloid:  An injectable, colloidal formulation of the radioisotope yttrium Y 90, with potential antineoplastic activity. When injected into the tumor, the yttrium Y 90 colloid selectively delivers a cytotoxic dose of beta-emitting yttrium Y 90 to the tumor site, which may result in both tumor cell death and tumor regression.  
^`yttrium Y 90 daclizumab:  A synthetic radioimmunoconjugate comprised of a humanized anti-interleukin-2 (IL-2) antibody linked to the radioisotope Yttrium 90 with potential antineoplastic activity. Daclizumab binds with high affinity to the Tac (also called CD25) subunit of the IL-2 receptor complex and inhibits the binding of IL-2, thereby blocking the IL-2-mediated activation of lymphocytes. As Yttrium Y 90 daclizumab, daclizumab delivers radiation specifically to lymphocytes that express the IL-2 receptor.  
^`yttrium Y 90 DOTA anti-CEA monoclonal antibody M5A:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of a monoclonal antibody directed against the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) conjugated with the radioisotope yttrium 90 (Y-90) via the chelator tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) with potential antineoplastic activity. The antibody moiety of yttrium Y 90 DOTA anti-CEA monoclonal antibody M5A binds to cells expressing the CEA antigen. Upon cellular internalization, this agent selectively delivers a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation. CEA, a tumor associated antigen, is overexpressed in many cancer types, including gastrointestinal, breast, non-small cell lung, and thyroid cancers.  
^`yttrium Y 90 DOTA-biotin:  A radioconjugate of biotin and yttrium Y 90 (Y-90) linked through the bifunctional macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) with radioimmunotherapy property. Biotin is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, present in minute amounts in every living cell, while its level in cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. Y 90-DOTA-biotin could be used in 3-step pre-targeting radioimmunotherapy that employs a tumor targeting antibody conjugated with streptavidin, the natural ligand of biotin.  
^`yttrium Y 90 epratuzumab:  A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of the anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody epratuzumab chelated to the radioisotope yttrium-90 (Y 90). Yttrium Y 90 epratuzumab binds to tumor cells expressing CD22, delivering a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation. Epratuzumab is a humanized version of the murine monoclonal antibody LL2; CD22 is a B cell-restricted antigen present on the surfaces of mature B cells.  
^`yttrium Y 90 glass microspheres:  An injectable formulation of yttrium Y 90 consisting of glass microspheres containing the radioisotope yttrium Y 90. When injected into the tumor vascular bed, yttrium Y 90 glass microspheres occlude tumor blood vessels and deliver a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to the tumor site, thereby reducing the tumor burden.  
^`yttrium Y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan:  A radioimmunotherapeutic agent consisting of a murine monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody (ibritumomab) linked by the chelator tiuxetan to the radioisotope yttrium-90 (Y 90). Yttrium Y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan binds to and specifically delivers beta radiation to CD20-expressing tumor cells, thereby minimizing the systemic effects of radiation.  
^`yttrium Y 90 monoclonal antibody B3:  A radioimmunoconjugate of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) B3 conjugated with isotope yttrium 90. MoAb B3 is a murine MoAb that recognizes a Lewis Y carbohydrate antigen present on the surface of many carcinomas. This radioimmunoconjugate emits beta particles that causes cytotoxicity in tumor cells and has both diagnostic and therapeutic uses.  
^`yttrium Y 90 monoclonal antibody BrE-3:  A radioimmunotherapeutic agent consisting of a monoclonal antibody (BrE-3) directed against the tumor-associated antigen epithelial glycoprotein mucin chelated to the radioisotope yttrium-90. Yttrium Y 90 monoclonal antibody BrE-3 binds to tumor cells expressing epithelial glycoprotein mucin, selectively delivering a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation.  
^`yttrium Y 90 monoclonal antibody Hu3S193:  A radioimmunotherapeutic agent consisting of a humanized murine monoclonal antibody (hu3S193) directed against the tumor-associated Lewis Y epithelial antigen chelated to the radioisotope yttrium-90. Yttrium Y 90 monoclonal antibody Hu3S193 binds to Lewis Y epithelial antigen-expressing tumor cells, selectively delivering a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation.  
^`yttrium Y 90 monoclonal antibody MN-14:  A radioimmunotherapeutic monoclonal antibody (MN-14) directed against tumor-associated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and chelated to the radioisotope yttrium-90 (Y 90). Y 90 monoclonal antibody MN-14 binds to tumor cell expressing CEA, delivering a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation.  
^`yttrium Y 90 resin microspheres:  An injectable formulation of the radioisotope yttrium Y 90 encapsulated in resin microspheres with potential antineoplastic activity. When injected into arterial vasculature supplying the tumor, yttrium Y 90 resin microspheres occlude tumor blood vessels and selectively deliver a cytotoxic dose of beta emitting yttrium Y 90 to the tumor site, which may result in tumor cell death and tumor regression.  
^`yttrium Y 90 tacatuzumab tetraxetan:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the monoclonal antibody HuAFP31, directed against alpha fetoprotein, that is conjugated to the chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and radiolabeled with the beta-emitting radioisotope Yttrium Y90. Yttrium Y 90 tacatuzumab tetraxetan binds to tumor cells expressing alpha fetoprotein, selectively delivering a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation.  
^`yttrium Y 90-DOTA-di-HSG peptide IMP-288:  A radiolabeled divalent histamine-succinyl-glycine (HSG) hapten-peptide linked with the macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to the beta-emitting radionuclide yttrium 90 (Y-90), with radioimmunotherapeutic activity. After pre-treating and targeting tumor cells with a bi-specific monoclonal antibody (BiMoAB) directed against both a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and the HSG hapten-peptide, the HSG portion of the administered yttrium Y 90-DOTA-di-HSG peptide IMP-288 binds to the anti-HSG sequence on the BiMoAB. In turn, Y-90 delivers a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to tumor cells expressing the specific TAA.  
^`yttrium Y 90-DOTA-girentuximab:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of girentuximab conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and lableled with the beta-emitting radioisotope yttrium Y 90. The antibody moiety of yttrium Y 90-DOTA-girentuximab binds to renal cell carcinoma cells expressing the G250 antigen, thereby selectively delivering a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation.  
^`yttrium Y 90-edotreotide:  A radioconjugate consisting of the octreotide derivative edotreotide labeled with yttrium 90 (Y-90) with potential radiotherapeutic uses. Similar to octreotide, yttrium Y 90-edotreotide binds to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), especially type 2 receptors, present on the cell membranes of many types of neuroendocrine tumor cells, delivering tissue-specific, beta-emitting nuclide Y-90-mediated cytotoxicity to SSTR-positive cells. Yttrium Y 90-edotreotide is produced by substituting tyrosine for phenylalanine at the 3 position of the somatostatin analogue octreotide and chelating the substituted octreotide to Y-90 via dodecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA).  
^`yttrium Y 90-labeled anti-FZD10 monoclonal antibody OTSA101:  A radioimmunoconjugate composed of a humanized monoclonal antibody (MoAb) OTSA101 against FZD10 and labeled with yttrium Y 90, with potential antineoplastic activity. The MoAb moiety of yttrium Y 90-labeled anti-FZD10 monoclonal antibody OTSA101 binds to FZD10, thereby delivering a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to FZD10 positive tumor cells. FZD10 (also called CD350), a member of the Frizzled family of G protein-coupled receptors that is involved in the Wnt/beta-catenin/TCF signaling pathway, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types but undetectable in normal, healthy human tissues except the placenta.  
^`yttrium Y 90-labeled basiliximab:  A radioimmunoconjugate composed of basiliximab, a chimeric, mouse-human monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha subunit of interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R alpha, CD25 or Tac antigen), and labeled with yttrium y 90, with potential antineoplastic activity. The basiliximab moiety of yttrium Y 90 basiliximab selectively binds to IL-2R alpha expressed on the surface of activated T-lymphocytes, thereby preventing IL-2 binding and blocking the IL-2-mediated activation of lymphocytes. The yttrium y 90 moiety selectively delivers a cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to lymphocytes that express the IL-2 receptor. This may prevent T cell-mediated activation of the immune system against a certain transplant and may prevent transplant rejection.  
^`yttrium-90 polycarbonate brachytherapy plaque:  A polycarbonate-based semicylindrical plaque impregnated with yttrium Y 90 with radioisotopic and antineoplastic activities. An yttrium-90 polycarbonate brachytherapy plaque may be applied to a tumor site with a special brachytherapy applicator for a predetermined interval of time, selectively delivering a cytotoxic dose of beta-emitting yttrium Y 90.  


^`Z-360:  A selective, orally available, 1,5-benzodiazepine-derivative gastrin/cholecystokinin 2 (CCK-2) receptor antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Z-360 binds to the gastrin/CCK-2 receptor, thereby preventing receptor activation by gastrin, a peptide hormone frequently associated with the proliferation of gastrointestinal and pancreatic tumor cells.  
^`Zadaxin™:  (Other name for~ recombinant thymosin) 
^`zalcitabine:  A synthetic dideoxynucleoside. After intracellular phosphorylation to its active metabolite, zalcitabine preferentially inhibits the gamma form of DNA polymerase present in tumor cell mitochondria, resulting in the inhibition of tumor cell mitochondrial DNA replication and tumor cell death.  
^`Zaltrap:  (Other name for~ ziv-aflibercept) 
^`zalutumumab:  A fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Zalutumumab selectively binds to the EGFR receptor and blocks receptor binding of EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-a), which results in the disruption of EGFR-mediated cell signaling, cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in EGFR-expressing tumor cells. In addition, this agent triggers antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in EGFR-expressing cells. EGFR is a cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase, overexpressed on many cancer cells.  
^`Zalypsis:  (Other name for~ PM00104) 
^`Zanaflex:  (Other name for~ tizanidine hydrochloride) 
^`zanamivir:  A sialic acid-analogue neuraminidase inhibitor with antiviral activity. Administered into the respiratory tract by aerosol inhalation, zanamivir selectively binds to and inhibits influenza A and B virus neuraminidase-mediated cleavage of sialic acid residues in host cell membrane-bound glycoprotein receptors for influenza viruses, preventing the release of progeny viruses from host cell surfaces and, so, further viral replication.  
^`zanolimumab:  A human IgG1k monoclonal antibody against the CD4 receptor on T lymphocytes, with potential antineoplastic and immunosuppressing activities. Zanolimumab targets and binds to the CD4 receptor on certain T cells thereby preventing the interaction between the CD4 receptor and the major histocompatibility complex class II molecule. This prevents activation of CD4-positive T cells. In addition, zanolimumab is able to induce an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response against CD4-expressing tumor cells. CD4, a receptor located on a subset of T-lymphocytes, is upregulated in T-cell lymphomas.  
^`Zanosar:  (Other name for~ streptozocin) 
^`Zarnestra:  (Other name for~ tipifarnib) 
^`Zarontin:  (Other name for~ ethosuximide) 
^`Zarxio:  (Other name for~ filgrastim) 
^`ZD6126:  A water-soluble phosphate prodrug of N-acetylcolchinol with potential antiangiogenesis and antineoplastic activities. ZD6126 is converted in vivo into N-acetylcolchinol. N-acetylcolchinol binds to and destabilizes the tubulin cytoskeleton of endothelial cells in tumor blood vessels, which may result in tumor endothelial cel apoptosis, the selective occlusion of tumor blood vessels, cessation of tumor blood flow, and tumor necrosis.  
^`Zelboraf:  (Other name for~ vemurafenib) 
^`Zemplar:  (Other name for~ paricalcitol) 
^`Zemuron:  (Other name for~ rocuronium bromide) 
^`Zenapax:  (Other name for~ daclizumab) 
^`Z-endoxifen hydrochloride:  The hydrochloride salt and the z (cis-) stereoisomer of endoxifen with potential antineoplastic activity. Endoxifen, the active metabolite of tamoxifen, competitively inhibits the binding of estradiol to estrogen receptors, thereby preventing the receptor from binding to the estrogen-response element on DNA and thus reducing DNA synthesis. Unlike tamoxifen, however, which relies on CYP2D6 activity for its conversion to the active metabolite endoxifen, the direct administration of endoxifen bypasses the CYP2D6 route. As CYP2D6 activity can vary widely among individuals due to genetic CYP2D6 polymorphisms, endoxifen is therefore theoretically more potent and more uniform in its bioavailability across patient populations.  
^`Zenpep:  (Other name for~ pancrelipase) 
^`Zerit:  (Other name for~ stavudine) 
^`Zestril:  (Other name for~ lisinopril) 
^`Zetia:  (Other name for~ ezetimibe) 
^`Zevalin:  (Other name for~ ibritumomab tiuxetan) 
^`Zevalin:  (Other name for~ yttrium Y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan) 
^`Zeven:  (Other name for~ Hsp90 inhibitor debio 0932) 
^`zhongyao fufang:  A combination formula consisting of two or more unknown Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ingredients, with potential anti-osteoporotic activity. Upon oral administration, this particular formula of zhongyao fufang may promote increased bone strength and density.  
^`Ziagen:  (Other name for~ abacavir sulfate) 
^`zibotentan:  An orally available selective antagonist of the endothelin-A (ET-A) receptor with potential antineoplastic activity. Zibotentan binds selectively to the ET-A receptor, thereby inhibiting endothelin-mediated mechanisms that promote tumor cell proliferation.  
^`ziconotide:  A synthetic, nonopiod, twenty-five amino acid polybasic peptide analogue of an omega-conotoxin derived from the marine snail Conus magus with analgesic activity. Ziconotide appears to block neuronal N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels (NCCB), inhibiting transmission from pain-sensing primary nociceptors. This agent may exhibit significant analgesic activity in refractory pain.  
^`zidovudine:  A synthetic dideoxynucleoside. After intracellular phosphorylation to its active metabolite, zidovudine inhibits DNA polymerase, resulting in the inhibition of DNA replication and cell death. This agent also decreases levels of available pyrimidines.  
^`zileuton:  A synthetic derivative of hydroxyurea with antiasthmatic properties. The leukotriene inhibitor zileuton blocks 5-lipoxygenase, which catalyzes the formation of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid; causes bronchodilation; decreases bronchial mucous secretion and edema; and may prevent or decrease the symptoms of asthma.  
^`zinc gluconate:  A nutritional supplement containing the zinc salt form of gluconic acid for the purpose of providing zinc. As an essential trace element, zinc is of key importance in many biological processes, acts as an antioxidant and strengthens the immune system. Although the mechanism of action is not completely known, zinc supplementation may be used to increase immunity against viruses or may interfere with the replication of certain viruses, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV).  
^`zinc oxide/aluminum starch octenylsuccinate/glycyrrhetinic phytosome/vitamin E/botanical extracts-based skin protectant paste:  A paste containing multiple skin protectants with anti-oxidant, skin protecting, moisturizing, anti-erythema and anti-inflammatory activities. The paste includes zinc oxide, aluminum starch octenylsuccinate, lanolin, allantoin, chamomile and sweet almond oil, rice bran oil, shea butter, dimethicone (polymerized siloxane), petrolatum, vitamin E, phytosome of glycyrrhetinic acid and botanical extracts derived from Calendula officinalis, Malva sylvestris and Tilia tomentosa. Upon application, this paste provides a physical barrier on the skin and may help protect, soothe and moisturize the skin as well as restore skin softness, integrity and elasticity. When this paste is applied to the perineum area, it may help prevent radiation-induced dermatitis.  
^`zinc sulfate:  A salt of the essential trace metal zinc. Zinc is involved in tissue repair and is an important constituent of some proteins, including those involved in taste and smell. Zinc sulfate supplementation may prevent radiation-induced aguesia.  
^`Zinecard:  (Other name for~ dexrazoxane hydrochloride) 
^`zinostatin:  An enediyne antineoplastic antibiotic hybrid containing an aminoglycoside chromophore. Zinostatin is isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces carzinostaticus. The aminoglycoside component of zinostatin intercalates into DNA and the benzene diradical intermediate of the enediyne core binds to the minor groove of DNA, resulting in single- and double-strand breaks in DNA and apoptosis.  
^`Zipan:  (Other name for~ promethazine hydrochloride) 
^`zirconium Zr 89 bevacizumab:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody bevacizumab labeled with the radioisotope zirconium Zr 89 (Zr 89) with radioisotopic activity and potential imaging use. The antibody moiety of zirconium Zr 89 bevacizumab targets and binds to the extracellular domain of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). Upon binding, the radioisotope moiety may be detected using positron emission tomography (PET), allowing the imaging and quantification of VEGFR-expressing tumor cells. VEGFR, a tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various tumor cell types.  
^`zirconium Zr 89 cetuximab:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the recombinant chimeric monoclonal antibody cetuximab labeled with the radioisotope zirconium Z 89 (Zr 89) with radioisotopic activity and potential imaging use. The antibody moiety of zirconium Zr 89 cetuximab binds to the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Upon binding, the radioisotope moiety may be detected using positron emission tomography (PET), allowing the imaging and quantification of EGFR-expressing tumor cells. EGFR is a tyrosine kinase that may be overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various tumor cell types.  
^`zirconium Zr 89 desferrioxamine B monoclonal antibody huJ591: A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody J591 against prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) conjugated to chelator desferrioxamine B (DFO-B) and labeled with the radioisotope zirconium Zr 89 with potential imaging property used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Upon administration of zirconium Zr 89 desferrioxamine B monoclonal antibody huJ591, the antibody moiety binds to the extracellular domain of PSMA, and the radioisotope moiety may be detected using PET, thereby allowing the imaging and quantification of PSMA-expressing tumor cells. PSMA, or folate hydrolase is a cell surface peptidase highly expressed by malignant prostate epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells of numerous solid tumor malignancies. In addition, upon PET imaging this agent provides high tumor: background tissue ratios. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`zirconium Zr 89 Df-IAB2M:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of an antibody fragment (IAB2M) against prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), conjugated to the chelator desferrioxamine (Df) and labeled with the radioisotope zirconium Zr 89, with potential positron emission tomography (PET) imaging activity. Upon administration of zirconium Zr 89 Df-IAB2M, the antibody moiety binds to the extracellular domain of PSMA expressed on cancer cells. This may enable PET detection of the radioisotope moiety, and allows the imaging and quantification of PSMA-expressing tumor cells. PSMA is a cell surface peptidase highly expressed by malignant prostate epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells in various solid tumor malignancies.  
^`zirconium Zr 89 trastuzumab:  A radioimmunoconjugate containing the recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab labeled with the radioisotope zirconium Zr 89 with radioisotopic activity and potential use as an imaging agent. The trastuzumab moiety of zirconium Zr 89 trastuzumab binds with high affinity to the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Upon binding, the radioisotope moiety may be detected using positron emission tomography (PET), thereby allowing the imaging and quantification of HER2-expressing tumor cells. HER2, a tyrosine kinase client protein of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), may be overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various tumor cell types.  
^`zirconium Zr 89-labeled anti-CA19-9 monoclonal antibody 5B1:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the recombinant human monoclonal antibody against the carbohydrate antigen sialyl-Lewis a (carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CA19-9) conjugated to the chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) and labeled with the radioisotope zirconium Zr 89 (Zr 89), with radioisotopic activity and potential use as an imaging agent in positron emission tomography (PET). The antibody moiety of zirconium Zr 89 anti-CA19-9 monoclonal antibody 5B1 targets and binds to CA19-9 expressing-tumor cells. Upon binding, internalization and proteolysis, the radioisotope moiety may be detected using PET, thus allowing imaging and quantification of CA19-9-expressing tumor cells. CA19-9, overexpressed on a number of different tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell survival and metastasis.  
^`zirconium Zr 89-labeled anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody MPDL3280A:  A radioimmunoconjugate composed of MPDL3280A, a human, Fc-optimized, monoclonal antibody directed against programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and labeled with the radioisotope zirconium Zr 89, with potential use for assessing PD-L1-expressing tumor cells using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of zirconium Zr 89-labeled anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody MPDL3280A, the antibody moiety targets and binds to PD-L1 and is internalized. Following tumor cell uptake, the radioisotope moiety can be visualized using PET. This may result in both the quantification of PD-L1-expressing tumor cells and an assessment of the expected response to treatment with MPDL3280A as well as selection of patients that would respond to MPDL3280A. PD-L1 is overexpressed on many human cancer cell types; PD-L1 binding to programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) on T-cells suppresses the immune system and results in increased immune evasion.  
^`zirconium Zr 89-labeled anti-PIGF monoclonal antibody RO5323441:  A radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against placental growth factor (PlGF) and labeled with zirconium Zr 89 (Zr 89), with potential radiotracer activity upon positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The monoclonal antibody moiety of RO5323441 binds to both PlGF-1 and -2, thereby preventing the binding of PlGF-1 and -2 to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) and the subsequent activation of VEGFR-1. The radioisotope moiety of RO5323441 may be detected using PET, thereby allowing for visualization of the antibody’s distribution and PlGF expression. PlGF, a member of the VEGF sub-family and a key molecule in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, is upregulated in many cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. 
^`zirconium Zr 89-labeled monoclonal antibody MMOT0530A:  A radioimmunoconjugate composed of a monoclonal antibody that targets an antigen overexpressed in pancreatic and ovarian cancer and labeled with the radioisotope zirconium Zr 89, with potential use for assessing tumor antigen expression using positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration of zirconium Zr 89-labeled monoclonal antibody MMOT0530A, this agent targets an antigen expressed on certain tumor cells and is internalized. Following tumor cell uptake, the radioisotope moiety can be visualized using PET imaging. This may result in both the quantification of tumor antigen expression and an assessment of the response to treatment with therapeutics targeting the antigen.  
^`zirconium Zr 89-labeled RO5479599:  A radioimmunoconjugate containing a glycoengineered, humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor HER3 (ErbB3) and labeled with the radioisotope zirconium Zr 89, with radioisotopic activity and potential use as an imaging agent as well as potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the RO5479599 moiety of zirconium Zr 89-labeled RO5479599 binds to the extracellular domain of HER3 and inhibits HER3 dimerization, thereby preventing EGFR-dependent signaling. In addition, RO5479599 elicits enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Upon binding, the radioisotope moiety may be detected using positron emission tomography (PET), thereby allowing the imaging and quantification of HER3-expressing tumor cells. HER3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is frequently overexpressed in tumors; it has no active kinase domain but is activated through heterodimerization with other members of the EGFR receptor family, such as HER2.  
^`Zithromax:  (Other name for~ azithromycin) 
^`ziv-aflibercept:  A protein comprised of segments of the extracellular domains of human vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 (VEGFR1) and 2 (VEGFR2) fused to the constant region (Fc) of human IgG1 with potential antiangiogenic activity. Afilbercept, functioning as a soluble decoy receptor, binds to pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), thereby preventing VEGFs from binding to their cell receptors. Disruption of the binding of VEGFs to their cell receptors may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, metastasis, and ultimately tumor regression.  
^`Zocor:  (Other name for~ simvastatin). 
^`Zofran:  (Other name for~ ondansetron hydrochloride). 
^`Zofran:  (Other name for~ ondansetron). 
^`Zoladex:  (Other name for~ goserelin acetate). 
^`zoledronic acid:  A synthetic imidazole bisphosphonate analog of pyrophosphate with anti-bone-resorption activity. A third-generation bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid binds to hydroxyapatite crystals in the bone matrix, slowing their dissolution and inhibiting the formation and aggregation of these crystals. This agent also inhibits farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, an enzyme involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. Inhibition of this enzyme prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids, donor substrates of farnesylation and geranylgeranylation during the post-translational modification of small GTPase signalling proteins, which are important in the process of osteoclast turnover. Decreased bone turnover and stabilization of the bone matrix contribute to the analgesic effect of zoledronic acid with respect to painful osteoblastic lesions. The agent also reduces serum calcium concentrations associated with hypercalcemia.  
^`Zolinza:  (Other name for~ vorinostat). 
^`zolmitriptan:  A member of the triptan class agents with anti-migraine property. Zolmitriptan selectively binds to and activates serotonin (5-HT) 1B expressed in intracranial arteries and 5_HT 1D receptors located on peripheral trigeminal sensory nerve terminals in the meninges and central terminals in brain stem sensory nuclei. Receptor binding results in constriction of cranial vessels, reduction of the vessel pulsation and inhibition of nociceptive transmission, thereby providing relief of migraine headaches. Zolmitriptan may also relief migraine headaches by inhibition pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release.  
^`Zoloft:  (Other name for~ sertraline hydrochloride). 
^`zolpidem tartrate:  The tartrate salt of an imidazopyridine with non-benzodiazepine benzodiazepine-receptor agonist and sedative-hypnotic activities. Zolpidem binds selectively to the alpha 1 subunit of the omega-1 (BZ1) receptor of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA-A ) receptor-chloride ionophore complex, thereby opening neuronal chloride channels, hyperpolarizing neuronal cell membranes, and inhibiting neuronal firing. In contrast, benzodiazepines non-selectively bind to and activate all omega receptor subtypes, exhibiting anticonvulsant and myorelaxant activities in addition to a sedative-hypnotic activity.  
^`Zometa:  (Other name for~ zoledronic acid) .
^`Zomig:  (Other name for~ zolmitriptan). 
^`zopiclone:  The racemic form of a nonbenzodiazepine, cyclopyrrolone with hypnotic and sedative activity and without significant anxiolytic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated, zopiclone is able to bind to and activate the omega-1 subtype of the alpha subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine GABA receptor complex (GABA-A), a chloride ionophore complex in the central nervous system (CNS). This leads to the opening of chloride channels, causing hyperpolarization, inhibition of neuronal firing, and enhancement of the inhibitory effect of GABA. This eventually leads to a hypnotic effect and allows for an induction of sleep.  
^`zoptarelin doxorubicin:  A peptide agonist of the gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 receptor (GnRH-1R) that is conjugated to the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin with potential antineoplastic activity. Zoptarelin doxorubicin binds to GnRH-1Rs, which may be highly expressed on endometrial and ovarian tumor cell membrane surfaces, and is internalized. Once inside the cell, the doxorubicin moiety of this agent intercalates into DNA and inhibits the topoisomerase II activity, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell DNA replication and tumor cell proliferation.  
^`Zortress:  (Other name for~ everolimus). 
^`zorubicin hydrochloride:  A benzoyl-hydrazone derivative of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic daunorubicin. Zorubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis.  
^`Zostavax:  (Other name for~ varicella zoster virus strain Oka/Merck live antigen) 
^`zosuquidar trihydrochloride:  A difluorocyclopropyl quinoline. Zosuquidar trihydrochloride binds with high affinity to P-glycoprotein and inhibits P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR). P-glycoprotein, encoded by the MDR-1 gene, is a member of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily of transmembrane transporters and prevents the intracellular accumulation of many natural product-derived cytotoxic agents.  
^`Zovirax:  (Other name for~ acyclovir). 
^`Zovirax:  (Other name for~ acyclovir sodium). 
^`Zurinol:  (Other name for~ allopurinol). 
^`Zyban:  (Other name for~ bupropion hydrochloride). 
^`ZYBRESTAT:  (Other name for~ fosbretabulin disodium). 
^`Zybrestat:  (Other name for~ fosbretabulin tromethamine).
^`ZYC300:  A plasmid DNA encoding an inactivated form of the carcinogen activator cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) encapsulated in biodegradable poly-DL-lactide-coglycolide microparticles with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with ZYC300 may stimulate the immune system to elicit a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) CYP1B1, which may result in the lysis of tumor cells expressing CYP1B1. CYP1B1, an extrahepatic monooxygenase of the cytochrome P450 family, is overexpressed in many cancers with only restricted expression in normal tissues.  
^`Zydelig:  (Other name for~ idelalisib). 
^`Zyflo:  (Other name for~ zileuton) .
^`Zykadia:  (Other name for~ ceritinib). 
^`Zyloprim:  (Other name for~ allopurinol) .
^`Zyprexa:  (Other name for~ olanzapine) .
^`Zytiga:  (Other name for~ abiraterone acetate) .
^`Zyvox:  (Other name for~ linezolid) .
